taxonID	type	description	language	source
AB209B23FFE7FFA5FF10FA92FEB5F963.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: 1 male (ZSI-WRC, MYR / 737), India, Karad, Maharashtra 17.422222 N, 74.164444 E, 20 July 2018, deciduous forest, coll. Kalawate A. S. Paratypes: 1 adult male and 3 females (ZSI-WRC, MYR / 738), same date as for the holotype.	en	Muhsina, Othayoth Musthafa, Misal, Pooja Kumar, Kalawate, Aparna Sureshchandra, Sudhikumar, Ambalaparambil Vasu (2025): Two new species of the Indian millipede genus Polydrepanum Carl, 1932 (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae). Zootaxa 5642 (1): 29-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5642.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5642.1.3
AB209B23FFE7FFA5FF10FA92FEB5F963.taxon	etymology	Etymology: To emphasize the sword-like distomesal process ‘ b’ on the male gonopodal femorite, “ xiphosum ” meaning “ sword ” in Latin. A noun in apposition.	en	Muhsina, Othayoth Musthafa, Misal, Pooja Kumar, Kalawate, Aparna Sureshchandra, Sudhikumar, Ambalaparambil Vasu (2025): Two new species of the Indian millipede genus Polydrepanum Carl, 1932 (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae). Zootaxa 5642 (1): 29-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5642.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5642.1.3
AB209B23FFE7FFA5FF10FA92FEB5F963.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Adult males of P. xiphosum sp. nov. are distinguished from other members of the genus Polydrepanum based on the following combination of characters. Adenostyle present on both male femora 1 and 2 (Figs 3 A – B); other members of the genus with adenostyle on femur 2 only, except P. spinatum sp. nov., which has no adenostyle on both femur 1 and 2. Bud-like process on legs of body rings 3 – 19 on proximal, distal part of prefemora, distal part of coxa. (Fig. 3 C). Gonofemorite long, slender (Figs 4 A – F); not stout as in P. tamilum. Distomesal processes a, b present, as in congeners, except P. lamprum. Process b upright, large, sword-like (Figs 4 D – F). Solenophore large, complex, as in P. tamilum and P. horridum, not as in P. granuliferum.	en	Muhsina, Othayoth Musthafa, Misal, Pooja Kumar, Kalawate, Aparna Sureshchandra, Sudhikumar, Ambalaparambil Vasu (2025): Two new species of the Indian millipede genus Polydrepanum Carl, 1932 (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae). Zootaxa 5642 (1): 29-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5642.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5642.1.3
AB209B23FFE7FFA5FF10FA92FEB5F963.taxon	description	Description: Length of holotype (male), 16.3 mm; of paratype (female), 15.7 mm. Width of mid-body pro- and metazonites 1.2 and 1.3 mm, respectively. Width of paranota of midbody rings, 0.14 mm. Live specimens uniformly black. Paranota yellowish-brown in males; brownish-black in females. Legs coffee brown in both sexes. Coloration after preservation in 70 % ethanol faded to brown. Male paranota posterolateral regions golden brown; in females black. Sternites, legs exhibit brownish hue (Figs 1 D – 2 D). Body with 20 rings in both sexes (Figs 1 A – B). Relative ring widths: 20 <19 <18 <3 <1 <4 <2 <17 <5 = 16. Head and collum subequal in width; width of rings gradually reducing towards telson. Vertex smooth and shining, stipes, cardo and clypeus moderately setose, epicranial suture ending 0.3 mm above interantennal isthmus (Fig. 1 C). Antennae moderately long (2.3 mm), slightly claviform, extending to ring 4 when stretched dorsally; relative lengths of antennomeres: 8 <1 <2 <3 <5 <6 <4 <7; antennomere 8 broadest apically; postantennal groove shallow; diameter of antennal socket and isthmus between them, 0.24 mm and 0.32 mm, respectively; tip of antennomere 8 with four sensory cones (Fig. 1 C). Collum broad, lateral margin poorly developed as a paranotum. Anterior margin and paranota curved or circular. Posterior margin of collum slightly concave (Fig. 1 D). Collum dorsally bearing a single row of short fragile setae near anterior margin (Fig. 1 C). Anterior and posterior margins of body rings almost straight, without setae (Fig. 1 E). Paranota well-developed, set high, lying parallel to body axis. Posterior corners of collum paranota and paranota of rings 1 – 3 circular in shape, those of rings 4 – 12 triangular, posterior corner of paranota 13 – 19 acutely triangular (Figs 1 A – B). Anterior margins of paranota on collum and rings 3 – 18 nearly rounded; those of rings 19 and 20 inclinate. Anterior corner of ring 2 pointed and triangular (Fig. 2 A); paranotum of ring 2 larger than that of other rings and positioned slightly lower than lateral margin of collum