identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
9D7DA92FFFA9856F89AE59C292CEF8E5.text	9D7DA92FFFA9856F89AE59C292CEF8E5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monstrillidae Dana 1849	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Family  Monstrillidae Dana, 1849</p>
            <p> Genus  Caromiobenella Jeon, Lee &amp; Soh, 2018</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9D7DA92FFFA9856F89AE59C292CEF8E5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo;P. M. B, Alexander David Mckinnon	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, P. M. B, Alexander David Mckinnon (2025): The Australian Monstrilloida 3. Caromiobenella Jeon, Lee & Soh, 2018, Monstrilla Dana, 1849, and Sarsimonstrillus n. gen. Zootaxa 5576 (1): 1-99, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5576.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5576.1.1
9D7DA92FFFA9856189AE585292F9FECC.text	9D7DA92FFFA9856189AE585292F9FECC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caromiobenella hamatapex (Grygier & Ohtsuka 1995)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Caromiobenella hamatapex (Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka, 1995)</p>
            <p>(Figs 1–3)</p>
            <p>Material examined. Adult female, undissected, mounted on slide in glycerine, (ECO-CHZ-12525).</p>
            <p>  Type locality.  Western Port Bay , Victoria, Australia (38°13.200’ S, 154°189.758’ E), coll. on 26 February 1985  . </p>
            <p>Description of adult females. Body robust, wide.Total body length 1.34–1.37 mm in dorsal view.Cephalothorax almost 50% of total body length, with strongly convex ventral margin (Fig. 1A); cephalothorax robust, bulletlike, with posterolateral expansions of incorporated first pediger reaching about half length of succeeding second pedigerous somite; preoral anterior surface strongly protuberant, with field of longitudinal integumental wrinkles and two pairs of nipple-like processes on ventral surface (Figs. 1A, 3C); dorsal surface with two pairs of integumental concave depressions on anterior half; depressions with adjacent field of integumental wrinkles (Fig. 1B); with ventral oral papilla low, with adjacent pores, situated at about 45% of way back along ventral surface. First, second and third pedigerous somites with pit-setae sensu Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka (1995). Eyes represented by two lateral cups and medial cup at anterior ¼ of cephalothorax, moderately developed, weakly pigmented (Fig. 2B); medial eye cup positioned slightly anterior to lateral eye cups; lateral cups rounded, 60 µm in diameter, medial cup slightly smaller (45 µm in diameter) in dorsal view.</p>
            <p>Urosome comprising fifth pedigerous somite, genital double-somite, free preanal somite, and anal somite holding pair of caudal rami. Fifth pedigerous somite longest, about 50% of urosome, carrying pair of fifth legs ventrally. Genital double-somite 22% length of urosome, incompletely divided, with dorsal and lateral suture (Fig. 3D). Ovigerous spines arising from proximal ventral surface of somite (Fig. 3B), reaching beyond distal end of caudal setae (Fig. 1A), apical end of spines curved (Fig. 2E). Succeeding preanal and anal somites subequally long (11% of urosome each) (Fig. 2D). Anal somite carrying pair of caudal rami armed with 6 caudal setae (setae I–VI); setae I–V subequal in length and width; reduced seta VI slightly shorter than caudal ramus (Fig. 1E).</p>
            <p>Antennules (Figs 2A, B, 3A) 0.43–0.45 mm long, 5-segmented, proximal segment 1 separated from remaining antennulary segments 2–5, represented by long compound segment (65% of antennule length) (Figs 2A, 3A). Following antennule armature nomenclature by Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka (1995), proximal 2d 2 seta setose; all distal bsetae unbranched and sparsely setulose; distal 5-seta and apical 6 2 -setal element modified, with small apical hook (arrowheads in Figs. 2A, 3A).</p>
            <p>Swimming legs 1–4 (Fig. 1E–H) biramous, with three-segmented rami; endopods slightly smaller than exopods. Outer basipodal seta present in all legs, subequally long. Outer spines on first and third exopodal segments of legs 1–4 almost as long as bearing segment. Outer margin of outer apical exopodal seta of legs 1–4 with short, sparse setules and tight row of denticles. Apical spiniform seta on third exopodal segment spinulose along outer margin, inner margin setulose. Armature of swimming legs 1–4 as:</p>
            <p>Leg 5 (Fig. 1D) uniramous, symmetrical, with obliquely directed cylindrical lobe slightly shorter than proximal protopod; legs medially joined by short protopod. Exopodal ramus elongate, carrying two subequally long setae on distal half; one of them apical, the other subapical, both slightly plumose, subequally long and wide. Inner margin of exopodal lobe with unarmed rounded protuberance, likely a reduced endopodal lobe.</p>
            <p> Remarks. The genus  Caromiobenella was described based solely on males (Jeon et al. 2018) and consists of about 10 species. Some of the species were originally described as members of  Monstrilla , e.g.  C. hamatapex , one of the few species of the genus for which the female is known, as well as the widespread  C. helgolandica (Zavarzin &amp; Suárez-Morales 2024) and the Brazilian  C. brasiliensis (Dias &amp; Suárez-Morales, 2000) (see Cruz Lopes et al. 2021).  Caromiobenella hamatapex was originally described from Japan (Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka, 1995) and then recorded from South Korea (Chang 2014). This record from Australian waters is the first documented report of this species from outside Japan or Korea. </p>
            <p> As already recognized by other authors (Sekiguchi 1982; Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka 1995),  C. hamatapex closely resembles  C. helgolandica . The Australian specimen reported here has the distinctive characters of  C. hamatapex as described by Grygier and Ohtsuka (1995) including: (1) bullet-shaped cephalothorax longer than wide (Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka 1996, fig. 5A; Fig. 1B), (2) genital double-somite divided; an almost complete suture is observed in the Australian specimen (Fig. 1C), (3) long ovigerous spines reaching well beyond caudal setae (Grygier &amp;Ohtsuka 1995, fig. 5A; Fig. 1A), 4) setal elements 5 and 6 2 apically hooked (Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka 1995, fig. 6; Figs. 2A, 3A), 5) outer basipodal seta on swimming leg 3 as long as corresponding seta on other swimming legs (Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka 1995, fig. 7C; Fig. 1G); basipodal seta of leg 3 in most monstrillids is usually longer and broader than that on the other legs (Suárez-Morales 2011). </p>
            <p> The assumed worldwide distribution of  C. helgolandica could be the result of inaccurate or incomplete local or regional records of distinct, closely related species (Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka 1995). This situation is not unusual among the  Monstrilloida , with several nominal species with a presumed wide distribution comprising of different species with a restricted distribution, e.g.  Cymbasoma rigidum (see Suárez-Morales &amp; Mercado-Salas 2023),  C. longispinosum Bourne, 1890 (Suárez-Morales 2011, 2018; Suárez-Morales &amp; Grygier 2021), and  M. grandis Giesbrecht, 1891 (Suárez-Morales et al. 2013). The actual diversity of these species, now including  C. helgolandica , is still being reviewed (Suárez-Morales &amp; Grygier 2021; Suárez-Morales et al. 2020 a, b). In this account of the Australian  Monstrilla , we included a comparative analysis of the two previous records of this genus in Australian waters viz., Dakin &amp; Colefax (1940) and Nicholls (1944). In our opinion, the incomplete illustrations provided by these two authors clearly correspond to  C. helgolandica , as discussed in the taxonomic remarks of these records. So, considering the possibility that  C. helgolandica was for decades present in Australian coastal systems, it was important to compare our specimens of  C. hamatapex with  C. helgolandica to confirm that the females examined in our material are  C. hamatapex . </p>
            <p> The females of most species of  Caromiobenella remain unknown (Jeon et al. 2018), while the male of  C. hamatapex is undescribed. It is therefore possible that the male of  C. hamatapex , or the females of other members of  Caromiobenella , has already been described but with true identity undetermined. Similarly, based on morphological and distributional evidence, Suárez-Morales et al. (2008) designated the male of  M. patagonica Suárez-Morales, Ramírez &amp; Derisio, 2008 from the Beagle Channel as the male of  C. helgolandica , something that only additional morphological and molecular data could confirm. </p>
            <p> Our material of  C. hamatapex from Australia is compared with females from other two geographic areas including the holotype specimen from Japan (Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka 1995) and a set of females from South Korean waters examined by Chang (2014). The Australian specimen diverges from the holotype from Japan and the Korean population in the shape of the cephalothorax; the anteriormost 1/3, particularly the preoral margin, is strongly protuberant in lateral view, thus differing from the other two Asian populations, in which this part of the cephalic surface is not strongly expanded (Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka 1995, fig. 5A; Chang 2014, fig. 3B). In the original description of  C. hamatapex (Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka 1995, fig. 5B) the occurrence and distribution of numerous pit setae on the dorsal surface of the cephalothorax were described, while a similar pattern was reported in the Korean specimens (Chang 2014, figs 3A, B). In the Australian specimen we were able to observe only a reduced number of pit setae. </p>
            <p>Additionally, we observed three pairs of nipple-like processes on the perioral ventral surface in the Australian specimen, which is similar in the holotype from Japan (Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka 1995, fig. 5C), but not in the Korean specimens (Chang 2014, fig. 3B). The crater-like integumental structures on the dorsal surface of the cephalothorax that are usual in members of the genus (see Jeon et al. 2018) were not described in the holotype from Japan, but similar processes were depicted by Chang (2014, fig. 3A) and observed in the Australian individual. The division of the genital double-somite is incomplete in both the Australian specimen (Fig. 1C) and in the Japanese holotype (Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka 1995, fig. 5A), whereas the genital somite has a complete suture in the Korean specimens (Chang 2014, fig. 3B).</p>
            <p> The relative length of the antennule is different in the three populations. It represents 15% of total body length in the holotype from Japan, 19% in the Korean specimens (Chang 2014), and 29% in the Australian female, thus exhibiting the longest antennule. The apically hooked antennulary setal elements 5 and 6 2, a distinctive character of  C. hamatapex , is shared by the Japanese, Korean, and Australian populations (Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka 1995, fig. 5D; Chang 2014, fig. 4B). In the three groups, the setae of the “ b ”-group (sensu Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka 1995) are unbranched. </p>
            <p> In reference to the structure and armature of the fifth leg, the original description shows the presence of a short inner “aberrant” seta on the exopodal ramus (Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka 1995, fig. 7H) which was not observed by Chang (2014, fig. 4F) from the Korean specimens, and is absent in the Australian specimen. Additionally, the Australian specimen shows the narrowest rami of the fifth leg amongst the populations compared while the inner (endopodal) protuberance is poorly defined in both  C. hamatapex and  C. helgolandica . In the three populations compared, the outer basipodal seta of leg 3 is as long as that of the other swimming legs (Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka 1995, fig.7A–D; Chang 2014, fig.4C, D). The Japanese, Korean, and Australian populations lack the spinules on the outer margin of the fifth legs, reported only in the North American specimens of  C. helgolandica (see Park, 1967). </p>
            <p>  The reduced caudal seta VI is 1.3 times as long as the caudal ramus in the  Korean population, but 1.4 times as long as the ramus in the holotype from Japan.  This seta is relatively shorter (0.9 times as long as the ramus) in the  Australian specimen.  The Australian specimen is the smallest of the three groups compared; the holotype female from Japan is more than 2 mm long (2.08 mm) in dorsal view (Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka 1995); the  Korean specimens range between 1.3 and 1.6 mm, whereas the  Australian female is 1.3 mm long in dorsal view. Thus, the Australian female specimen is easily assignable to  C. hamatapex . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9D7DA92FFFA9856189AE585292F9FECC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo;P. M. B, Alexander David Mckinnon	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, P. M. B, Alexander David Mckinnon (2025): The Australian Monstrilloida 3. Caromiobenella Jeon, Lee & Soh, 2018, Monstrilla Dana, 1849, and Sarsimonstrillus n. gen. Zootaxa 5576 (1): 1-99, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5576.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5576.1.1
9D7DA92FFFA7856089AE5E9E94C6F8FF.text	9D7DA92FFFA7856089AE5E9E94C6F8FF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caromiobenella jeoni Suárez-Morales & P.M.B 2025	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Caromiobenella jeoni sp. nov.</p>
            <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: C2ADE33E-2974-4CB7-81F9-5FA95E5D34F5</p>
            <p>(Figs 4–6)</p>
            <p>Material examined. Adult male holotype partly dissected, mounted on slide in glycerine, (ECO-CHZ-12530).</p>
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                  Type locality.  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 144.78546/lat -37.951416)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=144.78546&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.951416">Port Phillip Bay</a>
                 , Victoria, Australia (37°57.085’ S, 144°47.128’ E) coll. on 21 May 1985  . 
