identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
6EA662EA5F085FC887FB7E22E34B7B23.text	6EA662EA5F085FC887FB7E22E34B7B23.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Comesoma Bastian 1865	<div><p>Genus Comesoma Bastian, 1865</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>(revised based on Fu et al. 2022). Cuticle characterised by transverse punctations without lateral differentiation. Anterior sensilla in three distinctly separated crowns; outer labial lateral setae usually shorter than the cephalic setae. Subcephalic setae present in one or more crowns, just posterior to cephalic setae. Buccal cavity cup-shaped, and posterior portion collapsed, weakly sclerotised and with three blunt or thorn-like projections at the border to anterior portion. Spicules long and slender. Gubernaculum plate-like or indistinct.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The genus Comesoma was first established with C. vulgare and C. profundi Bastian, 1865 from Falmouth, England. The genus diagnostic characteristics include: cup-shaped buccal cavity without teeth, spiral-shaped amphidial fovea, cuticle with transverse rows of fine punctations, lateral differentiation only a bit more coarsely punctuated, spicules usually elongated, and precloacal supplements usually present (Bastian 1865). Later, C. heterura Cobb, 1898 (accepted as Sabatieria heterura (Cobb, 1898) Filipjev 1918), C. jubata Cobb, 1898 (accepted as Setosabatieria hilarula), and C. simile Cobb, 1898 (based on female specimen) were described. Subsequently, C. stenocephalum Filipjev, 1918, C. dubium Filipjev, 1918 (accepted as Paracomesoma dubium (Filipjev, 1918) Schuurmans Stekhoven 1950), C. minimum Chitwood, 1937, C. punctata Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1950, C. arenae Gerlach, 1956, C. sipho Gerlach, 1956 (accepted as Paracomesoma sipho (Gerlach, 1956) Jensen and Gerlach 1977), C. bermudense Jensen &amp; Gerlach, 1977, C. solum Pastor de Ward, 1984, and C. hermani Chen &amp; Vincx, 1998 were described. Wieser (1954) synonymised Sabatieria tenuispiculum (Ditlevsen, 1921) with C. tenuispiculum . Comesoma punctata was transferred to Metacomesoma by Wieser (1954), but Jensen (1979) regarded this taxon as a species inquirenda due to the poor description of anterior sensilla arrangement. Recently, with the description of C. sinica Fu, Cai, Leduc &amp; Lin, 2022 and C. quattuordecimsupplementata Xiao &amp; Guo, 2023, 13 species are considered as valid.</p><p>According to Jensen (1979), the cephalic organs in the Comesomatidae are usually arranged in three distinct crowns with the inner labial and outer labial sensilla typically papilliform. When the six outer labial sensilla are setiform, the two lateral setae are sometimes longer than the other four setae and situated at the second and third crowns. The four cephalic setae are generally longer than the outer labial setae.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6EA662EA5F085FC887FB7E22E34B7B23	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Yu, Huiying;Wang, Chunming	Yu, Huiying, Wang, Chunming (2026): Two new species of Comesomatidae (Nematoda, Araeolaimida) from the Rizhao coast of the Yellow Sea, China. ZooKeys 1275: 259-273, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1275.164380
EE40F3F116255384B6BD7EDB3C4BF4F9.text	EE40F3F116255384B6BD7EDB3C4BF4F9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Comesoma macramphida Yu & Wang 2026	<div><p>Comesoma macramphida sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 1, 2, 3, Table 1</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Comesoma macramphida sp. nov. is characterised by the following: outer labial sensilla setiform, buccal cavity cup-shaped with a cuticularized projection, amphidial fovea wide (77–92 % of the body diameter) and consisting of 2.5 turns, spicules L-shaped and with faint striation; gubernaculum short and boat-shaped, with a small caudally directed apophysis, 10 or 11 papilliform precloacal supplements and tail conico-cylindrical, with two long, terminal setae.</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Three males were measured and studied. Holotype: • ♂ on slide 22 WPK 10-3-13; paratype 1: • ♂ on slide 22 WPK 10-2-15; paratype 2: • ♂ on slide 22 WPK 10-3-2 .</p><p>Type locality and habitat.