taxonID	type	description	language	source
AB302C7FFF9AC85849D7F9C3FAAAB03E.taxon	description	(?) Cycria Leach in Gray, 1849: 58. Listed as synonym of Ommastrephes [fide Hoyle (1910: 408)]. Type species with no type given [fide Hoyle (1910: 408)]	en	Fernández-Álvarez, Fernando Á., Braid, Heather E., Nigmatullin, Chingis M., Bolstad, Kathrin S. R., Haimovici, Manuel, Sánchez, Pilar, Sajikumar, Kurichithara K., Ragesh, Nadakkal, Villanueva, Roger (2020): Global biodiversity of the genus Ommastrephes (Ommastrephidae: Cephalopoda): an allopatric cryptic species complex. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 460-482
AB302C7FFF9AC85849D7F9C3FAAAB03E.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Loligo bartramii Lesueur, 1821. Diagnosis: The following diagnosis was adapted from the morphological description of Roper et al. (2010); additional paralarval characters have been added following the descriptions of Sweeney et al. (1992), Young & Hirota (1990), Sakurai et al. (1995) and Vijai et al. (2015), as reviewed by Fernández-Álvarez et al. (2017). Maximal mantle length 1020 mm. Mantle wide; posterior end without pronounced pointed tail. Fins rhomboidal; slightly attenuate posteriorly. Fin length 40 – 50 % and width 60 – 85 % of mantle length; fin angle 46 – 65 °. Funnel groove with foveola with five to eight, occasionally nine, longitudinal folds and two to five (usually three or four) distinct side pockets. Small, scattered, subcutaneous photogenic tissue embedded in tissue of mantle, head and ventral arms, without large dorsal mantle photophore or ocular or intestinal photophores. Long, broad, silvery or golden opalescent strip along ventral midline from anterior fin edge to mantle opening and similar ventral strip on ventral surface of head and ventral arms; relatively dense aggregations of small subcutaneous photogenic tissue under opalescent tissue. Arms with 24 – 35 pairs of arm suckers. Arm tips not attenuate; tips of trabeculae of protective membranes do not project beyond edge of membrane. Ventral protective membranes of arms III wide and in adult females expanded into large, triangular, membranous lobe; in males, right or left ventral arm hectocotylized, with tip lacking suckers. Tentacle suckers covering ~ 60 % of tentacle length. Four to seven suckers with denticulate rings present on carpus proximal to first carpal knob. Carpal-locking apparatus on tentacular stalk with two to five knobs and two to four smooth-ringed suckers. Largest medial manus suckers with four enlarged, pointed teeth, one at each quadrant. Dactylus of tentacular club with four series of small suckers. Cone flags of gladius short, rhomboidal, with distinct radial creases. Greatest width of cone flags ~ 56 % width of rachis. Marginal rigidity ribs of rachis doubled. Axial rigidity rib of rachis wide rounded-rectangular in cross-section. Lateral plates of gladius not adhered to dorsal surface of rachis but forming wide free folds over rachis. Stem of rachis short; width of stem slightly greater than its thickness. Cone short and laterally flattened. Rostrum absent. Thick alveola covered with tiny ribs and thorns. Monoflagellate spermatozoon. Hatchlings with skin sculpture; without ocular or visceral photophores. Two rows of pegs present in proboscis suckers; diameter of lateral proboscis suckers 200 % that of central suckers and with unequal number of pegs. Three leaflets in the gills.	en	Fernández-Álvarez, Fernando Á., Braid, Heather E., Nigmatullin, Chingis M., Bolstad, Kathrin S. R., Haimovici, Manuel, Sánchez, Pilar, Sajikumar, Kurichithara K., Ragesh, Nadakkal, Villanueva, Roger (2020): Global biodiversity of the genus Ommastrephes (Ommastrephidae: Cephalopoda): an allopatric cryptic species complex. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 460-482
