taxonID	type	description	language	source
AA5087A8853825120AC23F9F45D6DBBE.taxon	description	Fungal names: FN 572872.	en	Bi, Rongqian, Qu, Hua, Li, Ling, Zhao, Changlin, Ge, Zai-Wei (2025): Inocybe caryicola (Inocybaceae, Agaricales), a new species from Yunnan, China. Phytotaxa 718 (2): 96-108, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.718.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.718.2.2
AA5087A8853825120AC23F9F45D6DBBE.taxon	etymology	Etymology: " caryicola ", Latin, refers to the host plant genus (Carya) with which the new species is associated.	en	Bi, Rongqian, Qu, Hua, Li, Ling, Zhao, Changlin, Ge, Zai-Wei (2025): Inocybe caryicola (Inocybaceae, Agaricales), a new species from Yunnan, China. Phytotaxa 718 (2): 96-108, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.718.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.718.2.2
AA5087A8853825120AC23F9F45D6DBBE.taxon	materials_examined	Type: CHINA. Yunnan Province: Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Lufeng City (formerly Lufeng County), Xiaojie Town, in a pecan (C. illinoinensis) plantation, alt. 1496 m, 22 September 2022, T. Gao 103 (KUN-HKAS 139172, holotype!). GenBank: ITS = PV 490644, LSU = PV 56280, rpb 2 = PV 640434.	en	Bi, Rongqian, Qu, Hua, Li, Ling, Zhao, Changlin, Ge, Zai-Wei (2025): Inocybe caryicola (Inocybaceae, Agaricales), a new species from Yunnan, China. Phytotaxa 718 (2): 96-108, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.718.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.718.2.2
AA5087A8853825120AC23F9F45D6DBBE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Inocybe caryicola can be distinguished from other species in sect. Marginatae by a combination of following characters: the pileus of young basidiomata with an obvious cortina, relatively small basidiospores that are angular to polygonal and have 11 – 13 distinct nodules, 2 - or 4 - spored basidia, and the presence of subclavate cauloparacystidia.	en	Bi, Rongqian, Qu, Hua, Li, Ling, Zhao, Changlin, Ge, Zai-Wei (2025): Inocybe caryicola (Inocybaceae, Agaricales), a new species from Yunnan, China. Phytotaxa 718 (2): 96-108, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.718.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.718.2.2
AA5087A8853825120AC23F9F45D6DBBE.taxon	description	Description: — Basidiomata small to medium-sized. Pileus 8 – 30 mm in diam., initially subconical or subcampanulate, becoming convex, subapplanate to applanate with an indistinct broad umbo at maturity; margin slightly uplifted and uneven when young, expanding, straight or slightly decurved in mature specimens, with distinct striate sulci near the margin showing fine radial cracks or with endo-divergent fibrils; young basidiomata covered with a distinct white, fugacious cortina; radial fibrous striations develop during growth; older individuals sometimes split or strongly split, exposing the paler context beneath; slightly sticky when moist, thus adhering to soil particles or plant debris; coloration transitions uniformly from brown (5 D 7) in youth to grayish-brown (5 E 6) at maturity (Figure 2 a, c, b). Lamellae subadnexed to adnexed, moderately crowded, 3 – 4 mm broad, with 2 – 3 tiers of lamellulae, grayish-white (1 C 1) when young, yellowish-brown (6 E 5) or dark-brown (6 F 7) at maturity (Figure 2 d, e). Stipe 27 – 35 mm × 2 – 3 mm, central, solid, cylindrical, slightly swollen at the base. Surface covered with fibrillose to scurfy fibers and longitudinal striations, pale brown (6 C 5) to grayish-brown (7 C 2), with lighter tones at the apex and base (Figure 2 a – d). Context of the pileus fleshy, 0.6 – 1 mm thick, white (1 A 1) to slightly brownish (5 D 5); striate in stipe, fibrous, white (1 A) to pinkish-brown (6 D 4) (Figure 2 e). Odor mild and indistinct. Taste not recorded. Basidiospores: [100 / 4 / 4] (5.7) 6.2 – 7.3 – 8.5 (9.0) × (4.0) 4.3 – 5.0 – 6.1 (6.3) μm, Q = (1.15) 1.15 – 1.46 – 1.74 (1.91), Q m ± SD = 1.46 ± 0.162, angular to polygonal with 