identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
59DC0ABDC99851F8A971AB7EF17EF70A.text	59DC0ABDC99851F8A971AB7EF17EF70A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chilotherium anderssoni Ringstrom 1924	<div><p>Chilotherium anderssoni Ringström, 1924</p><p>Fig. 12</p><p>Type material.</p><p>The species was erected based on a number of cranial and postcranial elements, without the designation of a holotype (Ringström 1924) . Therefore, all material referred by Ringström (1924) to Chilotherium anderssoni represents the syntype, including the specimens described herein .</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Upper Miocene deposits of Daijiagou in Shanxi Province (China), also referred to as “ Lok. 30 ” (Ringström 1924) of the Lagrelius Collection.</p><p>Material.</p><p>Two almost complete juvenile skulls with their associated mandibles, both preserving all deciduous premolars (AMNH FM 26341 and SMF M 3598); an almost complete skull preserving D 1 – D 4 on both sides (SMF M 3592); and a partial skull preserving D 1 – D 4 on both sides (AMNH FM 26340).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Four juvenile skulls of C. anderssoni from the Upper Miocene of Daijiagou or “ Lok. 30 ” (China) are housed in the collections of the AMNH and SMF (Fig. 12) and were donated to these collections by the PMU, where they were originally housed. Specimens AMNH FM 26341 and SMF M 3598 are almost complete skulls with articulated mandibles. In both specimens, the skulls are slightly damaged, with parts of the nasals and zygomatic arches missing, and in SMF M 3598, the parietal and nuchal regions are heavily damaged. The premaxillary bones are present only in AMNH FM 26340 and are broken off in all other specimens. In dorsal view, the suture between the nasals and the frontals is an almost straight transverse line. The frontals are flat, already slightly showing the frontal depression known in chilotheres. The parietal crests are already visible in all specimens except AMNH FM 26340 and are clearly separated in AMNH FM 26341 and SMF M 3592.</p><p>In lateral view, the suture between the nasals and the maxillary is relatively straight, starting from the nasal notch and ending at the lacrimal. The nasal notch is situated above D 3 in all specimens, at slightly different levels. The nasal and lacrimal share a very short suture, separating the maxillary from the frontal. Immediately behind the orbit, a well-developed postorbital process is present in the frontal, at the widest part of the dorsal side of the cranium, which is especially well visible in SMF M 3592. From this point, the frontal-parietal crests extend towards the nuchal crest. The maxillary exhibits several infraorbital foramina; three on each side are visible in SMF M 3592. Posteriorly, the maxillary features long pockets, which include the unerupted molars. The lacrimal is relatively small; it connects dorsally to the frontal and nasal, anteriorly to the maxillary, and ventrally to the jugal. The jugal shares a wide suture with the maxillary. Immediately behind the orbit, it exhibits a less prominent postorbital process compared to the slightly more posteriorly positioned postorbital process on the frontals. The squamosal shares a suture with the jugal, starting at the postorbital process. The squamosal is posteriorly sutured to the parietal.</p><p>In lateral view, one of the most prominent parts is the orbital cavity, which is placed very high dorsally, creating a thin dorsal orbital rim. The anterior portion of the orbital cavity is formed by the frontal, lacrimal, and jugal. Two small lacrimal foramina are visible in SMF M 3598; they are placed next to each other within a cavity, while in the other specimens, only one foramen is visible. However, it is possible that this is due to remaining sediment covering the distinct foramina. No distinct lacrimal process is visible in either specimen, though it is not certain whether this is the normal morphology or a preservational bias. Within the orbital cavity, no more detailed observations can be made because of the presence of sediment and, in part, due to preservation.</p><p>Only AMNH FM 26340 and SMF M 3592 can be studied directly in ventral view, due to the still-attached mandible in the other two specimens. Additionally, Ringström (1924, pl. 3, fig. 1) provided illustrations of another juvenile skull, which is housed in the collections of the PMU, in ventral view. The maxillary constitutes the largest portion of the palate. Posteriorly, the maxillary is sutured to the palatine, which anteriorly reaches the level between D 3 and D 4. The palatine forms the largest part of the choana. In the palatine, close to the maxillary-palatinal suture, an asymmetrical number of foramina is present at the level of the unerupted M 1; on the right side, three foramina are present, whereas on the left side, probably two are present, placed very close to each other.</p><p>In posterior view, three of the specimens are damaged. In AMNH FM 26340, the posterior portion is completely missing. In SMF M 3592, only the dorsal portion is preserved, including the nuchal crest, but the posterior side is almost completely covered by a layer of sediment. In SMF M 3598, only the ventral portion, including the foramen magnum, is preserved, while dorsally the brain cavity is exposed; the latter is filled with sediment. In AMNH FM 26341, most of the occipital region is preserved, with only slight damage and some parts partially covered by sediment. The outline of the skull is bell-shaped, and the central tubercle of the nuchal crest is rather weak. The occipital fossa seems fairly shallow, and the occipital crests are weak and fairly wide. The foramen magnum is large and shows a dorsal incision with a rounded end.</p><p>The upper deciduous dentition of C. anderssoni can be observed in all studied specimens, as well as in the specimen housed in the PMU illustrated by Ringström (1924, table 3, fig. 6). The occlusal surface of the upper dentition of SMF M 3598 is visible only for the left tooth row; however, even there, the lingual portion is still covered in sediment, and it is not possible to assess certain features, such as the lingual cingula and development of the proto- and hypocone constrictions, along with the antecrochet. D 2 to D 4 are hypsodont and highly molarised. D 1 is present in all three specimens and has already been worn. In SMF M 3598, D 4 has also just started being worn, based on the continuous wear facet from the parastyle to the protoloph. In AMNH FM 26340 and the specimen illustrated by Ringström (1924, table 3, fig. 6), D 4 has barely started being worn, based on a tiny wear facet on the protoloph, while D 1 exhibits a more extensive wear facet. Therefore, D 1 erupts slightly before D 4 in this species. A continuous lingual cingulum is present; it extends on the posterior side in both SMF M 3592 and the Ringström specimen. The hypocone is well formed in all specimens; in SMF M 3592, it is not directly connected to the metaloph, whereas, in the Ringström specimen, this connection is very weak. The metaloph separates a large postfossette. The protocone is smaller than the hypocone, and the protoloph is similar in size to the metaloph. The parastyle is well developed and anteriorly projecting. The metastyle is slightly shorter than the parastyle, but still relatively long.