AB302C7FFF9DC85F49E5FF44FBBBB003.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Academy of Natural Sciences (ANSP). Not extant [fide Voss (1962: 1); Lu et al. (1995: 312)]. Neotype: National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, specimen NSMT-Mo 67507, mature male, 270 mm DML, collected by squid jigging at 41.95 ° N, 135.17 ° W on 8 September 2009. Ty p e l o c a l i t y: N o t d e s i g n a t e d i n t h e o r i g i n a l description. Here it is designated, based on the neotype, as North Pacific waters (Table 1; Fig. 3) (see ‘ Remarks’). Synonyms (?) Loligo touchardii Souleyet, 1852: 22, pl. 2, figs 6 – 13 [fide Pfeffer (1912: 466)] MNHN Syntype 7 - 3 - 724 [fide Lu et al. (1995: 326)]. Locality: Pacific Ocean. (?) Ommastrephes ensifer Owen, 1881: 144, pl. 28. Type repository unresolved [Royal College of Surgeons, London, UK?]. Type locality not designated. Diagnosis Ommastrephes with a maximal mantle length of 600 mm and weight of 6 kg; maximal spermatophore length of 21 – 41 mm (9.5 ± 1.45 % DML), cement body of spermatophore 11 %, sperm reservoir 44.7 % and posterior empty end 22 % of spermatophore length; cytochrome c oxidase subunit I diagnostic character: 454, C. Name of the species in the phylogenetic analyses: Ommastrephes group 4. Distribution: Temperate North Pacific, from the coasts of China (25 ° N) to Russia (60 ° N) in the west, and probably from Alaska (55 ° N) to the Gulf of California (20 ° N) in the east. The distribution has been confirmed using molecular tools for the majority of its range, excluding north-eastern Pacific waters (Fig. 3). Remarks: Ommastrephes bartramii was described as Loligo bartramii by Lesueur (1821: 90 – 92, pl. VII) and was later transferred to the genus Ommastrephes by d’Orbigny (1834 – 1848). In his description, Lesueur did not provide any specific locality for the species, and the type specimen no longer exists (Voss, 1962: 1; Lu et al., 1995: 312). The only reference to the origin of the material he examined is that they came ‘ from the collection of the academy, and that from the Philadelphia Museum’ (Lesueur, 1821: 89). Without any further accurate reference, it is possible that the material came from the Philadelphia shores and adjacent waters. However, Lesueur also participated in the Baudin Expedition (1800 – 1803; see Péron & Freycinet, 1816) from Le Havre (France) to Australia, and he might have collected specimens during this cruise, covering the distribution area of Ommastrephes groups 1, 2 and 3. Based on the available information, it is not possible to exclude any other specimens that were previously donated to the Philadelphia Museum from other localities. Therefore, the type locality data of the O. bartramii type material remains unresolved and uncertain. Although the type locality remains uncertain, the name ‘ Ommastrephes bartramii ’ has been widely used in the North Pacific, where the only commercial fishery for this squid occurs and where the majority of studies on this genus have been conducted. The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) precludes the substitution of a long-accepted name in its accustomed meaning in order to increase taxonomic stability (ICZN Article 32.2; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999). The name O. bartramii referring to North Pacific individuals (i. e. Ommastrephes group 4) has been used in> 25 works authored by more than ten researchers in the last 50 years (e. g. Young & Hirota, 1990; Sakurai et al., 1995; Ichii et al., 2009, 2017; Vijai et al., 2015; Budyansky et al., 2017; Fang et al., 2017; Feng et al., 2017, 2018 a, b, 2019; Igarashi et al., 2017, 2018; McKinnell & Seki, 2017; Tang et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2017; Wen et al., 2017; Yu et al., 2017 a, b, 2018, 2019; Hu et al., 2018; Jiao et al., 2018; Ding et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2019), which is in agreement with the conditions described in the ICZN Article 23.9.1.2. Although O. bartramii is the name that has been used commonly for the remaining species in other parts of the distributional range of the genus (recent examples: Franjevic et al., 2015 and Tsiamis et al., 2015 for Mediterranean individuals; Villanueva & Sánchez, 