taxonID	type	format	identifier	references	title	description	created	creator	contributor	publisher	audience	source	license	rightsHolder	datasetID
A814E639FFB0FFBE1FBFAA036FDFA324.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190829/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190829	FIGURE 1. Mazax memnonia (C. L. Koch, 1841) comb. nov.: A female (as Corinna memnonia in C.L. Koch 1841, plate 294, fig. 704, original description; image courtesy of Biodiversity Heritage Library); B same, holotype labels; C–G same, female holotype. C habitus, dorsal; D habitus ventral; E legs I and IV (detail: leg I spination); F legs I and III; G epigynum, ventral.	FIGURE 1. Mazax memnonia (C. L. Koch, 1841) comb. nov.: A female (as Corinna memnonia in C.L. Koch 1841, plate 294, fig. 704, original description; image courtesy of Biodiversity Heritage Library); B same, holotype labels; C–G same, female holotype. C habitus, dorsal; D habitus ventral; E legs I and IV (detail: leg I spination); F legs I and III; G epigynum, ventral.	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFB0FFBE1FBFAA036FDFA324.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190831/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190831	FIGURE 2. Distribution of Mazax memnonia (C. L. Koch, 1841) comb. nov.: red squares, confirmed records; blue square, location of Colonia Tovar; blue hachures, areas of Venezuela potentially visited by Karl Moritz between 1835 and 1837, as suggested by Papavero (1973).	FIGURE 2. Distribution of Mazax memnonia (C. L. Koch, 1841) comb. nov.: red squares, confirmed records; blue square, location of Colonia Tovar; blue hachures, areas of Venezuela potentially visited by Karl Moritz between 1835 and 1837, as suggested by Papavero (1973).	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFB0FFBE1FBFAA036FDFA324.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190833/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190833	FIGURE 3. Castianeira rubicunda Keyserling, 1879: A–B male in Keyserling (1879), plate 4, figs 28, 28a, 28c, original description; C–D male and female in Banks (1929), plate 1, fig. 11, plate 4, fig. 64, as Castianeira memnonia (C. L. Koch, 1841); E male in Chickering (1937), plate 4, fig. 44, as Castianeira memnonia; F–H male and female in Reiskind (1969), figs 194–196, as Castianeira memnonia. Images courtesy of Biodiversity Heritage Library.	FIGURE 3. Castianeira rubicunda Keyserling, 1879: A–B male in Keyserling (1879), plate 4, figs 28, 28a, 28c, original description; C–D male and female in Banks (1929), plate 1, fig. 11, plate 4, fig. 64, as Castianeira memnonia (C. L. Koch, 1841); E male in Chickering (1937), plate 4, fig. 44, as Castianeira memnonia; F–H male and female in Reiskind (1969), figs 194–196, as Castianeira memnonia. Images courtesy of Biodiversity Heritage Library.	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFB7FFBC1FBFAFB2698DA470.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190853/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190853	FIGURE 8. Castianeira rubicunda (AMNH). Male palp. A cymbium and bulb, ventral view; B cymbium, proventral view, ventral tip, detail; C patella and tibia, ventral view; D subtegulum, retrolateral view; E tegulum, details of distal tegular structures (arrow indicating projected prolateral margin); F embolus. Abbreviations: E, embolus; PTP, prolateral tegular projection; RPP, retrolateral patellar process.	FIGURE 8. Castianeira rubicunda (AMNH). Male palp. A cymbium and bulb, ventral view; B cymbium, proventral view, ventral tip, detail; C patella and tibia, ventral view; D subtegulum, retrolateral view; E tegulum, details of distal tegular structures (arrow indicating projected prolateral margin); F embolus. Abbreviations: E, embolus; PTP, prolateral tegular projection; RPP, retrolateral patellar process.	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFB7FFBC1FBFAFB2698DA470.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190857/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190857	FIGURE 9. Castianeira pollux sp. nov. (MPEG).A Cymbium, antero-ventral view; B patella and tibia, ventral view; C tegulum, ventral view; D patella, ventral view (detail: RPP); E tegulum, detail, embolus and PTP, F same, embolus. Abbreviations: E, embolus; RPP, retrolateral patellar process; PTP, prolateral tegular projection.	FIGURE 9. Castianeira pollux sp. nov. (MPEG).A Cymbium, antero-ventral view; B patella and tibia, ventral view; C tegulum, ventral view; D patella, ventral view (detail: RPP); E tegulum, detail, embolus and PTP, F same, embolus. Abbreviations: E, embolus; RPP, retrolateral patellar process; PTP, prolateral tegular projection.	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFB7FFBC1FBFAFB2698DA470.