identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
01B07663495F5C8BB0BCD9A281987CE7.text	01B07663495F5C8BB0BCD9A281987CE7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Brachymeria lasus (Walker 1841)	<div><p>Brachymeria lasus (Walker, 1841)</p><p>Fig. 4 A – F</p><p>Chinese common name.</p><p>广大腿小蜂.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>20 ♀♀ 10 ♂♂, China, Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang City, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=109.79118&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.516617" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 109.79118/lat 21.516617)">Huguangyan</a> (湖光岩), 14. VI. 2024, 21°30'59.82"N, 109°47'28.27"E, Liu Yun-peng leg., reared from pupae of H. puera, deposited in the Natural History Museum of the Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Brachymeria lasus is a polyphagous parasitoid whose host breadth exceeds 120 species, and it is distributed widely around the world (Yu et al. 2016, UCD Community 2023). According to our investigations, the parasitism rate is 5–90 % across different sites, which indicates that B. lasus has great potential to regulate populations of H. puera.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/01B07663495F5C8BB0BCD9A281987CE7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Cao, Liangming;Zhang, Yufan;Li, Hanyang;Xin, Jiangshan;Liu, Le;Liu, Yunpeng;Yang, Zhongqi;Wang, Xiaoyi;Zhu, Yaojun	Cao, Liangming, Zhang, Yufan, Li, Hanyang, Xin, Jiangshan, Liu, Le, Liu, Yunpeng, Yang, Zhongqi, Wang, Xiaoyi, Zhu, Yaojun (2026): Notes on parasitoids and predators of the teak defoliator Hyblaea puera (Lepidoptera, Hyblaeidae) from China. ZooKeys 1291: 205-221, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1291.195791
7C949010D42F505A86A43739782EBDD7.text	7C949010D42F505A86A43739782EBDD7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cotesia hyblaea Cao 2026	<div><p>Cotesia hyblaea Cao sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 2, 3</p><p>Chinese common name.</p><p>柚木驼蛾盘绒茧蜂.</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype: 1 ♀, China, Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang City, Huguangyan (湖光岩), 14. VI. 2024, cocoon, attached to larva of H. puera (Cramer) on A. marina; emerged: 7. VII. 2024, Zhao Sheng-bo leg., deposited in the Natural History Museum of the Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China . Paratypes: 10 ♀♀ 3 ♂♂, same as holotype • 3 ♀♀ 4 ♂♂, China, Fujian Province, Xiamen City, Gulangyu (鼓浪屿), 26. IX. 2025, cocoons, attached to larva of H. puera (Cramer) on T. grandis, emerged: 5–10. X. 2025, Liu Yun-peng leg., deposited in the Natural History Museum of the Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Body length of ♀ / ♂ 2.0–2.5 / 2.0 – 2.2 mm., fore wing length of ♀ / ♂ 2.2–2.6 / 2.2 – 2.5 mm.</p><p>Female. Colour (Fig. 2 A – F). Body generally black. Head black; antennae with scape yellow, other segments yellow to brown, darkening distally. Lateral sides of tergites 1–2 yellow to brown, tergite 3 variable, yellow or black, other tergites yellow to orange except end of metasoma dark, ovipositor sheath dark brown. All legs yellow to orange except claws and mid- and hind coxae dark basally. Pterostigma brown, veins light brown.</p><p>Head (Fig. 2 C, D). In dorsal view, head width 1.67 × median length, OOL: OD: POL = 3: 2: 3; length of eye 1.3 × length of temple; frons concave with most area centrally smooth, periphery of frons punctate sparely, each puncture bearing a seta; vertex punctate sparely and with yellow long setae. In frontal view, width of head medially 1.1 × height of head; minimum distance between eyes 1.0 × height of eye; face punctate sparely; height of clypeus 0.23 × its width; width of malar space 0.3 × height of eye. Antenna, length 0.7 × body length, flagellomeres 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16 length / width = 2.0, 1.7, 1.1, 1.1, 1.1, 1.6.</p><p>Mesosoma (Fig. 2 B, F). In dorsal view, mesosoma evenly punctate with posterior margin smooth and shining, median length of mesoscutum 0.96 × its width; anterior margin of mesoscutum circular, notauli not obvious, combined joint of lateral lobes and median lobe flat and integrated. Prescutellar sulcus straight, with 10–11 longitudinal carinae. Scutellum sparsely punctate, posterior margin of mesonotum smooth and shining. Metascutum anteriorly 2 / 3 smooth and shining, 1 / 3 posteriorly rugose-punctate, center of metascutum circular and smooth. Propodeum rugose-punctate, median longitudinal carina distinct and branched, branches reaching anterior, lateral and posterior margins. In lateral view, length of mesosoma 1.4 × its height; mesoscutum rapidly elevated above pronotum, mesopleuron with anterior area and lower margin area punctate, other parts smooth, sternaulus smooth with 2–3 carinae along the valley.