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            <p>Diagnosis (based on male holotype). Cephalothorax relatively short, about half of total body length; anterior margin widely rounded, smooth. Cephalothorax and succeeding pedigerous somites 2–4 with crater-like integumental processes. Antennules 5-segmented, with setal elements on segments 2–3 unusually short, spiniform, with 4–5 rows of subdistal spinules on fifth segment. Urosome relatively short, about 1/3 or less of total body length. Genital somite carrying compact genital complex with robust, short shaft and pair of compact, short genital lappets with medial pair of pear-shaped opercular flaps, and distally furnished with rows of papilla-like integumental elements. Anal somite with small posterolateral projections. Caudal rami with 5 setae; seta IV reduced.</p>
            <p>Description of male holotype. Body short, robust; total body length 1.47 mm in dorsal view. Cephalothorax almost 50% of total body length, ventral margin straight, dorsal surface with two pairs of integumental crater-like depressions on anterior half with adjacent field of integumental wrinkles (Fig. 4A), with posterolateral expansions of incorporated first pediger reaching almost midlength of succeeding second pedigerous somite (Fig. 4A); anteriorly rounded, with moderately protuberant forehead (Fig. 4A, B), the latter with medial cluster of integumental pores (mpc in Fig. 4B); preoral anterior surface with field of integumental wrinkles and three pairs of nipple-like processes on ventral surface (Fig. 4B). First to fourth pedigerous somites each with crater-like processes sensu Jeon et al. (2018) (clp in Fig. 4A, C). Oral cone at about halfway along ventral surface of cephalothorax; cone low, with adjacent pores. Eyes represented by two lateral cups and medial cup at anterior ¼ of cephalothorax, moderately developed, weakly pigmented; medial eye cup positioned slightly anterior to lateral eye cups; lateral cups rounded, slightly larger than medial cup in dorsal view (mec, lec in Fig. 4A).</p>
            <p>Urosome 25% of total body length; urosome comprising fifth pedigerous somite, genital somite, one free somite, preanal and anal somite, latter holding pair of caudal rami; relative length of urosomites, from proximal to distal as: 21.8: 20.6: 21.3: 22.7: 13.6 = 100 (Fig. 5E). Fifth pedigerous somite with weakly expanded proximal half, ventral surface smooth. Genital double-somite with compact genital complex on ventral surface. Preanal somite almost twice as long as anal somite (Fig. 5E), latter with short, rounded projections (arrowheads in Fig. 5E). Genital complex (Fig. 5E), with short proximal shaft and corrugate lateral margins: genital lappets short, separated by medial distal invagination, distal margin ornamented with rows of integumental papillae (Fig. 5F); pair of opercular flaps (of in Fig. 5F) present on ventral surface of complex covering paired genital openings; flaps thick, pear-shaped. Anal somite carrying pair of caudal rami armed with 5 caudal setae (setae I–V); setae I–III, and V subequal in length and width; seta IV lightly setulated, shorter and slenderer than others, slightly longer than caudal ramus (Figs 4D, 5E).</p>
            <p>Antennules (Figs 5A–C, 6A, C) 0.46 mm long, almost 45% of total body length; 5-segmented; segments 1–3 clearly divided, segments 4–5 partially fused (Fig. 5A). Following antennule armature nomenclature by Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka (1995), first segment with short, spiniform element 1; second segment carrying short, spiniform proximal elements 2d 1,2 and 2v 1,2, dorsal seta IId absent; third segment with short, pinnate elements 3 and IIIv; element IIId setiform, slender; fourth segment with reduced armature including proximal spiniform element 4d 1, flexible setae IVd, IVv, and slender ventral aesthetasc 4aes. Following Huys et al.’s (2007) nomenclature for male antennulary setation, short, slender setae 1–4 on outer margin, setae unbranched (Fig. 5B); apical elements 6 1 and 6aes present (Fig. 5A, B); distal margin with 4–5 transverse rows of spinules arranged in tight pattern; all rows incomplete, with a looser pattern at their ends.</p>
            <p>Swimming legs 1–4 biramous, with three-segmented rami; endopods slightly smaller than exopods. Outer basipodal seta present in all legs, subequally long. Inner distal corner bulging (arrowhead in Fig. 5D). Outer spines on first and third exopodal segments short, about half as long as bearing segment. Armature of swimming legs:</p>
            <p>Leg Basis Endopod Exopod</p>
            <p>1 1-0 0-1; 0-1;1-2-2 I-1; 0-1; I-2-2</p>
            <p>2–4 1-0 0-1; 0-1;1-2-2 I-1; 0-1; I-2-3</p>
            <p>Leg 5 absent.</p>
            <p> Etymology. The species name is a masculine genitive eponym honouring our colleague Dr. Donggu Jeon (Hanyang University, Korea), who described the genus  Caromiobenella in 2018. </p>
            <p> Remarks. The male holotype from Australia shows the main generic characters of  Caromiobenella described by Jeon et al. (2018), including: (1) short cephalothorax nearly 50% of the body length, (2) inconspicuous ventral oral cone, (3) urosome relatively short, about 1/3 or less of total body length, (4) cephalothorax dorsal surface with at least 2 pairs of crater-like integumental processes, (5) antennules with 4–5 rows of spinules partially circling the distal end of the antennulary fifth segment, (6) inner margin of basipodal segment of swimming legs 1–4 with bulging process, (7) genital complex with medially invaginated shaft and pair of genital lappets, (8) anal somite with small posterolateral projections, 9) caudal rami with 5 setae, seta IV reduced. </p>
            <p> Currently, there are 10 nominal species of the genus (Walter &amp; Boxshall 2024) most only known by the males. The female of  C. brasiliensis was recognized recently by both molecular and morphological evidence (Cruz Rosa et al. 2021) and  C. hamatapex is known only from the female (Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka 1995). </p>
            <p> One of the most striking characters of the new species,  C. jeoni sp. nov. is the number and position of the crater-like integumental processes. It has two pairs in the usual dorsal position as described by Jeon et al. (2018) for both  C. castorea Jeon, Lee &amp; Soh, 2018 and  C. polluxea Jeon, Lee &amp; Soh, 2018 . Contrastingly,  C. jeoni sp. nov. has additional ones on the posterolateral expansion of the incorporated first pedigerous somite and on the pedigerous somites 2–4 (Fig. 4A). These crater-like processes were not reported in the descriptions of other species of  Caromiobenella , i.e.  C. serricornis (Sars, 1921) ,  C. pygmaea (Suárez-Morales, 2000) or  C. brasiliensis . In the latter, the anterior dorsal surface of the cephalothorax has a field of wrinkles probably related to the position of the crater-like processes (Cruz Rosa et al. 2021, fig. 2A). The new species,  C. jeoni sp. nov. , also differs from these congeneric species in its size (1.47 mm). It is smaller than  C. serricornis (1.75 mm) and larger than  C. pygmaea (0.43 mm) and  C. brasiliensis (0.98 mm). </p>
            <p> Overall, the most distinctive character to distinguish the new species,  C. jeoni sp. nov. , from its known congeners is the peculiar structure and size of the genital complex. In the other species,  C. polluxea ,  C. castorea ,  C. pygmaea ,  M. serricornis , and  C. brasiliensis , the genital complex has a longer shaft and clearly defined, divergent genital lappets. The genital complex of the new species is noticeably compact, with a very short, thick shaft and with short thick, symmetrical lappets furnished with two distal rows of papilliform elements.  Caromiobenella brasiliensis bears a set of short, parallel, ornamented genital lappets with rows of spinules on the lappets distal surface (Cruz Rosa et al. 2021, fig. 5D, E), which is most similar to the genital complex of  C. jeoni sp. nov. According to Jeon et al. (2019) males of  Caromiobenella , form two distinct groups based on their type of genital complex, one with a deep medial notch on the posterodistal position (type I) e.g.  C. castorea and the other with a homologous medial distal protrusion (type II) e.g.  C. polluxea . The genital complex of  C. jeoni sp. nov. could be classified as type I, with a distinctive deep medial notch, thus joining  C. castorea ,  C. helgolandica ,  C. pygmaea and  C. patagonica in this group. Thus, the new species can be distinguished from its known congeneric species by the structure and ornamentation of its genital complex as well as the number and position of crater-like elements. These differences appear to be sufficient for the proposal of the new Australian species,  C. jeoni sp. nov. Our finding of  C. jeoni sp. nov. in Australian waters represents the first species of the genus described from outside Korea. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9D7DA92FFFA7856089AE5E9E94C6F8FF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo;P. M. B, Alexander David Mckinnon	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, P. M. B, Alexander David Mckinnon (2025): The Australian Monstrilloida 3. Caromiobenella Jeon, Lee & Soh, 2018, Monstrilla Dana, 1849, and Sarsimonstrillus n. gen. Zootaxa 5576 (1): 1-99, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5576.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5576.1.1
9D7DA92FFFA2857A89AE5FBF9200FE21.text	9D7DA92FFFA2857A89AE5FBF9200FE21.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caromiobenella helgolandica (Claus 1863)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Caromiobenella helgolandica (Claus, 1863)</p>
            <p>(Fig. 7)</p>
            <p> Monstrilla nichollsi Davis, 1949: p. 247</p>
            <p> M. dakinensis Davis, 1949: p.247</p>
            <p>Diagnosis of Australian specimens. Diagnosis based on unscaled illustrations of individuals from New South Wales by Dakin &amp; Colefax (1940), and on individuals from an unspecified site in South Australia by Nicholls (1944). Body with long, cylindrical cephalothorax, the latter 58% of total body length. Pedigerous somites 2–5 tapering posteriorly. Urosome comprising fifth pedigerous somite, genital double-somite, preanal somite, and anal somite carrying pair of caudal rami. Fifth pedigerous somite as long as genital double-somite. Anal somite about half as long as preanal somite. Caudal rami short, subquadrate, armed with 5 subequally long setae. Antennules 5-segmented, segments 1–3 clearly divided. Some identifiable setal elements (sensu Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka, 1995) depicted, as follows: first segment with short, spiniform element 1; segment 2 with long element IId and 2–3 elements of the 2v group; third segment with elements 3 and IIId; fourth segment carrying elements 4v1, Vd, Vv, and 4aes; apical elements 6 1 and 6 2 present, latter apparently short, spiniform. Fifth leg represented by thick subrectangular exopodal lobe armed with two subequally long distal setae; inner margin of lobe with weak, smooth proximal expansion.</p>
            <p> Remarks. In his preliminary revision of the  Monstrilloida, Davis (1949) introduced two new names,  Monstrilla dakinensis Davis, 1949 and  M. nichollsii Davis, 1949 based on the incomplete drawings by Dakin and Colefax (1940) and Nicholls’ (1944) reports on Australian monstrilloids, respectively. We examined the available data and illustrations and propose to synonymize these two names with  C. helgolandica . There are several points supporting our decision, i.e.: (1) the widespread distribution of  C. helgolandica , known from all geographic regions (Thomas et al. 2022; Zavarzin &amp; Suárez-Morales 2024), including adjacent areas of the East Indies (see Scott 1909; Sewell 1949); thus, its occurrence in Australian coastal systems is expectable, (2) the body proportions, with a moderately elongate and slender cephalothorax more than 55% of the total body length, and antennules between 30 and 40 % of cephalothorax length, (3) the ovigerous spines are relatively short in  C. helgolandica , not reaching beyond the distal end of the caudal setae (see Scott 1909; Sars 1921; Sewell 1949; Zavarzin &amp; Suárez-Morales 2024) similar to depictions of the Australian specimens (Dakin &amp; Colefax 1940; Nicholls 1944), (4) fifth leg represented by a single lobe armed with two distal, subequally long setae with an inner protuberance likely representing a residual endopodal lobe. The fifth leg has some variation in the different reports of this species, with a very weak inner protuberance in some instances (see Scott 1909; Sewell 1949) and more defined in others, as in the depiction for  M. dakinensis (Dakin &amp; Colefax 1940, fig. 205Fb) and  M. nichollsii (Nicholls 1944) (Fig. 7B). It appears that Dakin &amp; Colefax (1940) did not have access to Scott’s (1909) or Sars’ (1921) illustrations of  C. helgolandica , which included illustrations of the fifth leg (Fig. 7D, E). Sewell’s (1949) report from the East Indies was not yet available for comparison. They argued that their only female specimen remained as  Monstrilla sp. because “… it does not appear to fit in any of the species described ” (Dakin &amp; Colefax 1940, p. 117). There are only three other species of  Monstrilla with this armature pattern on the fifth leg: the females of the recently described  M. annulata Suárez-Morales, 2024 , from a Mexican Caribbean reef system (see Suárez-Morales 2024),  M. leucopis Sars, 1921 from Norway and the Gulf of California (Suárez-Morales 2010; Suárez-Morales &amp; Velázquez-Ornelas 2023), and  M. wandelii Stephensen, 1913 from Groenland (Park 1967). Other species with a fifth leg carrying only two subequal setae are the Indian Ocean  M. conjunctiva , the Caribbean  M. elongata Suárez-Morales, 1994 and the recently described  M. annulata Suárez-Morales, 2024 . </p>
            <p> Furthermore, Nicholls (1944) stated that the two female specimens examined by him were most similar to  M. mixta T. Scott, 1914 , due to the structure of the fifth leg but the latter carrying three setae vs. two setae in the Australian individuals. In our opinion, the Australian  Monstrilla females depicted by Nicholls (1944) could hardly be confused with  M. mixta because it has a clearly different leg 5 structure and a much longer set of ovigerous spines (T. Scott 1914, pl. XVI, figs 8–12), different from the illustrated Australian specimens. It is reasonable to assume that Sewell’s (1949) report was not available to these Australian researchers to compare their material with his figures of the female of  M. conjunctiva (Sewell 1949, fig. 38C), in which case the resemblance (at least of the fifth leg setation) would have been noticed. Because of the evident lack of comparative data, Nicholls (1944, p. 56) decided against naming a new species. Furthermore, Davis (1949) did not provide further comments or comparisons to validate the names  M. dakinensis and  M. nichollsii , both of which should be considered as junior synonyms of  C. helgolandica . With this analysis we can conclude that  C. helgolandica occurs in unspecified localities of South Australia and coastal waters of New South Wales. It is likely that  C. helgolandica will be revealed as a species group comprising distinct species with restricted distributional patterns in Australia, an idea shared by previous authors (Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka 1995; Suárez-Morales 2010, 2011). New sampling attempts in southern Australia are expected to obtain additional material to expand the knowledge about this species in Australian coastal systems. </p>
            <p> Genus  Monstrilla Dana, 1849</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9D7DA92FFFA2857A89AE5FBF9200FE21	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo;P. M. B, Alexander David Mckinnon	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, P. M. B, Alexander David Mckinnon (2025): The Australian Monstrilloida 3. Caromiobenella Jeon, Lee & Soh, 2018, Monstrilla Dana, 1849, and Sarsimonstrillus n. gen. Zootaxa 5576 (1): 1-99, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5576.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5576.1.1
9D7DA92FFFBC857689AE5E9E920DFDB0.text	9D7DA92FFFBC857689AE5E9E920DFDB0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monstrilla pileata Suárez-Morales & P.M.B 2025	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Monstrilla pileata sp. nov.</p>
            <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: CECA433E-4E9C-4E50-A1A1-57929702252B</p>
            <p>(Figs 8–13)</p>
            <p>Material examined. Adult female holotype, undissected, mounted on slide in glycerine, (ECO-CHZ-12535). Adult female paratype undissected, mounted on slide in glycerine. Adult male allotype undissected, mounted on slide in glycerine, (ECO-CHZ-12526).</p>
            <p>
                  Type locality.  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 144.78546/lat -37.951416)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=144.78546&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.951416">Werribee</a>
                 , Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia (37°57.085’ S, 144°47.128’ E), coll. on 20 March 1985  . 