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190862/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190862	FIGURE 10. Castianeira castor sp. nov. (AMNH). A male palp, ventral view; B same, details; C patella and tibia, ventral view (arrow indicate ventral projection); D same, details, RPP. Abbreviations: E, embolus; RPP, retrolateral patellar process; PTP, prolateral tegular projection.	FIGURE 10. Castianeira castor sp. nov. (AMNH). A male palp, ventral view; B same, details; C patella and tibia, ventral view (arrow indicate ventral projection); D same, details, RPP. Abbreviations: E, embolus; RPP, retrolateral patellar process; PTP, prolateral tegular projection.	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFB7FFBC1FBFAFB2698DA470.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190885/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190885	FIGURE 17. Castianeira castor sp. nov. A–C, G–H male (AMNH), D–F, I–J. female (AMNH). A male, dorsal view; B same, lateral view; C same, ventral view; D female, dorsal view; E, same, lateral view; F same, ventral view; G male palp, ventral view; H same, retrolateral view; I female epigyne, ventral view; J same, dorsal view. Abbreviations CO, copulatory opening, CD, copulatory duct; E, embolus; FD, fertilization duct; RPP, retrolateral patellar process; PTP, prolateral tegular projection; ST II, secondary spermathecae; ST I, primary spermathecae. Scale bars: A–F 1 mm; G–J 0.2 mm.	FIGURE 17. Castianeira castor sp. nov. A–C, G–H male (AMNH), D–F, I–J. female (AMNH). A male, dorsal view; B same, lateral view; C same, ventral view; D female, dorsal view; E, same, lateral view; F same, ventral view; G male palp, ventral view; H same, retrolateral view; I female epigyne, ventral view; J same, dorsal view. Abbreviations CO, copulatory opening, CD, copulatory duct; E, embolus; FD, fertilization duct; RPP, retrolateral patellar process; PTP, prolateral tegular projection; ST II, secondary spermathecae; ST I, primary spermathecae. Scale bars: A–F 1 mm; G–J 0.2 mm.	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFB7FFBC1FBFAFB2698DA470.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190864/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190864	FIGURE 11. Castianeira leda sp. nov. (MPEG). A male palp, ventral view; B same, tegulum, ventral view, details; C cymbial tip, ventral view; D patella and tibia, ventral view. Abbreviations: E, embolus; RPP, retrolateral patellar process; PTP, prolateral tegular projection.	FIGURE 11. Castianeira leda sp. nov. (MPEG). A male palp, ventral view; B same, tegulum, ventral view, details; C cymbial tip, ventral view; D patella and tibia, ventral view. Abbreviations: E, embolus; RPP, retrolateral patellar process; PTP, prolateral tegular projection.	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFB7FFBC1FBFAFB2698DA470.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190868/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190868	FIGURE 12. Castianeira pollux sp. nov. (MPEG). A epigynum, ventral view; B same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CO, copulatory openings; CD, copulatory duct; FD, fertilization duct; ST II, secondary spermathecae; ST I, primary spermathecae.	FIGURE 12. Castianeira pollux sp. nov. (MPEG). A epigynum, ventral view; B same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CO, copulatory openings; CD, copulatory duct; FD, fertilization duct; ST II, secondary spermathecae; ST I, primary spermathecae.	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFB7FFBC1FBFAFB2698DA470.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190879/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190879	FIGURE 15. Castianeira rubicunda Keyserling, 1879. Venezuelan form.A–C, G–H male (AMNH), D–F, I–J. female (AMNH). A dorsal view; B lateral view; C ventral view; D dorsal view; E lateral view; F ventral view; G male palp, ventral view; H same, retrolateral view; I female epigyne, ventral view; J same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CO, copulatory opening, CD, copulatory duct; E, embolus; FD, fertilization duct; RPP, retrolateral patellar process; PTP, prolateral tegular projection; ST II, secondary spermathecae; ST I, primary spermathecae. Scale bars: A–F 1 mm; G–J 0.2 mm	FIGURE 15. Castianeira rubicunda Keyserling, 1879. Venezuelan form.A–C, G–H male (AMNH), D–F, I–J. female (AMNH). A dorsal view; B lateral view; C ventral view; D dorsal view; E lateral view; F ventral view; G male palp, ventral view; H same, retrolateral view; I female epigyne, ventral view; J same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CO, copulatory opening, CD, copulatory duct; E, embolus; FD, fertilization duct; RPP, retrolateral patellar process; PTP, prolateral tegular projection; ST II, secondary spermathecae; ST I, primary spermathecae. Scale bars: A–F 1 mm; G–J 0.2 mm	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFB7FFBC1FBFAFB2698DA470.