taxonID	type	description	language	source
A642A030FFCE5D7E36FEFA779AA2F9A8.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Sadleriana fluminensis (Küster, 1853) (as Paludina), by original designation.	en	Koller, Katrin, Brenzinger, Bastian, Schrödl, Michael (2014): A caenogastropod in 3 D: microanatomy of the Munich endemic springsnail Sadleriana baoarica Boeters, 1989. Spixiana 37 (1): 1-19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16851127
A642A030FFCE5D7A34E6FFE7996DFB2B.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: HYD 1008, stored at the Senckenberg Museum of Natural History, Frankfurt (Figs 1 A- C). – Material examined: 5 specimens (ZSM Mol 20131107 - 2013111), collected at the type locality (Brunnbach, Munich). Embedded in epoxy resin, 4 of them sectioned. Several further specimens (two lots: ZSM Mol 20131112, 20131113). Natural habitat In its natural habitat (Fig. 1 D), S. baoarica is found abundantly in shallow water (10 - 40 cm), dwelling actively at day on rocks and driftwood that are covered by a biofilm of green algae and diatoms (Fig. 1 E). Male and female specimens of Sadleriana baoarica occur mixed with individuals of another hydrobiid species (here tentatively identified as Bythiospeum sp.). Specimens of S. baoarica are most abundant close to the Brunnbach spring. External morphology	en	Koller, Katrin, Brenzinger, Bastian, Schrödl, Michael (2014): A caenogastropod in 3 D: microanatomy of the Munich endemic springsnail Sadleriana baoarica Boeters, 1989. Spixiana 37 (1): 1-19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16851127
A642A030FFCE5D7A34E6FFE7996DFB2B.taxon	description	Sadleriana baoarica has a thick and brown shell between 3 to 4 mm in height and 3 to 3.5 mm in width, with 3.5 or 4 rapidly increasing whorls. The umbilicus is open and slotted. In most specimens the shell is covered in green algae (Fig. 1 F- I). A corneous, reddish-brown operculum is attached to the footend’ s upper side measuring 1.1 to 1.7 mm (Figs 3 B, G; op). The soft body is black, except for the foot sole and the tentacle bases. The body is subdivided into a dextrally coiled visceral sac, which lies inside the shell curling up to the apex, and a broad muscular head-foot. The foot is broadened at the front and contains a well-developed foot gland (propodial gland), which is 0.6 mm width and 0.5 mm height (Figs 2 F, 3 A, C, G; fg, fgo). The head is clearly differentiated from the foot and possesses a pair of thin tentacles (0.6 mm long), which cannot be retracted. Eyes are located at the outer side of each tentacle base (Figs 2 G, 3 A, C, D; ey, tn). Here there is also a cushion-like batch of vacuolated cells. The snout is long, flexible, and protrusible (Figs 3 C, D; sn). Mantle cavity and pallial organs The mantle cavity and pallial organs were reconstructed from the male specimen (9 W 2). The mantle cavity fills nearly half of the first whorl and then narrows to its rear parts increasingly (Figs 2 B, 3 D; mc). On its left side, the ctenidium is formed by 8 leaflets each of about 0.2 mm length (Figs 2 A, B, 3 A- C; ct, ctf). Behind the ctenidium, there is a voluminous semicircular mantle gland (length: 0.75 mm, height: 0.2 mm) (Figs 2 B, D, 3 A, C, D; mg). Histologically, the gland consists of a strip of particularly tall epidermal cells that are stained in a very dark blue (Fig. 2 B, D). Two distinct body openings lead into the mantle cavity’ s right part: the anus opens into the right corner of the mantle cavity (Figs 2 B, 3 A; an); in males, the genital opening is located on the right side of the head-foot. The osphradium is a crescent-shaped, ciliated groove with tall yet narrow epithelial cells situated on the anterior left side of the mantle cavity roof, anterior to the gill; there is an oval ganglion just below the epithelium (Fig. 2 C; osp and osg). The pericardial complex is located posteriorly, dorsally and to the left. Circulatory and excretory systems The pericardial complex comprises the main organs of the circulatory and excretory systems and is located at the posterior left of the mantle cavity, near the mantle gland (Fig. 3 E, F). The kidney measures 1.8 mm in length and 0.43 mm in width. It is characterized by a vacuolated and unstained epithelium (Fig. 2 L). Superior to the kidney there is a nephridial ‘ gland’, a mass that contains loosely organized, irregular and unstained cells with darker blue nuclei (Fig. 2 M); the part of the kidney in contact with this structure is thin and not vacuolated, forming short, apparently blind-ending ducts that project into the nephridial gland (Fig. 2 M; nch and ng). On its posterior side, the kidney is attached to a thin-walled pericardium, which surrounds a twochambered heart: a thicker-walled ventricle and an auricle (Fig. 3 E, F). Digestive system The digestive system consists of a short pharynx, followed by the short esophagus leading into the stomach, which is connected to a voluminous digestive gland. The intestine runs from the stomach to the mantle cavity’s right side. The mouth opening lies medially on the tip of the snout and leads into a wide pharynx. The pharynx contains a pair of small chitinous jaws, which are fused dorsally and located just behind the mouth opening, and two pads of epithelial single-celled glands in the posterior lower part. The radula (Figs 2 I, 4 B) is quite long (about 1 mm) and shaped like a question mark. It extends through much of the snail’ s headfoot and is equipped with roughly 60 rows of teeth which are stained in a dark blue. The radula is bedded on two lower cartilaginous pillows and is topped by a smaller upper cartilage, all characterized by voluminous unstained cells with big and well-apparent nuclei and minute darker granules (Figs 2 H, 4 B). Two long (ca. 0.8 mm), tubelike salivary glands lie on the pharynx and open nearby the mouth opening. Histologically, they are glandular with numerous small vesicles and stained blue. Centrally, the salivary glands have a narrow lumen (Fig. 4 A, C, E). The pharynx narrows to a ciliated oesophagus leading into the stomach. The stomach wall is muscular and thick (66 µm). The stomach is separated into a smaller, ciliated, upper part (style sac) and a bigger lower bag (gastric chamber) (Fig. 4 A, C- E). The latter is equipped with a light blue-stained, angular and cuticular shield that carries a strongly elevated ridge (Figs 2 L, 4 D; gs). The stomach’s interior is voluminous and shows some amorphous remains of food, including abundant shells of diatoms (Fig. 2 K, L). Attached to the stomach, the big digestive gland extends as a spiral to the apex. The digestive gland cells are stained bright with large vacuoles; the gland itself has thick walls and a big lumen which distinguish it from the finer structured gonad, with which it is interlaced (Figs 2 J, 5 A- C). The ciliated intestine leaves the stomach centrally and features a single loop that is about 2.5 mm long and quite thick (0.2 mm). The loop is thick-walled and muscular, and at some parts bulging, with irregular surface, due to food pellets inside. Narrowing slightly, it opens into the right hand side of the mantle cavity (anus) (Figs 3 A, B, 5 A- C). Reproductive system The male reproductive system comprises a gonad, a prostate and a penis (Fig. 5 A- C). The gonad is slightly coiled, spacious, overlaying the digestive gland. It is histologically characterized by a finely dotted appearance, and moderately stained (Fig. 2 J). Emerging from the gonad, a thin-walled proximal male gonoduct first forms an undulated ampulla (84 µm wide) and then a rather straight vas deferens portion, which leads into the posterior end of prostate. The prostate is kidney-shaped, measuring 0.49 mm in length and 0.23 mm in width (Fig. 5 A- C). Its lumen is slightly stained, surrounded by a thick wall of blue stained cells. The distal vas deferens is a long, thin, and darkly staining tube (45 µm thick) opening at the tip of the penis (Fig. 5 B). The penis is about 1 mm long, flat and tapering towards its tip. The outer surface is rough and covered by concentric and regular folds (Fig. 5 A- C); the distalmost vas deferens is not demarcated externally (see Discussion). The female reproductive system is not described here, as examined individuals were immature, with indistinctly developed reproductive organs. Central nervous system The central nervous system consists of paired pedal and cerebropleural ganglia, and a smaller pair of buccal ganglia. The nerve-ring is circumoesophageal and epiathroid. The visceral loop is short, with three ganglia that are close together (Figs 6 A, 7): on the left and right, the respective sub- and supraesophageal ganglia are closely annexed anteriorly to the cerebropleural ganglia. The middle, visceral ganglion is situated slightly to the right. From the supraesophageal ganglion emerges a long connective that runs to the left, where it carries the osphradial ganglion (Figs 6 A, 7; but see Discussion). The osphradial ganglion carries two nerves, one of which runs to the osphradium, where it carries another, distal ganglion just below the osphradial epithelium (Fig. 2 C). Histologically, the ganglia are characterized by distinct neurons in the periphery and lighter-stained nerve fibers in the centre. The pedal ganglia are biggest (length: 0.44 mm, width: 0.23 mm) and interconnected by a single, short and thick (80 µm) commissure (Figs 6 A- C, 7). Each pedal ganglion bears three nerves, the two thick, anterior ones carry a small ganglion each (ca. 60 µm in diameter; Fig. 7). Attached to the upper, posterior surface of the pedal ganglia are the two statocysts (0.13 mm diameter; Fig. 6 B), with a single spherical statolith. The static nerve was not detected. The paired cerebropleural ganglia (length: 0.43 mm, width: 0.16 mm) are connected to each other via a long commissure (connective width: 60 µm), and to the pedal ganglia by two connectives per side, the cerebropedal and pleuropedal connectives (Figs 6, 7). Three nerves emerge from each cerebral ganglion (Figs 6 A, C, 7): nerve 1 (N 1, 30 - 35 µm thick) emerges anteroventrally and innervates the sides of the snout, nerve 2 (65 µm thick; a fused N 2 + N 3, see Discussion) innervates the tentacle and the eye after splitting into three branches. The third nerve (N 4, 30 µm thick) emerges at the base of N 2 and also innervates the snout. Paired buccal ganglia (0.12 mm) are located in front of the cerebral ganglia and are connected to each cerebral ganglion by a single, short connective (Figs 6 A, C, 7); each buccal ganglion carries a nerve that runs to the sides of the pharynx (Figs 6 A, 7).	en	Koller, Katrin, Brenzinger, Bastian, Schrödl, Michael (2014): A caenogastropod in 3 D: microanatomy of the Munich endemic springsnail Sadleriana baoarica Boeters, 1989. Spixiana 37 (1): 1-19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16851127