</p><p>On D 2, the protocone is smaller than the hypocone and bears a posterior and weak anterior constriction, forming a short antecrochet. A weak anterior constriction is present in the hypocone. A moderate, discontinuous lingual cingulum is present, along with an enamel pillar at the entrance of the median valley. In SMF M 3592, there seems to be an enamel pillar next to the base of the antecrochet in the right D 2. The protoloph is thinner than the metaloph. A strong crochet is present, along with a crista; these folds are fused in the Ringström specimen and may also fuse in the other two specimens with further wear, forming a closed medifossette. In AMNH FM 26340 and SMF M 3592, a secondary fold splits off the crista and connects to the protoloph, closing off a prominent fossette anterior to the still-open medifossette. In SMF M 3598, a small secondary enamel fold branches off from the protoloph and nearly connects to the crista; with slightly more wear, it would likely fuse, creating the same fossette. In the Ringström specimen, the medifossette is already closed, and with further wear, it is possible that a similar fossette may form anterior to it. Very strong anterior and posterior cingula are present, forming large pre- and postfossettes. The posterior cingulum extends slightly onto the ectoloph. The parastyle and metastyle are very strong, whereas the paracone and metacone folds are weak.</p><p>In D 3, the protocone and hypocone are of comparable size. The protocone bears strong anterior and posterior constrictions, forming an antecrochet, whereas the hypocone is only weakly constricted anteriorly. No lingual cingulum is present, but a small enamel pillar occurs in all specimens at the entrance of the median valley. A well-developed crochet is always present. A long crista is present in the Ringström specimen, while only a small enamel bump is visible in the other specimens. Strong anterior and posterior cingula are present, with the latter forming a large postfossette. The parastyle and metastyle are well developed. The paracone fold is strong, and an extremely weak mesostyle is present.</p><p>In D 4, the protocone is somewhat larger than the hypocone. The protocone bears strong anterior and posterior constrictions that form a prominent antecrochet, and the hypocone bears an anterior constriction. An enamel pillar is present at the entrance of the median valley in SMF M 3592 but is absent in AMNH FM 26340. A large crochet is always present, and an enamel bump in place of a crista appears to be present. A strong anterior cingulum is present, and a strong posterior cingulum forms a wide postfossette. The parastyle is well developed, and the metastyle is wide. The paracone fold is well developed, the mesostyle is weak, and the metacone fold is faintly visible. D 4 shows thin horizontal grooves at the base of the crown on the lingual side, as well as “ ω ” - shaped grooves in the middle of the ectoloph, which can be interpreted as enamel hypoplasias (Mead 1999; Böhmer and Rössner 2018; Hullot and Antoine 2020). In AMNH FM 26340, the hypoplasia is visible only on the lingual side because the D 4 s are not fully erupted. In AMNH FM 26341, the presence of hypoplasia cannot be assessed because the D 4 s are largely unerupted and the skull is still attached to the mandible, preventing evaluation of the lingual side.</p><p>Only one juvenile mandible of C. anderssoni from the Upper Miocene of Daijiagou (China) housed at the SMF and a specimen figured by Ringström (1924, table 3, figs 2, 5) can be studied. Specimen SMF M 3898 is articulated to the previously described skull (Fig. 12 B 2, B 3), and the occlusal surfaces of the teeth are observable only on the right tooth row. Specimen AMNH FM 26341 also includes a skull and mandible that are attached, but the dentition cannot be observed in this specimen. In all three specimens, the anterior portion can be studied to some extent. In Ringström’s specimen, two deciduous incisors, di 1 and di 2, are preserved, including the crowns of the teeth, which are very short, small, and rounded; di 1 is less than half the size of di 2. In SMF M 3898, only the roots of these teeth are visible, but both deciduous incisors are present (Fig. 12 B 4). The roots have a rounded cross-section and are small, with di 1 being smaller than di 2, though the size difference is less pronounced than in Ringström’s specimen. In AMNH FM 26341, the anterior part is broken and covered by sediment, preventing observation of the incisor roots. SMF M 3898 preserves d 1 on both tooth rows, whereas in Ringström’s specimen, it is visible only on the right side. In AMNH FM 26341, d 1 is not present on either side. Ringström (1924) noted that the presence of this tooth varies among specimens and may even differ between the right and left sides within the same individual, as in the specimen he illustrated (Ringström 1924, table 3, fig. 2). This tooth is extremely small and bears a single, rounded cusp. The d 2 is moderately worn in both specimens, and the trigonid and talonid are connected. The paralophid is anteriorly oriented and constricted. The metalophid projects lingually and distally, and the hypolophid is slightly wider and also projects lingually. Both the anterior and posterior valleys seem to remain open until completely worn. An ectolophid groove exists buccally and appears deeper in Ringström’s specimen than in SMF M 3898. No cingulids are visible. The d 3 is likewise moderately worn in both specimens, with the trigonid and talonid already connected. The paralophid is less developed than the metalophid and hypolophid. A slight constriction of the metalophid is visible in Ringström’s specimen. Both the anterior and posterior valleys probably remain open until completely worn, although, in Ringström’s specimen, a weak lingual cingulid may be present in the anterior portion of the tooth. The ectolophid groove is relatively deep. No discontinuous cingulid is visible in buccal view in SMF M 3598. The morphology of d 4 cannot be properly assessed, neither in SMF M 3598, because the tooth is embedded in sediment, nor in Ringström’s specimen, because it is not fully erupted and properly worn. In Ringström’s specimen, the paralophid is relatively short, whereas the metalophid and hypolophid are similarly well developed. A weak and most likely discontinuous cingulid seems to be present at the entrance of the anterior valley in d 4 of Ringström’s specimen. The ectolophid groove is deep, and a weak enamel bump is located at its base in SMF M 3598. In the latter specimen, an “ ω ” - shaped groove is visible approximately at the middle of the d 4 crown in buccal view, which represents enamel hypoplasia (Mead 1999; Böhmer and Rössner 2018; Hullot and Antoine 2020).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59DC0ABDC99851F8A971AB7EF17EF70A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kampouridis, Panagiotis;Pandolfi, Luca;Kyriakouli, Christina;Spassov, Nikolai;Böhme, Madelaine	Kampouridis, Panagiotis, Pandolfi, Luca, Kyriakouli, Christina, Spassov, Nikolai, Böhme, Madelaine (2026): Deciduous dentition and ontogenetic development of the skull and teeth of Chilotherium (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotidae) from the Late Miocene of Eurasia. Fossil Record 29 (1): 373-410, DOI: 10.3897/fr.29.192018