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190843/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190843	FIGURE 5. Carapace of Castianeira spp. A–B C. rubicunda; C–D C. leda sp. nov.; E–F C. castor sp. nov. A, C, D male, dorsal view; B, D, F same, ocular area.	FIGURE 5. Carapace of Castianeira spp. A–B C. rubicunda; C–D C. leda sp. nov.; E–F C. castor sp. nov. A, C, D male, dorsal view; B, D, F same, ocular area.	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFB7FFBC1FBFAFB2698DA470.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190883/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190883	FIGURE 16. Castianeira leda sp. nov. holotype, male (MPEG(ARA)-003159). A male, dorsal view; B same, lateral view; C same, ventral view; D male palp, ventral view; E same, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: E, embolus; RPP, retrolateral patellar process; RTA, retrolateral tibial apophysis; PTP, prolateral tegular projection; Scale bars: A–C 1 mm; D–E 0.2 mm.	FIGURE 16. Castianeira leda sp. nov. holotype, male (MPEG(ARA)-003159). A male, dorsal view; B same, lateral view; C same, ventral view; D male palp, ventral view; E same, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: E, embolus; RPP, retrolateral patellar process; RTA, retrolateral tibial apophysis; PTP, prolateral tegular projection; Scale bars: A–C 1 mm; D–E 0.2 mm.	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFB7FFBC1FBFAFB2698DA470.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190887/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190887	FIGURE 18. Castianeira pollux sp. nov. A–C, G–H male (MPEG), D–F, I–J. female (MPEG-ARA-019939). A male, dorsal view; B same, lateral view; C same, ventral view; D female, dorsal view; E, same, lateral view; F same, ventral view; G male palp, ventral view; H same, retrolateral view; I female epigyne, ventral view; J same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CO, copulatory opening, CD, copulatory duct; E, embolus; FD, fertilization duct; RPP, retrolateral patellar process; PTP, prolateral tegular projection; ST II, secondary spermathecae; ST I, primary spermathecae. Scale bars: A–F 1 mm; G–J 0.2 mm.	FIGURE 18. Castianeira pollux sp. nov. A–C, G–H male (MPEG), D–F, I–J. female (MPEG-ARA-019939). A male, dorsal view; B same, lateral view; C same, ventral view; D female, dorsal view; E, same, lateral view; F same, ventral view; G male palp, ventral view; H same, retrolateral view; I female epigyne, ventral view; J same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CO, copulatory opening, CD, copulatory duct; E, embolus; FD, fertilization duct; RPP, retrolateral patellar process; PTP, prolateral tegular projection; ST II, secondary spermathecae; ST I, primary spermathecae. Scale bars: A–F 1 mm; G–J 0.2 mm.	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFB7FFBC1FBFAFB2698DA470.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190849/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190849	FIGURE 7. Castianeira rubicunda (AMNH). Leg I. A metatarsus, retrolateral view; B same, detail, scopulae; C tarsus, dorsal view; D same, detail, trichobotria.	FIGURE 7. Castianeira rubicunda (AMNH). Leg I. A metatarsus, retrolateral view; B same, detail, scopulae; C tarsus, dorsal view; D same, detail, trichobotria.	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFB7FFBC1FBFAFB2698DA470.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190845/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190845	FIGURE 6. Abdomen of Castianeira spp. A–B C. leda sp. nov. (MPEG); C–D C. castor sp. nov. (AMNH); E–F C. rubicunda (AMNH). A male, lateral view; B same, abdominal setae; C male, dorsal view; D same, abdominal setae; E male, dorsal view; F same, abdominal setae.	FIGURE 6. Abdomen of Castianeira spp. A–B C. leda sp. nov. (MPEG); C–D C. castor sp. nov. (AMNH); E–F C. rubicunda (AMNH). A male, lateral view; B same, abdominal setae; C male, dorsal view; D same, abdominal setae; E male, dorsal view; F same, abdominal setae.	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFB7FFBC1FBFAFB2698DA470.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190877/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190877	FIGURE 14. Castianeira rubicunda Keyserling, 1879. Panamanian form. A male, dorsal view; B same, lateral view; C male palp, ventral view; D same, retrolateral view; E female, dorsal view; F same, epigynum, ventral view. Photographs by Paulo Pantoja.	FIGURE 14. Castianeira rubicunda Keyserling, 1879. Panamanian form. A male, dorsal view; B same, lateral view; C male palp, ventral view; D same, retrolateral view; E female, dorsal view; F same, epigynum, ventral view. Photographs by Paulo Pantoja.	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFB7FFBC1FBFAFB2698DA470.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190841/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190841	FIGURE 4. Living specimen of Castianeira leda sp. nov. Photograph by Leonardo Carvalho.	