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.433334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.566666/lat 35.433334)">Rizhao coast</a>, Shandong Province, China (35°26'N, 119°34'E). Specimens collected from sandy sediment at a depth of 0–2 cm; collected May 2022 by Wen Guo.</p><p>Measurements.</p><p>All morphometric measurement data are given in Table 1.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Males. Body cylindrical, slender, and long; anterior end truncated, and posterior end tapered. Cuticle punctated; punctations arranged in transverse rows throughout body; lateral differentiation with irregularly spaced larger punctations. Cephalic sensilla arranged in three circles of 6 + 6 + 4. Inner labial sensilla 6, papilliform. Outer labial sensilla 6, setiform, 0.55–0.6 head diameters in length. Cephalic setae 4, long, 2.1–3.0 head diameters in length. Cervical setae 8, 11–12 μm in length; somatic setae present in pharynx and caudal regions, 2–4 μm in length. Amphidial fovea spiral, with 2.5 turns, and wide, 77–92 % of body diameter, located immediately posterior to cephalic setae. Ocelli absent. Buccal cavity cup-shaped, 4 μm in depth, with subventral cuticularized projection at posterior. Pharynx muscular, cylindrical, and slightly expanded at posterior end but not forming true posterior bulb. Cardia conical, surrounded by intestine, and 7 μm in length. Nerve ring located in approximate middle of pharynx region, 48.9–52.2 % of pharynx length. Secretory excretory system present; secretory excretory pore 142–146 μm from anterior end. Renette cell oval, 31–41 μm in length, 14–20 μm in width, and 68–76 μm from pharynx posterior end.</p><p>The reproductive system diorchic, with opposed and outstretched testes. Anterior testis to left of intestine and posterior testis to right. Spicules paired, L-shaped, with faint striation, 2.21–2.36 cloacal body diameters long. Gubernaculum boat-shaped, short, and parallel to distal end of spicules, and with a very small caudally directed apophysis. Precloacal supplements 10 or 11, papilliform; anteriormost precloacal supplement 133–171 μm from cloacal opening and posteriormost 10–14 μm from cloacal opening, respectively; distance slightly widening from posterior to anterior. Tail conico-cylindrical, 5.4–6.6 anal body diameters long, with cylindrical part about 1 / 3 of total length. Two terminal setae present, 16–17 μm in length. Four caudal glands in line with separate outlet.</p><p>Female not observed.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The species epithet macramphida is derived from Latin macro (large) and amphida (amphidial) and refers to the large size of amphidial fovea.</p><p>Differential diagnosis and discussion.</p><p>Comesoma macramphida sp. nov. can be differentiated from other species by the combination of having spicules shorter than 100 μm and six outer labial sensilla setiform. The new species is similar to C. bermudense, C. hermani, C. minimum, C. quattuordecimsupplementata, C. sinica, C. stenocephalum, and C. tenuispiculum in amphidial fovea turns. This new species differs from C. bermudense in the length of the outer labial setae (6 μm vs 2 μm), ornamentation and length of spicules (59–64 μm, with faint striation vs 150–194 μm, without striation), gubernaculum length (11–14 μm vs 25 μm), and number of precloacal supplements (10–11 vs 18–22). Comesoma macramphida sp. nov. differs from C. hermani in the length of the body (2753–2933 μm vs 1694–2108 μm), length of the cephalic setae (23–30 μm vs 13 μm), spicule length (59–64 μm vs 169–184 μm), and length of the gubernaculum (11–14 μm vs 20–25 um). Comesoma macramphida sp. nov. differs from C. minimum in the length of the body (2753–2933 μm vs 1370–1520 μm), length of the cephalic setae (2.1–3.0 head diameters vs 1.1 head diameters) and spicule length (2.2–2.4 anal body diameters vs 6.3 anal body diameters) (Xiao and Guo 2023). Comesoma macramphida sp. nov. differs from C. quattuordecimsupplementata in the shape of the buccal cavity (cup-shaped, wide and with cuticularized projection vs cup-shaped and small, without a projection), length of cephalic setae (23–30 μm vs 9–10 μm), spicule length (59–64 μm vs 120–128 μm), and number of precloacal supplements (10–11 vs 14). Comesoma macramphida sp. nov. differs from C. sinica in spicule length (59–64 μm vs 166–179 μm) and number of precloacal supplements (10–11 vs&gt; 20); the new species differs from C. stenocephalum in the length of the body (2753–2933 μm vs 4600 μm), depth of the buccal cavity (4 μm vs 8 μm), spicule length (59–64 μm vs 165 μm), and length of the gubernaculum (11–14 μm vs 40 μm). Comesoma macramphida sp. nov. differs from C. tenuispiculum in the length of the body (2753–2933 μm vs 1600 μm), the length of the cephalic setae (2.1–3.0 head diameters vs 1.5 head diameters), spicule length (59–64 μm vs 112 μm), and tail length (5.4–6.6 anal body diameters vs 3.5 anal body diameters, measured according to Filipjev 1918).