1993 for the South Atlantic; and Guerra et al., 2010 for the South Pacific), these species are far less studied, and consequently, the name is less commonly applied to them. Therefore, either considering the name O. bartramii invalid or designating a neotype from a location outside of the North Pacific would generate further taxonomic instability and create problems in tracking the current biological information on the species, instead of solving the taxonomy of the genus. In order to fix a suitable type locality for the species and ensure the stability of the name, the specimen NSMT-Mo 67507 from the National Museum of Nature and Science (Tokyo) is hereby designed as a neotype. The neotype locality is north-east Pacific, 41.95 ° N, 135.17 ° W.	en	Fernández-Álvarez, Fernando Á., Braid, Heather E., Nigmatullin, Chingis M., Bolstad, Kathrin S. R., Haimovici, Manuel, Sánchez, Pilar, Sajikumar, Kurichithara K., Ragesh, Nadakkal, Villanueva, Roger (2020): Global biodiversity of the genus Ommastrephes (Ommastrephidae: Cephalopoda): an allopatric cryptic species complex. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 460-482
AB302C7FFF9CC85E49D7FF44FEFBB19B.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Not extant [fide Johnson (1964: 32)]. Neotype: National Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa (NMNZ), New Zealand, specimen M. 318162, female, 580 mm DML, beached in Princess Bay, Wellington, New Zealand on 24 May 2015. Ethanol-fixed tissues available through the accession number M. 318162 / 1. The GenBank sequences MK 995130 (COI) and MK 991817 (16 S) refer to the neotype. Type locality: One hundred and twenty miles west of Tutuila, Samoa Islands (south-western Pacific). The neotype was collected in Princess Bay, Wellington, New Zealand. According with the ICZN Article 76.3, the neotype locality becomes the type locality of the species. Synonyms	en	Fernández-Álvarez, Fernando Á., Braid, Heather E., Nigmatullin, Chingis M., Bolstad, Kathrin S. R., Haimovici, Manuel, Sánchez, Pilar, Sajikumar, Kurichithara K., Ragesh, Nadakkal, Villanueva, Roger (2020): Global biodiversity of the genus Ommastrephes (Ommastrephidae: Cephalopoda): an allopatric cryptic species complex. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 460-482
AB302C7FFF9CC85E49D7FF44FEFBB19B.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), Laboratoire Biologie Invertebres Marins et Malacologie, syntypes 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977 [fide Lu et al. (1995: 325)]. Type locality: Auameo, Ile des Pins, New Caledonia (south-western Pacific). Diagnosis Ommastrephes with a maximal mantle length of 1020 mm and weight of 35 kg; maximal spermatophore length 21 – 41 mm (9.5 ± 1.45 % DML), cement body of spermatophore 11 %, sperm reservoir 44.7 % and posterior empty end 22 % of spermatophore length. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I diagnostic characters: 36, G; 60, C; 450, G; 16 S rRNA diagnostic character: 16, C. Name of the species in the phylogenetic analyses: Ommastrephes group 3. Distribution: Tropical and temperate South Pacific. Present in the Kermadec Islands, New Zealand (Braid & Bolstad, 2019).	en	Fernández-Álvarez, Fernando Á., Braid, Heather E., Nigmatullin, Chingis M., Bolstad, Kathrin S. R., Haimovici, Manuel, Sánchez, Pilar, Sajikumar, Kurichithara K., Ragesh, Nadakkal, Villanueva, Roger (2020): Global biodiversity of the genus Ommastrephes (Ommastrephidae: Cephalopoda): an allopatric cryptic species complex. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 460-482
AB302C7FFF9CC85D49E3F8A6FEACB037.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: ‘ Barre de Lisbonne’, Portugal (North Atlantic Ocean). Synonyms	en	Fernández-Álvarez, Fernando Á., Braid, Heather E., Nigmatullin, Chingis M., Bolstad, Kathrin S. R., Haimovici, Manuel, Sánchez, Pilar, Sajikumar, Kurichithara K., Ragesh, Nadakkal, Villanueva, Roger (2020): Global biodiversity of the genus Ommastrephes (Ommastrephidae: Cephalopoda): an allopatric cryptic species complex. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 460-482
