identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
AB209B23FFE7FFA5FF10FA92FEB5F963.text	AB209B23FFE7FFA5FF10FA92FEB5F963.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polydrepanum xiphosum Muhsina, Pooja & Kalawate 2025	<div><p>Polydrepanum xiphosum Muhsina, Pooja &amp; Kalawate sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 1A – 4F)</p><p>Material examined. Holotype: 1 male (ZSI-WRC, MYR/737), India, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=74.164444&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.422222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 74.164444/lat 17.422222)">Karad</a>, Maharashtra 17.422222N, 74.164444E, 20 July 2018, deciduous forest, coll. Kalawate A. S. Paratypes: 1 adult male and 3 females (ZSI-WRC, MYR/738), same date as for the holotype .</p><p>Etymology: To emphasize the sword-like distomesal process ‘b’ on the male gonopodal femorite, “xiphosum ” meaning “sword” in Latin. A noun in apposition.</p><p>Diagnosis: Adult males of P. xiphosum sp. nov. are distinguished from other members of the genus Polydrepanum based on the following combination of characters. Adenostyle present on both male femora 1 and 2 (Figs 3A–B); other members of the genus with adenostyle on femur 2 only, except P. spinatum sp. nov., which has no adenostyle on both femur 1 and 2. Bud-like process on legs of body rings 3–19 on proximal, distal part of prefemora, distal part of coxa. (Fig. 3C). Gonofemorite long, slender (Figs 4A–F); not stout as in P. tamilum . Distomesal processes a, b present, as in congeners, except P. lamprum . Process b upright, large, sword-like (Figs 4D–F). Solenophore large, complex, as in P. tamilum and P. horridum, not as in P. granuliferum .</p><p>Description: Length of holotype (male), 16.3 mm; of paratype (female), 15.7 mm. Width of mid-body pro- and metazonites 1.2 and 1.3 mm, respectively. Width of paranota of midbody rings, 0.14 mm. Live specimens uniformly black. Paranota yellowish-brown in males; brownish-black in females. Legs coffee brown in both sexes. Coloration after preservation in 70% ethanol faded to brown. Male paranota posterolateral regions golden brown; in females black. Sternites, legs exhibit brownish hue (Figs 1D – 2D). Body with 20 rings in both sexes (Figs 1A–B). Relative ring widths: 20&lt;19&lt;18&lt;3&lt;1&lt;4&lt;2&lt;17&lt;5=16. Head and collum subequal in width; width of rings gradually reducing towards telson. Vertex smooth and shining, stipes, cardo and clypeus moderately setose, epicranial suture ending 0.3 mm above interantennal isthmus (Fig. 1C). Antennae moderately long (2.3 mm), slightly claviform, extending to ring 4 when stretched dorsally; relative lengths of antennomeres: 8&lt;1&lt;2&lt;3&lt;5&lt;6&lt;4&lt;7; antennomere 8 broadest apically; postantennal groove shallow; diameter of antennal socket and isthmus between them, 0.24 mm and 0.32 mm, respectively; tip of antennomere 8 with four sensory cones (Fig. 1C). Collum broad, lateral margin poorly developed as a paranotum. Anterior margin and paranota curved or circular. Posterior margin of collum slightly concave (Fig. 1D). Collum dorsally bearing a single row of short fragile setae near anterior margin (Fig. 1C). Anterior and posterior margins of body rings almost straight, without setae (Fig. 1E). Paranota well-developed, set high, lying parallel to body axis. Posterior corners of collum paranota and paranota of rings 1–3 circular in shape, those of rings 4–12 triangular, posterior corner of paranota 13–19 acutely triangular (Figs 1A–B). Anterior margins of paranota on collum and rings 3–18 nearly rounded; those of rings 19 and 20 inclinate. Anterior corner of ring 2 pointed and triangular (Fig. 2A); paranotum of ring 2 larger than that of other rings and positioned slightly lower than lateral margin of collum and subsequent paranota (Fig. 2A). Lateral margin of paranota thicker in poriferous rings. Pore formula normal (5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15–19); ozopores small, circular, opening posterolaterally at a thickened paranotal margin (Figs 1A–B, 2A). Pleurosternal carinae decreased in size from 2 to 4. Pro- and metazonites smooth (Figs 1D–E, 2A, 2C–D), each metazonite with a shallow transverse sulcus, distinct