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/EE40F3F116255384B6BD7EDB3C4BF4F9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Yu, Huiying;Wang, Chunming	Yu, Huiying, Wang, Chunming (2026): Two new species of Comesomatidae (Nematoda, Araeolaimida) from the Rizhao coast of the Yellow Sea, China. ZooKeys 1275: 259-273, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1275.164380
683425B962365767BC235FB15734370D.text	683425B962365767BC235FB15734370D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paramesonchium Hopper 1967	<div><p>Genus Paramesonchium Hopper, 1967</p><p>Revised diagnosis</p><p>(based on Fonseca and Bezerra 2014). Anterior sensilla in three circles of 6 + 6 + 4. Cuticle laterally differentiated, with transverse or longitudinal rows of punctations; lateral pore complex either absent or present. Posterior portion of buccal cavity conical, with three ridges; each ridge ending in an acute projection at border to anterior portion. Spicules curved. Gubernaculum with dorso-caudally directed apophysis. Precloacal supplements present, setiform or tubular.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The genus Paramesonchium was established with the P. seriale as its type species, which was transferred from genus Laimella based on the presence of longitudinal rows of coarse punctations on the cuticle and buccal cavity conoid shaped. Subsequently, additional species were described: P. belgicum Jensen, 1976, P. angelae (Inglis, 1968), and P. mombasi Muthumbi, Soetaert &amp; Vincx, 1997 . Zhang (1992) later transferred P. angelae to the genus Dorylaimopsis Ditlevsen, 1918 .</p><p>The morphological characteristics of Paramesonchium exhibit considerable variation. Notably, P. seriale was described based on a female specimen and was characterised by being laterally differentiated and having the buccal cavity with three acute tips; P. belgicum was characterised by lacking cuticle differentiation and having a lateral pore complex present, a buccal cavity with three acutely pointed lips, and setiform precloacal supplements each with a duct. Paramesonchium mombasi was characterised by having a cuticle with differentiation, a buccal cavity lacking teeth, and setiform precloacal supplements. Based on current taxonomic understanding, Paramesonchium should encompass species in which the cuticle either has or lacks lateral differentiation, the lateral pore complex is present, and precloacal supplements are either setiform or tubular (as demonstrated below).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/683425B962365767BC235FB15734370D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Yu, Huiying;Wang, Chunming	Yu, Huiying, Wang, Chunming (2026): Two new species of Comesomatidae (Nematoda, Araeolaimida) from the Rizhao coast of the Yellow Sea, China. ZooKeys 1275: 259-273, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1275.164380
DCE007C928DB526492FF048D1610AC98.text	DCE007C928DB526492FF048D1610AC98.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paramesonchium tubulosupplementa Yu & Wang 2026	<div><p>Paramesonchium tubulosupplementa sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 4, 5, Table 2</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Paramesonchium tubulosupplementa sp. nov. is characterised by the following: body length of 2002–2056 µm; cephalic setae four, 2.5–3.0 head diameters long; cuticle with transverse punctations and a pore complex; amphidial fovea wide, spiral, and with 2.5–2.75 turns; spicules short, curved, and with proximal end cephalated; gubernaculum with dorso-caudal apophysis; tubular precloacal supplements 11 or 12; tail conico-cylindrical, with cylindrical portion short.</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Three males were measured and examined. Holotype: • ♂, on slide 22 LJW 3-3-18; paratype 1: • ♂, on slide 22 SHT 5-3-4; paratype 2: • ♂, on slide 22 RZDT 4-3-3 .</p><p>Type locality and habitat.