            </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Medium sized (2 mm) female with elongate, cylindrical cephalothorax about 60% of total body length, oral cone prominent, located ventrally at anterior 1/3 of cephalothorax. Urosome relatively short, 20% of total body length. Antennules 4-segmented, 32% of total body length, anteriorly directed, straight or slightly curved inwards, divergent in some cases; segments 1–2 divided, segments 3–4 fused; distal segment with thick chitinous hyaline process covering the apical and subdistal margins of segment, process of variable thickness along subdistal margins, apical process sometimes forceps-like. Genital double-somite with rounded medial anteroventral protuberance of variable size, somite carrying pair of ovigerous spines barely reaching beyond distal margin of caudal rami. Fifth legs bilobed, outer exopodal lobe thick, subrectangular, armed with three subequally long setae; inner endopodal lobe unarmed, thumb-like or globose, reaching middle of inner margin of exopodal lobe. Caudal rami subrectangular, twice as long as wide, armed with five setae, apical setae III and IV proximally expanded. Male with slender body, cephalothorax about 50% of total body length; male genital complex with short thick shaft and smooth lateral margins; shaft branching into pair of digitiform, slightly asymmetrical, divergent genital lappets.</p>
            <p>Description of adult female holotype. Body length of holotype 2.08 mm. Cephalothorax long, cylindrical, moderately robust with moderately expanded lateral margins (Fig. 10A), about 58% of total body length. Oral cone strongly prominent, cylindrical (oc in Figs 8B, 10D), located 15% of way back along ventral surface of cephalothorax. Cephalic region anteriorly subquadrate in dorsal view, ‘forehead’ weakly produced, smooth, with field of transverse integumental wrinkles between antennule bases (Fig. 8B); ventral preoral surface with reduced ornamentation, including single pair of nipple-like processes (nlp in Figs. 8B, 10D) and medial perioral pore (ppo in Fig. 10D). Eyes comprising two lateral cups and medial ventral cup (lec, hb in Fig. 9A); small hyaline bodies (sensu Suárez-Morales 2018) located anteriorly to eye cups.</p>
            <p>Urosome consisting of four somites i.e. fifth pedigerous somite (with fifth legs), genital double-somite (ventrally carrying paired ovigerous spines reaching middle of caudal rami), free preanal somite, and anal somite carrying pair of caudal rami; length ratio of urosomites (from proximal to distal) 36.1: 36.5: 14.1: 13.3 = 100 (Fig. 8A). Genital double-somite with weakly expanded lateral margins, with incomplete transverse suture visible in dorsal and lateral view (Fig. 8A); pair of relatively short ovigerous spines on ventral surface, carrying eggs mass distally (Figs 8A, 10A). Caudal rami subrectangular (Fig. 8A), 1.4 times as long as broad, each armed with five caudal setae I–V. Distalmost setae III and V proximally expanded (asterisks in Fig. 8A).</p>
            <p>Antennules (Figs 8B, 9A–C, 10A, B) 0.66 mm in length, about 32% of total body length and almost 55% of cephalothorax length (Fig. 10A); distinctly 4-segmented as usual in female monstrilloids, anteriorly directed, not completely straight but slightly curved inwards (Fig. 10A); segments 1–3 divided, segments 3–4 partly fused (Figs 8B, 9A, C); length ratio of antennular segments (proximal to distal) 13.3: 16.6: 20.0: 50.1 = 100 (Fig. 9A, C). Following Grygier and Ohtsuka’s (1995) setal nomenclature for antennules, first segment with reduced, slender setal element 1, second segment bearing reduced setiform element IId, and slender setiform elements 2d 1,2, and 2v 2; third segment with setiform, lightly setulated element 3 and adjacent setiform elements IIId and IIIv, fourth segment separated from third by poorly-defined suture, armed with setal elements IVd, 4v 3, 5, and Vv, aesthetasc 4aes present in medial position, subapical “ b ” setal group comprising two branched setal elements b 1 and b 2 inserted on outer margin, usual apical elements 6 1,2 and 6aes not clearly observable, except for part of aesthetasc 6aes (Figs 9C, 10A), with distinctive chitinous thickening resembling an apical helmet covering the subdistal and apical margins of antennules (Fig. 9B), helmet thickest apically on both antennules (Figs 9B, C, 10A).</p>
            <p> First pedigerous somite and succeeding three free thoracic somites each bearing well-developed pair of biramous swimming legs (Fig. 10A), all with exopodite longer than endopodite. Setal armature pattern as in  M. elongata (see </p>
            <p>Suárez-Morales, 2001b). All natatory setae lightly and biserially plumose. Outer margin of outer apical exopodal seta of legs 1–4 smooth. Apical spiniform seta on third exopodal segment slightly spinulose along outer margin,</p>
            <p>inner margin setulose. Armature of swimming legs 1–4:</p>
            <p>Leg Basis Endopod Exopod</p>
            <p>1 1-0 0-1; 0-1;1-2-2 I-1; 0-1; I-2-2</p>
            <p>2–4 1-0 0-1; 0-1;1-2-2 I-1; 0-1; I-2-3</p>
            <p>Fifth legs (Fig. 8A) well-developed, bilobed. Outer lobe subrectangular, armed distally with three subequally long lightly setulated setae. Inner lobe wide, globose, reaching halfway of outer lobe inner margin; inner lobe unarmed.</p>
            <p>Intraspecific variability of females</p>
            <p>Description of adult female paratype. Body length of paratype 2.05 mm. Cephalothorax as in holotype except for exhibiting corrugate flat forehead instead of smooth, weakly produced forehead as in holotype (Fig. 11C). Ventral preoral surface as in holotype, paratype with tighter integumental wrinkles pattern, higher medial bulging protuberance (mcp in Fig. 11B), and single pair of nipple-like processes (Figs 11B, 13B).</p>
            <p>Antennules as in holotype, except for lack of curved position, paratype antennules straight, divergent (Fig. 11C) and with division between segments 3 and 4 represented by weak constriction (Fig. 11C), segment 4 longest. Following Grygier and Ohtsuka’s (1995) setal nomenclature, paratype setation as in holotype except for more complete setation in segment two (with elements 2v 1–3, 2d 1,2, IId), third segment with setiform, lightly setulated element 3 and adjacent setiform elements IIId and IIIv, fourth segment separated from third by complete intersegmental division, armed with setal elements IVd, IVv, 4d 1,2, 4v 1,2, Vm, Vd, and Vv, slender aesthetasc 4aes present in medial position, subapical “b” setal group comprising single unbranched setal element b 3 on outer margin, thus differing from the holotype having two branched “b” group setae, usual apical elements 6 1,2 not clearly observable in paratype, except for subapically inserted aesthetasc 6aes (Fig. 11C); fourth segment exhibiting distinctive integumental thickening of subdistal and apical margins, but showing a weaker development, with process being narrower subdistally and thicker apically, forming a thick high element resembling a short, robust forceps (Fig. 11D, E, arrow in Fig. 13A). Swimming legs 1–4 as in holotype, with intercoxal sclerites with transverse wrinkles, that of leg 1 being smallest (Fig. 12A).</p>
            <p> Urosome as in holotype (Fig. 12B, C), but paratype with integumental wrinkles on the dorsal surface of genital double-somite (Fig. 12B). Fifth legs endopodal lobes thumb-like, not globose (Fig. 12C). Genital double-somite with anteroventral protuberance (arrow in Fig. 12B); somite with weakly expanded lateral margins, with incomplete transverse suture visible in dorsal and lateral views (Fig. 12B); pair of relatively short, slender ovigerous spines on ventral surface. Caudal rami subrectangular in dorsal view (Fig. 2B), rami twice as long as broad, each armed with six caudal setae I– VI in the paratype (Fig. 12D). Distalmost caudal setae III and IV with weak proximal expansion (asterisks in Figs 12D, 13D) . </p>
            <p>Description of male allotype. Body relatively slender. Total body length 1.63 mm in dorsal view. Cephalothorax almost 50% of total body length, anteriorly rounded, with moderately protuberant forehead (Figs 14A, 16C) with pair of hyaline bodies (sensu Suárez-Morales 2018, hb in Fig. 14B), with posterolateral expansions of incorporated first pediger reaching about half-length of succeeding second pedigerous somite (Fig. 14A); preoral anterior surface with field of transverse integumental wrinkles and pair of nipple-like processes on ventral surface (nlp in Fig. 14B). Eyes represented by two strongly pigmented lateral cups and medial ventral cup at anterior ¼ of cephalothorax (mec, lec in Fig. 14B), medial cup larger than lateral cups, lateral cups rounded, slightly smaller than medial cup in dorsal view (mec, lec in Fig. 14B). Oral cone weakly produced, located at 30% of way back along ventral surface of cephalothorax (oc in Fig. 14B).</p>
            <p>Urosome 24% of total body length; comprising fifth pedigerous somite, genital somite, one free somite, preanal and anal somites, the latter holding pair of caudal rami; relative length of urosomites, from proximal to distal: 20.0: 20.3: 14.6: 11.4: 33.6 = 100. Fifth pedigerous somite with straight lateral margins, ventral surface with integumental wrinkles and reduced bud-like paired processes representing male fifth legs (arrowhead in Fig. 14C). Genital somite with genital complex. Anal somite longest (Fig. 14A, C, D), carrying caudal rami. Genital complex arising from ventral surface of genital somite (Fig. 14C, D), with posteriorly projected short, thick shaft with smooth lateral margins; shaft branching into pair of digitiform, slightly asymmetrical, divergent genital lappets; right lappet straight, reaching distal margin of anal somite (Figs. 15C, 16D), left lappet curved inwards, both with low inner swellings, and with smooth distal margins (Figs. 15C, 16D); medial opercular flap (Fig. 15C, of in Fig. 13D) present distally on ventral surface of complex covering genital opening. Caudal rami armed with 5 caudal setae (setae I–V) (Fig. 15D); setae I–II and, V subequal in length and width; setae III and IV slightly shorter, with proximal swelling (Figs. 14A, 15C, D, 16A).</p>
            <p>Antennules 0.56 mm long, almost 35% of total body length, 5-segmented; segments 1–5 clearly divided; segment 4 longest (Fig. 15A). Following antennule armature nomenclature by Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka (1995), first segment with short, spiniform element 1, second segment carrying spiniform elements 2d 2 and 2v 1,2 and lightly setulated dorsal seta IId, third segment with long, stout spiniform element 3 and lightly setulated setiform elements IIIv and IIId, fourth segment with reduced armature including uniserially spinulate elements 4v 1–3, with inner swelling on proximal half (Fig. 15A). Following Huys et al.’s (2007) nomenclature for male antennulary setation, short, slender, unbranched seta 3 on outer margin, setae A–C on inner medial margin; apical elements 6 1, 6 2, and 6aes not observed (Fig. 15A); distal margin of antennules with helmet-like chitinous thickening as described in female (Figs. 15A, 16B).</p>
            <p>Swimming legs 1–4 as in female.</p>
            <p>Etymology. The species name is derived from the Latin noun pileus, a conical hat used in Ancient Rome. It refers to the distal thickened hyaline chitinous process of the antennules, distinctive of this species. Gender is feminine.</p>
            <p> Remarks. The new species  M. pileata sp. nov. , can be easily recognized by several distinctive characters, including: (1) the bilobed female fifth leg with the outer lobe carrying three setae and an unarmed, globose inner lobe. A similar fifth leg structure and armature is known only in females of  M. brevicornis Isaac, 1974 from Indonesia, in which the outer lobe has three setae, and the inner lobe is smooth; it differs from the pattern observed in  M. pileata sp. nov. by the shape and size of the endopodal lobe, which is reduced, beak-like in  M. brevicornis (Isaac 1974, fig. 1D) vs. globose, well-developed in  M. pileata sp. nov. Isaac (1974) recognized this reduced spinous inner process as the endopodal lobe, but Suárez-Morales &amp; Dias (2001) could not confirm the actual structure and shape of the inner lobe because the fifth leg of the holotype was damaged; (2) the presence of a helmet-like integumental process covering the tip of the antennules, a structure present in both the male and female of  M. pileata sp. nov. that has not been described in any other congener or in other monstrilloids, (3) the symmetrically inward curvature of the antennules found in the female of  M. pileata sp. nov. a unique character not previously reported in other monstrilloid copepods with only the right antennule of the Indonesian  M. brevicornis depicted as having a similar pattern (Isaac 1974, fig. 1A), (4) the proximally protuberant caudal setae III and IV is also a rare character among species of  Monstrilla which has been reported previously in females of two species, the Korean  M. ilhoii Lee &amp; Chang, 2016 (Lee &amp; Chang 2016, fig. 1E), and the Caribbean  M. xcalakensis Suárez-Morales, 2024 (Suárez-Morales 2024, fig. 2B, C). This character is also reported in  M. janetgrieveae sp. nov. , described later in this account of the Australian  Monstrilla . In these cases, two terminal caudal setae (III, IV) are modified, so females of  M. pileata sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from  M. xcalakensis and  M. ilhoii by the structure and armature of the fifth legs, the new species displaying a smooth inner lobe vs. an armed inner lobe in  M. ilhoii (Lee &amp; Chang 2016, fig. 1E) and  M. xcalakensis (Suárez-Morales 2024, fig. 2A). The differences found in the male and female  M. pileata sp. nov. with respect to all other known species of  Monstrilla lead to the proposal of a new species.  Monstrilla pileata sp. nov. and  M. janetgrieveae sp. nov. differ in the structure and ornamentation of the antennules, the latter lacking the helmet-like apical process on the antennules. </p>