and subsequent paranota (Fig. 2 A). Lateral margin of paranota thicker in poriferous rings. Pore formula normal (5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15 – 19); ozopores small, circular, opening posterolaterally at a thickened paranotal margin (Figs 1 A – B, 2 A). Pleurosternal carinae decreased in size from 2 to 4. Pro- and metazonites smooth (Figs 1 D – E, 2 A, 2 C – D), each metazonite with a shallow transverse sulcus, distinct on metaterga 5 – 18. Area between pro- and metazonites deep and beaded or striolate at bottom (Fig. 1 E). Surface below the paranota finely granulated (Fig. 1 F). Sterna with fine depressions, bare. Legs long and slender, with tiny claws, males with tarsal brushes. Each coxa and prefemur bearing a single and long seta (Figs 3 A – C). Relative lengths of podomeres: femur> tarsus> tibia = postfemur> prefemur> coxa. Male leg-pair 1 with small, rounded, ventral tubercle / adenostyle on each femur (Fig. 3 A). Male leg-pair 2 with smaller, but distinct tubercle / adenostyle on each femur (Fig. 3 B). Other legs each with conical structure on proximal and distal ends of prefemora and distal end of coxa (Fig. 3 C). Gonopores visible in anterolateral region of male coxae 2 (Fig. 3 B). Pre-anal ring distinctly setose, with a pointed epiproct; dorsomedially flattened, overhanging both anal valves. Hypoproct semicircular in shape with 1 + 1 setae on small knobs at caudal margin (Figs 2 B – D). Gonopodal aperture oval, about 2 / 3 as wide as prozonite 7. Gonopods long, complex, in situ lying close to sternites. Gonopodal coxite subcylindrical, longer than femorite (Figs 4 A – 4 D). Distal portion of coxite swollen and setose distolaterally, proximal part with a cannula, like other Polydrepanum. (Figs 4 A and 4 D). Prefemoral region short, densely setose (Figs 3 D, 4 A – 4 D). Gonofemorite long, slender and twisted, with two distomesal erect processes (a and b): b unusually large, upright and sword like (Figs 4 E – F); process a with a curved laminar structure. Solenophore medially curved with pointed corners at both sides of anterior margin. Seminal groove running mostly along lateral side of gonofemorite, turning laterally at a cuspidate fold on femorite. Process a small and sickle-shaped, vs b being prominent and broad. A protecting lobe lo visible just below apical fold / sulcus of femorite (Figs 3 A – 3 C). A flagelliform solenomere tightly attached to solenophore.	en	Muhsina, Othayoth Musthafa, Misal, Pooja Kumar, Kalawate, Aparna Sureshchandra, Sudhikumar, Ambalaparambil Vasu (2025): Two new species of the Indian millipede genus Polydrepanum Carl, 1932 (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae). Zootaxa 5642 (1): 29-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5642.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5642.1.3
AB209B23FFE7FFA5FF10FA92FEB5F963.taxon	discussion	Taxonomic notes: The structure of the distomesal processes a and b of gonofemorite matches that of the genus Telodrepanum Carl 1932, but a twisted gonofemorite Polydrepanum distinguishes xiphoideum sp. nov. from Telodrepanum.	en	Muhsina, Othayoth Musthafa, Misal, Pooja Kumar, Kalawate, Aparna Sureshchandra, Sudhikumar, Ambalaparambil Vasu (2025): Two new species of the Indian millipede genus Polydrepanum Carl, 1932 (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae). Zootaxa 5642 (1): 29-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5642.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5642.1.3
AB209B23FFE7FFA0FF10FCDCFA08FAF1.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Polydrepanum tamilum Carl, 1932	en	Muhsina, Othayoth Musthafa, Misal, Pooja Kumar, Kalawate, Aparna Sureshchandra, Sudhikumar, Ambalaparambil Vasu (2025): Two new species of the Indian millipede genus Polydrepanum Carl, 1932 (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae). Zootaxa 5642 (1): 29-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5642.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5642.1.3
AB209B23FFE7FFA0FF10FCDCFA08FAF1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: The genus Polydrepanum, as recently redefined by Golovatch et al. (2021), is distinguished from other genera in the tribe by the twisted structure of the gonopodal femorite, with the seminal groove primarily positioned along its lateral side. Among its contribal genera, only Dasypharkis Attems, 1936 shares this characteristic. However, Polydrepanum differs from Dasypharkis by possessing a large, coiled, and complex solenophore, which includes a basal loop of the solenomere. In contrast, Dasypharkis has a fully erect solenomere lacking a basal loop that is supported by a solenophore consisting of two simple upright lobes on either side (Golovatch et al., 2021).	en	Muhsina, Othayoth Musthafa, Misal, Pooja Kumar, Kalawate, Aparna Sureshchandra, Sudhikumar, Ambalaparambil Vasu (2025): Two new species of the Indian millipede genus Polydrepanum Carl, 1932 (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae). Zootaxa 5642 (1): 29-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5642.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5642.1.3