11 – 13 distinct nodules up to 2.5 – 3 μm long, yellowish to yellowish brown in 5 % KOH (Figure 3 a – d). Basidia 22 – 27 × 6 – 10 μm, narrowly clavate to clavate or occasionally broadly clavate with a tapering base. 4 - or 2 - spored, sterigmata 3 – 5 μm long, cytoplasmic pigments colourless to pale yellow in 5 % KOH (Figure 3 f). Pleurocystidia 38 – 52 × 12 – 27 μm, highly variable in shape, narrowly utriform to fusiform, rarely clavate; scattered, thick-walled (up to 4.8 μm), with crystalliferous apices (Figure 3 e), cytoplasmic pigments bright yellow or light yellow in 5 % KOH solution. Cheilocystidia 42 – 63 × 18 – 24 μm, similar to pleurocystidia but more variable in shape, mostly fusiform with long narrow necks, occasionally subcylindrical or subutriform, scattered or clustered, thick-walled (up to 3.5 μm thick), usually evenly thickened throughout the length of the cystidium, apices crystalliferous, cytoplasmic pigments bright yellow or light yellow in 5 % KOH solution (Figure 3 g – i). Cheiloparacystidia 12 – 33 × 5 – 14 μm, highly variable in shape, mostly clavate, cylindrical-clavate, or obovate, occasionally filiform (18 – 48 × 3 – 6 μm), thin-walled. cytoplasmic pigments pale yellow in 5 % KOH solution (Figure 3 l). Pileipellis 71 – 135 μm in thickness, formed by a cutis of regularly to sub-regularly arranged, pale yellowish to brownish, encrusted cylindrical hyphae (4 – 6 μm in diam.) or inflated hyphae (11 – 20 μm) (Figure 3 n, o). Pileal trama 120 – 220 μm, of sub-regular or inflated, pale yellowish to yellowish, thin-walled hyphae 7 – 12 μm in width (Figure 3 m). Hymenophoral trama sub-regular, consisting of subcylindric hyphae 5 – 10 μm in diam., yellowish to colourless, smooth, thin- to thick-walled, up to 0.2 μm, wall slightly yellowish, encrusted (Figure 3 p). Stipitipellis sub-regular, composed of cylindrical, pale yellowish, encrusted hyphae 3 – 5 μm in diam (Figure 3 q). Caulocystidia 35 – 42 × 13 – 19 μm, subutriform to subclavate, with crystalline apices, and walls 3.0 – 4.5 μm thick, cytoplasmic pigments pale yellow in 5 % KOH (Figure 3 j). Cauloparacystidia 22 – 40 × 7 – 11 μm, subclavate, with crystalline apices, thin-walled, cytoplasmic pigments pale yellow in 5 % KOH (Figure 3 k). Clamp connections present in all tissues.	en	Bi, Rongqian, Qu, Hua, Li, Ling, Zhao, Changlin, Ge, Zai-Wei (2025): Inocybe caryicola (Inocybaceae, Agaricales), a new species from Yunnan, China. Phytotaxa 718 (2): 96-108, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.718.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.718.2.2
AA5087A8853825120AC23F9F45D6DBBE.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat and Ecology: — Solitary or in clusters on soil under Carya illinoinensis forest.	en	Bi, Rongqian, Qu, Hua, Li, Ling, Zhao, Changlin, Ge, Zai-Wei (2025): Inocybe caryicola (Inocybaceae, Agaricales), a new species from Yunnan, China. Phytotaxa 718 (2): 96-108, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.718.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.718.2.2
AA5087A8853825120AC23F9F45D6DBBE.taxon	distribution	Geographical Distribution: — China (Yunnan Province).	en	Bi, Rongqian, Qu, Hua, Li, Ling, Zhao, Changlin, Ge, Zai-Wei (2025): Inocybe caryicola (Inocybaceae, Agaricales), a new species from Yunnan, China. Phytotaxa 718 (2): 96-108, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.718.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.718.2.2
