identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
7D0452C49F60539D8FA8202C06F9D449.text	7D0452C49F60539D8FA8202C06F9D449.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gustavia santanderiensis R. Knuth. (Knuth 1939	<div><p>Gustavia santanderiensis R. Knuth. (Knuth 1939: 24)</p><p>Figs 1, 2, 3, 4; Table 1</p><p>Type</p><p>COLOMBIA – Santander • Vicinity of Puerto Berrío [Cimitarra], between Carare and Magdalena Rivers; 100–700 m; 10 Jul. 1935; fl.; O. Haught 1834; holotype: B n. v., probably destroyed; isotypes: F [V 0061935 F] image, US [00117405] image .</p><p>Description</p><p>Trees 2–7 m tall, 9–15 cm diam. at breast height; many branched. Bark slightly roughened, lenticellate, inner bark pinkish-orange. Twig 3.1–5.5 mm diam., glabrous. Leaves spirally-alternate, anisophyllous, clustered in groups of 5–9, clusters spaced by 2.7 cm or more. Small leaves with petioles (0.2 –) 0.7–1.5 cm long, 0.7–1.2 mm wide medially, subterete, slightly flattened adaxially, winged on the distal half, glabrous or occasionally with 0.01 mm erect sparse hyaline trichomes; blades (3.5 –) 7.1–15.1 × (1.3 –) 2.5–5.3 cm, elliptic to oblong, chartaceous when dry, glabrous on both sides, base round to cuneate, margin entire to distally weakly denticulate, apex acuminate; venation brochidodromous, conspicuous towards the apex, secondary veins 9–12 pairs, moderately ascending, emerging at 60–65 °, tertiary venation scalariform to reticulate, 1.0– 1.5 cm apart along the midrib medially. Large leaves with petioles 4.1–12.0 cm long, 1.0– 2.2 mm wide medially, subterete, slightly flattened adaxially, distal half alate, glabrous or occasionally with 0.01 mm erect sparse hyaline trichomes; blades 22–35 × (6.5 –) 8.0– 13.5 cm, oblong to elliptic, rarely lanceolate, chartaceous when dry, glabrous on both sides, occasionally abaxially sparsely puberulous along the midvein, trichomes ca 0.01 mm, hyaline, base attenuate to cuneate, margin entire to sparsely denticulate distally, apex acuminate; venation brochidodromous, conspicuous towards the apex, secondary veins 11–14 (– 16) pairs, moderately ascending, emerging at 60–65 °, tertiary venation scalariform to reticulate, 1.8–2.7 cm apart along the midrib medially. Inflorescences appearing terminal, racemose, 4–5 flowered, 1–3 open simultaneously; rachis 0.3–2.2 × 0.4–0.7 cm, green to brown; floral bract 1.8–2.4 × 1.5–1.9 mm, base truncate, apex acute, dark brown, glabrous to puberulous, usually deciduous; pedicels ascending, 1.6–2.7 cm × 0.1–0.3 cm, green, pubescent, trichomes hyaline 0.1–0.2 mm, between distal quarter and proximal quarter bearing 2 bracteoles, 2.7–3.3 × 1.6–2.1 mm, ovate, reddish orange, dorsally keeled, puberulous, trichomes ca 0.01 mm, one bracteole deciduous to both bracteoles persisting. Flowers 9–10 cm diam.; floral buds green to green tinted pink, puberulous; hypanthium without costae, light green, glabrous; calyx 1.3–1.5 mm long, entire, greenish-white, occasionally pale purple, glabrous to puberulous; petals 8 (– 9), 5.0–5.9 × 2.7–3.2 cm, oblanceolate, white to tinged magenta at apex to almost completely magenta, glabrous, apex rounded; staminal ring 0.7–1.2 cm high, white to pale yellow, glabrous, many filaments, outermost filaments 1.7–2.0 cm long, 0.7–1.1 mm wide, yellow to tinged magenta at apex to completely magenta, glabrous, connective 0.01–0.05 mm long, white, glabrous, anthers 2.9–3.2 × 0.6–1 mm, poricidal, dehiscent by 2 apical pores, yellow, glabrous, base truncate to sagittate, apical pores 0.6–1.3 mm long, oblong; ovary 4 - locular, ovules arranged in axillar, summit of the ovary ca 1.4 cm diam., yellow, hirsute to villous, trichomes 0.1–0.6 mm long, hyaline, style ca 2 mm long, slightly obconical, yellowish-brown, pubescent, trichomes equal to the ones on the summit of the ovary, stigma with four not fully developed lobes, yellowish-brown, glabrous. Fruits 2.4–4.8 (– 5.1) × 3.5–5.8 cm, subglobose, smooth to slightly longitudinally striate, glabrous to lenticellate with orange-brown trichomes, truncate at apex; calycine rim deciduous, infracalycine zone round to truncate at base, green to brown to cream-coloured at maturity, glabrous; supracalycine zone truncate, occasionally prominent, green, villous, trichomes 0.1–0.2 mm long, simple, hyaline; exocarp 4–5 mm thick, leathery; pulp white. Seeds 9–10, 2.2–2.6 × 1.4–1.7 cm, ovoid to subglobose, yellow to dark vinaceous; funicular aril 4–12 mm long, generally well-developed, white to cream when immature, yellowish-brown when mature, slightly adpressed to the seed.