AB209B23FFE7FFA0FF10FCDCFA08FAF1.taxon	description	The details of Polydrepanum spp., except P. xiphoideum sp. nov. and P. spinatum sp. nov., are modified from Golovatch et al. (2021).	en	Muhsina, Othayoth Musthafa, Misal, Pooja Kumar, Kalawate, Aparna Sureshchandra, Sudhikumar, Ambalaparambil Vasu (2025): Two new species of the Indian millipede genus Polydrepanum Carl, 1932 (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae). Zootaxa 5642 (1): 29-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5642.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5642.1.3
AB209B23FFE3FFA8FF10FAEAFDB4FAD0.taxon	description	(Figs 5 A – 8 D)	en	Muhsina, Othayoth Musthafa, Misal, Pooja Kumar, Kalawate, Aparna Sureshchandra, Sudhikumar, Ambalaparambil Vasu (2025): Two new species of the Indian millipede genus Polydrepanum Carl, 1932 (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae). Zootaxa 5642 (1): 29-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5642.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5642.1.3
AB209B23FFE3FFA8FF10FAEAFDB4FAD0.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: 1 male (CATE-MC, MS / 154), India, Kakkad, Kozhikode, Kerala, 11.494722 N, 75.960278 E. 16 August 2024, evergreen forest, coll. Muhsina O. M. Paratypes: 2 adult males, 5 females and 5 sub adults (CATE-MC, MS / 155), same date as for the holotype.	en	Muhsina, Othayoth Musthafa, Misal, Pooja Kumar, Kalawate, Aparna Sureshchandra, Sudhikumar, Ambalaparambil Vasu (2025): Two new species of the Indian millipede genus Polydrepanum Carl, 1932 (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae). Zootaxa 5642 (1): 29-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5642.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5642.1.3
AB209B23FFE3FFA8FF10FAEAFDB4FAD0.taxon	etymology	Etymology: To emphasize many spines, present at the lateral margin of a curved solenomere; spina meaning “ spine ” in Latin. Adjective in neuter gender.	en	Muhsina, Othayoth Musthafa, Misal, Pooja Kumar, Kalawate, Aparna Sureshchandra, Sudhikumar, Ambalaparambil Vasu (2025): Two new species of the Indian millipede genus Polydrepanum Carl, 1932 (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae). Zootaxa 5642 (1): 29-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5642.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5642.1.3
AB209B23FFE3FFA8FF10FAEAFDB4FAD0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Adult males of P. spinatum sp. nov. are distinguished from other members of the genus Polydrepanum based on the following combination of characters. Lacking adenostyles on male femora 1 and 2 (Figs 7 A and 7 C). Other members of the genus possess an adenostyle on femur of the second leg only, except P. xiphosum sp. nov. having an adenostyle on the femora of first and second leg. Metazonites with six serrations on posterior margin (rings 2 – 19), pointing rearward (Figs 5 A – B, 5 E). Not smooth like other members of the genus — except P. horridum with dense dorsal setae on metanoa / paranota. Gonopod: gonofemorite long, slender (Figs 7 D and 8 A – D); not stout as in P. tamilum. Short, circular distomesal process a. Laminar process b (Figs 8 A – D), not tapered like other Polydrepanum species. Solenophore with four spines on lateral margin (Figs 8 A – D); spines absent in P. tamilum, P. horridum, P. granuliferum, P. lamprum, P. xiphosum sp. nov.	en	Muhsina, Othayoth Musthafa, Misal, Pooja Kumar, Kalawate, Aparna Sureshchandra, Sudhikumar, Ambalaparambil Vasu (2025): Two new species of the Indian millipede genus Polydrepanum Carl, 1932 (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae). Zootaxa 5642 (1): 29-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5642.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5642.1.3