FIGURE 4. Living specimen of Castianeira leda sp. nov. Photograph by Leonardo Carvalho.	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFB4FFB21FBFAD8F6F4DA220.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190833/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190833	FIGURE 3. Castianeira rubicunda Keyserling, 1879: A–B male in Keyserling (1879), plate 4, figs 28, 28a, 28c, original description; C–D male and female in Banks (1929), plate 1, fig. 11, plate 4, fig. 64, as Castianeira memnonia (C. L. Koch, 1841); E male in Chickering (1937), plate 4, fig. 44, as Castianeira memnonia; F–H male and female in Reiskind (1969), figs 194–196, as Castianeira memnonia. Images courtesy of Biodiversity Heritage Library.	FIGURE 3. Castianeira rubicunda Keyserling, 1879: A–B male in Keyserling (1879), plate 4, figs 28, 28a, 28c, original description; C–D male and female in Banks (1929), plate 1, fig. 11, plate 4, fig. 64, as Castianeira memnonia (C. L. Koch, 1841); E male in Chickering (1937), plate 4, fig. 44, as Castianeira memnonia; F–H male and female in Reiskind (1969), figs 194–196, as Castianeira memnonia. Images courtesy of Biodiversity Heritage Library.	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFB4FFB21FBFAD8F6F4DA220.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190843/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190843	FIGURE 5. Carapace of Castianeira spp. A–B C. rubicunda; C–D C. leda sp. nov.; E–F C. castor sp. nov. A, C, D male, dorsal view; B, D, F same, ocular area.	FIGURE 5. Carapace of Castianeira spp. A–B C. rubicunda; C–D C. leda sp. nov.; E–F C. castor sp. nov. A, C, D male, dorsal view; B, D, F same, ocular area.	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFB4FFB21FBFAD8F6F4DA220.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190845/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190845	FIGURE 6. Abdomen of Castianeira spp. A–B C. leda sp. nov. (MPEG); C–D C. castor sp. nov. (AMNH); E–F C. rubicunda (AMNH). A male, lateral view; B same, abdominal setae; C male, dorsal view; D same, abdominal setae; E male, dorsal view; F same, abdominal setae.	FIGURE 6. Abdomen of Castianeira spp. A–B C. leda sp. nov. (MPEG); C–D C. castor sp. nov. (AMNH); E–F C. rubicunda (AMNH). A male, lateral view; B same, abdominal setae; C male, dorsal view; D same, abdominal setae; E male, dorsal view; F same, abdominal setae.	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFB4FFB21FBFAD8F6F4DA220.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190849/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190849	FIGURE 7. Castianeira rubicunda (AMNH). Leg I. A metatarsus, retrolateral view; B same, detail, scopulae; C tarsus, dorsal view; D same, detail, trichobotria.	FIGURE 7. Castianeira rubicunda (AMNH). Leg I. A metatarsus, retrolateral view; B same, detail, scopulae; C tarsus, dorsal view; D same, detail, trichobotria.	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFB4FFB21FBFAD8F6F4DA220.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190853/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190853	FIGURE 8. Castianeira rubicunda (AMNH). Male palp. A cymbium and bulb, ventral view; B cymbium, proventral view, ventral tip, detail; C patella and tibia, ventral view; D subtegulum, retrolateral view; E tegulum, details of distal tegular structures (arrow indicating projected prolateral margin); F embolus. Abbreviations: E, embolus; PTP, prolateral tegular projection; RPP, retrolateral patellar process.	FIGURE 8. Castianeira rubicunda (AMNH). Male palp. A cymbium and bulb, ventral view; B cymbium, proventral view, ventral tip, detail; C patella and tibia, ventral view; D subtegulum, retrolateral view; E tegulum, details of distal tegular structures (arrow indicating projected prolateral margin); F embolus. Abbreviations: E, embolus; PTP, prolateral tegular projection; RPP, retrolateral patellar process.	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFB4FFB21FBFAD8F6F4DA220.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190875/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190875	FIGURE 13. Holotype of Castianeira rubicunda Keyserling, 1879. A male, habitus, dorsal view; B, same, carapace, dorsal view; C abdomen, ventral view; D male palp, prolateral view; E same, ventral view; F same, retrolateral view. Photographs by Charles Haddad.	FIGURE 13. Holotype of Castianeira rubicunda Keyserling, 1879. A male, habitus, dorsal view; B, same, carapace, dorsal view; C abdomen, ventral view; D male palp, prolateral view; E same, ventral view; F same, retrolateral view. Photographs by Charles Haddad.	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFB4FFB21FBFAD8F6F4DA220.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190877/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190877	FIGURE 14. Castianeira rubicunda Keyserling, 1879. Panamanian form. A male, dorsal view; B same, lateral view; C male palp, ventral view; D same, retrolateral view; E female, dorsal view; F same, epigynum, ventral view. Photographs by Paulo Pantoja.	