821455142ECA5FB8B35194AA9686C088.text	821455142ECA5FB8B35194AA9686C088.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chilotherium habereri (Schlosser 1903)	<div><p>Chilotherium habereri (Schlosser, 1903)</p><p>Figs 6, 7, 8</p><p>Lectotype.</p><p>A set of associated P 3 and P 4 (SNSB - BSPG 1900 XII 622), described and illustrated by Schlosser (1903, pl. 5, fig. 18) and designated as the lectotype of the species by Kampouridis et al. (2025).</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Upper Miocene red clay deposits in Shanxi Province (China); exact locality unknown</p><p>Material.</p><p>A partial juvenile skull preserving, on both sides, parts of D 3, D 4, and erupting M 1 (GPIT /MA/04830); an almost complete juvenile skull preserving, on the right side, D 2 – D 4 and, on the left side, D 1 – D 4 (GPIT /MA/04843); a partial juvenile skull preserving D 1 – D 4 on both sides (GPIT /MA/04842); a partial subadult skull preserving the heavily worn D 4 s on both sides (GPIT /MA/04840); a subadult maxilla preserving the heavily worn D 4 (GPIT /MA/04844); an almost unworn, complete D 4 (GPIT /MA/04821); a D 2 (GPIT /MA/04821); a D 3 (GPIT /MA/04821); an almost complete subadult mandible preserving the left d 4 (GPIT /MA/04826); a partial juvenile mandible preserving, on the right side, d 1 – d 3 and erupting d 4 and, on the left side, d 2 – d 3 and erupting d 4 (GPIT /MA/04849); a partial juvenile mandible preserving d 2 – d 3 on both sides (GPIT /MA/04820); a partial right juvenile hemimandible preserving d 2 – d 4 (GPIT /MA/04818); and a partial left juvenile hemimandible preserving part of d 2 and the unworn d 3 (GPIT /MA/04821).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The Kutschwan material housed in the GPIT was studied more than a century ago by Hugo Killgus for his PhD (Killgus 1922). He attributed the chilothere material to Aceratherium habereri (Killgus 1922, 1923). Soon after, Ringström (1924) erected the genus Chilotherium and included this species in it after he revised it. Ringström (1924) also agreed with Killgus (1922, 1923) in referring the Kutschwan chilothere to the species Chilotherium habereri . This identification was also supported by Kampouridis et al. (2025).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Three partial juvenile skulls preserving most of the deciduous teeth (Fig. 6), along with one subadult skull and a partial subadult maxilla preserving the D 4 s with the permanent dentition of C. habereri, are present in the material from the Upper Miocene of Kutschwan (China) housed in the GPIT. The premaxillary bones are absent in all specimens. In specimen GPIT /MA/04842, the suture between the premaxillary and maxillary bones seems to start approximately above D 1. In one specimen (GPIT /MA/04830), the nasals are completely broken off, while, in the other two specimens, part of the nasals is still preserved, showing that they are thin, lack any pneumatisation, and share a long, prominent suture. In dorsal view, the suture between the nasals and the frontals is an almost straight mediolateral line (Fig. 6 B 1, C 1). The frontals are flat and seem quite porous in the younger two specimens (GPIT /MA/04843 and GPIT /MA/04842), whereas, in the somewhat older skull (GPIT /MA/04830), they are massive and bear a slight depression, resembling those of adult individuals (Fig. 6 A 1, B 1, C 1). In specimen GPIT /MA/04830, the parietal crests are very weak but widely separated, with the minimum preserved distance being 55 mm.</p><p>In lateral view, the suture between the nasals and the maxillary is relatively straight, starting from the nasal notch and ending at the lacrimal (Fig. 6 A 3, B 4, C 4). The nasal notch is situated above the middle portion of D 3 in the younger specimens (GPIT /MA/04843 and GPIT /MA/04842) and above the anterior portion of D 4 in the slightly more mature individual (GPIT /MA/04830). In lateral view, the nasal and lacrimal also share a short suture, separating the maxillary from the frontal. Immediately behind the orbit, at the widest part of the dorsal side of the cranium, a well-developed postorbital process is present in the frontal. From there, the frontal-parietal crests reach the nuchal crest. The maxillary exhibits several infraorbital foramina, which can vary significantly, even in the same individual, from three to up to six foramina of variable size. The intraspecific variability of this feature has also been mentioned in previous works (e. g. Ringström 1924, p. 29). Posteriorly, the maxillary features long pockets, which include the unerupted molars. The size and length of these pockets seem to depend strongly on the ontogenetic stage of the individual, as they vary in the three specimens: from more than 50 mm in the youngest individual (GPIT /MA/04842: unworn D 4) to 85 mm in the slightly more mature individual (GPIT /MA/04843: slightly worn D 4) to 99 mm in the oldest individual (GPIT /MA/04830: moderately worn D 4). The lacrimal is relatively small, and it connects ventrally to the frontal and the nasal, anteriorly to the maxillary, and ventrally to the jugal. The jugal shares a wide suture with the maxillary. Immediately behind the orbit, the jugal exhibits a less prominent postorbital process compared to the slightly more posteriorly positioned postorbital process on the frontals. The squamosal shares a suture with the jugal, starting at the postorbital process. In specimen GPIT /MA/04830, the posterior portion of the squamosal is sutured to the parietal. The zygomatic arch, along with the post-tympanic and paroccipital processes, is broken off.