            <p> Matching both sexes of  M. pileata sp. nov. One of the main challenges in the current study of monstrilloid copepods lies in reliably matching the sexes of a species (Suárez-Morales 2011). The use of molecular tools seems to be the most effective and definitive method for matching male monstrilloids to their corresponding females. It has recently been applied in  Monstrillopsis (Jeon et al. 2018b) and  Caromiobenella (Cruz Rosa et al. 2021) . However, comparative morphology provides some guidance, particularly when both sexes share distinctive autapomorphies, like a modified antennulary segment e.g. in  C. brasiliensis (Cruz Rosa et al. 2021) . In our opinion, this is also applicable to males and females of the new species  M. pileata sp. nov. , as both sexes share the following distinctive characters: (1) the helmet-like integumental process on the tip of the antennules, and (2) the proximally swollen caudal setae III and IV. We consider these characters unique for the species and their combined presence in both male and female individuals seems to be reliable morphological evidence to present these specimens as the male and female of  M. pileata sp. nov.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9D7DA92FFFBC857689AE5E9E920DFDB0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo;P. M. B, Alexander David Mckinnon	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, P. M. B, Alexander David Mckinnon (2025): The Australian Monstrilloida 3. Caromiobenella Jeon, Lee & Soh, 2018, Monstrilla Dana, 1849, and Sarsimonstrillus n. gen. Zootaxa 5576 (1): 1-99, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5576.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5576.1.1
9D7DA92FFFB0854F89AE5D4294A3FADE.text	9D7DA92FFFB0854F89AE5D4294A3FADE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monstrilla sekiguchii Suárez-Morales & P.M.B 2025	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Monstrilla sekiguchii sp. nov.</p>
            <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 90310D63-62DD-4C7B-BC77-6A4876820A99</p>
            <p>(Figs 17–22)</p>
            <p>Material examined. Adult male holotype, undissected, mounted on slides in glycerine, (ECO-CHZ-12528). Adult male paratype partially dissected, mounted on slide in glycerine, not catalogued.</p>
            <p>Diagnosis (based on the male holotype). Cephalothorax relatively short, about half of total body length; anterior margin flat except for medial protuberance containing part of medial eye cup. Urosome relatively short, about 1/3 or less of total body length. Oral cone protuberant. Antennules 5-segmented, with rounded tips and branched setae on outer margin, fourth segment longest. Fifth pedigerous somite with medial swelling; genital somite carrying short genital complex with robust, short shaft and pair of compact, thumb-shaped genital lappets distally, distally furnished with rows of small spinules; genital lappets medially connected by convex rounded process. Caudal rami with six caudal setae.</p>
            <p>
                  Type locality.  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.30827/lat -38.446533)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.30827&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.446533">Rhyll</a>
                 , Western Port Bay, Victoria, Australia (38°26.792’ S, 145°18.496’ E) sampled on 03 March 1984  . 
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            <p>
                 Additional locality.   
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.42285/lat -38.38525)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.42285&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.38525">Corinella</a>
                 , Western Port Bay, Victoria, Australia (38°23.115’ S, 145°25.371’ E) sampled on 17 June 1985  . 
            </p>
            <p>Description of male holotype. Body relatively slender.Total body length 1.13 mm in dorsal view.Cephalothorax almost 50% of total body length; anteriorly rounded, with moderately protuberant forehead (Figs 17A, 18D, 22 A, B), latter with pair of hyaline bodies (sensu Suárez-Morales 2018) between lateral and medial eye cups (hb in Figs. 17C, 18D); fused first pedigerous somite with posterodistal corners weakly expanded, reaching the proximal 1/3 of succeeding second pedigerous somite. Preoral anteroventral surface with medial rounded protuberance visible in lateral view (mp in Fig. 17C), field of integumental wrinkles, and adjacent pair of nipple-like processes on ventral surface (nlp in Fig. 17B) flanking medial cephalic protuberance. Oral cone protuberant, robust (oc in Fig. 17 A, C), strongly produced, located at 30% of way back along ventral surface of cephalothorax (oc in Fig. 17B, C). Eyes represented by two lateral cups and medial ventral cup at anterior end of cephalothorax, eyes pigmented, medial cup larger than lateral cups (mec, lec in Fig. 17B), medial cup protruding on frontal margin (Fig. 17 A, B).</p>
            <p>Urosome relatively short (Fig. 22 C) 24% of total body length, comprising fifth pedigerous somite, genital somite, one free somite, preanal and anal somites, latter holding pair of caudal rami; relative length of urosomites, from proximal to distal: 34.8: 23.25: 16.27: 11.63: 13.93 = 100. Fifth pedigerous somite with straight lateral margins, lateral surface with longitudinal integumental wrinkles and bulging ventral process (Figs 17E, 18E). Genital somite with few integumental ridges on lateral surface, somite carrying genital complex. Succeeding preanal and anal somites with few lateral integumental ridges (Fig. 18E); anal somite carrying caudal rami. Genital complex arising ventrally on genital somite (Figs 18E, 22C) with short thick shaft with smooth lateral margins; shaft branching into pair of short, thumb-like symmetrical, genital lappets (Figs. 19A, 20D); distally expanded into small subtriangular process (arrowheads in Figs. 20C, 21D); lateral and distal margins furnished with minute spinules (Figs. 19A–D) and medially conjoined by widely rounded convex process with integumental scars (Figs. 19A, B, 21D). Caudal rami armed with 6 caudal setae subequal in length and width: setae III and V weakly swollen proximally (asterisks in Fig. 20D).</p>
            <p>Antennules 0.43 mm long, almost 36% of total body length (Figs 22A–C), 5-segmented; segments 1–5 clearly divided, segment 4 longest (Figs 20A, 18A–C). Following nomenclature by Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka (1995), first segment with short, spiniform element 1; second segment carrying spiniform elements 2d 1,2 and 2v 1 and long, lightly setulated dorsal seta IId; third segment with long, stout spiniform element 3 and lightly setulated setiform elements IIIv and IIId; fourth segment with reduced armature including proximal elements 4d 1,2 and 4v 1–3, distal half with straight margins, unarmed (Figs 18C, 20A). Following Huys et al.’s (2007) nomenclature for the setation of the male antennulary fifth segment, short, slender, lightly setulated seta 5 on the middle of inner margin, with longer setulated seta 6 on subdistal position; outer margin with short, slender seta A, and branched setae B–E on outer subdistal position, apical elements 6 1, 6 2, and 6aes not observed, distal part of fifth segment rounded, with a few wrinkles (Fig. 18A, B).</p>
            <p>Swimming legs 1–4 biramous, with three-segmented endopods and exopods; endopods slightly smaller than exopods. Outer basipodal seta present in all legs, longest in leg 3 (Fig. 21C). Outer spines on first and third exopodal segments short, about half as long as segment. Outer margin of outer apical exopodal seta smooth; apical spiniform seta on third exopodal segment lightly spinulose along outer margin, inner margin setulose. Armature of swimming legs 1–4:</p>
            <p>Leg Basis Endopod Exopod</p>
            <p>1 1-0 0-1; 0-1;1-2-2 I-1; 0-1; I-2-2 2–4 1-0 0-1; 0-1;1-2-2 I-1; 0-1; I-2-3</p>
            <p>Variability. The two type specimens examined share the body proportions (holotype 1.13 mm, paratype 1.14 mm), similar cephalic structure with anteriorly protuberant medial eye cup and smaller lateral cups, prominent oral cone, similar genital complex, with robust shaft ending in pair of short lappets furnished with rows of spinules, small distal conical process and lappets connected by a medial convex protuberance with integumental scars. Both specimens have six caudal setae with the same distribution and size, i.e. setae I and II are very closely inserted in both specimens (see Figs 20D, 21A). However, the individuals show some differences which were not deemed enough to consider them as separate species: (1) in the holotype spinules are present only on the distalmost margin of both lappets (arrowheads in Fig. 17F), whereas in the paratype the spinule rows are present also on the distolateral surface of the genital shaft (Fig. 19C), (2) the lappets are slightly shorter in the paratype (Fig. 19C) than in the holotype (Fig. 19B, D), (3) the fifth antennulary segments of these specimens differ slightly in the apical structure and armature, in the holotype individual the segmental tip is uniformly rounded (Figs 18A, B, 21A), vs. a conical apical tip in the paratype (Fig. 18A, B) and the armature of this segment is reduced in the holotype (Figs. 18A, B, 21A) only carrying 2–4 setae, whereas the paratype has a more complete set comprising seven setae, some of them branched (Fig. 18C).</p>
            <p>
                  Type locality.  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.30827/lat -38.446533)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.30827&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.446533">Rhyll</a>
                 , Western Port Bay, Victoria, Australia (38°26.792’ S, 145°18.496’ E)  . 
            </p>
            <p>
                 Other localities.   
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.42285/lat -38.38525)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.42285&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.38525">Corinella</a>
                 , Western Port Bay, Victoria, Australia (38°23.115’ S, 145°25.371’ E)  . 
            </p>
            <p> Etymology. The species name is an eponym to honour the memory of the Japanese Professor Emeritus Dr. Hideo Sekiguchi, who passed away on January 17, 2023. He was well known for decades of biological and oceanographic work on larvae of spiny lobsters and authored early taxonomical studies on Japanese  Monstrilloida . Gender is masculine. </p>
            <p> Remarks. There are only a few species of  Monstrilla showing male genitalia like that observed in  M. sekiguchii sp. nov. , with a short shaft and compact lappets medially connected by a convex rounded process. Although now placed in  Monstrillopsis ,  M. bernardensis (Willey, 1920) was originally described as a species of  Monstrilla and it has a genital complex comparable to that of  M. sekiguchii sp. nov. , but in  M. bernardensis the lappets are connected by a flat medial structure (see Davis &amp; Green 1974, fig. 13), thus different from the pattern observed in the new species. Another species with a similar genital complex is  Monstrilla rugosa Davis, 1947 , from Florida, its lappets are short but not thumb-like as in  M. sekiguchii sp. nov. , but tapering distally, and medially conjoined (Davis 1947, fig. 4), thus different from the new species. </p>
            <p> A similar case is that of the Korean  M. ilhoi whose male genitalia comprise short lappets that are not rounded as in the new species but are triangular, tapering distally, connected medially by a flat rugose margin (Lee &amp; Chang 2016, fig. 4E), and with medial opercular flaps, also different from the structure of  M. sekiguchii ’s sp. nov. genitalia. This type of genital complex, with a short shaft and reduced lappets is also frequently found among species of  Caromiobenella (Jeon et al. 2018) , including the Australian  C. jeoni sp. nov. Considering Jeon et al.’s (2019) criteria to classify the male genitalia among species of  Caromiobenella , the genital complex observed in the Australian  M. sekiguchii sp. nov. is more similar to the type II genital complex, mainly because of the absence of a deep medial triangular notch, but not by having a medial distal protrusion (Jeon et al. 2019). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9D7DA92FFFB0854F89AE5D4294A3FADE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo;P. M. B, Alexander David Mckinnon	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, P. M. B, Alexander David Mckinnon (2025): The Australian Monstrilloida 3. Caromiobenella Jeon, Lee & Soh, 2018, Monstrilla Dana, 1849, and Sarsimonstrillus n. gen. Zootaxa 5576 (1): 1-99, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5576.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5576.1.1
9D7DA92FFF89854D89AE5AE994FBF880.text	9D7DA92FFF89854D89AE5AE994FBF880.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monstrilla longibrachiata Suárez-Morales & P.M.B 2025	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Monstrilla longibrachiata sp. nov.</p>
            <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 846BDC7D-400A-4E83-8DB4-10634B3113A8</p>
            <p>(Figs 23–25)</p>
            <p>Material examined. Adult male holotype, undissected, mounted on slide in glycerine, (ECO-CHZ-12529). Specimen damaged during mounting process, urosome missing.</p>
            <p>
                  Type locality.  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 144.78546/lat -37.951416)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=144.78546&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.951416">Werribee</a>
                 , Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia (37°57.085’ S, 144°47.128’ E), coll. on 13 June 1985  . 