FIGURE 14. Castianeira rubicunda Keyserling, 1879. Panamanian form. A male, dorsal view; B same, lateral view; C male palp, ventral view; D same, retrolateral view; E female, dorsal view; F same, epigynum, ventral view. Photographs by Paulo Pantoja.	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFB4FFB21FBFAD8F6F4DA220.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190879/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190879	FIGURE 15. Castianeira rubicunda Keyserling, 1879. Venezuelan form.A–C, G–H male (AMNH), D–F, I–J. female (AMNH). A dorsal view; B lateral view; C ventral view; D dorsal view; E lateral view; F ventral view; G male palp, ventral view; H same, retrolateral view; I female epigyne, ventral view; J same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CO, copulatory opening, CD, copulatory duct; E, embolus; FD, fertilization duct; RPP, retrolateral patellar process; PTP, prolateral tegular projection; ST II, secondary spermathecae; ST I, primary spermathecae. Scale bars: A–F 1 mm; G–J 0.2 mm	FIGURE 15. Castianeira rubicunda Keyserling, 1879. Venezuelan form.A–C, G–H male (AMNH), D–F, I–J. female (AMNH). A dorsal view; B lateral view; C ventral view; D dorsal view; E lateral view; F ventral view; G male palp, ventral view; H same, retrolateral view; I female epigyne, ventral view; J same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CO, copulatory opening, CD, copulatory duct; E, embolus; FD, fertilization duct; RPP, retrolateral patellar process; PTP, prolateral tegular projection; ST II, secondary spermathecae; ST I, primary spermathecae. Scale bars: A–F 1 mm; G–J 0.2 mm	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFB4FFB21FBFAD8F6F4DA220.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190891/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190891	FIGURE 19. Records of the species of Castianeira sensu stricto.	FIGURE 19. Records of the species of Castianeira sensu stricto.	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFB4FFB21FBFAD8F6F4DA220.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190883/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190883	FIGURE 16. Castianeira leda sp. nov. holotype, male (MPEG(ARA)-003159). A male, dorsal view; B same, lateral view; C same, ventral view; D male palp, ventral view; E same, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: E, embolus; RPP, retrolateral patellar process; RTA, retrolateral tibial apophysis; PTP, prolateral tegular projection; Scale bars: A–C 1 mm; D–E 0.2 mm.	FIGURE 16. Castianeira leda sp. nov. holotype, male (MPEG(ARA)-003159). A male, dorsal view; B same, lateral view; C same, ventral view; D male palp, ventral view; E same, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: E, embolus; RPP, retrolateral patellar process; RTA, retrolateral tibial apophysis; PTP, prolateral tegular projection; Scale bars: A–C 1 mm; D–E 0.2 mm.	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFBAFFB31FBFABA26F18A7C4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190841/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190841	FIGURE 4. Living specimen of Castianeira leda sp. nov. Photograph by Leonardo Carvalho.	FIGURE 4. Living specimen of Castianeira leda sp. nov. Photograph by Leonardo Carvalho.	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFBAFFB31FBFABA26F18A7C4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190843/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190843	FIGURE 5. Carapace of Castianeira spp. A–B C. rubicunda; C–D C. leda sp. nov.; E–F C. castor sp. nov. A, C, D male, dorsal view; B, D, F same, ocular area.	FIGURE 5. Carapace of Castianeira spp. A–B C. rubicunda; C–D C. leda sp. nov.; E–F C. castor sp. nov. A, C, D male, dorsal view; B, D, F same, ocular area.	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFBAFFB31FBFABA26F18A7C4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190845/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190845	FIGURE 6. Abdomen of Castianeira spp. A–B C. leda sp. nov. (MPEG); C–D C. castor sp. nov. (AMNH); E–F C. rubicunda (AMNH). A male, lateral view; B same, abdominal setae; C male, dorsal view; D same, abdominal setae; E male, dorsal view; F same, abdominal setae.	FIGURE 6. Abdomen of Castianeira spp. A–B C. leda sp. nov. (MPEG); C–D C. castor sp. nov. (AMNH); E–F C. rubicunda (AMNH). A male, lateral view; B same, abdominal setae; C male, dorsal view; D same, abdominal setae; E male, dorsal view; F same, abdominal setae.	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFBAFFB31FBFABA26F18A7C4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190864/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190864	FIGURE 11. Castianeira leda sp. nov. (MPEG). A male palp, ventral view; B same, tegulum, ventral view, details; C cymbial tip, ventral view; D patella and tibia, ventral view. Abbreviations: E, embolus; RPP, retrolateral patellar process; PTP, prolateral tegular projection.	