</p><p>In lateral view, one of the most prominent parts is the orbital cavity, which is placed very high dorsally, creating a thin dorsal orbital rim (Fig. 6 A 3, B 4, C 4). The anterior portion of the orbital cavity is formed by the frontal, lacrimal, and jugal bones. The lacrimal bone bears two small lacrimal foramina, although in specimen GPIT /MA/04843, only one lacrimal foramen is present on each side. A distinct lacrimal process is not present. The maxillary foramen is visible at the anteroventral portion of the lacrimal-maxillary suture. The sphenopalatine foramen is present at the ventral limit within the orbital cavity. The optic foramen is located posteriorly to the postorbital process, above the posterior edge of the maxillary pocket. In the more complete skull specimen GPIT /MA/04830, the sphenorbital and rotundum foramina are fused and located posteroventrally to the optic foramen, immediately behind the posterior end of the maxillary pocket. In the same specimen, a well-formed caudal alar foramen is visible on the lateral side of the sphenoid bone, immediately behind the large fused sphenorbital and rotundum foramen. Inside the orbital cavity, the sutures for the palatine and sphenoid are not distinguishable, even at this early ontogenetic stage.</p><p>In ventral view, the maxillary constitutes the largest portion of the palate. The anterior edge of the maxillary-palatine suture reaches the level of the posterior end of D 3 (Fig. 6 A 2, B 2, C 2). The palatine forms the largest part of the choana. Two symmetrical foramina are present at the maxillary-palatine suture, at the level of the posterior portion of D 4. In posterior view, all specimens are damaged and expose features of the endocranium. Specimens GPIT /MA/04843 and GPIT /MA/04842 are broken in the middle of the frontal bones, thus revealing several small cavities inside the skull, which are at least partially separated by thin bone layers. They represent the frontal sinuses, which have also been described for Chilotherium by Edinger (1937). In these specimens, there seem to be several rather small extensions of the frontal sinus. It is possible that, when complete, they were all connected, as also described by Edinger (1937) for C. anderssoni .</p><p>The upper dental material of C. habereri comprises the dentition of three partial juvenile skulls, two subadult skulls, and three isolated teeth (Fig. 7). In two partial skulls (GPIT /MA/04843 and GPIT /MA/04842), D 1 is preserved and almost unworn. In specimen GPIT /MA/04842, D 1 starts being worn before the eruption of D 4. D 2 to D 4 are hypsodont and highly molarised. The morphology and dimensions of D 1 are identical in both specimens. It has a single, large root and an almost continuous lingual cingulum. The most prominent enamel fold is the metaloph, which separates a comparably large postfossette. A relatively weak enamel fold in the middle of the tooth probably corresponds to the protocone. The parastyle and metastyle are relatively well developed compared to the generally reduced D 1. The maximum height of the tooth crown is 18 mm.</p><p>D 2 is preserved in the two younger skulls (GPIT /MA/04843 and GPIT /MA/04842). Additionally, one isolated left D 2 (GPIT /MA/04821) is present in the studied collection. In all teeth, the protocone is smaller than the hypocone and bears a posterior constriction forming a short antecrochet. A small anterior constriction is present in the hypocone in GPIT /MA/04843. A slightly variable, discontinuous lingual cingulum is present in all teeth, in addition to an enamel pillar at the entrance of the median valley. The protoloph and metaloph are relatively thin. In GPIT /MA/04842 and GPIT /MA/04821, D 2 bears a relatively strong crochet and crista, whereas, in GPIT /MA/04843, only a slight enamel bump is present instead of a crista. In GPIT /MA/04821, the crista connects to the protoloph, closing off a small fossette, and a secondary fold splits off from the crista. Strong anterior and posterior cingula are present, forming large pre- and postfossettes. Both cingula continue slightly onto the ectoloph. The parastyle and metastyle are very large. Weak paracone and metacone folds are present only in GPIT /MA/04821.</p><p>D 3 is preserved in all three partial skulls, and an isolated lingual portion of a D 3 (GPIT /MA/04821) is also present in the Kutschwan collection. In all specimens, the protocone is somewhat larger than the hypocone and bears a slight anterior and a strong posterior constriction, forming an antecrochet. The lingual cingulum is absent. At the entrance of the median valley, a small to prominent enamel pillar is present in all specimens. A crochet is always present, though its size may vary. A small crista is present in two specimens (GPIT /MA/04821 and GPIT /MA/04830). In GPIT /MA/04843, the crista is represented by a small enamel bump, whereas, in GPIT /MA/04842, it is completely missing. Strong anterior and posterior cingula are present, forming a short prefossette and a large postfossette. The parastyle and metastyle are well developed. The paracone fold is strong in the specimens where it is not broken off (GPIT /MA/04843 and GPIT /MA/04842), whereas the metacone fold is weak.</p><p>D 4 is preserved in all partial skulls, and an isolated D 4 (GPIT /MA/04821) is also present in the Kutschwan collection. The morphology of D 4 resembles that of D 3, but it is more hypsodont, and the antecrochet is more prominent and bends lingually. A large crochet is always present, but no crista is visible in any of the specimens. A strong anterior cingulum is present, and a strong posterior cingulum forms a wide postfossette. The parastyle is well developed, and the metastyle is large. The paracone fold is present in all specimens, along with a weak metacone fold. All D 4 s exhibit thin horizontal grooves in the lower part of the enamel on the lingual side of the tooth and “ ω ” - shaped grooves in the middle of the ectoloph, which are interpreted as hypoplasias (Mead 1999; Böhmer and Rössner 2018; Hullot and Antoine 2020). Below these enamel defects, the enamel becomes rougher and more irregular. The D 4 of GPIT /MA/04842 also exhibits small pits in the enamel, slightly above the groove, which can also be interpreted as hypoplasias, whereas the D 4 of GPIT /MA/04843 bears such small pits directly on the horizontal groove. Interestingly, in both specimens, the pits are present only on the protocone. Additionally, the D 4 of GPIT /MA/04843 also features a second hypoplasia in the middle of the enamel, approximately 8 mm above the first one.