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.51667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.51667/lat 35.3)">Rizhao coast</a>, Shandong Province, China, (35°18'N, 119°31'E). Specimens were collected from sandy sediment at a depth of 0–2 cm; collected May 2022 by Wen Guo.</p><p>Measurements.</p><p>All morphometric measurement data are given in Table 2.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Males. Body cylindrical, long, and slender; anterior end truncated, and posterior end tapered. Cuticle with transverse rows of punctations throughout body; two longitudinal cuticle pore complexes present in pharynx region. Cephalic sensilla in three circles of 6 + 6 + 4. Inner labial sensilla 6, papilliform. Outer labial sensilla 6, setiform, 0.75–0.78 head diameters in length. Cephalic setae 4, long, 2.5–3.0 head diameters in length; two pairs of sublateral cervical setae, 27–28 μm and 6–11 μm in length, respectively. Somatic setae scarcely present, mainly in caudal region, 7 μm in length. Amphidial fovea faintly spiral, in 2.5–2.75 turns, wide, 81.8–90.9 % of body diameter, and anterior end immediately posterior to cephalic setae. Ocelli absent. Buccal cavity wide, funnel-shaped, with three ridges, and 13–14 μm in depth. Pharynx muscular, cylindrical, and posterior end slightly expanded without forming a terminal bulb. Cardia inconspicuous. Nerve ring slightly anterior to middle pharynx region, 39.1–42.2 % of pharynx length. Secretory excretory cell positioned posterior to pharynx; secretory excretory pore 134–148 μm from anterior end. Renette cell oval, 29–40 μm in length, 15–20 μm in width, and 46–71 μm from posterior end of pharynx.</p><p>Reproductive system diorchic, with opposed and outstretched testes. Anterior testis to left of intestine, and posterior to right. Sperm oval, 14 μm in length and 7 μm in width. Spicules paired, short, obviously curved, 1.0–1.2 cloacal body diameters in length, and with proximal end cephalated and distal end tapered. Gubernaculum short, with a dorso-caudally curved apophysis. Tubular precloacal supplements 11 or 12, 6–7 μm in length; anteriormost 100–140 μm and posteriormost 12–21 μm from cloacal opening, respectively; distance between supplements gradually increases from posterior to anterior. Tail conico-cylindrical, 5.4–6.0 cloacal body diameters in length; cylindrical portion 16.2–23.6 % of total length of tail and with a slightly swollen tip. Caudal glands 3, with separate outlets. Two long setae at tail tip, 17–18 μm in length.</p><p>Female not observed.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The species epithet tubulosupplementa is derived from Latin tubulo (tubular) and supplementa (supplement) and refers to precloacal supplements tubular.</p><p>Differential diagnosis and discussion.</p><p>Currently, only three species have been described within genus Paramesonchium: P. belgicum, P. mombasi, and P. seriale . The new species differs from P. belgicum in the length of the cephalic setae (20–27 μm vs 36 μm), absence of denticles in the buccal cavity (a crown of denticles present in P. belgicum), the number of turns of the amphidial fovea (2.5–2.75 vs 3.75), spicule length (23–25 μm vs 38 μm), number and shape of precloacal supplements (11–12, tubular vs 5, setiform), and length of the cylindrical portion of the tail (16.2–23.6 % vs 67 %). Paramesonchium tubulosupplementa sp. nov. differs from P. mombasi in the depth of the buccal cavity (13–14 μm vs 7–9 μm), length and shape of the spicules (23–25 μm, proximal end cephalated vs 17 μm, proximal end not cephalated), number and shape of the precloacal supplements (11–12, tubular vs 6–7, setiform), and length of the cylindrical portion of the tail (16.2–23.6 % vs 57 %, measured according to Muthumbi et al. 1997). Paramesonchium tubulosupplementa sp. nov. differs from P. seriale in the number of turns of the amphidial fovea (2.5–2.75 vs 3), absence of cuticular ornamentation (present in P. seriale), and length of the cylindrical portion of the tail (16.2–23.6 % vs 67 %).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DCE007C928DB526492FF048D1610AC98	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Yu, Huiying;Wang, Chunming	Yu, Huiying, Wang, Chunming (2026): Two new species of Comesomatidae (Nematoda, Araeolaimida) from the Rizhao coast of the Yellow Sea, China. ZooKeys 1275: 259-273, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1275.164380