on metaterga 5–18. Area between pro- and metazonites deep and beaded or striolate at bottom (Fig. 1E). Surface below the paranota finely granulated (Fig. 1F). Sterna with fine depressions, bare. Legs long and slender, with tiny claws, males with tarsal brushes. Each coxa and prefemur bearing a single and long seta (Figs 3A–C). Relative lengths of podomeres: femur&gt;tarsus&gt;tibia =postfemur&gt;prefemur&gt;coxa. Male leg-pair 1 with small, rounded, ventral tubercle/adenostyle on each femur (Fig. 3A). Male leg-pair 2 with smaller, but distinct tubercle/adenostyle on each femur (Fig. 3B). Other legs each with conical structure on proximal and distal ends of prefemora and distal end of coxa (Fig. 3C). Gonopores visible in anterolateral region of male coxae 2 (Fig. 3B). Pre-anal ring distinctly setose, with a pointed epiproct; dorsomedially flattened, overhanging both anal valves. Hypoproct semicircular in shape with 1+1 setae on small knobs at caudal margin (Figs 2B–D). Gonopodal aperture oval, about 2/3 as wide as prozonite 7. Gonopods long, complex, in situ lying close to sternites. Gonopodal coxite subcylindrical, longer than femorite (Figs 4A–4D). Distal portion of coxite swollen and setose distolaterally, proximal part with a cannula, like other Polydrepanum . (Figs 4A and 4D). Prefemoral region short, densely setose (Figs 3D, 4A–4D). Gonofemorite long, slender and twisted, with two distomesal erect processes (a and b): b unusually large, upright and sword like (Figs 4E–F); process a with a curved laminar structure. Solenophore medially curved with pointed corners at both sides of anterior margin. Seminal groove running mostly along lateral side of gonofemorite, turning laterally at a cuspidate fold on femorite. Process a small and sickle-shaped, vs b being prominent and broad. A protecting lobe lo visible just below apical fold/sulcus of femorite (Figs 3A–3C). A flagelliform solenomere tightly attached to solenophore.</p><p>Taxonomic notes: The structure of the distomesal processes a and b of gonofemorite matches that of the genus Telodrepanum Carl 1932, but a twisted gonofemorite Polydrepanum distinguishes xiphoideum sp. nov. from Telodrepanum .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AB209B23FFE7FFA5FF10FA92FEB5F963	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Muhsina, Othayoth Musthafa;Misal, Pooja Kumar;Kalawate, Aparna Sureshchandra;Sudhikumar, Ambalaparambil Vasu	Muhsina, Othayoth Musthafa, Misal, Pooja Kumar, Kalawate, Aparna Sureshchandra, Sudhikumar, Ambalaparambil Vasu (2025): Two new species of the Indian millipede genus Polydrepanum Carl, 1932 (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae). Zootaxa 5642 (1): 29-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5642.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5642.1.3
AB209B23FFE7FFA0FF10FCDCFA08FAF1.text	AB209B23FFE7FFA0FF10FCDCFA08FAF1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polydrepanum Carl 1932	<div><p>Genus Polydrepanum Carl, 1932</p><p>Type species: Polydrepanum tamilum Carl, 1932</p><p>Other species included: Polydrepanum lamprum Chamberlin, 1920; Polydrepanum granuliferum Attems, 1936; Polydrepanum horridum Golovatch, 1984; Polydrepanum xiphosum sp. nov. and Polydrepanum spinatum sp. nov.</p><p>Diagnosis: The genus Polydrepanum, as recently redefined by Golovatch et al. (2021), is distinguished from other genera in the tribe by the twisted structure of the gonopodal femorite, with the seminal groove primarily positioned along its lateral side.Among its contribal genera, only Dasypharkis Attems, 1936 shares this characteristic. However, Polydrepanum differs from Dasypharkis by possessing a large, coiled, and complex solenophore, which includes a basal loop of the solenomere. In contrast, Dasypharkis has a fully erect solenomere lacking a basal loop that is supported by a solenophore consisting of two simple upright lobes on either side (Golovatch et al., 2021).</p><p>Key to Polydrepanum species, based on male features</p><p>The details of Polydrepanum spp., except P. xiphoideum sp. nov. and P. spinatum sp. nov., are modified from Golovatch et al. (2021).</p><p>1a Leg pair 2 without adenostyle; gonopod solenophore with four spines on lateral margin................ P. spinatum sp.nov.