</p><p>Four partially preserved mandibles (GPIT /MA/04849, GPIT /MA/04818, GPIT /MA/04820, and GPIT /MA/04821) are available in the Kutschwan collection of the GPIT (Fig. 8). Specimen GPIT /MA/04849 preserves an extremely small and short rudimentary d 1 on its right hemimandible. It is single-rooted, and its crown is rounded, approximately 4 mm in diameter and only a few millimetres tall, without any morphological features. The d 2 is well developed in all specimens. Its paralophid is anteriorly oriented and bears a buccal constriction, opposite to the anterior valley. The metalophid projects lingually, as does the hypolophid, and is relatively wide, with a lingual constriction. Both the anterior and posterior valleys remain open until completely worn. A shallow ectolophid groove exists buccally. A relatively weak posterior cingulum is visible. No anterior, lingual, or buccal cingula exist in any d 2 studied. In d 3, the paralophid projects lingually, and its tip is slightly posteriorly curved. The paralophid is less developed than the metalophid and hypolophid. A slight constriction in the metalophid can be observed in all specimens except GPIT /MA/04818 due to its more advanced wear stage. The hypolophid also bears a slight anterior constriction. Both the anterior and posterior valleys remain open until completely worn. In only two specimens (GPIT /MA/04818 and GPIT /MA/04820), it is possible to observe an extremely small fossettid that might form immediately before being completely worn down. The ectolophid groove is relatively shallow but deeper than in d 2. Anterior and posterior cingulids are visible, whereas lingual or buccal cingulids are absent. The d 4 is preserved only in three specimens (GPIT /MA/04818, GPIT - PV 115054, and GPIT /MA/04826); in GPIT /MA/04826, d 4 is the only remaining deciduous tooth, next to permanent teeth. The paralophid is larger than in d 3 but still smaller than the metalophid and hypolophid, which are similarly well developed. Both the metalophid and hypolophid exhibit a weak anterior constriction. At the base of the posterior valley, a small enamel pillar is present. The ectolophid groove is deep. Anterior and posterior cingulids are present, but they do not continue on the buccal or lingual sides. All d 4 s exhibit thin horizontal grooves in the enamel, best visible on the buccal side, which can be interpreted as hypoplasias (Mead 1999; Böhmer and Rössner 2018; Hullot and Antoine 2020).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/821455142ECA5FB8B35194AA9686C088	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kampouridis, Panagiotis;Pandolfi, Luca;Kyriakouli, Christina;Spassov, Nikolai;Böhme, Madelaine	Kampouridis, Panagiotis, Pandolfi, Luca, Kyriakouli, Christina, Spassov, Nikolai, Böhme, Madelaine (2026): Deciduous dentition and ontogenetic development of the skull and teeth of Chilotherium (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotidae) from the Late Miocene of Eurasia. Fossil Record 29 (1): 373-410, DOI: 10.3897/fr.29.192018
124F004B6DA25CBFB95E78A10FD18C2E.text	124F004B6DA25CBFB95E78A10FD18C2E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chilotherium persiae (Pohlig 1885)	<div><p>Chilotherium persiae (Pohlig, 1885)</p><p>Figs 3, 4, 5</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Pohlig (1885) originally erected this species based on a collection of four adult and one juvenile skull from Maragheh, but he did not mention where exactly these specimens are housed (Pohlig 1884 a, 1884 b, 1885, 1886); therefore, the type material was never properly defined. He mentioned that the material he collected himself in Maragheh (Iran) was sent to Halle (Germany) (Pohlig 1886) and is now housed in the palaeontological collection of the MLU. However, Pohlig (1885, 1886) did not specify whether he collected the specimens he referred to as “ Rhinoceros persiae ” himself or saw them in another collection, such as the NHMW. Therefore, until further information becomes available, the type material cannot be determined with certainty, as already discussed by Kampouridis et al. (2025).</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Upper Miocene deposits of Maragheh (Iran); exact locality unknown</p><p>Material.</p><p>An almost complete juvenile skull preserving D 1 – D 4 with its associated mandible, preserving d 2 – d 4 (MLU.GeoS.8030); a partial juvenile skull preserving part of the nasals and the frontals, and the maxillae, with D 1 – D 4 (MNHN.F.MAR 3053); a partial juvenile skull preserving the left D 1 – D 4 and right D 3 – D 4 (MNHN.F.MAR 3078 –3079); a partial juvenile skull preserving D 2 – D 4 and M 1, and its associated mandible, preserving the right d 2 – d 4 and the left d 3 (NHMW -GEO-2020/0014/0093); a partial juvenile skull preserving D 2 – D 4 (MLU.GeoS.8028); a right maxilla preserving D 1 – D 4 (MLU.GeoS.8029); a left juvenile maxilla preserving D 2 – D 4 and M 1 (NHMW -GEO-2020/0014/0034); a right maxilla preserving D 1 – D 4 (NHMW -GEO-2020/0014/0030); a partial left maxilla preserving D 1 – D 4 (MLU.GeoS.8025); a partial subadult skull preserving, on both sides, P 2, P 3, D 4, M 1, and M 2, in addition to the left D 1 (NHMW -GEO-2020/0014/0099); a partial juvenile skull preserving D 1 – D 4 on both sides (NHMW -GEO-2020/0014/0006); a left partial maxilla preserving D 2 – D 3 (NHMUK M 2006); eight isolated D 4 s (MLU.GeoS.8027, MLU.GeoS.8031, NHMW -GEO-2020/0014/0032, NHMW -GEO-2020/0014/0070, NHMW -GEO-2020/0014/0081, NHMW -GEO-2020/0014/0056, and NHMW -GEO-2020/0014/0067); a partial juvenile mandible preserving the left d 2 – d 4 and the right d 1 – d 4, with erupting m 1 (MNHN.F.MAR 3859); a partial juvenile mandible preserving d 2 – d 4 and erupting m 1 on both sides (NHMUK M 3916); a partial mandible preserving d 2 – d 4 on both sides (NHMW -GEO-2020/0014/0033); a partial mandible preserving d 2 – d 3 on both sides (MLU.GeoS.8034); a partial mandible preserving d 3 – d 4 and m 1 on both sides, in addition to the left d 2 (NHMW -GEO-2020/0014/0100); a partial juvenile mandible preserving the right d 2 – d 3 and m 1, and the right d 1 (MNHN.F.MAR 3889); a left hemimandible preserving d 4 and erupting m 1 (MLU.GeoS.8031); a left hemimandible preserving d 2 – d 4 (NHMUK M 3917); and a partial mandible preserving i 2 and d 1 – d 4 on both sides, in addition to the right i 1 (NHMW -GEO-2020/0014/0037).</p><p>Description.</p><p>One almost complete and several partial juvenile skulls of C. persiae from the Upper Miocene of Maragheh (Iran) were studied (Fig. 3). The premaxillary bones are absent in all specimens. The nasals are thin, lack any pneumatisation, and share a long, central, prominent suture. In dorsal view, the suture between the nasals and the frontals is an almost straight mediolateral line. In lateral view, the suture between the nasals and the maxillary is relatively straight, starting from the nasal notch and ending at the lacrimal. The nasal notch is situated above the anterior portion of D 3. In lateral view, the nasal and lacrimal also share a short suture, separating the maxillary from the frontal. The maxillary exhibits several infraorbital foramina on each side; their exact number cannot be assessed due to the state of preservation of the specimens. The maxillary is partially broken in most specimens, but the few preserved ones feature long, posteriorly projecting pockets for the unerupted molars (as seen in MLU.GeoS.8030, MNHN.F.MAR 3078 –3079, and NHMW -GEO-2020/0014/0099). The lacrimal is relatively small; it connects ventrally to the frontal and the nasal, anteriorly to the maxillary, and ventrally to the jugal. The jugal shares a wide suture with the maxillary. Immediately behind the orbit, it exhibits a well-developed postorbital process. In ventral view, the maxillary constitutes the largest portion of the palatine. Posteriorly, the maxillary is sutured to the palatinal; the latter reaches anteriorly to the level of the posterior edge of D 3. The palatine forms the largest part of the choana. Two symmetrical foramina are present at the level of the posterior portion of D 4, near the maxillary-palatinal suture.