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Endemic to Colombia, distributed mainly in the Middle Magdalena Valley, in the departments of Santander, Boyacá, Antioquia, and Caldas, from 100–680 m a. s. l. There is an additional and isolated population in the Upper Magdalena Valley, in the department of Cundinamarca. Although Prance and Mori (1979) initially proposed its distribution as a disjunction between the Magdalena Valley and northwestern Amazonia, many years later, Mori et al. (2010) refined the description of some Gustavia species. They proposed the distribution of G. santanderiensis as only known from a single locality, near the border between the departments of Santander and Antioquia, between Puerto Berrio and Puerto Nare (Mori et al. 2010). The latter description made more sense with the distribution we found for the species than the former one. Probably Mori had realised that the species has a more restricted distribution (Nathan Smith pers. comm.) but never explained the reasons for discarding the other specimens he initially proposed as belonging to the species.</p><p>Habitat and ecology</p><p>Gustavia santanderiensis mainly inhabits wet tropical forests from the Magdalena Middle Basin. Usually recorded under the canopy of conserved forests, with an isolated population in the Upper Magdalena Valley.</p><p>Phenology</p><p>Gustavia santanderiensis has two flowering-fruiting peaks per year. The first flowering peak goes from November to January, and the fruiting peak from December to January. The second flowering peak occurs from June to September, with fructification from July to September (Fig. 3).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>In the protologue, Knuth (1939) did not mention the origin of the specific epithet santanderiensis . Nonetheless, the type locality (O. Haught 1834) probably lies in the municipality of Cimitarra, in the department of Santander. The name might refer to it.</p><p>Notes</p><p>Flower colour in Gustavia santanderiensis ranges from white petals with yellow stamens (Fig. 1 A) to petals apically tinged with magenta, and magenta stamens (Fig. 1 D). The staminal ring is more constant in colour, ranging from white to yellowish, but never magenta. Knowledge of flower colour variation within the genus is limited (Mori and Cornejo 2013); however, similar variation has been observed in other species, e. g. G. augusta L. (Mori et al. 2010), G. poeppigiana O. Berg (Wilmar Guzmán pers. comm.), and G. romeroi S. A. Mori &amp; García-Barr. (MCAV pers. obs.).</p><p>Ecological niche model</p><p>In total, we found 24 occurrences of Gustavia santanderiensis, distributed between 100–680 m a. s. l., in zones where the annual average temperature and the annual precipitation range between 24.6–27.8 ° C and 1940–2960 mm, respectively. Gustavia santanderiensis occurs in the departments of Antioquia, Caldas, Cundinamarca, Boyacá, and Santander (Fig. 4 A).</p><p>Using a single set of variables, along with 14 multiple regularisers, and the seven combinations of the feature classes mentioned above, 98 candidate models were developed. The best-performing and most parsimonious ENM was the one using a regularisation multiplier of 1 and the lqp feature classes. This model exhibited an AUC of 0.964, a significant partial ROC, an omission rate of 5 %, a delta AICc of 0, and an AICc value of 439.346. The environmental variables with the highest contributions in the model were BIO 1, BIO 3, and BIO 4, which accounted for 90.9 % of the total contribution (Table 1).</p><p>According to the predicted distribution shown by the ENM (Fig. 4 B), the largest number of areas that meet the habitat suitability requirements for the species are in the Middle Magdalena Valley between the Central and Eastern Cordilleras of the Andes in the departments of Antioquia, Boyacá, Caldas, Cundinamarca, Santander, and Tolima. However, high suitability values are also observed in the Urabá region of Antioquia, in the Chocó region, and on the western slope of the Western Cordillera, in the departments of Cauca and Nariño. These results expand the predicted distribution range of the species within the country, primarily driven by the BIO 1, BIO 3, and BIO 4 climatic variables.</p><p>Preliminary IUCN conservation assessment</p><p>Gustavia santanderiensis has been recently proposed as Least Concern by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Morales and Lopez-Gallego 2023). This may be explained by earlier considerations of the species distribution spanning from the Magdalena Valley to northwestern Amazonia. However, given the material revised and the current species description, we found that its geographic range is more restricted than previously known, excluding its occurrence in northwestern Amazonia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) was estimated to be 8731 km 2, with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 80 km 2. Therefore, the species is preliminarily proposed as Endangered (EN) under IUCN Red List assessment criteria: EN B 2 ab (iii) (IUCN 2024). The main threat to the species is habitat degradation. Concerningly, the Middle Magdalena Valley has been heavily impacted by timber extraction, cattle, and agriculture (Balcázar-Vargas et al. 2000; IGAC 2005; Idárraga et al. 2016). As a result, 13 out of the 26 Gustavia species in Colombia (50 %) are listed as Endangered or Vulnerable (Cornejo et al. 2023; MADS 2024).