</p><p>1b Leg pair 2 with adenostyle; gonopod solenophore without spines on lateral margin................................. 2</p><p>2a Gonofemorite stout; distomesal processes forming a complete dorsal ring, strongly coiled solenomere........... P. tamilum</p><p>2b Gonofemorite long and slender; distomesal processes not forming a dorsal ring.................................... 3</p><p>3a Gonopod with distofemoral process a and b; with a short solenophore................................ P. granuliferum</p><p>3b Gonopod with broadened distomesal process a and b; with a prolonged solenophore................................ 4</p><p>4a Gonopod with three distomesal process a, b, c; curved solenophore...................................... P. lamprum</p><p>4b Gonopod with only two distomesal process a and b; semi-curved solenophore...................... P. xiphosum sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AB209B23FFE7FFA0FF10FCDCFA08FAF1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Muhsina, Othayoth Musthafa;Misal, Pooja Kumar;Kalawate, Aparna Sureshchandra;Sudhikumar, Ambalaparambil Vasu	Muhsina, Othayoth Musthafa, Misal, Pooja Kumar, Kalawate, Aparna Sureshchandra, Sudhikumar, Ambalaparambil Vasu (2025): Two new species of the Indian millipede genus Polydrepanum Carl, 1932 (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae). Zootaxa 5642 (1): 29-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5642.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5642.1.3
AB209B23FFE3FFA8FF10FAEAFDB4FAD0.text	AB209B23FFE3FFA8FF10FAEAFDB4FAD0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polydrepanum spinatum Muhsina & Misal & Kalawate & Sudhikumar 2025	<div><p>Polydrepanum spinatum Muhsina &amp; Sudhikumar sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 5A – 8D)</p><p>Material examined. Holotype: 1 male (CATE-MC, MS/154), India, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=75.96028&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.494722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 75.96028/lat 11.494722)">Kakkad</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=75.96028&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.494722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 75.96028/lat 11.494722)">Kozhikode</a>, Kerala, 11.494722N, 75.960278E. 16 August 2024, evergreen forest, coll. Muhsina O. M. Paratypes: 2 adult males, 5 females and 5 sub adults (CATE-MC, MS/155), same date as for the holotype .</p><p>Etymology: To emphasize many spines, present at the lateral margin of a curved solenomere; spina meaning “spine” in Latin. Adjective in neuter gender.</p><p>Diagnosis:Adult males of P. spinatum sp. nov. are distinguished from other members of the genus Polydrepanum based on the following combination of characters. Lacking adenostyles on male femora 1 and 2 (Figs 7A and 7C). Other members of the genus possess an adenostyle on femur of the second leg only, except P. xiphosum sp. nov. having an adenostyle on the femora of first and second leg. Metazonites with six serrations on posterior margin (rings 2–19), pointing rearward (Figs 5A–B, 5E). Not smooth like other members of the genus—except P. horridum with dense dorsal setae on metanoa/paranota. Gonopod: gonofemorite long, slender (Figs 7D and 8A–D); not stout as in P. tamilum . Short, circular distomesal process a. Laminar process b (Figs 8A–D), not tapered like other Polydrepanum species. Solenophore with four spines on lateral margin (Figs 8A–D); spines absent in P. tamilum, P. horridum, P. granuliferum, P. lamprum, P. xiphosum sp. nov.</p><p>Description: Length of holotype (male), 12.5 mm, of paratype (female), 12.3 mm; width of mid-body proand metazonites 1.1 and 1.2 mm, respectively. Width of paranota of midbody rings, 0.113 mm. Live specimens uniformly brownish-black. Paranota dark brown in both sexes. Legs latte brown. Coloration after preservation in 70% ethanol faded to brown; Paranota darker than body rings. Sternites and legs latte brown. (Figs 5A–E). Body with 20 rings in both sexes (Figs 5A–B). Relative ring widths: 20&lt;19&lt;4&lt;3&lt;18&lt;2&lt;1&lt;5=16. Head and collum subequal in width; width of rings gradually reducing towards telson. Vertex smooth and shining, bearing