FIGURE 11. Castianeira leda sp. nov. (MPEG). A male palp, ventral view; B same, tegulum, ventral view, details; C cymbial tip, ventral view; D patella and tibia, ventral view. Abbreviations: E, embolus; RPP, retrolateral patellar process; PTP, prolateral tegular projection.	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFBAFFB31FBFABA26F18A7C4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190883/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190883	FIGURE 16. Castianeira leda sp. nov. holotype, male (MPEG(ARA)-003159). A male, dorsal view; B same, lateral view; C same, ventral view; D male palp, ventral view; E same, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: E, embolus; RPP, retrolateral patellar process; RTA, retrolateral tibial apophysis; PTP, prolateral tegular projection; Scale bars: A–C 1 mm; D–E 0.2 mm.	FIGURE 16. Castianeira leda sp. nov. holotype, male (MPEG(ARA)-003159). A male, dorsal view; B same, lateral view; C same, ventral view; D male palp, ventral view; E same, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: E, embolus; RPP, retrolateral patellar process; RTA, retrolateral tibial apophysis; PTP, prolateral tegular projection; Scale bars: A–C 1 mm; D–E 0.2 mm.	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFBAFFB31FBFABA26F18A7C4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190891/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190891	FIGURE 19. Records of the species of Castianeira sensu stricto.	FIGURE 19. Records of the species of Castianeira sensu stricto.	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFBAFFB31FBFABA26F18A7C4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190879/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190879	FIGURE 15. Castianeira rubicunda Keyserling, 1879. Venezuelan form.A–C, G–H male (AMNH), D–F, I–J. female (AMNH). A dorsal view; B lateral view; C ventral view; D dorsal view; E lateral view; F ventral view; G male palp, ventral view; H same, retrolateral view; I female epigyne, ventral view; J same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CO, copulatory opening, CD, copulatory duct; E, embolus; FD, fertilization duct; RPP, retrolateral patellar process; PTP, prolateral tegular projection; ST II, secondary spermathecae; ST I, primary spermathecae. Scale bars: A–F 1 mm; G–J 0.2 mm	FIGURE 15. Castianeira rubicunda Keyserling, 1879. Venezuelan form.A–C, G–H male (AMNH), D–F, I–J. female (AMNH). A dorsal view; B lateral view; C ventral view; D dorsal view; E lateral view; F ventral view; G male palp, ventral view; H same, retrolateral view; I female epigyne, ventral view; J same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CO, copulatory opening, CD, copulatory duct; E, embolus; FD, fertilization duct; RPP, retrolateral patellar process; PTP, prolateral tegular projection; ST II, secondary spermathecae; ST I, primary spermathecae. Scale bars: A–F 1 mm; G–J 0.2 mm	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFBAFFB31FBFABA26F18A7C4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190887/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190887	FIGURE 18. Castianeira pollux sp. nov. A–C, G–H male (MPEG), D–F, I–J. female (MPEG-ARA-019939). A male, dorsal view; B same, lateral view; C same, ventral view; D female, dorsal view; E, same, lateral view; F same, ventral view; G male palp, ventral view; H same, retrolateral view; I female epigyne, ventral view; J same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CO, copulatory opening, CD, copulatory duct; E, embolus; FD, fertilization duct; RPP, retrolateral patellar process; PTP, prolateral tegular projection; ST II, secondary spermathecae; ST I, primary spermathecae. Scale bars: A–F 1 mm; G–J 0.2 mm.	FIGURE 18. Castianeira pollux sp. nov. A–C, G–H male (MPEG), D–F, I–J. female (MPEG-ARA-019939). A male, dorsal view; B same, lateral view; C same, ventral view; D female, dorsal view; E, same, lateral view; F same, ventral view; G male palp, ventral view; H same, retrolateral view; I female epigyne, ventral view; J same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CO, copulatory opening, CD, copulatory duct; E, embolus; FD, fertilization duct; RPP, retrolateral patellar process; PTP, prolateral tegular projection; ST II, secondary spermathecae; ST I, primary spermathecae. Scale bars: A–F 1 mm; G–J 0.2 mm.	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFBBFFAB1FBFA98E6ED4A7C4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190843/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190843	FIGURE 5. Carapace of Castianeira spp. A–B C. rubicunda; C–D C. leda sp. nov.; E–F C. castor sp. nov. A, C, D male, dorsal view; B, D, F same, ocular area.	