AB209B23FFE3FFA8FF10FAEAFDB4FAD0.taxon	description	Description: Length of holotype (male), 12.5 mm, of paratype (female), 12.3 mm; width of mid-body proand metazonites 1.1 and 1.2 mm, respectively. Width of paranota of midbody rings, 0.113 mm. Live specimens uniformly brownish-black. Paranota dark brown in both sexes. Legs latte brown. Coloration after preservation in 70 % ethanol faded to brown; Paranota darker than body rings. Sternites and legs latte brown. (Figs 5 A – E). Body with 20 rings in both sexes (Figs 5 A – B). Relative ring widths: 20 <19 <4 <3 <18 <2 <1 <5 = 16. Head and collum subequal in width; width of rings gradually reducing towards telson. Vertex smooth and shining, bearing two rows of setae. Stipes, cardo and clypeus moderately setose. Epicranial suture ending 0.1 mm above interantennal isthmus (Fig. 5 C). Antennae moderately long (1.9 mm), slightly claviform, extending until ring 5 when stretched dorsally. Relative lengths of antennomeres: 7 <1 <6 <3 <2 <4 <5. Antennomere 7 broadest apically. Postantennal groove shallow. Diameter of antennal socket and isthmus between them, 0.2 mm and 0.334 mm, respectively (Fig. 5 C). Collum broad, lateral margins poorly developed as paranota. Anterior margin of collum curved; posterior margin slightly concave. Paranota subtriangular. Collum dorsally bearing a row of setae at anterior margin and midline (Fig. 5 D). Anterior margin of body rings almost straight and bearing a row of moderately long and fragile setae (Figs 5 A – B, 5 D – E). Moderately developed paranota, set high, lying parallel to body axis (Figs 5 E and 6 B). Posterior corner of collum paranota circular in shape; on rings 2 and 3, subtriangular in shape (Fig. 5 D); those of other body rings (4 – 19) pointed (Figs 5 E and 6 B). Posterior corner of paranota thickness towards telson (Fig. 6 B). Anterior margins of paranota on collum rounded. Paranota of ring 2 larger than that of other rings and set slightly lower than lateral margin of collum and paranota of following rings (Fig. 6 A). Lateral margin of paranota thicker on poriferous rings (Figs 5 E and 6 B). Pore formula normal (5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15 – 19); ozopores small, circular, opening posterolaterally at a thickened paranotal margin (Figs 5 E and 6 B). Posterior margin of rings 2 – 19 serrate, six serrations per ring, pointed towards posterior end of body (Fig. 5 D). Pleurosternal carinae decreasing in size from 2 to 4. Prozonites smooth. Metazonites smooth in anterior portion and medially. Shallow groove present near posterior edge on collum to ring 19. Posterior edge of rings 5 – 19 serrate; middle of posterior region not smooth, rough; strictures between pro- and metazonite deep and beaded or striolate at bottom (Fig. 5 E). Surface below paranota finely granulate (Fig. 5 F). Sterna with fine depressions, bare (Fig. 5 F). Legs short and slender, with tiny claws. Males with tarsal brushes. Coxa and prefemur bear a single long seta (Fig. 7 B). Relative length of podomeres: femur> prefemur> coxa> postfemur> tarsus> tibia. Male leg pairs 1 and 2 lacking adenostyle on femora (Figs 7 A and 7 C). Gonopores visible in anterolateral region of male coxae 2 (Fig. 7 C). Pre-anal ring distinctly setose, with a pointed epiproct, flattened dorsomedially, overhanging both anal valves. Hypoproct semicircular in shape with 1 + 1 setae on small knobs at caudal margin (Figs 6 B – 6 D). Gonopodal aperture oval, about 2 / 3 as wide as prozonite 7. Gonopods long, complex, in situ lying close to sternites (Fig. 7 D). Gonopodal coxite cylindrical, shorter than femorite. Distal portion of coxite swollen and setose distolaterally; proximal part with a cannula, as usual (Figs 8 A – D). Prefemoral region short, densely setose (Figs 8 A – D). Gonofemorite long, slender and twisted: distomesally consisting of a laminar structure, process b; anterolaterally with a short and round structure representing process a. The seminal groove runs laterally at the base of the gonofemorite, then turns medially at the distal one-third of the gonofemorite. A long and circular solenomere attached to solenophore. Four spines at lateral margin of solenomere (Figs 8 A – 8 D).	en	Muhsina, Othayoth Musthafa, Misal, Pooja Kumar, Kalawate, Aparna Sureshchandra, Sudhikumar, Ambalaparambil Vasu (2025): Two new species of the Indian millipede genus Polydrepanum Carl, 1932 (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae). Zootaxa 5642 (1): 29-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5642.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5642.1.3
AB209B23FFE3FFA8FF10FAEAFDB4FAD0.taxon	discussion	Taxonomic notes: The first and second pairs of male legs lacking adenostyles is consistent with some other members of the genus Polydrepanum.	en	Muhsina, Othayoth Musthafa, Misal, Pooja Kumar, Kalawate, Aparna Sureshchandra, Sudhikumar, Ambalaparambil Vasu (2025): Two new species of the Indian millipede genus Polydrepanum Carl, 1932 (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae). Zootaxa 5642 (1): 29-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5642.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5642.1.3