AA5087A8853825120AC23F9F45D6DBBE.taxon	materials_examined	Additional Specimens Examined: — CHINA. Yunnan Province: Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Xiangyun County, Luming Township, Longshui Village, under C. illinoinensis, alt. 1666 m, 22 September 2022, T. Gao 138 (KUN-HKAS 139205), ibid. 24 September 2022 H. Qu 962 (KUN-HKAS 146976), H. Qu 963 (KUN-HKAS 146977), ibid. 23 September 2021 R. Wu 194 (KUN-HKAS 146979); Binchuan County, jianggu Village, under C. illinoinensis, alt. 1871 m, 26 September 2022, T. Gao 176 (KUN-HKAS 139240), ibid. H. Qu 999 (KUN-HKAS 146978), ibid. 25 September 2021 R. Wu 236 (KUN-HKAS 146982); Yangbi Yi Autonomous county, Yangbi Walnut Research Institute, 25 ° 35 ′ 05 ″ N, 100 ° 03 ′ 03 ″ E, alt. 1520 m, under C. illinoinensis, 25 August 2020, Z. W. Ge 5405 (KUN-HKAS 148707); ibid. Z. W. Ge 5408 (KUN-HKAS 148706); ibid. 24 September 2022, R. Wu 218 (KUN-HKAS 146980), R. Wu 222 (KUN-HKAS 146981).	en	Bi, Rongqian, Qu, Hua, Li, Ling, Zhao, Changlin, Ge, Zai-Wei (2025): Inocybe caryicola (Inocybaceae, Agaricales), a new species from Yunnan, China. Phytotaxa 718 (2): 96-108, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.718.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.718.2.2
AA5087A8853825120AC23F9F45D6DBBE.taxon	discussion	Note: Morphologically, I. caryicola differs from I. chondrospora in that the latter produces larger basidiomata (8 – 50 mm) with radial fibrillose pileus which developed into dense tomentose squamules over time, almost smooth, ellipsoidal to oblong (occasionally irregular or slightly convex) basidiospores, and a symbiotic relationship with plants of the Betulaceae and Pinaceae families (Dovana et al. 2023). Inocybe caryicola differs from I. kuberae in that the latter has larger (11.8 × 8.9 μm), mostly subrectangular basidiospores with much fewer (7 – 12) nodules and exhibits a symbiotic relationship with plants such as Pinus mugo, Alnus incana, and Salix spp. (Bandini et al. 2022). Inocybe tabacina Furrer-Ziogas, Schweiz. Z. Pilzk (2019: 1101), Inocybe bombina Bandini & B. Oertel (2019: 1101) and Inocybe quercicola Naseer, M. B. Khan & F. Aqdus (2022: 22) also show close relationships with I. caryicola (Figure 1). However, I. caryicola differs from I. tabacina in that the pileus of the latter is most often pale milk-coffee brownish, light brown or pale ochraceous brownish, glabrous and smooth when young, and having smooth stipes and larger basidiospores 8.5 – 11.4 μm in diam. (Bandini et al. 2019). Inocybe caryicola differs from I. bombina in that the latter has a pileus mostly uniformly warm honey-colored, yellow-ochraceous, or ochraceous with a slight orange hue; smooth and glabrous basidiomata in young stage, the basidiospores have 10 – 16 prominently protruding nodules, and symbiotic relationships with plants such as Salix sp. and Alnus glutinosa (Bandini et al. 2019). Inocybe caryicola differs from I. quercicola in that the latter has an entire and smooth pileus, subglobose to ellipsoid basidiospores, and symbiotic relationships with Quercus spp. (Khan et al. 2022). Although phylogenetically distant, Inocybe caryicola exhibits an overall similarity in macromorphological characteristics to the following species, namely: Inocybe aprica W. J. Yu, Y. G. Fan & L. J. Gao (2025: 812), Inocybe haikouensis W. J. Yu, Y. G. Fan & L. J. Gao (2025: 812), Inocybe miyiensis T. Bau & Y. G. Fan (2014: 179). However, I. aprica differs by having smaller basidiomata (3.5 – 12 mm), sparser lamellae (up to 1 mm wide), larger basidiospores (27 – 45 × 10 – 14 μm), the absence of caulocystidia, the presence of thin-walled cheilocystidia, and mainly forms a symbiotic relationship with Casuarina (Gao et al. 2025). Inocybe haikouensis differs by having smaller basidiomata (7 – 21 mm), thin-walled cheilocystidia, and occurrence in the sandy soil of Casuarina forests (Gao et al. 2025). Inocybe miyiensis differs by having basidiomata with longer stipes (40 – 45 × 2.5 – 3 mm), 2 - spored basidia, larger pleurocystidia (58 – 90 × 14 – 22 μm), larger cheilocystidia (51 – 105 × 12 – 22 μm), and larger caulocystidia (48 – 98 × 17 – 22 μm). In addition, I. miyiensis often forms a symbiotic relationship with Quercus spp. (Fan & Bau 2014).	en	Bi, Rongqian, Qu, Hua, Li, Ling, Zhao, Changlin, Ge, Zai-Wei (2025): Inocybe caryicola (Inocybaceae, Agaricales), a new species from Yunnan, China. Phytotaxa 718 (2): 96-108, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.718.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.718.2.2