</p><p>Additional material examined</p><p>COLOMBIA – Antioquia • Puerto Nare: vereda Serranías; 257 m; 14 Jul. 2013; fr.; J. Jiménez et al. 141; HUA . – Boyacá • Puerto Boyacá: Corregimiento de Puerto Pinzón, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.223114&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.9679723" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.223114/lat 5.9679723)">predio de don Gerardo</a>; 5°58’4.7”N, 74°13’23.2”W; 400 m; 6 Aug. 2022; fr.; J. D. Mora et al. 2; JAUM, UDBC • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.29444&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.0488887" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.29444/lat 6.0488887)">Hacienda Colorados</a>; 6°02’56.0”N, 74°17’40.0”W; 289 m; 12 Sep. 2019; fl.; R. D. Jurado et al. 1786; JBB . – Caldas • La Dorada: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.777534&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.6386943" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.777534/lat 5.6386943)">vereda La Habana</a>; 5°38’19.3”N, 74°46’39.1”W; 250 m; 27 Jan. 2000; fr.; Bustos 169; COL • Vereda Pontoná, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.6687&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.574697" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.6687/lat 5.574697)">finca La Alcaparrosa</a>; 5°34’28.91”N, 74°40’7.34”W; 174 m; 22 Jul. 2022; fl., fr.; J. M. Posada et al. 1325; FAUC • Vereda La Atarraya, Margen del río La Miel, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.737885&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.684417" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.737885/lat 5.684417)">Finca Los Achiles</a>, relictos de bosque al margen del río; 5°41’03.9”N, 74°44’16.4”W; 285 m; 30 Jan. 2021; fl.; D. Sanín et al. 7699; JBB; UIS • Vereda La Atarraya, Los Achiles, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.73758&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.6671667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.73758/lat 5.6671667)">Jardín Botánico del Magdalena</a>, bosque de los macondos; 5°40’01.8”N, 74°44’15.3”W; 186 m; 10 Aug. 2024; fl., fr.; L. F. Coca &amp; D. Jaramillo 15472; JBB • Norcasia: vereda San Roque, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.75272&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.6689444" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.75272/lat 5.6689444)">Reserva de la sociedad civil Río Manso</a>; 5°40’08.2”N, 75°45’09.8”W; 213 m; 26 Nov. 2005; fl.; D. Sanín &amp; N. Castaño 1579; FAUC • Vereda Quiebra de Roque, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.766754&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.6763053" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.766754/lat 5.6763053)">Reserva Natural Riomanso</a>; 5°40’34.7”N, 74°46’00.3”W; 222 m; 23 Mar. 2012; fr.; J. Ramírez et al. 266; FAUC • Reserva Natural Riomanso, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.766335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.67625" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.766335/lat 5.67625)">localidad Alejandría</a>; 5°40’34.5”N, 74°45’58.8”W; 204 m; 20 Jul. 2012; fr.; J. Ramírez et al. 295; FAUC • Reserva Natural Riomanso, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.766335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.67625" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.766335/lat 5.67625)">localidad Alejandría</a>; 5°40’34.5”N, 74°45’58.8”W; 204 m; 20 Jul. 2012; fr.; J. Ramírez et al. 301; FAUC • Embalse Amani, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.90972&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.5593615" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.90972/lat 5.5593615)">vereda Planes</a>; 5°33’33.7”N, 74°54’35.0”W; 505 m; 16 Apr. 2024; st.; D. Medellín et al. 969; FAUC • same data as for preceding; D. Medellín et al. 970; FAUC • same data as for preceding; D. Medellín et al. 971; FAUC • Embalse Amani, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.90955&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.559403" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.90955/lat 5.559403)">vereda Planes</a>; 5°33’33.85”N, 74°54’34.38”W; 546 m; 2 Jul. 2024; fl.; M. C. Ángel 002; FAUC • Embalse Amani, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.90954&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.5593333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.90954/lat 5.5593333)">vereda Planes</a>; 5°33’33.60”N, 74°54’34.32”W; 554 m; 2 Jul. 2024; fl.; M. C. Ángel 003; FAUC • Samaná: Embalse