            </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Male monstrilloid with cephalothorax robust, relatively short, about half of total body length; anterior margin weakly produced, with pair of sensilla. Medial eye cup strongly developed, partially hiding medially joined lateral cups. Urosome about 1/3 or less of total body length. Oral cone reduced. Antennules 5-segmented; fifth segment with tapering distal half, armed with unbranched setae only. Genital somite carrying genital complex with robust, short shaft and pair of elongate, digitiform genital lappets directed backwards, tips reaching proximal margin of anal somite; genital lappets with coarse inner margin, otherwise unornamented, connected medially by curved margin with medial bean-shaped opercular flap. Caudal rami armed with 6 caudal setae subequal in length and width.</p>
            <p>Description of holotype. Body relatively slender. Total body length of holotype 1.50 mm in dorsal view. Cephalothorax almost 50% of total body length; anteriorly rounded, with moderately protuberant forehead furnished with pair of apical sensilla (Fig. 23A); preoral anteroventral surface with pair of nipple-like integumental processes (nlp in Figs. 23A, 25C), adjacent field of integumental wrinkles (Fig. 23A). Oral cone small, not protuberant (oc in Fig. 23A), weakly produced, located at 0.35% of way back along ventral surface of cephalothorax. Eyes represented by two lateral cups and medial ventral cup at anterior end of cephalothorax, moderately pigmented, medial cup (mec in Fig. 23A) larger than lateral cups (lec in Fig. 25C), medial cup lying medially between lateral cups (lec in Figs 23A, 25C).</p>
            <p>Urosome 31% of total body length, comprising fifth pedigerous somite, genital somite, one free somite, preanal and anal somites (Figs 24B–D); relative length of urosomites, from proximal to distal: 25.7: 24.2: 16.5: 17.0: 16.6 = 100. Fifth pedigerous somite with straight lateral margins. Genital somite with few transverse integumental wrinkles on dorsal surface, somite carrying genital complex. Succeeding preanal and anal somites subequal in length and shape, with smooth surfaces (Fig. 24C, D); anal somite carrying caudal rami. Genital complex ventrally on genital somite (Fig. 24D); complex with short thick shaft with smooth lateral margins; shaft branching into pair of remarkably long, digitiform curved arms (lappets), the latter medially conjoined, with medial bean-shaped opercular flap (Fig. 23C) reaching anterior margin of anal somite (Fig. 24C), strongly curved backwards (Figs. 24B, 25B), distal inner margin coarse, unornamented (Fig. 25A, B). Caudal rami armed with 6 caudal setae (setae I–VI), subequal in length and width (Fig. 24C, D).</p>
            <p>Antennules 0.37 mm long, almost 25% of total body length, 5-segmented; segments 1–5 clearly divided, segment 4 longest (Figs. 23B, 24A). Following nomenclature by Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka (1995), first segment with long, uniserially pinnate setal element 1 reaching distal margin of succeeding second segment (arrow in Fig. 23B), second segment carrying spiniform elements 2d, 2v 1–3 and long, lightly setulated dorsal seta IId, third segment with long, slender spiniform element 3 and lightly setulated setiform elements IIIv and IIId, fourth segment with reduced armature including proximal elements 4v 1–3 and 4d 1,2, distal half with straight margins, armed with seta Vv (Fig. 24A). Following Huys et al.’s (2007) nomenclature for the setation of the male antennulary fifth segment, outer margin with short, slender, seta 6 on the middle of inner margin, followed distally by setae 5, 4, 3, 2 and short seta 1 on apical position; middle inner margin with simple setae A and B; apical elements AE and E, and spine 2 not observed; fifth segment with tapering distal half, tip rounded (Figs 23B, 24D).</p>
            <p>Swimming legs 1–4 biramous, with 3-segmented rami; endopods slightly smaller than exopods. Outer basipodal seta present in all legs, longest on leg 3. Outer spines on first and third exopodal segments short, about half length of bearing segment. Apical spiniform seta on third exopodal segment slightly spinulose along outer margin, inner margin setulose. Armature of swimming legs 1–4:</p>
            <p>Leg Basis Endopod Exopod</p>
            <p>1 1-0 0-1; 0-1;1-2-2 I-1; 0-1; I-2-2</p>
            <p>2–4 1-0 0-1; 0-1;1-2-2 I-1; 0-1; I-2-3</p>
            <p>Etymology. The species name is composed of two Latin terms, namely longis, meaning long, and brachium, meaning “arm” or appendage; the combined name, an adjective substantive term refers to the possession of remarkably long arms (e.g. lappets) of the genital complex, a distinctive character of this species. Gender is feminine.</p>
            <p> Remarks. The structure and ornamentation of the male genitalia have been reported as taxonomically valuable characters to distinguish species of monstrilloids (Suárez-Morales 2000), but it should be noticed that the intraspecific variation of the genital complex could lead to confusion (McAlice 1985) seen in different illustrations of closely similar genitalia of the male of  C. helgolandica , which likely included males of at least three distinct species. Therefore, a male with a highly distinctive genital complex can more easily be recognized as belonging to a specific species as e.g. the male of  M. longibrachiata sp. nov. , whose genital complex is not comparable to any other reported among species of  Monstrilla . </p>
            <p> Relatively long, slender genital lappets are found in a few congeneric species e.g. the Indian  M. lata Desai &amp; Bal, 1962 , exhibiting long, sausage-like lappets with a coarse inner margin (Desai &amp; Bal 1962, fig. 2,5), but in this species lappets are straight in lateral view, not curved backwards as observed in  M. longibrachiata sp. nov. Furthermore, the cephalothorax ornamented with fields of coarse wrinkles (Desai &amp; Bal 1962, fig. 2.2), the poorly developed eyes, and the different antennule proportions and armature (Desai &amp; Bal, 1962 fig.2,3) clearly differentiates  M. lata from  M. longibrachiata sp. nov. Other species sharing a genital complex with relatively long, curved lappets are the widespread  M. longiremis Giesbrecht, 1893 and  M. longicornis Thompson, 1890 , with genital lappets reaching the proximal margin of the preanal somite (Huys &amp; Boxshall 1991, fig. 2.5.7.,; Suárez-Morales 2010, figs. 5G, 6A, B). However, the genital lappets of these two morphologically similar species have a pair of long distal spermatophore spines that point backwards. Furthermore, in  M. leucopis Sars, 1921 and the South African  M. papilliremis Isaac, 1975 the genital lappets have apical spiniform structures (spermatophore spines) that are absent in  M. longibrachiata sp. nov. Also, the male of  M. longiremis exhibits a pair of fifth legs (Suárez-Morales 2010), whereas fifth legs are absent in the new species. The Caribbean species  Monstrilla marioi Suárez-Morales, 2003 exhibits distinctively long genital lappets (Suárez-Morales 2003, figs. 1, 4, 8), longer than those found in  M. longibrachiata sp. nov. , reaching the distal margin of the anal somite, whereas in the new species they only reach the distal margin of the preanal somite. Furthermore, the genital lappets of  M. marioi taper distally into slender filaments and they are coarsely corrugated along and around its surface (Suárez-Morales 2003, fig. 5), which differ from those of  M. longibrachiata sp. nov. Additional differences between the two species include the body proportions, antennule armature, the caudal rami armature (with only 4 setae in  M. marioi vs. 6 in  M. longibrachiata sp. nov. ), and the presence of protuberant fifth legs buds in  M. marioi (vs. none in  M. longibrachiata sp. nov. ). </p>
            <p> Remarks on the antennules of  Monstrilla . The antennule armature of  Monstrilla species is quite conservative, but comparison of some setal elements is now possible after the publication of Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka’s (1995) setal nomenclature. The unusual development of some of these elements has been used to compare species of  Caromiobenella (Jeon et al. 2018) , particularly regarding the traits and ornamentation of elements IId and 2d 2, both inserted on the second antennulary segment. Elements of the “ b ” group (sensu Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka 1995) typically inserted along the distal half of the last segment, can be simple or branched as in species of the widespread species group linked to  M. grandis Giesbrecht, 1891 , i.e.,  M. bahiana Suárez-Morales &amp; Dias, 2001 ,  M. bernardensis Davis &amp; Green, 1974 , and  M. gibbosa Suárez-Morales &amp; Palomares-García, 1995 . Element 2v 3 has been described as unusually long (i.e., reaching beyond midlength of succeeding fourth segment (Suárez-Morales &amp; Dias 2000, fig. 4A, B) or ornamented (spinulate) as in the female of  C. brasiliensis (Suárez-Morales &amp; Dias 2000) . It was expected to have similar traits in the male, but it is only shorter (see Cruz Lopes da Rosa et al. 2021, fig. 3A). A setal element identifiable as 2v 1 in the male of  M. papilliremis is extremely long, reaching beyond the distal end of the antennule (Isaac 1975, fig. 1C) and in the same species the setal elements 4v 2 or 4v 3 can also be remarkably long. The antennules of  Monstrillopsis reticulata (Davis, 1949) also appear to have long elements of the 4v group (Davis 1949, fig. 3). </p>
            <p> The most proximal element of the antennulary armature is element 1 (sensu Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka 1995), usually represented by a short (i.e., shorter than the carrying segment), slender seta or spine, like in  M. lata (Desai &amp; Bal 1962, fig. 3),  M. pustulata Suárez-Morales &amp; Dias, 2001 (Suárez-Morales &amp; Dias 2001, fig. 2B),  M. longa (Suárez-Morales &amp; Gasca 2004, fig. 7), and  M. xcalakensis (see Suárez-Morales 2024, fig. 3E). It can also be absent as in  M. humesi (Suárez-Morales &amp; Escamilla 1997, fig. 3B),  M. satchmoi Suárez-Morales &amp; Dias 2001 , fig. 2),  M. leucopis Sars, 1921 , and in members of the  M. conjunctiva species group, described in this account. The absence of this element has been used to separate species with elongate, poorly segmented antennules (Suárez-Morales &amp; Velázquez-Ornelas 2024). A long setal element 1 has been reported in  M. marioi (Suárez-Morales 2003, fig. 10) and in  M. hendrickxi Suárez-Morales &amp; Velázquez-Ornelas, 2024 (see Suárez-Morales &amp; Velázquez-Ornelas 2024, fig. 3A), and in both species it is simple, lacking any ornamentation, thus differing from its uniserially pinnate condition observed in  M. longibrachiata sp. nov. (Fig. 23B). </p>
            <p> Overall, the new species can be readily distinguished from its congeners by a combination of two unusual characters: (1) the structure of the genital complex including long, digitiform lappets curved backwards, and (2) the antennules armature, particularly with the modified, uniserially strongly pinnate setal element 1. It is likely that this character is present in the unknown female of the new Australian species  M. longibrachiata sp. nov.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9D7DA92FFF89854D89AE5AE994FBF880	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo;P. M. B, Alexander David Mckinnon	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, P. M. B, Alexander David Mckinnon (2025): The Australian Monstrilloida 3. Caromiobenella Jeon, Lee & Soh, 2018, Monstrilla Dana, 1849, and Sarsimonstrillus n. gen. Zootaxa 5576 (1): 1-99, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5576.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5576.1.1
9D7DA92FFF87854589AE5FBF928AFA92.text	9D7DA92FFF87854589AE5FBF928AFA92.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monstrilla walteri Suárez-Morales & P.M.B 2025	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Monstrilla walteri sp. nov.</p>
            <p>rn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 376BB21A-FC82-4C8C-96D7-A883D02630E2</p>
            <p>(Figs. 26–28)</p>
            <p>Material examined. Adult male holotype, partly damaged, fifth segment of both antennules broken off, specimen undissected, mounted on slide in glycerine, (ECO-CHZ-12532).</p>
            <p>
                  Type locality.  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 144.78546/lat -37.951416)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=144.78546&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.951416">Werribee</a>
                 , Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia (37°57.085’ S, 144°47.128’ E) on 13 June 1985  . 