</p><p>Concerning the upper dentition (Fig. 4), several specimens preserve at least some teeth, and some skulls or maxillae preserve the complete deciduous series at least on one side (MLU.GeoS.8029, MLU.GeoS.8030, MNHN.F.MAR 3053, MNHN.F.MAR 3079, MNHN.F.MAR 3820, MNHN.F.MAR 3841, NHMW -GEO-2020/0014/0006, and NHMW -GEO-2020/0014/0030). D 2 to D 4 are hypsodont and highly molarised. D 1 has an almost continuous lingual cingulum. The most prominent enamel fold is the metaloph, which separates a comparably large postfossette. No other enamel folds are visible within the tooth. The parastyle and metastyle are relatively well developed in comparison to the generally reduced D 1. In specimen MNHN.F.MAR 3820, D 1 is barely starting to erupt, while D 4 has already erupted, though it is not yet worn.</p><p>The morphology of D 2 can be observed at different wear stages between the different specimens. D 2 features a protocone that is somewhat smaller than the hypocone and bears a posterior constriction, forming an antecrochet; the latter does not bend lingually in most specimens. A discontinuous lingual cingulum is present. At the entrance of the median valley, a small enamel pillar is present, but its size varies slightly among the different specimens. In MNHN.F.MAR 3079, the antecrochet features a very weak connection to the enamel pillar at the entrance of the median valley. The median valley remains open until the tooth is almost completely worn (as seen in MLU.GeoS.8029). Relatively strong crochet and crista are present; when heavily worn, they can connect to close off the medifossette in some specimens. Very strong anterior and posterior cingula are present, forming a small, closed-off prefossette and a wide postfossette. The parastyle and metastyle are wide, while the paracone and metacone folds are extremely weak and rounded.</p><p>In D 3 and D 4, the protocone is somewhat larger than the hypocone and bears strong anterior and posterior constrictions, forming an antecrochet that bends lingually in some specimens; the hypocone bears only an anterior constriction. The lingual cingulum is absent on both D 3 and D 4. At the entrance of the median valley, a small enamel pillar is present in some D 3 specimens, such as MNHN.F.MAR 3053, while it is absent in D 4. A crochet is always present on D 3 and D 4. A small crista can be present on D 3, as seen in NHMW -GEO-2020/0014/0093, where it fuses with the crochet and closes off the medifossette, but is absent in D 4. Strong anterior and posterior cingula are present on both deciduous teeth, as well as a large postfossette. The parastyle and metastyle are well developed on both D 3 and D 4; the paracone fold is rather strong, while the mesostyle and metacone fold are weak. D 4 is more hypsodont than D 3. All D 4 s exhibit thin horizontal grooves on the lingual side at the base of the enamel and “ ω ” - shaped grooves on the buccal side in the middle of the enamel, which can be interpreted as hypoplasias (Mead 1999; Böhmer and Rössner 2018; Hullot and Antoine 2020).</p><p>Several juvenile mandibles of C. persiae from the Upper Miocene of Maragheh (Iran) are documented in the studied collections (Fig. 5). One specimen preserves the deciduous incisors on the right side of the symphysis (Fig. 5 C 3). The di 1 is tiny, barely projecting from the bone, whereas di 2 is much larger but still quite small, with a diameter of approximately 1 cm. Both di 1 and di 2 are elongated, with a round cross-section. In di 1, no enamel is preserved, and in di 2, the tooth crown is rounded and slightly asymmetrical. Some specimens preserve a very small, rudimentary d 1, at least on one side (Fig. 5 A 2, A 3, B 3). When present, it is single-rooted and very short, and its crown has a single tip, without any distinct morphological features. The d 2 is well formed; its paralophid is anteriorly oriented and bears a buccal constriction at the level of the anterior valley. The metalophid projects lingually, as does the hypolophid, and is relatively wide, with a lingual constriction. The anterior valley remains open until completely worn. The posterior valley may form an extremely small fossettid before being completely worn down. A shallow ectolophid groove exists buccally. A relatively weak posterior cingulum is also visible. On the buccal and lingual sides, weak discontinuous cingula are present. In d 3, the paralophid projects lingually, with its tip slightly curving posteriorly. A slight constriction in the metalophid can be observed. The ectolophid groove is relatively shallow but deeper than in d 2. An anterior and a posterior cingulum are visible, with the anterior one extending towards the buccal side to some degree. In d 4, the paralophid projects lingually and is smaller than the metalophid and hypolophid, which are similarly well developed. The trigonid and talonid are not yet connected due to wear. The ectolophid groove is deep and bears a small enamel pillar at its base. Anterior and posterior cingulids are present, and only the anterior one extends slightly to the buccal side. All d 4 s exhibit thin horizontal grooves in the enamel, clearly visible on the buccal side, which can be interpreted as hypoplasias (Mead 1999; Böhmer and Rössner 2018; Hullot and Antoine 2020).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/124F004B6DA25CBFB95E78A10FD18C2E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kampouridis, Panagiotis;Pandolfi, Luca;Kyriakouli, Christina;Spassov, Nikolai;Böhme, Madelaine	Kampouridis, Panagiotis, Pandolfi, Luca, Kyriakouli, Christina, Spassov, Nikolai, Böhme, Madelaine (2026): Deciduous dentition and ontogenetic development of the skull and teeth of Chilotherium (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotidae) from the Late Miocene of Eurasia. Fossil Record 29 (1): 373-410, DOI: 10.3897/fr.29.192018