two rows of setae. Stipes, cardo and clypeus moderately setose. Epicranial suture ending 0.1 mm above interantennal isthmus (Fig. 5C). Antennae moderately long (1.9 mm), slightly claviform, extending until ring 5 when stretched dorsally. Relative lengths of antennomeres: 7&lt;1&lt;6&lt;3&lt;2&lt;4&lt;5.Antennomere 7 broadest apically. Postantennal groove shallow. Diameter of antennal socket and isthmus between them, 0.2 mm and 0.334 mm, respectively (Fig. 5C). Collum broad, lateral margins poorly developed as paranota. Anterior margin of collum curved; posterior margin slightly concave. Paranota subtriangular. Collum dorsally bearing a row of setae at anterior margin and midline (Fig. 5D). Anterior margin of body rings almost straight and bearing a row of moderately long and fragile setae (Figs 5A–B, 5D–E). Moderately developed paranota, set high, lying parallel to body axis (Figs 5E and 6B). Posterior corner of collum paranota circular in shape; on rings 2 and 3, subtriangular in shape (Fig. 5D); those of other body rings (4–19) pointed (Figs 5E and 6B). Posterior corner of paranota thickness towards telson (Fig. 6B). Anterior margins of paranota on collum rounded. Paranota of ring 2 larger than that of other rings and set slightly lower than lateral margin of collum and paranota of following rings (Fig. 6A). Lateral margin of paranota thicker on poriferous rings (Figs 5E and 6B). Pore formula normal (5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15–19); ozopores small, circular, opening posterolaterally at a thickened paranotal margin (Figs 5E and 6B). Posterior margin of rings 2–19 serrate, six serrations per ring, pointed towards posterior end of body (Fig. 5D). Pleurosternal carinae decreasing in size from 2 to 4. Prozonites smooth. Metazonites smooth in anterior portion and medially. Shallow groove present near posterior edge on collum to ring 19. Posterior edge of rings 5–19 serrate; middle of posterior region not smooth, rough; strictures between pro- and metazonite deep and beaded or striolate at bottom (Fig. 5E). Surface below paranota finely granulate (Fig. 5F). Sterna with fine depressions, bare (Fig. 5F). Legs short and slender, with tiny claws. Males with tarsal brushes. Coxa and prefemur bear a single long seta (Fig. 7B). Relative length of podomeres: femur&gt; prefemur&gt; coxa&gt; postfemur&gt; tarsus&gt; tibia. Male leg pairs 1 and 2 lacking adenostyle on femora (Figs 7A and 7C). Gonopores visible in anterolateral region of male coxae 2 (Fig. 7C). Pre-anal ring distinctly setose, with a pointed epiproct, flattened dorsomedially, overhanging both anal valves. Hypoproct semicircular in shape with 1+1 setae on small knobs at caudal margin (Figs 6B–6D). Gonopodal aperture oval, about 2/3 as wide as prozonite 7. Gonopods long, complex, in situ lying close to sternites (Fig. 7D). Gonopodal coxite cylindrical, shorter than femorite. Distal portion of coxite swollen and setose distolaterally; proximal part with a cannula, as usual (Figs 8A–D). Prefemoral region short, densely setose (Figs 8A–D). Gonofemorite long, slender and twisted: distomesally consisting of a laminar structure, process b; anterolaterally with a short and round structure representing process a. The seminal groove runs laterally at the base of the gonofemorite, then turns medially at the distal one-third of the gonofemorite. A long and circular solenomere attached to solenophore. Four spines at lateral margin of solenomere (Figs 8A–8D).</p><p>Taxonomic notes: The first and second pairs of male legs lacking adenostyles is consistent with some other members of the genus Polydrepanum .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AB209B23FFE3FFA8FF10FAEAFDB4FAD0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Muhsina, Othayoth Musthafa;Misal, Pooja Kumar;Kalawate, Aparna Sureshchandra;Sudhikumar, Ambalaparambil Vasu	Muhsina, Othayoth Musthafa, Misal, Pooja Kumar, Kalawate, Aparna Sureshchandra, Sudhikumar, Ambalaparambil Vasu (2025): Two new species of the Indian millipede genus Polydrepanum Carl, 1932 (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae). Zootaxa 5642 (1): 29-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5642.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5642.1.3