            </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Male monstrilloid with cephalothorax relatively short, robust, about half of total body length; anterior margin flat, with few integumental ridges. Urosome relatively slender, about 1/3 of total body length. Oral cone protuberant; preoral ventral surface with medial keel-like process and pair of remarkably long nipple-like integumental processes with apical sensilla. Antennules 5-segmented, outer distal margin of fourth segment and proximal half of fifth segment distinctively undulated, fifth antennulary segment with simple setae only. Fifth pedigerous somite ventrally swollen, with pair of slender bud-like processes; genital somite carrying short, compact genital complex comprising robust, short shaft and pair of thick, thumb-shaped genital lappets curved inwards, coarsely ridged along outer and inner margins, unornamented, medially joined, with pair of unguiform opercular flaps. Caudal rami armed with 5 caudal setae subequal in length and width.</p>
            <p>Description of holotype. Body relatively robust. Total body length 2.42 mm in dorsal view. Cephalothorax almost 50% of total body length, with flat forehead in lateral and ventral position (Figs. 26C, 27D), the latter with hyaline bodies anterior to medial keel-like process (hb in Fig. 26 C). Fused first pedigerous somite with posterodistal corners weakly expanded, reaching proximal 1/3 of succeeding second pedigerous somite. Oral cone protuberant, robust, with integumental ridges on its surface (oc in Figs. 26C, 27B, D). Eyes comprising large medial cup with smaller adjacent lateral cups; eyes weakly pigmented (mec, lec in Fig. 27D). Preoral ventral surface comprising several characters including: (1) medial keel-like process (mk in Fig. 26C, 27B, D), (2) pair of remarkably long nipple-like integumental processes with apical sensilla (Fig. 27A, nlp in Figs. 26C, 27B, D), (3) scattered crescent-shaped scars, and field of transverse wrinkles (csp in Fig. 27D), and (4) pair of hyaline bodies (sensu Suárez-Morales 2018) between bases of antennules and medial keel (mk in Fig. 26C).</p>
            <p>Urosome 28% of total body length. Urosome comprising fifth pedigerous somite, genital somite, one free somite, preanal, and anal somites, the latter holding pair of caudal rami; relative length of urosomites, from proximal to distal: 38.3: 20.0: 24.0: 9.3: 8.3 = 100. Fifth pedigerous somite with straight lateral margins, with pair of small ventral buds reminiscent of fifth legs (Figs. 26D, 27G). Genital somite carrying genital complex. Succeeding preanal and anal somites smooth; anal somite carrying caudal rami.</p>
            <p>Genital complex ventrally on genital somite (Fig. 27G), complex comprising short thick shaft with smooth lateral margins, with shaft distally branching into pair of short, thumb-like symmetrical, slightly divergent genital lappets; lappets weakly curved inwards (Figs 27E, 28C), reaching posterior margin of succeeding urosomite, with inner margins coarsely corrugate, medially joined, and pair of unguiform opercular flaps (Fig. 28C, of in Fig. 27E); lappets distal margin rounded, smooth. Caudal rami armed with 5 caudal setae (setae I–V) subequal in length and width (Figs. 26D, 27F).</p>
            <p> Antennules 0.58 mm long, almost 36% of total body length, 5-segmented, segments 1–5 clearly divided, segment 4 longest (Figs. 26A, B). Following nomenclature by Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka (1995), first segment with short, spiniform element 1, second segment carrying stout, spiniform elements 2d 1,2 and 2v 1–3 and long, lightly setulated dorsal seta IId, third segment with smooth setiform element 3 and slightly setiform elements IIIv and IIId, fourth segment with reduced armature including proximal elements IVd, 4d 1,2 and 4v 1,2, distal half of segment with straight margins, unarmed (Fig. 26A, B). Following Huys et al.’s (2007) nomenclature for the setation of the male antennulary fifth segment, inner margin with short, slender, lightly setulated seta A at midlength of inner margin, next to subdistal setae B and C, inner setae unbranched; outer margin with short, slender seta 7, followed by simple setae 6, 5, 4, 3 and short aesthetasc AE 1 in subdistal position (Fig. 26A). Antennules damaged, last segment broken off in both sides (Fig. 28 A, B, D), but recovered to describe the fifth segment armature and structure; the uneven distal outer margin of the fourth segment (indicated with arrows in Figs. 26A, 28A, B) continues in the fifth segment (arrowheads in Fig. 26A). Swimming legs 1–4 as in  M. sekiguchii sp. nov.</p>
            <p>Fifth pedigerous somite with pair of ventral bud-like appendages likely representing reduced male fifth legs (arrowed in Fig. 27G).</p>
            <p>Etymology. The species name is a masculine genitive eponym honouring our colleague Dr. Chad Walter (National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution), for his long-standing contributions and efforts to promote the knowledge of copepods through the development of accurate, reliable, and complete databases.</p>
            <p> Remarks. The preoral structures and integumental ornamentations of the  Monstrilloida are usually ignored or overlooked, but they frequently become valuable, distinctive characters to recognize species (see Suárez-Morales &amp; Gasca 1992). Males of  Monstrilla species usually show more subtle preoral ornamentations or processes than females. Preoral processes comparable to the medial keel observed in  M. walteri sp. nov. , have been observed in several congeners like the Brazilian  M. bahiana Suárez-Morales &amp; Dias, 2001 , with strongly chitinized nipple-like elements located ventrally anterior to the oral cone. The Caribbean  M. barbata Suárez-Morales &amp; Gasca, 1992 has a distinctive preoral medial keel with coarse crenulate margins. A strong cephalic process is also present in two other species, namely  M. pustulata from Brazil, and  M. brevicornis from Bankga Strait, Java (Suárez-Morales &amp; Dias 2001). In these two species the cephalic process is prominent and conical, even more distinct in  M. pustulata (Suárez-Morales &amp; Dias 2001, fig. 1B, C) than in  M. brevicornis , a species originally described by Isaac (1974), who also depicted this process and described it as a tubercle. Its presence was confirmed when the holotype was reexamined (Suárez-Morales &amp; Dias, 2001, fig. 3B, C). A relatively weak process represented by a preoral swelling which is not particularly structured is found in the female of the Brazilian  M. careli Suárez-Morales &amp; Dias, 2000 , but in this case it is only a preoral swelling (Suárez-Morales &amp; Dias 2001 fig. 1B). A similar structure is found in the Caribbean  M. ciqroi (Suárez-Morales, 1993) as a low protuberance (Suárez-Morales, 1993, fig. 3a). A low, wide-based rounded protruding process was reported in the male of the Caribbean  M. chetumalensis Suárez-Morales &amp; Castellanos, 2019 (Suárez-Morales &amp; Castellanos 2019, fig. 2B), differing from the subtriangular, keel-like process observed in  M. walteri sp. nov. These species also differ in the antennule and in the structure, armature and ornamentation of the genital complex. Preoral protuberant processes are also present in  M. globosa Suárez-Morales, 2003 (smaller, rounded integumental swelling covered by longitudinal wrinkles (Suárez-Morales 2003, figs. 15, 20) and the male of the Korean species  M. ilhoii with a medial bulging process covered by integumental wrinkles on the ventral surface between the antennules (Lee &amp; Chang 2016, figs. 4B, C, 5A).  Monstrilla walteri sp. nov. has strongly developed nipple-like processes ornamented with 2 or 3 apical sensilla (Fig. 22A, nlps in Fig. 23 B–D). Strongly chitinized nipple-like processes were also found in the Brazilian  M. bahiana (Suárez-Morales &amp; Dias 2001, fig. 17). Additionally, Suárez-Morales (2001) reported a low medial preoral protuberance in the Indo-Malayan species  M. inserta Scott, A., 1909 , resembling the processes found in  M. careli and in the male of  M. globosa (Suárez-Morales, 2001, figs. 14, 17), but in  M. inserta the medial process is variable and is part of a longitudinal row of similar globose integumental processes found in this species (Suárez-Morales, 2001, figs. 27–29). Considering the wide variation in development and shapes of preoral processes reported among species of  Monstrilla , the presence of a keel-like process in  M. walteri sp. nov. in combination with other cephalic characters like: (1) the presence of enlarged, sensilla-carrying nipple-like processes, and (2) crescent-shaped integumental processes form distinctive features to identify the species. </p>
            <p> The type of male genital complex and the shape and size of the lappets are also distinctive amongst species. These characters, together with the presence or absence of fifth legs or fifth legs buds are taxonomically valuable to distinguish males of  Monstrilla (Suárez-Morales &amp; Castellanos 2019) . Considering these comparative characters, the only Australian  Monstrilla males with paired fifth legs buds are  M. walteri sp. nov. and  M. mammillata sp. nov. (description to follow), distinguishing them from the other Australian males i.e.  M. longibrachiata sp. nov. ,  M. pileata sp. nov. and  M. sekiguchii sp. nov. , all lacking fifth legs buds. Additionally,  M. walteri sp. nov. is unique in possessing an indented outer margin of the fourth and fifth antennulary segments and a peculiar integumental ornamentation of the preoral ventral surface. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9D7DA92FFF87854589AE5FBF928AFA92	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo;P. M. B, Alexander David Mckinnon	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, P. M. B, Alexander David Mckinnon (2025): The Australian Monstrilloida 3. Caromiobenella Jeon, Lee & Soh, 2018, Monstrilla Dana, 1849, and Sarsimonstrillus n. gen. Zootaxa 5576 (1): 1-99, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5576.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5576.1.1
9D7DA92FFF83855B89AE5A5793A1FF50.text	9D7DA92FFF83855B89AE5A5793A1FF50.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monstrilla fisgata Suárez-Morales & P.M.B 2025	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Monstrilla fisgata sp. nov.</p>
            <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 1E767B0A-860B-4068-811D-7BBCB93D0BF6</p>
            <p>(Figs. 29–31)</p>
            <p>Material examined. Adult male holotype, undissected, mounted on slide in glycerine, (ECO-CHZ-12533).</p>
            <p>
                  Type locality.  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.42285/lat -38.38525)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.42285&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.38525">Western Port Bay</a>
                 , Victoria, Australia (38°23.115’ S, 145°25.371’ E) coll. on 17 June 1985  . 