5F6F2120D2DB5BA2A74136FA3B611D1E.text	5F6F2120D2DB5BA2A74136FA3B611D1E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chilotherium Ringstrom 1924	<div><p>Genus Chilotherium Ringström, 1924</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Chilotherium anderssoni Ringström, 1924 from Daijiagou in Shanxi (China).</p><p>Included species.</p><p>Chilotherium persiae (Pohlig, 1885), Chilotherium habereri (Schlosser, 1903), Chilotherium schlosseri (Weber, 1905), Chilotherium kowalevskii (Pavlow, 1913), ‘ Chilotherium ’ wimani Ringström, 1924, Chilotherium sarmaticum Korotkevich, 1958, Chilotherium xijangensis (Ji et al., 1980), Chilotherium orlovi Bayshashov, 1982, ‘ Chilotherium ’ primigenium Deng, 2006 a, Chilotherium licenti Sun et al., 2018 .</p><p>Occurrence.</p><p>Upper Miocene deposits of Eurasia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F6F2120D2DB5BA2A74136FA3B611D1E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kampouridis, Panagiotis;Pandolfi, Luca;Kyriakouli, Christina;Spassov, Nikolai;Böhme, Madelaine	Kampouridis, Panagiotis, Pandolfi, Luca, Kyriakouli, Christina, Spassov, Nikolai, Böhme, Madelaine (2026): Deciduous dentition and ontogenetic development of the skull and teeth of Chilotherium (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotidae) from the Late Miocene of Eurasia. Fossil Record 29 (1): 373-410, DOI: 10.3897/fr.29.192018
2D08B0EFD9DF5C92B4127671A10C0780.text	2D08B0EFD9DF5C92B4127671A10C0780.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chilotherium schlosseri (Weber 1905)	<div><p>Chilotherium schlosseri (Weber, 1905)</p><p>Figs 9, 10, 11</p><p>Neotype.</p><p>A well-preserved skull (GPIH 3015) with an associated mandible (GPIH 3015 a), designated by Kampouridis et al. (2023 b).</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Upper Miocene deposits of Samos Island (Greece); exact locality unknown.</p><p>Material.</p><p>An almost complete juvenile skull preserving D 1 – D 4 and M 1 on both sides (NHMW -GEO-2009 z 0088 / 0001); a partial juvenile skull preserving the maxillary with D 1 – D 4 on both sides (SMNS 47913); a partial juvenile skull preserving only the maxillary, which bears D 2 – D 4 on both sides (SMNS 47914); an isolated D 1 (MGL 106691); two isolated D 2 s (GMM 570 and MGL 107103); a partial mandible preserving the right i 2, p 2, p 3, d 4, m 1, and m 2 and the left i 2, p 3, d 4, m 1, and m 2 (NHMW -GEO-1911/0005/0033); a partial mandible preserving the right d 1 – d 4, erupting m 1, the left d 2 – d 4, and erupting m 1 (SMF M 6814); a partial mandible preserving the right p 2, d 3 – d 4, erupting m 1, the left p 2, d 3 – d 4, and erupting m 1 (SMF M 6815); and a partial juvenile mandible preserving d 2 – m 1 on both sides, while the i 2 s are erupting (GMM 593).</p><p>Description.</p><p>One almost complete (NHMW -GEO-2009 z 0088 / 0001) and one partial juvenile skull (SMNS 47913), along with some partial maxillae of C. schlosseri, exist in the studied material from the Upper Miocene of Samos in Greece (Fig. 9). The premaxillary bones are broken off in all specimens. In dorsal view, the suture between the nasals and the frontals is a relatively straight mediolateral line at the level of the anterior edge of the orbit. The suture between the two frontals is a straight line, when present, and the bones seem quite porous in comparison to the more massive nasals. In the youngest partial skull (SMNS 47913), no frontal-parietal crests are visible. In the ontogenetically older NHMW -GEO-2009 z 0088 / 0001, the frontal-parietal crests are well formed and already widely separated (minimum distance = 64 mm). The frontal-parietal suture forms a 50 ° angle to the frontal suture. Posteriorly, the frontal suture merges with the suture between the parietals.</p><p>In lateral view, the suture between the nasals and the maxillary is relatively straight, starting from the nasal notch and ending at the lacrimal. The position of the nasal notch slightly varies in the three available C. schlosseri specimens. In the youngest specimen (SMNS 47914), the nasal notch reaches the level of the contact between D 2 and D 3, whereas, in the slightly more mature SMNS 47913, it reaches the level of mid-D 3. In the ontogenetically oldest specimen (NHMW -GEO-2009 z 0088 / 0001), the nasal notch reaches the level of the contact with D 3 and D 4. In lateral view, the nasal and lacrimal share a short suture, thus separating the maxillary from the frontal. Immediately behind the orbit, the beginning of the postorbital process on the frontal is visible in SMNS 47914. The maxillary and lacrimal are positioned below the nasals and frontals. The maxillary exhibits several infraorbital foramina, which can vary significantly, even in the same individual, from three to up to four foramina of variable size. Posteriorly, the maxillae extend into pockets, which house the unerupted molars. The lacrimal is relatively small, and it connects dorsally to the frontal and nasal, anteriorly to the maxillary, and ventrally to the jugal. The jugal shares a wide suture with the maxillary. The zygomatic arches are not preserved on any of the specimens. In lateral view, one of the most prominent parts is the orbital cavity, which is placed very high dorsally and has a thin dorsal margin. In ventral view, the maxillary constitutes the largest portion of the palatine. Posteriorly, the maxilla is sutured to the palatine. The palatine forms the anterior part of the choana, and two symmetrical foramina are placed near the maxillary-palatinal suture, at the posterior portion of D 4.</p><p>The upper dental material of C. schlosseri can be studied based on a number of complete or partial deciduous tooth rows and some isolated teeth (Fig. 10). The D 1 s in SMNS 47913 are not fully erupted, as they are placed well below the occlusal level of the other teeth (Fig. 9 B 3, B 4, 9 C). Thus, D 1 seems to finalise its eruption and start being worn after D 4. The root of the tooth in this specimen is not yet formed, also demonstrating the early developmental stage of D 1 in SMNS 47913. A continuous lingual cingulum is present, which continues on the posterior side of the tooth, becoming stronger and extremely high. The most prominent enamel fold is probably the metaloph, separating a large postfossette. Another weaker enamel fold in the middle of the tooth probably corresponds to the protoloph. The protocone and metacone seem to be connected to some degree lingually. The parastyle and metastyle are relatively well developed in comparison to the generally reduced D 1.</p><p>Concerning the other deciduous premolars, D 2 to D 4 are hypsodont and highly molarised. In D 2, the protocone is slightly smaller than the hypocone and bears a posterior and very weak anterior constriction, forming a short antecrochet. A small anterior constriction is present in the hypocone. An enamel pillar is present at the entrance of the median valley in all specimens. A very strong, continuous lingual cingulum is also present in all specimens except SMF M 6805 and NHMW -GEO-2009 z 0088 / 0001. The protoloph and metaloph are relatively thin, and a closed medifossette is always present. In all specimens that are adequately worn, a secondary fold splits off the crista and connects to the protoloph, creating a prominent fossette anterior to the medifossette. Very strong anterior and posterior cingula are present, forming large pre- and postfossettes. Both cingula continue slightly onto the ectoloph, even forming an extremely weak buccal cingulum in SMNS 47913. The parastyle and metastyle are very large. Weak paracone and metacone folds are present. All three specimens bear some enamel plications in the median valley. They are most prominent in the medifossette of the left D 2 of SMNS 47913, where five small plications are visible.