FIGURE 5. Carapace of Castianeira spp. A–B C. rubicunda; C–D C. leda sp. nov.; E–F C. castor sp. nov. A, C, D male, dorsal view; B, D, F same, ocular area.	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFBBFFAB1FBFA98E6ED4A7C4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190845/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190845	FIGURE 6. Abdomen of Castianeira spp. A–B C. leda sp. nov. (MPEG); C–D C. castor sp. nov. (AMNH); E–F C. rubicunda (AMNH). A male, lateral view; B same, abdominal setae; C male, dorsal view; D same, abdominal setae; E male, dorsal view; F same, abdominal setae.	FIGURE 6. Abdomen of Castianeira spp. A–B C. leda sp. nov. (MPEG); C–D C. castor sp. nov. (AMNH); E–F C. rubicunda (AMNH). A male, lateral view; B same, abdominal setae; C male, dorsal view; D same, abdominal setae; E male, dorsal view; F same, abdominal setae.	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFBBFFAB1FBFA98E6ED4A7C4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190862/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190862	FIGURE 10. Castianeira castor sp. nov. (AMNH). A male palp, ventral view; B same, details; C patella and tibia, ventral view (arrow indicate ventral projection); D same, details, RPP. Abbreviations: E, embolus; RPP, retrolateral patellar process; PTP, prolateral tegular projection.	FIGURE 10. Castianeira castor sp. nov. (AMNH). A male palp, ventral view; B same, details; C patella and tibia, ventral view (arrow indicate ventral projection); D same, details, RPP. Abbreviations: E, embolus; RPP, retrolateral patellar process; PTP, prolateral tegular projection.	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFBBFFAB1FBFA98E6ED4A7C4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190885/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190885	FIGURE 17. Castianeira castor sp. nov. A–C, G–H male (AMNH), D–F, I–J. female (AMNH). A male, dorsal view; B same, lateral view; C same, ventral view; D female, dorsal view; E, same, lateral view; F same, ventral view; G male palp, ventral view; H same, retrolateral view; I female epigyne, ventral view; J same, dorsal view. Abbreviations CO, copulatory opening, CD, copulatory duct; E, embolus; FD, fertilization duct; RPP, retrolateral patellar process; PTP, prolateral tegular projection; ST II, secondary spermathecae; ST I, primary spermathecae. Scale bars: A–F 1 mm; G–J 0.2 mm.	FIGURE 17. Castianeira castor sp. nov. A–C, G–H male (AMNH), D–F, I–J. female (AMNH). A male, dorsal view; B same, lateral view; C same, ventral view; D female, dorsal view; E, same, lateral view; F same, ventral view; G male palp, ventral view; H same, retrolateral view; I female epigyne, ventral view; J same, dorsal view. Abbreviations CO, copulatory opening, CD, copulatory duct; E, embolus; FD, fertilization duct; RPP, retrolateral patellar process; PTP, prolateral tegular projection; ST II, secondary spermathecae; ST I, primary spermathecae. Scale bars: A–F 1 mm; G–J 0.2 mm.	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFBBFFAB1FBFA98E6ED4A7C4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190891/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190891	FIGURE 19. Records of the species of Castianeira sensu stricto.	FIGURE 19. Records of the species of Castianeira sensu stricto.	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFBBFFAB1FBFA98E6ED4A7C4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190857/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190857	FIGURE 9. Castianeira pollux sp. nov. (MPEG).A Cymbium, antero-ventral view; B patella and tibia, ventral view; C tegulum, ventral view; D patella, ventral view (detail: RPP); E tegulum, detail, embolus and PTP, F same, embolus. Abbreviations: E, embolus; RPP, retrolateral patellar process; PTP, prolateral tegular projection.	FIGURE 9. Castianeira pollux sp. nov. (MPEG).A Cymbium, antero-ventral view; B patella and tibia, ventral view; C tegulum, ventral view; D patella, ventral view (detail: RPP); E tegulum, detail, embolus and PTP, F same, embolus. Abbreviations: E, embolus; RPP, retrolateral patellar process; PTP, prolateral tegular projection.	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFBBFFAB1FBFA98E6ED4A7C4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190887/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190887	FIGURE 18. Castianeira pollux sp. nov. A–C, G–H male (MPEG), D–F, I–J. female (MPEG-ARA-019939). A male, dorsal view; B same, lateral view; C same, ventral view; D female, dorsal view; E, same, lateral view; F same, ventral view; G male palp, ventral view; H same, retrolateral view; I female epigyne, ventral view; J same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CO, copulatory opening, CD, copulatory duct; E, embolus; FD, fertilization duct; RPP, retrolateral patellar process; PTP, prolateral tegular projection; ST II, secondary spermathecae; ST I, primary spermathecae. Scale bars: A–F 1 mm; G–J 0.2 mm.	