Amani, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.90064&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.5686665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.90064/lat 5.5686665)">vereda La Mula</a>; 5°34’07.2”N, 74°54’02.3”W; 592 m; 15 Apr. 2024; st.; D. Medellín et al. 960; FAUC • same data as for preceding; D. Medellín et al. 961; FAUC • same data as for preceding; D. Medellín et al. 962; FAUC • Embalse Amani, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.90064&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.5686665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.90064/lat 5.5686665)">vereda La Mula</a>; 5°34’07.2”N, 74°54’02.3”W; 592 m; 1 Jul. 2024; fr.; M. C. Ángel 001; FAUC • Embalse Amani, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.90064&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.5686665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.90064/lat 5.5686665)">vereda La Mula</a>; 5°34’07.2”N, 74°54’02.3”W; 592 m; 10 Sep. 2024; fl.; M. C. Ángel 004; FAUC • Victoria: franja protección, río La Miel; 475 m; 18 Aug. 2003; fr.; E. Correa et al. 59; FAUC • Sitio El Cuatro, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.85445&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.3227777" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.85445/lat 5.3227777)">Gravillera el Llano</a>; 5°19’22”N, 74°51’16”W; 300–350 m; 18 Jan. 2006; fl.; J. A. Pérez et al. 2322; FAUC • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.85941&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.5451946" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.85941/lat 5.5451946)">Vereda Carrizal, borde de río</a>; 5°32’42.7”N, 74°51’33.9”W; 347 m; 3 Jun. 2022; fl.; D. Gutiérrez et al. 360; FAUC • Vereda La Habana, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.770805&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.6435833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.770805/lat 5.6435833)">hacienda Pozo Redondo</a>; 5°38’36.9”N, 74°46’14.9”W; 194 m; 2 Aug. 2023; fl.; A. Jara et al. 4398; COL . – Cundinamarca • Nariño: vereda Mendoza, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.81692&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.4242496" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.81692/lat 4.4242496)">finca El Caucho</a>, cerca de la antena de comunicaciones; 4°25’27.3”N, 74°49’00.9”W; 640 m; 8 Jun. 2017; fl.; J. Navarro 3350; UDBC . – Santander • Cimitarra: V. Albania, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.40639&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.273889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.40639/lat 6.273889)">Finca la Hermosa, entrando por el caserío La Pequeña (Tierradentro)</a>; 6°16’26”N, 74°24’23”W; 145 m; 2 Oct. 1998; st.; W. Rodríguez et al. 1538; JAUM • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.47344&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.2626944" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.47344/lat 6.2626944)">Hacienda Monterrey</a>; 6°15’45.7”N, 74°28’24.4”W; 152 m; 12 Dec. 2020; fr.; D. Cabrera &amp; P. Piñeros 5784; JBB • Corregimiento de Puerto Olaya, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.35194&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.4714165" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.35194/lat 6.4714165)">Hacienda El Bosque</a>; 6°28.285’N, 74°21.116’W; 160–190 m; 27 Jul. 1999; fl.; A. Idárraga et al. 1319; COL • Corregimiento Puerto Olaya, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.368614&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.4380555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.368614/lat 6.4380555)">Hacienda Piamonte</a>; 6°26’17”N, 74°22’7”W; 123 m; 29 May 2015; fr.; A. Idárraga et al. 6039; HUA • Corregimiento Puerto Olaya, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.37278&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.440278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.37278/lat 6.440278)">Hacienda Piamonte</a>; 6°26’25”N, 74°22’22”W; 132 m; 23 Jul. 2015; fl., fr.; A. Idárraga et al. 6134; HUA • Corregimiento de Puerto Araujo; 100 m; 19 Sep. 1979; fr.; Rentería et al. 1783; COL .</p><p>Taxonomic key to the species of Gustavia in the Magdalena Valley</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7D0452C49F60539D8FA8202C06F9D449	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gutiérrez-Duque, David;Ángel-Vallejo, María Camila;Coca, Luis Fernando;Sanín, David;Medellín-Zabala, Diana	Gutiérrez-Duque, David, Ángel-Vallejo, María Camila, Coca, Luis Fernando, Sanín, David, Medellín-Zabala, Diana (2026): Morphological redescription and ecological niche modelling of Gustavia santanderiensis (Lecythidaceae), with a key for the genus in the Magdalena Valley, Colombia. Plant Ecology and Evolution 159 (1): 154-165, DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.165628