AB302C7FFF9CC85D49E3F8A6FEACB037.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Ommastrephes with a maximal mantle length of 900 mm and weight of 25 kg; maximal spermatophore length 21 – 54 mm (11.15 ± 3.5 % DML), cement body of spermatophore 9.8 %, sperm reservoir 33 % and posterior empty end 30.3 % of spermatophore length. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I diagnostic characters: 6, T; 48, G; 81, A; 153, G; 159, G; 177, C; 198, G; 228, G; 258, C; 273, G; 334, G; 366, C; 429, G; 432, C; 534, G; 573, G. Name of the species in the phylogenetic analyses: Ommastrephes group 1. Distribution: NorthAtlantic, confirmed with molecular tools from the Bay of Biscay (43 ° N) to Canary Islands (27 ° N), Azores (40 ° N) and the Mediterranean Sea (Fig. 3). Also known to occur in the north-eastern Atlantic from the Bay of Biscay, from Scandinavia (60 ° N) and in the north-western Atlantic from the Gulf of Mexico (24 ° N) to Nova Scotia (45 ° N). Remarks: The name O. caroli has been used marginally to refer some North Atlantic Ommastrephes specimens during part of the 20 th century (e. g. Rees, 1950; Lozano Soldevilla & Franquet Santaella, 1986). To the best of our knowledge, the remaining names that might be resurrected for Ommastrephes group 1 have not been used beyond their original descriptions. In accordance with ICZN Article 23.9.1.1, junior synonyms should be applied when the senior synonym or homonym has not been used as a valid name after 1899. It is important to note that the conditions described in ICZN Article 23.9.1.2 also apply here, because O. caroli has been used to refer to members of this species in> 25 works authored by more than ten authors in the last 50 years (Threlfall et al., 1971; Young, 1972; Clarke & Lu, 1974; Clarke & Stevens, 1974; Holme, 1974; Roper & Young, 1975; Clarke et al., 1976, 1979; Wormuth, 1976; Roper, 1977; Clarke, 1978; Muntz & Johnson, 1978; Pérez-Gándaras & Guerra, 1978; Arnold, 1979; Roper & Lu, 1979; Guerra & Pérez-Gándaras, 1983; Roper et al., 1984; Guerra, 1985; Martins et al., 1985; Guescini & Manfrin, 1986; Pérez-Gándaras, 1986; Lozano Soldevilla & Franquet Santaella, 1986; Clarke & Maddock, 1988; Mangold & Boletzky, 1988; Vecchione et al., 1989; Vecchione & Roper, 1991; Gouveia, 1992; Clarke, 2003). Therefore, O. caroli is hereby designated as nomen protectum and conferred on Ommastrephes group 1, while L. pironneauii and L. meridionalis are both considered senior synonyms [nomina oblita]. Tissues of the individuals of O. caroli according the sense of this article can be accessed at the Biological Reference Collections of the Institut de Ciències del Mar CBR-ICM, Barcelona, through the accession numbers ICMC 000070, ICMC 000110, ICMC 000398 and ICMC 000399. OMMASTREPHES CYLINDRACEUS D’ ORBIGNY, 1835 IN 1834 – 1847	en	Fernández-Álvarez, Fernando Á., Braid, Heather E., Nigmatullin, Chingis M., Bolstad, Kathrin S. R., Haimovici, Manuel, Sánchez, Pilar, Sajikumar, Kurichithara K., Ragesh, Nadakkal, Villanueva, Roger (2020): Global biodiversity of the genus Ommastrephes (Ommastrephidae: Cephalopoda): an allopatric cryptic species complex. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 460-482
AB302C7FFF9CC85D49E3F8A6FEACB037.taxon	description	Loligo cylindracea d’Orbigny, 1835 in 1834 – 1847: 54, pl. 3, figs 3, 4. Type material: MNHN type; specimen not extant [fide Lu et al. (1995: 314)]. Neotype: Biological Reference Collections of the Institut de Ciències del Mar CBR-ICM, Barcelona, specimen ICMC 000400, immature subadult, 144 mm DML, collected by fish jigging at 25.87 ° S, 45.76 ° W on 18 December 2014. The GenBank sequences MK 995138 (COI) and MK 991824 (16 S) refer to the neotype. Ethanol-fixed tissues from another specimen fished in the same batch are available under the accession code ICMC 000401. Type locality: Austral Atlantic, 35 ° S, 40 ° W off Paris, slightly south of Buenos Aires parallel of latitude, Argentina (South Atlantic). The neotype was collected off Ilha Comprida, São Paulo, Brazil. According to ICZN Article 76.3, the neotype locality becomes the type locality of the species. Synonyms Loligo cylindricus d’Orbigny, 1835 in 1834 – 1847: pl. 3, figs 3, 4.	