FIGURE 18. Castianeira pollux sp. nov. A–C, G–H male (MPEG), D–F, I–J. female (MPEG-ARA-019939). A male, dorsal view; B same, lateral view; C same, ventral view; D female, dorsal view; E, same, lateral view; F same, ventral view; G male palp, ventral view; H same, retrolateral view; I female epigyne, ventral view; J same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CO, copulatory opening, CD, copulatory duct; E, embolus; FD, fertilization duct; RPP, retrolateral patellar process; PTP, prolateral tegular projection; ST II, secondary spermathecae; ST I, primary spermathecae. Scale bars: A–F 1 mm; G–J 0.2 mm.	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFA3FFAF1FBFAD306F13A128.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190857/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190857	FIGURE 9. Castianeira pollux sp. nov. (MPEG).A Cymbium, antero-ventral view; B patella and tibia, ventral view; C tegulum, ventral view; D patella, ventral view (detail: RPP); E tegulum, detail, embolus and PTP, F same, embolus. Abbreviations: E, embolus; RPP, retrolateral patellar process; PTP, prolateral tegular projection.	FIGURE 9. Castianeira pollux sp. nov. (MPEG).A Cymbium, antero-ventral view; B patella and tibia, ventral view; C tegulum, ventral view; D patella, ventral view (detail: RPP); E tegulum, detail, embolus and PTP, F same, embolus. Abbreviations: E, embolus; RPP, retrolateral patellar process; PTP, prolateral tegular projection.	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFA3FFAF1FBFAD306F13A128.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190868/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190868	FIGURE 12. Castianeira pollux sp. nov. (MPEG). A epigynum, ventral view; B same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CO, copulatory openings; CD, copulatory duct; FD, fertilization duct; ST II, secondary spermathecae; ST I, primary spermathecae.	FIGURE 12. Castianeira pollux sp. nov. (MPEG). A epigynum, ventral view; B same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CO, copulatory openings; CD, copulatory duct; FD, fertilization duct; ST II, secondary spermathecae; ST I, primary spermathecae.	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFA3FFAF1FBFAD306F13A128.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190887/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190887	FIGURE 18. Castianeira pollux sp. nov. A–C, G–H male (MPEG), D–F, I–J. female (MPEG-ARA-019939). A male, dorsal view; B same, lateral view; C same, ventral view; D female, dorsal view; E, same, lateral view; F same, ventral view; G male palp, ventral view; H same, retrolateral view; I female epigyne, ventral view; J same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CO, copulatory opening, CD, copulatory duct; E, embolus; FD, fertilization duct; RPP, retrolateral patellar process; PTP, prolateral tegular projection; ST II, secondary spermathecae; ST I, primary spermathecae. Scale bars: A–F 1 mm; G–J 0.2 mm.	FIGURE 18. Castianeira pollux sp. nov. A–C, G–H male (MPEG), D–F, I–J. female (MPEG-ARA-019939). A male, dorsal view; B same, lateral view; C same, ventral view; D female, dorsal view; E, same, lateral view; F same, ventral view; G male palp, ventral view; H same, retrolateral view; I female epigyne, ventral view; J same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CO, copulatory opening, CD, copulatory duct; E, embolus; FD, fertilization duct; RPP, retrolateral patellar process; PTP, prolateral tegular projection; ST II, secondary spermathecae; ST I, primary spermathecae. Scale bars: A–F 1 mm; G–J 0.2 mm.	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFA3FFAF1FBFAD306F13A128.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190891/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190891	FIGURE 19. Records of the species of Castianeira sensu stricto.	FIGURE 19. Records of the species of Castianeira sensu stricto.	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
A814E639FFA3FFAF1FBFAD306F13A128.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/19190862/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19190862	FIGURE 10. Castianeira castor sp. nov. (AMNH). A male palp, ventral view; B same, details; C patella and tibia, ventral view (arrow indicate ventral projection); D same, details, RPP. Abbreviations: E, embolus; RPP, retrolateral patellar process; PTP, prolateral tegular projection.	FIGURE 10. Castianeira castor sp. nov. (AMNH). A male palp, ventral view; B same, details; C patella and tibia, ventral view (arrow indicate ventral projection); D same, details, RPP. Abbreviations: E, embolus; RPP, retrolateral patellar process; PTP, prolateral tegular projection.	2026-03-02	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.		Zenodo	biologists	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J.;Bonaldo, Alexandre B.			