            </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Small (total length &lt;1 mm) male monstrilloid with relatively short, slender cephalothorax, less than half of total body length; forehead flat in ventral view, projected anteriorly in lateral view, ornamented with few integumental ridges and pair of sensilla. Urosome relatively short, robust, about 1/4 of total body length. Oral cone moderately protuberant; preoral ventral surface ornamentation comprising pair of hyaline bodies, medial subtriangular protuberance, pair of nipple-like integumental processes and adjacent field of deep integumental wrinkles. Dorsal anterior surface ornamented with field of wart-like integumental processes. Antennules short, 5- segmented; fifth segment geniculate, with simple setae only. Fifth pedigerous somite with straight lateral margins, ventral surface smooth; genital somite carrying short, compact genital complex comprising robust, short shaft and pair of thick, thumb-shaped genital lappets curved inwards as pincer, the latter with distal half coarsely ridged along outer and inner margins, unornamented, medially connected by large globose process furnished with crescent-shaped integumental scars, and forming three-pointed chitinized process apically. Caudal rami armed with 6 caudal setae subequal in length and width.</p>
            <p>Description of male holotype. Body relatively slender, small. Total body length of holotype 0.92 mm in dorsal view. Cephalothorax almost 45% of total body length (Fig. 29A), with flat forehead in dorsal and ventral position, ornamented with pair of sensilla (Fig. 30C); in lateral view forehead projected anteriorly (Fig. 29A, B); projected section comprising hyaline bodies (sensu Suárez-Morales 2018) (phb in Fig. 29A, B); fused first pedigerous somite with posterodistal corners weakly expanded, reaching proximal 1/3 of succeeding second pedigerous somite. Eye cups and field of wart-like integumental processes on anteriormost dorsal surface (warts in Fig. 29A). Preoral ventral surface integumental ornamentation comprising: (1) medial protuberant process (pp in Fig. 29A, B), (2) pair of nipple-like processes (nlp in Figs. 29A, B, 31C), (3) dense field of longitudinal wrinkles, single medial oral pore (op in Fig. 30C), pair of ventral pores (vpore in Fig. 30C), and (4) pair of hyaline bodies (sensu Suárez-Morales, 2018) between bases of antennules and medial keel (Fig. 29A, B).</p>
            <p>Oral cone moderately protuberant, robust, with wide base and adjacent integumental wrinkles (oc in Figs. 29A, B, 30C). Eyes comprising large medial cup with smaller adjacent lateral cups, weakly pigmented (mec, lec in Fig. 30C). Urosome relatively short, 24% of total body length, comprising fifth pedigerous somite, genital somite, one free somite, preanal and anal somites, the latter holding pair of caudal rami; relative length of urosomites, from proximal to distal: 36.4: 20.3: 16.5: 14.4: 12.4: = 100. Fifth pedigerous somite longest, with straight lateral margins, ventral surface smooth, lacking any vestige of fifth legs (Fig. 29G). Genital somite carrying genital complex. Succeeding preanal and anal somites smooth; anal somite carrying caudal rami.</p>
            <p>Genital complex ventrally on genital somite (Fig. 29G), complex comprising short thick strongly globose shaft with smooth lateral margins; shaft curved posteriorly, distally branching into pair of short, thumb-like symmetrical, slightly divergent genital lappets curving inwards (Figs. 29G, 30D) and reaching posterior margin of succeeding urosomite (Fig. 31B); lappets inner margin coarsely corrugate, medially conjoined (Fig. 30D), unornamented, medially connected by large globose process furnished with crescent-shaped integumental scars, and forming distinctive three-pointed chitinized process apically (arrows in Figs. 30D, 31B). Caudal rami armed with 6 caudal setae (setae I–VI) subequal in length and width (Figs. 29G, 31D); proximal part of setae III and IV weakly swollen (Fig. 31D).</p>
            <p>Antennules short, 0.58 mm long, less than 36% of total body length, 5-segmented, segments 1–5 clearly divided (Fig. 30A). Following nomenclature by Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka (1995), first segment lacking element 1; second segment carrying short setiform elements 2d 1,2 and 2v 1–3 and long, lightly setulated dorsal seta IId; third segment with long, smooth setiform element 3 and lightly setulated setiform elements IIIv and IIId; fourth segment longest, armature including proximal elements 4v 1, 4d 1,2 and 4v 2, 3 (Fig. 30A), proximal half with inner margin expanded (arrow in Fig. 31A), fifth segment geniculate (Fig. 31A). Following Huys et al.’s (2007) nomenclature for the setation of the male antennulary fifth segment, inner margin with short, slender seta A on subdistal inner margin, next to subdistal setae B and C; inner setae unbranched; outer margin with short, slender seta 5, followed by simple setae 4, 3, 2, apical spiniform element 1, and short aesthetasc AE 1 (Fig. 30B).</p>
            <p> Swimming legs 1–4 as in  M. sekiguchii sp. nov. in armature pattern and leg segmentation. Outer apical spines of legs 1–4 third exopodal segments of  M. fisgata sp. nov. , modified, spines with attenuated distal half, forming a whip-like filament. Distal narrowing of the spine is not present in legs 1 and 2 (Fig. 29 D), but observable in legs 3 and 4 (Fig. 29 E, F). </p>
            <p>Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the nominal Latin term fisga, a three-pronged harpoon, refers to the three-points apical tip of the genital lappets, a distinctive character of this species. The gender is feminine.</p>
            <p> Remarks. The male of  M. fisgata sp. nov. has distinctive features that make it readily distinguishable from its congeneric species and support its status as a new member of  Monstrilla . Firstly, is the modified tip of the genital lappets, comprising a set of three chitinized points. In some other species of monstrilloids these structures can exhibit ornamentations like wart-like integumental processes as in the Australian  C. jeoni sp. nov. (Fig. 5F), distal spermatophore spines like in the males of  M. grandis (Ramírez 1971; Suárez-Morales &amp; Üstün 2018),  M. longicornis (Sars, 1921) ,  M. papilliremis (Isaac, 1975) ,  M. longiremis (Suárez-Morales, 2010) ,  M. chetumalensis (see Suárez-Morales &amp; Castellanos, 2019, fig. 1C–E), and the Australian  M. mammillata sp. nov. (to be described) or the distally corrugate and apically attenuate lappet tips of the Caribbean  M. marioi (Suárez-Morales, 2003) . Secondly, the anteriorly directed forehead comprising the eyes with the densely ornamented dorsal and ventral surfaces, and thirdly, the attenuate outer apical spines on the third exopodal segments of legs 3 and 4. These spines vary in size, from almost as long or as long as the carrying segment, like in the Caribbean  M. elongata (see Suárez-Morales, 1994, fig. 2 J–L),  M. mahahualensis Suárez-Morales, 2022 (see Suárez-Morales, 2022, fig. 2E), and  M. xcalakensis (see Suárez-Morales, 2024, fig. 3D) or shorter than the segment like in the Philippine  M. grygieri Suárez-Morales, 2000 (Suárez-Morales 2000, fig. 1D–G). Overall, the combination of these characters in the new species appears to be unique among the known species of  Monstrilla . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9D7DA92FFF83855B89AE5A5793A1FF50	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo;P. M. B, Alexander David Mckinnon	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, P. M. B, Alexander David Mckinnon (2025): The Australian Monstrilloida 3. Caromiobenella Jeon, Lee & Soh, 2018, Monstrilla Dana, 1849, and Sarsimonstrillus n. gen. Zootaxa 5576 (1): 1-99, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5576.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5576.1.1
9D7DA92FFF9E855D89AE5FBF92CEFBD4.text	9D7DA92FFF9E855D89AE5FBF92CEFBD4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monstrilla mammillata Suárez-Morales & P.M.B 2025	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Monstrilla mammillata sp. nov.</p>
            <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 75C58B78-2683-49B4-97B3-B7C7BE8DDE84</p>
            <p>(Figs. 32, 33)</p>
            <p>Material examined.— Adult male holotype, undissected, mounted on slide in glycerine, (ECO-CHZ-12534).</p>
            <p>
                  Type locality. Hamelin Pool Channel,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.0559/lat -26.3295)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.0559&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.3295">Shark Bay</a>
                 , Western Australia (26°19.770’ S, 114°03.354’ E), coll. on 17 June 1983  . 
            </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Small (total body length ≈ 1 mm); cephalothorax relatively short, slender, about half of total body length; forehead flat in ventral view, weakly projected anteriorly, ornamented with integumental ridges and field of wrinkles. Urosome relatively short, robust, about 1/3 of total body length. Oral cone moderately protuberant; ornamentation of the preoral ventral surface comprising pair of medial bulging protuberance, pair of nipple-like integumental processes, and adjacent field of deep integumental wrinkles.Antennules 5-segmented; fifth antennulary segment geniculate, with simple setae only and apical oval element 1 (sensu Huys et al. 2007). Fifth pedigerous somite with straight lateral margins, ventral surface carrying pair or short buds representing reduced fifth legs. Genital somite with transverse striae on dorsal and lateral surfaces, genital complex comprising wide based, short shaft and pair of thick, mammiform, divergent genital lappets with apical spermatophore spines; inner and outer margins of lappets smooth, medially connected by low, smooth rounded process. Caudal rami armed with 6 caudal setae subequal in length and width.</p>
            <p>Description of holotype. Body relatively slender, small. Total body length 1.14 mm in dorsal view. Cephalothorax almost 45% of total body length, with flat forehead in dorsal and ventral position, forehead lightly corrugate (Fig. 32A, B). Eyes comprising large medial cup (mec in Fig. 32C) and smaller lateral cups (lec in Fig. 32C). Integumental ornamentation of preoral ventral surface comprising: (1) medial bulging process (mbp in Fig. 32 A, C), (2) pair of nipple-like processes (nlp in Fig. 32A), and (3) dense field of integumental wrinkles (Fig. 32A). Fused first pedigerous somite with posterodistal corners weakly expanded, reaching proximal 1/3 of succeeding second pedigerous somite. Oral cone moderately protuberant, robust, with constricted base and adjacent integumental wrinkles (oc in Figs. 31A, C). Urosome relatively short, 26% of total body length, comprising fifth pedigerous somite, genital somite, one free somite, preanal and anal somites, the latter holding pair of caudal rami; relative length of urosomites, from proximal to distal as: 28.6: 22.8: 18.6: 15.7: 14.3: = 100. Fifth pedigerous somite longest, with straight lateral margins, ventral surface smooth except for pair of small buds on ventral posterior surface (arrow in Fig. 32E). Succeeding genital somite carrying genital complex. Preanal and anal somites smooth; anal somite carrying caudal rami.</p>
            <p>Genital complex ventrally on genital somite (Fig. 32E), complex comprising posteriorly directed short thick shaft with smooth lateral and anterior margins; shaft branching into pair of long, symmetrical mammiform genital lappets, latter curved backwards in lateral view (Fig. 32E), divergent in ventral view (Figs. 32D, 33C, D), and reaching posterior margin of preanal somite (Fig. 33C, D), with inner margins smooth, medially conjoined (Fig. 33D), connected by small rounded convex process, with acute spermatophore spines on apical position (ss in Figs. 32F, 33C, D). Caudal rami armed with 6 caudal setae (setae I–VI) subequal in length and width (Fig. 32B).</p>
            <p>Antennules 0.39 mm long, less than 40% of total body length, 5-segmented, segments 1–5 clearly divided, segment 4 longest (Fig. 32B), first segment shortest (Fig. 32B). Following nomenclature by Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka (1995), first segment with strongly developed element 1, element long, setulated, almost reaching distal end of third segment (Fig. 32B, arrow in Fig. 32A, C), second segment carrying short setiform elements 2v 1,2 and 2d 2, this element modified, with thickened proximal half (2d 2 *in Fig. 32B), and long, lightly setulated dorsal seta IId, third segment with slender, slightly curved spiniform element 3 and lightly setulated setiform elements IIIv and IIId, fourth segment longest, with armature including proximal elements 4v 1,2, 4d 1,2 and IVd (Fig. 32B), distal half with outer margin expanded; fourth and fifth segments connected by bilobed neck (arrowhead in Figs. 32B, 33A); fifth segment geniculate (Fig. 33A). Following Huys et al.’s (2007) nomenclature for the setation of the male antennulary fifth segment, inner margin with short, slender seta A on subdistal inner margin, next to subdistal setae B and C; inner setae unbranched; outer margin with short, slender seta 5, followed by simple setae 4, 3, 2, and apical oval element 1 (black arrowhead in Fig. 33A), and short aesthetasc AE 1 (LLE in Fig. 32B).</p>
            <p> Swimming legs 1–4 as in  M. sekiguchi sp. nov.</p>
            <p>Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the nominal Latin term mamilla = breast, nipple; the adjective suffix - ata was added to denote possession of. The epithet refers to the shape of the genital lappets of the new species, including the distal nipple-like spermatophore spine. Gender is feminine.</p>
            <p> Remarks. There are only two other species of this genus exhibiting a comparable set of genital lappets, i.e. the Caribbean  M. chetumalensis and the Korean  M ilhoii . Both share with  M. mammillata sp. nov. the following characters of the male genitalia: (1) very short genital complex shaft, (2) distally tapering, widely divergent genital lappets, (3) spermatophore spines present, and (4) poorly ornamented inner medial margin. There are, however, several morphological details by which these species can be distinguished. In  M. ilhoii , the spermatophore spines are very small and inconspicuous (Lee &amp; Chang 2016, fig. 4E, 5D) and clearly longer and thicker in  M. chetumalensis (Suárez-Morales &amp; Castellanos 2019, fig. 2E) than in  M. mammillata sp. nov. The latter two species differ in the ornamentation of the inner medial margin connecting both lappets; it is deeply corrugate and concave in  M. chetumalensis (Suárez-Morales &amp; Castellanos 2019, fig. 2E) vs. a smooth convex margin in  M. mammillata sp. nov. (Fig. 31 D). Also,  M. ilhoii has well-defined opercular flaps (Lee &amp; Chang 2016, fig. 5D), but these structures are not observable in  M. chetumalensis (Suárez-Morales &amp; Castellanos, 2019, fig. 2E) or in  M. mammillata sp. nov.</p>
            <p> These three species, however, can also be separated by other characters, including the number of caudal setae (only 4 setae are present in  M. chetumalensis (Suárez-Morales &amp; Castellanos 2019, fig. 2A) vs. 6 caudal setae in both  M. ilhoii (Lee &amp; Chang 2016) and  M. mammillata sp. nov. (see Fig. 32E )). </p>