</p><p>Wings (Fig. 2 G). Length of fore wing 2.5 × its maximum width; pterostigma 2.75 × as long as its maximum width; vein 1 - R 1 1.2 × length of pterostigma; vein r originating at 4 / 9 of pterostigma; vein r 1.1 × length of vein 2 - SR; meeting point of veins 2 - SR, 2 - M and 2 - SR + M less sclerotized; vein 1 - SR + M not curved; vein 1 - SR short, 0.18 × length of vein 1 - M; vein 2 - SR + M 0.6 × length of vein 2 - SR; visible vein 3 - M short, 0.6 × length of vein 2 - SR + M. Length of hind wing 3.3 × its maximum width.</p><p>Legs. In lateral view, fore femur as long as fore tibia and 4.2 × as long as its width, spur as long as basitarsus of fore leg, ratio of fore tarsomeres I – V = 6: 4: 3: 3: 6; middle femur 0.83 × middle tibia, the outer spur 0.67 × as long as the inner spur, and as long as basitarsus of middle leg, ratio of middle tarsomeres I – V = 8: 4: 4: 3: 5; hind coxa with surfaces 1 / 2 dorsally and whole ventrally punctuate, hind femur 4.0 × its width, and as long as hind tibia, ratio of hind tarsomeres I – V = 10: 4: 3: 3: 3, two spurs with same length, 0.4 × basitarsus of hind tibia.</p><p>Metasoma (Fig. 2 F). Oblong, 1.8 × its maximum width; first tergite 0.7 × its maximum apical width in dorsal view (excluding epipleuron), second tergite maximum apical width 2.5 × its median length; epipleuron not developed, slender; first tergite roughly punctate, with posteriorly median portion smooth; second tergite with median convex and smooth longitudinally, other parts striate-rugulose; sulcus between second and third tergites developed, 1 / 8 of third tergite length; same as second tergite, median third tergite convex and smooth longitudinally, basal half third tergite rugulose or smooth; other tergites smooth; tergites 2–7 with a row of long setae sub-distally; visible ovipositor sheath short, 0.3 × basitarsus of hind tibia.</p><p>Male (Fig. 3 A, B). Metasoma black except epipleuron of 1–3 tergites and posterior margin of third tergite yellow. Antenna length 1.2 × body length. Otherwise similar to female.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>China (Fujian, Guangdong).</p><p>Host.</p><p>Hyblaea puera (Cramer).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>The new species is a gregarious, koinobiont. The parasitism rate is about 2–10 %.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The new species name refers to its host H. puera.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Cotesia Cameron is a huge cosmopolitan genus, including 328 described species around the world (Yu et al. 2016; Fernandez-Triana et al. 2020), and may contain 1500–2000 species (Mason 1981). The length of the antenna relative to body length is a useful characteristic for identifying groups in this huge genus. The new species is somewhat similar to the C. flavipes species-group, because its antennae are shorter than body length, but with the protuberant mesosoma, it can be easily distinguished from the C. flavipes species-group (because in that group the mesosoma is flat in lateral view). The new species is very similar to C. radiantis (Wilkinson) and C. ruficrus (Haliday), but it has a median longitudinal carina on the propodeum, which is absent in the latter two species.</p><p>The most similar species to the new species are C. malevola (also reared from H. puera in India) and C. anomidis (Watanabe) .</p><p>During this study, the holotype and one paratype of C. malevola were examined; the information is:</p><p>Holotype, ♂, “ Type (in red) ”, “ 3. c. 1044, ” “ Apanteles malevolus (handwriting) Wilkinson, Type (handwriting) ”, “ Pres. By Imp. Bur. Ent. Brit. Mus. 1929-252. ”, “ Parasitic on Hyblaea puera larva. ”, “ Dehra Dun, U. P. S. N. Chatterjee. 20. x. 1927. ”, “ Defol. Tectona grandis. ”, “ 441 ”. (deposited in the Natural History Museum in London).</p><p>Paratype, ♀, “ Type (in yellow) ”, “ Apanteles malevolus (handwriting) Wilkinson, Cotype (handwriting) ”, “ Pres. By Imp. Bur. Ent. Brit. Mus. 1929-252. ”, “ Parasitic on Hyblaea puera larva. ”, “ Dehra Dun, U. P. S. N. Chatterjee. 20. x. 1927. ”, “ Defol. Tectona grandis. ”, “ 442 ”. (deposited in the Natural History Museum in London).