en	Fernández-Álvarez, Fernando Á., Braid, Heather E., Nigmatullin, Chingis M., Bolstad, Kathrin S. R., Haimovici, Manuel, Sánchez, Pilar, Sajikumar, Kurichithara K., Ragesh, Nadakkal, Villanueva, Roger (2020): Global biodiversity of the genus Ommastrephes (Ommastrephidae: Cephalopoda): an allopatric cryptic species complex. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 460-482
AB302C7FFF9FC85C4A7DFF6DFD60B55F.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: MNHN type; specimen not extant [fide Lu et al. (1995: 327)]. Type locality: Equatorial coast of Africa (Equatorial Atlantic). Diagnosis Ommastrephes with a maximal mantle length of 900 mm and weight of 25 kg; maximal spermatophore length 21 – 41 mm (9.5 ± 1.45 % DML), cement body of spermatophore 11 %, sperm reservoir 44.7 % and posterior empty end 22 % of spermatophore length. Cytochrome c oxidase I diagnostic characters: 30, G; 103, G; 306, A; 493, T; 16 S rRNA diagnostic character: 435, G. Name of the species in the phylogenetic analyses: Ommastrephes group 2. Distribution: Tropical and South Atlantic (from 14 to ~ 50 ° S) and tropical and south Indian (~ 10 – 35 ° S) waters. A significant part of the distributional range for this species was confirmed with COI (Fig. 3), but specimens were not available for genetic analysis from the eastern part of the Indian Ocean or from the southernmost part of the Atlantic Ocean. The absence of differences in substrate- and inhibitor-specific cholinesterase activities of optical ganglia between specimens sampled in the South Atlantic and south-eastern Indian waters reported by Shevtsova et al. (1979) and Rozengart & Basova (2005) supports the conspecificity of all Ommastrephes specimens within the distributional range depicted for O. cylindraceus (Fig. 3). It is also noteworthy that Dunning (1998) described a discontinuous distributional range of Ommastrephes spp. at the tip of South America and the south-eastern tip of Australia and considered both populations reproductively isolated. The results provided here (Figs 1 – 3; Tables 2 – 5) support this point of view and ensure the recognition of O. cylindraceus and O. brevimanus as different species. The single specimen of this species analysed from Cape Verdean waters (18 ° N) merits further discussion. Zuev et al. (1976) sampled Equatorial Atlantic waters extensively without finding any Ommastrephes individuals. Therefore, it is commonly accepted that the genus Ommastrephes is not present in Equatorial Atlantic owing to the temperature (see Roper et al., 2010). However, sequences obtained herein reveal that the Cape Verde individual belongs to O. cylindraceus (Figs 1 – 3; Tables 2 – 5). This isolated spot from the remaining distributional range of the species can be explained by drift of specimens from the Southern Hemisphere, along with the subsurface and intermediate waters of southern origin with the South Atlantic central water (100 – 500 m, 5 – 18 ° C) and the Antarctic intermediate water (500 – 1200 m, 2 – 6 ° C), which penetrate from the southern subtropical zone to the north-western coast of Africa up to 20 – 24 and 28 – 34 ° N, respectively (Arístegui et al., 2009; Machini & Pelegri, 2009). Similar cases of distant migrations far outside the main distributional range of the species to the other hemisphere with deep waters are also known (Mǿller et al., 2003; Arkhipkin et al., 2010).	en	Fernández-Álvarez, Fernando Á., Braid, Heather E., Nigmatullin, Chingis M., Bolstad, Kathrin S. R., Haimovici, Manuel, Sánchez, Pilar, Sajikumar, Kurichithara K., Ragesh, Nadakkal, Villanueva, Roger (2020): Global biodiversity of the genus Ommastrephes (Ommastrephidae: Cephalopoda): an allopatric cryptic species complex. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 460-482