</p><p>In D 3, the protocone and hypocone are of comparable size. The protocone bears strong anterior and posterior constrictions, forming an antecrochet. The hypocone is weakly constricted anteriorly. An almost continuous lingual cingulum is present in many specimens, although it is very weak in NHMW -GEO-2009 z 0088 / 0001 and absent in SMF M 6805. At the entrance of the median valley, a small enamel pillar is present in all specimens. A well-developed crochet is always present. A small crista is present in all specimens, varying in size and shape. Strong anterior and posterior cingula are present, forming a large postfossette. The parastyle and metastyle are well developed. The paracone fold is strong, the mesostyle is extremely weak, and the metacone fold is faintly visible.</p><p>D 4 has a similar morphology to D 3, although the protocone is somewhat larger than the hypocone. The protocone bears strong anterior and posterior constrictions, forming a prominent antecrochet. The hypocone bears only an anterior constriction. A slight, discontinuous lingual cingulum is present in some D 4 specimens. A large crochet is always present, but the crista is lacking in all specimens, although a very weak enamel bump might be present instead. A strong anterior cingulum is present, and a strong posterior cingulum forms a wide postfossette. The parastyle is well developed and the metastyle large. The paracone fold is well developed, a slight mesostyle is present, and a weak metacone fold is faintly visible. All D 4 s exhibit thin horizontal grooves at the base of the crown on the lingual and buccal sides of the enamel, which can be interpreted as hypoplasias (Mead 1999; Böhmer and Rössner 2018; Hullot and Antoine 2020).</p><p>Branching furrows are visible on the teeth of three specimens (MGL 107103, SMNS 47913, and SMNS 47914). The traces occur as a branched network of shallow, bleached furrows, covering large parts of the teeth of SMNS 47913 and SMNS 47914 (Fig. 10 C, D) and almost the whole ectoloph of MGL 107103 (Fig. 10 B). The concentration of these furrows varies significantly. Some areas are only sporadically covered with a few furrows, while in other areas, the furrows cover the surface of the enamel so densely that a continuous, bleached area is produced. These branching furrows represent root etching, which is commonly observed in extant and fossil bones and usually takes the form of irregular furrows, indicating that the bones were altered by plant growth (Behrensmeyer 1978; Andrews and Cook 1985; Fisher 1995; Montalvo 2002; Bader et al. 2009). Humic acids – produced by the plant roots to extract nutrients from the substrate – cause shallow depressions and bleaching of the bone (Behrensmeyer 1978; Morlan 1980), which can result in the pattern seen on the enamel of the studied teeth.</p><p>Four juvenile C. schlosseri mandibles from Samos in Greece (Fig. 11) were studied. One of them, GMM 593, was published by Andree (1921, pl. 2, figs 4, 5) and originally referred to as Aceratherium wegneri ?, a junior synonym of C. schlosseri (Kampouridis et al. 2022 b; Svorligkou et al. 2025). Three additional mandibles are preserved in the studied collections (NHMW -GEO-1911/0005/0033, SMF M 6814, and SMF M 6815). Only one of these specimens, SMF M 6814, preserves the left d 1. This tooth is extremely small and has a single, rounded tip that is approximately 6 mm in diameter and 10 mm in height. The d 2 is preserved in only two specimens (GMM 593 and SMF M 6814) but is heavily worn in both, with the trigonid and talonid widely connected. The paralophid is constricted and anteriorly oriented. The metalophid projects lingually and slightly distally. The hypolophid projects lingually and is slightly wider than the metalophid. Both anterior and posterior valleys remain open until completely worn. A shallow ectolophid groove exists buccally. A slightly discontinuous buccal cingulum is visible, and it is probably connected to the anterior and posterior cingula, which are not preserved due to wear. The preserved d 3 s are quite worn down in all specimens, and a wide connection between the trigonid and talonid has been established. The paralophid is less developed than the metalophid and hypolophid. A weak constriction in the metalophid is visible in GMM 593, though only faintly, due to heavy wear. Both the anterior and posterior valleys remain open until completely worn in GMM 593; while in SMF M 6814, the anterior valley is already completely worn off, a small remnant of the posterior valley is still present. In SMF M 6815, both the anterior and posterior valleys are already worn off. The ectolophid groove is relatively shallow but deeper than in d 2. A discontinuous cingulid is visible in buccal view, and a very small discontinuous cingulid is also visible lingually at the entrance of the anterior valley. The d 4 is moderately to heavily worn in the studied specimens. A narrow connection between the trigonid and talonid is established in the ontogenetically youngest specimens, GMM 593 and SMF M 6814. In NHMW -GEO-1911/0005/0033 and SMF M 6815, the connection between the trigonid and talonid is somewhat wider. The paralophid is relatively short, whereas the metalophid and hypolophid are similarly well developed. In GMM 593, the paralophid of the right d 4 exhibits a small distal projection, which is not visible on any other d 4. The hypolophid exhibits an anterior constriction in GMM 593 and SMF M 6814. The anterior valley is quite small, whereas the posterior one was probably larger. The anterior valley probably would close shortly before being completely worn due to a small cingulid being present at its entrance in most d 4 s. The ectolophid groove is deep, and a small enamel pillar is located at its base in all four specimens. High anterior and posterior cingulids are present; they continue faintly on the buccal side and less so on the lingual side.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2D08B0EFD9DF5C92B4127671A10C0780	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kampouridis, Panagiotis;Pandolfi, Luca;Kyriakouli, Christina;Spassov, Nikolai;Böhme, Madelaine	Kampouridis, Panagiotis, Pandolfi, Luca, Kyriakouli, Christina, Spassov, Nikolai, Böhme, Madelaine (2026): Deciduous dentition and ontogenetic development of the skull and teeth of Chilotherium (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotidae) from the Late Miocene of Eurasia. Fossil Record 29 (1): 373-410, DOI: 10.3897/fr.29.192018