</p><p>Based on the types’ morphological characteristics and the original description from Wilkinson (1929), it is easy to differentiate the new species from C. malevola . Females of C. hyblaea have tergite 3 yellow or black, tergites 4–7 yellow to orange except end of metasoma dark (vs. tergites 3–7 black in C. malevola females); second tergite with median area convex and smooth longitudinally, other parts strong striate-rugulose; median third tergite convex and smooth longitudinally, basal half of third tergite rugulose or smooth (vs. “ second tergite longitudinally rugulose, more weakly sculptured than first tergite, apparently without lateral sulci; third tergite sometimes with indefinite sculpture in basal fourth, otherwise unsculptured (Wilkinson 1929) ” in C. malevola females).</p><p>Another similar species is C. anomidis, whose types were collected from N. E. China (Watanabe 1942), Watanabe (1942) mentioned: “ This new species is closely related to Apanteles malevolus Wilkinson, parasitic on larvae of the noctuid, Hyblaea puera Cramer, defoliating Tectona grandis in India, but is easily distinguishable from the latter by the structure of the propodeum and the colour of the tegulae ”. Cotesia anomidis also has a similar colour pattern of tergites as C. malevola, but has a propodeum reticulate-rugose and almost smooth and shining in the apical angles, with a median longitudinal carina, from which on each side oblique carinae run upwards and join a transverse basal carina, tegulae dark brown (vs. propodeum reticulate-rugose entirely, tegulae red testaceous to yellow in C. malevola). Cotesia hyblaea can be distinguished from C. anomidis by having tergites 4–7 yellow to orange, propodeum reticulate-rugose entirely, and tegulae red testaceous to yellow.</p><p>The above-mentioned species are similar to C. hyblaea sp. nov. and can be separated using the key below. All these species have female antennae distinctly shorter than body length.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7C949010D42F505A86A43739782EBDD7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Cao, Liangming;Zhang, Yufan;Li, Hanyang;Xin, Jiangshan;Liu, Le;Liu, Yunpeng;Yang, Zhongqi;Wang, Xiaoyi;Zhu, Yaojun	Cao, Liangming, Zhang, Yufan, Li, Hanyang, Xin, Jiangshan, Liu, Le, Liu, Yunpeng, Yang, Zhongqi, Wang, Xiaoyi, Zhu, Yaojun (2026): Notes on parasitoids and predators of the teak defoliator Hyblaea puera (Lepidoptera, Hyblaeidae) from China. ZooKeys 1291: 205-221, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1291.195791
0C2FC72AD6E25E758A0BE9E45E1DB827.text	0C2FC72AD6E25E758A0BE9E45E1DB827.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Echthromorpha agrestoria subsp. notulatoria (Fabricius 1804)	<div><p>Echthromorpha agrestoria notulatoria (Fabricius, 1804)</p><p>Fig. 5 A</p><p>Chinese common name.</p><p>斑翅恶姬蜂显斑亚种.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>1 ♀, China, Yunnan Province, Baoshan City, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.034996&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.355278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.034996/lat 24.355278)">Mengnuo Town</a> (勐糯镇), 15. VIII. 2025, 24°21'19"N, 99°2'6"E, Liao Yong-le leg., reared from pupa of H. puera, deposited in the Natural History Museum of the Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>This subspecies is distributed in Bangladesh, the Chagos Archipelago, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Seychelles, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Thailand, and 14 species were reported to be hosts of this parasitoid (Yu et al. 2016). Sonan (1930) first reported this species as reared from pupae of H. puera from Taiwan Province, so H. puera as a host of this subspecies is reported for the first time from the mainland herein. Only one female emerged from dozens of pupae, which means the parasitism rate of this species was very low.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0C2FC72AD6E25E758A0BE9E45E1DB827	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Cao, Liangming;Zhang, Yufan;Li, Hanyang;Xin, Jiangshan;Liu, Le;Liu, Yunpeng;Yang, Zhongqi;Wang, Xiaoyi;Zhu, Yaojun	Cao, Liangming, Zhang, Yufan, Li, Hanyang, Xin, Jiangshan, Liu, Le, Liu, Yunpeng, Yang, Zhongqi, Wang, Xiaoyi, Zhu, Yaojun (2026): Notes on parasitoids and predators of the teak defoliator Hyblaea puera (Lepidoptera, Hyblaeidae) from China. ZooKeys 1291: 205-221, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1291.195791
BD580801D73D52CDB3DCF802393B253A.text	BD580801D73D52CDB3DCF802393B253A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Isyndus reticulatus Stal 1868	<div><p>Isyndus reticulatus Stål, 1868</p><p>Fig. 5 E – G</p><p>Chinese common name.</p><p>锥盾菱猎蝽.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>4 ♀ 1 ♂, nymphs, China, Fujian Province, Zhangzhou City, Yunxiao County, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.034996&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.355278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.034996/lat 24.355278)">Zhangjiangkou Mangrove Conservation Area</a> (漳江口红树林自然保护区), 25. IX. 2025, 24°21'19"N, 99°2'6"E, Cao Liang-ming &amp; Song Hai-tian leg., brought back to Beijing and reared in the lab, 10–15. XII. 2025, emerged into adults, 14. I. 2026, 11 eggs laid by one female, deposited in the Natural History Museum of the Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>During field investigation in the mangrove, it was discovered that I. reticulatus was staying on the small twigs of A. marina . Larvae of H. puera, some ants and leafhoppers can be seen moving around this predator. Without any evidence of direct predation, it is considered that I. reticulatus can prey on H. puera in this mangrove ecosystem. Then all nymphs collected in the mangrove were taken back to the lab and fed artificially raised larvae of H. puera. This predator showed an obvious preference for its prey (Fig. 5 E). From September to December, second- or third-instar nymphs of I. reticulatus were reared to adult, which means that it has a long hunting phase. The biological characteristics and rearing method of I. reticulatus were well studied previously (Zhao et al. 2018), so the large-scale artificial breeding of this natural enemy can be achieved; next, what needs to be done is a risk assessment and revitalization of laboratory populations on the road to commercial utilization in biological control.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BD580801D73D52CDB3DCF802393B253A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Cao, Liangming;Zhang, Yufan;Li, Hanyang;Xin, Jiangshan;Liu, Le;Liu, Yunpeng;Yang, Zhongqi;Wang, Xiaoyi;Zhu, Yaojun	Cao, Liangming, Zhang, Yufan, Li, Hanyang, Xin, Jiangshan, Liu, Le, Liu, Yunpeng, Yang, Zhongqi, Wang, Xiaoyi, Zhu, Yaojun (2026): Notes on parasitoids and predators of the teak defoliator Hyblaea puera (Lepidoptera, Hyblaeidae) from China. ZooKeys 1291: 205-221, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1291.195791
D5AF9AC9B9AB5E7FA127046B7374B98B.text	D5AF9AC9B9AB5E7FA127046B7374B98B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Theronia (Theronia) zebra subsp. iridipennis Cameron 1907	<div><p>Theronia (Theronia) zebra iridipennis Cameron, 1907</p><p>Fig. 5 B</p><p>Chinese common name.</p><p>黑纹黄瘤姬蜂.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>2 ♀, China, Yunnan Province, Baoshan City, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.034996&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.355278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.034996/lat 24.355278)">Mengnuo Town</a> (勐糯镇), 15. VIII. 2025, 24°21'19"N, 99°2'6"E, Liao Yong-le leg., reared from pupa of H. puera, deposited in the Natural History Museum of the Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Theronia zebra has a wide distribution in the Eastern Palaearctic and Oriental regions, including China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam. More than 20 species have already been recorded as hosts of this parasitoid (Yu et al. 2016). Theronia (Theronia) zebra iridipennis is one subspecies of this parasitoid, which is widely distributed in NE India and Myanmar. The examined specimens were collected from SW Yunnan Province, which is adjacent to the distribution range of this subspecies. In the meantime, according to Gupta’s key to subspecies of T. (T.) zebra and descriptions, it is confirmed that the examined specimens belong to this subspecies (Gupta 1962). Hyblaea puera, the host of this subspecies, was first mentioned by Dr Gupta, based on a single male specimen from Burma (Myanmar). Sonan (1930, 1944) reported H. puera as the host of Theronia zebroides Krieger and Theronia rufescens (Morley) based on specimens from Taiwan, China, which are both synonyms of T. (T.) zebra iridipennis, but in fact material from Taiwan Province was considered as another subspecies, Theronia (Theronia) zebra diluta Gupta (Gupta 1962). So, H. puera, the host of T. (T.) zebra iridipennis from China, is first reported herein. Only two females of this parasitoid emerged from dozens of pupae, which means the parasitism rate of this species was very low.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D5AF9AC9B9AB5E7FA127046B7374B98B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Cao, Liangming;Zhang, Yufan;Li, Hanyang;Xin, Jiangshan;Liu, Le;Liu, Yunpeng;Yang, Zhongqi;Wang, Xiaoyi;Zhu, Yaojun	Cao, Liangming, Zhang, Yufan, Li, Hanyang, Xin, Jiangshan, Liu, Le, Liu, Yunpeng, Yang, Zhongqi, Wang, Xiaoyi, Zhu, Yaojun (2026): Notes on parasitoids and predators of the teak defoliator Hyblaea puera (Lepidoptera, Hyblaeidae) from China. ZooKeys 1291: 205-221, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1291.195791