            <p> It is clear that there is more morphological resemblance between the Korean  M. ilhoii and the Australian  M. mammillata which share several important characters: (1) the presence of a medial cephalic bulging protuberance on the preoral ventral surface (Lee &amp; Chang 2016, figs. 4B, C, 5A), (2) a long, well-developed antennulary setal element 1 (sensu Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka 1995) (Lee &amp; Chang 2016, fig. 5C), (3) a modified, proximally thickened element 2d 2 on the second antennulary segment (Lee &amp; Chang 2016, fig. 5C), and (4) an apical leaf-like element 1 (sensu Huys et al. 2007) on the fifth antennulary segment. These species, however, can be easily separated by other important details, namely the size of the spermatophore spines (already discussed), the polygonal reticulation on the body surface of  M. ilhoii vs. the non-reticulated body in  M. mammillata sp. nov. , the presence of male fifth leg buds in  M. mammillata sp. nov. vs. fifth legs vestiges entirely lacking in the male of  M. ilhoii (Lee &amp; Chang 2016, fig.4D), and their body size (  M. mammillata is a small species (male 1.14 mm) and the male of  M. ilhoii is about three times larger (2.76 mm) (Lee &amp; Chang 2016). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9D7DA92FFF9E855D89AE5FBF92CEFBD4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo;P. M. B, Alexander David Mckinnon	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, P. M. B, Alexander David Mckinnon (2025): The Australian Monstrilloida 3. Caromiobenella Jeon, Lee & Soh, 2018, Monstrilla Dana, 1849, and Sarsimonstrillus n. gen. Zootaxa 5576 (1): 1-99, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5576.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5576.1.1
9D7DA92FFF9B855C89AE5BE694BBF870.text	9D7DA92FFF9B855C89AE5BE694BBF870.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monstrilla janetgrieveae Suárez-Morales & P.M.B 2025	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Monstrilla janetgrieveae sp. nov.</p>
            <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 6BECA32C-6949-4AC6-8516-E3A7C77FBFFF</p>
            <p>(Figs 34–36)</p>
            <p>Material examined. Adult female holotype undissected, mounted on slide in glycerine, (ECO-CHZ-12538).</p>
            <p>  Type locality.  Port Phillip Bay , Black Rock, Victoria, Australia (37°58.066’ S, 145°.2705’ E) on 17 March 1983  . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Large (&gt; 3 mm body length) female monstrilloid, with elongate, cylindrical cephalothorax about 55% of total body length; oral cone moderately prominent, located ventrally at anterior 1/3 of cephalothorax. Urosome relatively short, 20% of total body length. Antennules anteriorly directed, 4-segmented, thick, relatively short, almost 32% of total body length; segments 1–2 divided, distal segment longest, tapering distally, with rounded tip; apical elements 6 1,2 (sensu Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka 1995) thick, equally long. Genital double-somite with expanded lateral margins, somite carrying pair of ovigerous spines barely reaching beyond distal margin of caudal rami. Fifth legs bilobed, exopodal lobe thick, subrectangular, armed with three subequally long, lightly setulated setae; endopodal lobe unarmed, thumb-like or globose, reaching slightly beyond distal margin of exopodal lobe, armed with single seta. Caudal rami subrectangular, 1.5 times as long as wide, armed with five equally long caudal setae, apical setae III and IV proximally swollen.</p>
            <p> Description of adult female holotype. Body length 3.27 mm. Body tagmosis as usual in females of  Monstrilla (Isaac 1975; Suárez-Morales &amp; Islas-Landeros 1993; Chang 2014). Cephalothorax long, cylindrical, moderately robust; cephalothorax about 58% of total body length and fully incorporating first pedigerous somite. Oral cone moderately prominent (oc in Figs. 34A, 35A), located 18% way back along ventral surface of cephalothorax. Eyes comprising two lateral cups and medial cup (lec, mec in Fig. 34A, E); small bean-shaped hyaline bodies (sensu Suárez-Morales 2018) located anteriorly to eye cups. Cephalic region anteriorly subquadrate in dorsal view, ‘forehead’ flat, with few integumental indentations between antennule bases (Figs. 34E, 36A); ventral preoral surface with reduced ornamentation, including single pair of nipple-like processes (nlp in Figs. 34A, 35 A) and medial pore cluster (mpc in Fig. 34A, 35A), as well as usual field of integumental wrinkles on ventral perioral surface. </p>
            <p>Antennules robust, about 32% of total body length and almost 55% of cephalothorax length, distinctly four-segmented, anteriorly directed (Fig. 34A, E). Segments 1–3 divided, segments 3–4 partly fused (Figs. 34E, 35A); length ratio of antennular segments (proximal to distal) 13.3: 16.6: 20.0: 50.1 = 100 (Figs. 34A, 35A). Following Grygier and Ohtsuka’s (1995) setal nomenclature, first segment with reduced, spiniform setal element 1, second segment bearing short setiform element IId, and short, robust spiniform elements 2d 1,2, and 2v 1,2, third segment with spiniform element 3 and adjacent setiform elements IIId and IIIv, fourth segment longest, almost 50 % of the total antennule length, armed with setal elements IVd, IVv, 4v 1,2, Vm, Vd, and Vv, subapical “ b ” setal group comprising single slender unbranched element b 3 inserted subapically on outer margin; apical elements 6 1,2 equally long, closely inserted next to each other (Fig. 35 B, C); aesthetasc 6aes short, inserted subapically next to elements 6 1,2 (Fig. 35C).</p>
            <p> First pedigerous thoracic somite and succeeding three free thoracic somites each bearing well-developed pair of biramous swimming legs, all with exopodite longer than endopodite and usual monstrilloid segmentation. Setal armature pattern as in female of  M. pileata sp. nov.</p>
            <p>Armature of swimming legs 1–4:</p>
            <p>Leg Basis Endopod Exopod</p>
            <p>1 1-0 0-1; 0-1;1-2-2 I-1; 0-1; I-2-2</p>
            <p>2–4 1-0 0-1; 0-1;1-2-2 I-1; 0-1; I-2-3</p>
            <p>Urosome consisting of four somites; fifth pedigerous somite (with fifth legs), genital double-somite (ventrally carrying paired ovigerous spines), free preanal somite, and anal somite carrying pair of caudal rami; length ratio of urosomites (from proximal to distal) 49.3: 25.5: 13.7: 11.5 = 100 (Fig. 34D). Fifth legs well-developed, bilobed; exopodal lobe robust, subrectangular, armed distally with three subequally long, lightly setulated setae; endopodal lobe thick, digitiform, reaching slightly beyond distal margin of exopodite, armed with single seta (Fig. 34B). Genital double-somite with expanded lateral margins, with incomplete transverse suture visible in dorsal and lateral view (Figs. 34C, D, 35D) and proximal half exhibiting integumental corrugation on dorsal surface (arrowhead in Fig. 34D). Ovigerous spines arising ventrally from genital somite (os in Fig. 36D), relatively short, barely reaching beyond distal margin of caudal rami (os in Fig. 34D) carrying eggs mass distally. Caudal rami subrectangular in dorsal view (Fig. 34C), 1.4 times as long as broad, each armed with five caudal setae I–V; distalmost setae III and IV proximally expanded (arrowheads in Figs. 34C, 36 C).</p>
            <p> Remarks.  Monstrilla janetgrieveae sp. nov. can be easily recognized by its possession of several distinctive characters, the most important being the possession of a bilobed female fifth leg with the outer lobe carrying three seta, and inner lobe carrying one seta and being as long as or longer than the outer lobe; this character is shared with  M. latisetosa sp. nov. , but in  M. janetgrieveae the fifth leg armature consists of 3 exopodal setae and 1 endopodal, vs. a pattern of 3 and 2 setae in  M. latisetosa .  Monstrilla barbata has the same armature pattern but the inner lobe is very reduced (Suárez-Morales &amp; Gasca 1992, fig. 2f). The same applies to  M. careli (see Suárez-Morales &amp; Dias 2000, fig. 1D) and for  M. careloides Suárez-Morales, 2001 , in which the inner lobe is only represented by a seta (Suárez-Morales 2001, fig. 16). Among the known species of  Monstrilla , the longest inner lobe of the female fifth leg has been observed in  M. gibbosa from the southern Gulf of California, and in  M. hendrickxi collected off the eastern coast of the Baja, California peninsula. In  M. gibbosa the inner lobe carries one seta and is almost as long as the outer lobe (Suárez-Morales &amp; Palomares-García 1995, fig. 2a, b). In  M. hendrickxi the inner lobe is digitiform, slightly longer than the outer (Suárez-Morales &amp; Velázquez-Ornelas 2024, fig. 4A), but it is unarmed, thus different from the structure exhibited by  M. janetgrieveae sp. nov. The new species can also be recognized among its Australian congeners by the proximally swollen caudal setae III and IV, a character only known in  M. pileata sp. nov. and the males of  M. fisgata sp. nov. It can be distinguished from  M. pileata sp. nov. by the lack of a modified apical section of the antennules, distinctive of  M. pileata sp. nov. (see description). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9D7DA92FFF9B855C89AE5BE694BBF870	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo;P. M. B, Alexander David Mckinnon	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, P. M. B, Alexander David Mckinnon (2025): The Australian Monstrilloida 3. Caromiobenella Jeon, Lee & Soh, 2018, Monstrilla Dana, 1849, and Sarsimonstrillus n. gen. Zootaxa 5576 (1): 1-99, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5576.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5576.1.1
9D7DA92FFF96852B89AE5FBF9279FB40.text	9D7DA92FFF96852B89AE5FBF9279FB40.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monstrilla latisetosa Suárez-Morales & P.M.B 2025	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Monstrilla latisetosa sp. nov.</p>
            <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 29DDFCA1-3B21-47BC-BB4A-1F9C2DB63956</p>
            <p>(Figs 37–40)</p>
            <p>Material examined. Adult female holotype, undissected, mounted on slide in glycerine, (ECO-CHZ-12537). Three adult female paratypes of which two undissected, each mounted on one slide in glycerine, the other mounted on a SEM stub after SEM preparation, paratypes not catalogued.</p>
            <p>
                  Type locality.  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.22212/lat -38.435883)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.22212&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.435883">Western Port Bay</a>
                 , Victoria, Australia (38°26.153’ S, 145°13.327’ E), coll. on 26 February 1985  .   Additional locality:  Port Phillip Bay , Black Rock, Victoria, Australia (37°58.066’ S, 145°.2705’ E), coll. on 17 March 1983  . 
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            <p>Diagnosis. Large (&gt; 3.5 mm body length), with robust cephalothorax about 55% of total body length; oral cone relatively small, located ventrally at anterior 1/4 of cephalothorax. Urosome relatively short, about 20% of total body length. Antennules 4-segmented, almost 32% of total body length, anteriorly directed; distal segment longest, tapering distally, with rounded tip, apical elements 6 1,2 (sensu Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka 1995) reduced or modified into small, leaf-like elements. Genital double-somite with expanded anterior half, somite carrying pair of ovigerous spines almost reaching distal end of caudal setae. Third exopodal segments of legs 1 and 4 with modified, sickle-shaped outermost apical spine. Fifth legs bilobed, exopodal lobe thick, subrectangular, armed with three subequally long lightly setulated setae; endopodal lobe digitiform, as long as or slightly longer than exopodal lobe and armed with two equally long, lightly setulated setae. Caudal rami subrectangular, 1.5 times as long as wide, armed with five equally long caudal setae, of which apical setae III and IV proximally swollen.</p>
            <p> Description of adult female holotype. Body length 3.56 mm. Body tagmosis as usual for females of  Monstrilla (Isaac 1975; Suárez-Morales &amp; Islas-Landeros 1993; Chang 2014). Cephalothorax long, robust, about 58% of total body length and fully incorporating first pedigerous somite. Oral cone moderately prominent (oc in Figs. 37A, 39A), located 18% of way back along ventral surface of cephalothorax. Eyes comprising two lateral cups and medial ventral cup (lec, mec in Fig. 37A). Cephalic region anteriorly subquadrate in dorsal view, ‘forehead’ flat, with few integumental ridges between antennule bases (Figs. 37A, 38A, 39A); ventral preoral surface with reduced ornamentation, including one or two pairs of nipple-like processes (nlp 1, 2 in Figs. 37A, 39A, 40A) and medial pore cluster (mpc in Figs. 39A, 40A), as well as usual field of integumental wrinkles on ventral perioral surface. </p>
            <p>Antennules relatively short, 0.75 mm long, about 20% of total body length and 30% of cephalothorax length, thick, distinctly four-segmented, anteriorly directed (Fig. 37A) or divergent (Fig. 40A), fourth segment longest; length ratio of antennular segments (proximal to distal): 17.2: 24.3: 25.71: 32.8 = 100 (Fig. 37A). Following Grygier and Ohtsuka’s (1995) setal nomenclature, first segment with reduced, spiniform setal element 1 (Fig. 39A), second segment bearing short setiform, setulated element IId, and short, robust spiniform elements 2d 1,2, and 2v 1–3, third segment with slender setiform element 3 and adjacent setiform elements IIId and IIIv, fourth segment longest, tapering distally, armed with setal elements IVd, IVv, 4v 1,2, Vm, Vd, and Vv, subapical “b” setal group on outer margin comprising four unbranched setal elements, namely b 1–3 and b 6; apical element 6 1 modified, represented by short spine or by small leaf-shaped element closely inserted to apical aesthetasc 6aes (Figs. 37A, 38A, 40A), element 6 2 not observed, aesthetasc 6aes short, inserted subapically next to element 6 1 (Fig. 38A).</p>
            <p> First pedigerous thoracic somite and succeeding three free thoracic somites each bearing well-developed pair of biramous swimming legs, all with exopod longer than endopod and 3-segmented. Setal armature pattern as in  M. pileata sp. nov. All natatory setae slightly and biserially plumose. </p>
            <p>Armature of swimming legs 1–4 with modified, sickle-shaped outer apical spines on exopods of legs 1 and 4 (Figs. 37 C, D):</p>
            <p>Leg Basis Endopod Exopod</p>
            <p>1 1-0 0-1; 0-1;1-2-2 I-1; 0-1; I-2-2</p>
            <p>2–4 1-0 0-1; 0-1;1-2-2 I-1; 0-1; I-2-3</p>
            <p>Urosome consisting of four somites: fifth pedigerous somite (with fifth legs), genital double-somite (ventrally carrying paired ovigerous spines), free preanal somite, and anal somite carrying pair of caudal rami; length ratio of urosomites (from proximal to distal) 36.6: 43.13: 13.1: 7.2 = 100 (Fig. 37B). Fifth legs well-developed, bilobed; outer lobe robust, subrectangular, armed distally with three subequally long lightly setulated setae; inner lobe digitiform, reaching distal margin of or slightly longer than outer lobe, armed with two subequally long, lightly setulated setae (Figs 37B, 38B, D, 40B). Genital double-somite with weakly expanded proximal half, with incomplete transverse suture visible in dorsal view. Anal somite short, with integumental ridges on dorsal surface (arrowhead, Fig. 40C). Ovigerous spines arising ventrally from genital somite (os in Figs. 37B, 38D), relatively long, almost reaching distal end of caudal setae, only one spine carrying eggs distally. Caudal rami subquadrate in ventral view (Figs. 37B, 40B), 1.1 times as long as broad, each ramus armed with five caudal setae (I–V); distalmost setae III and IV proximally swollen (shadowed in Figs 37B, 40B, indicted by arrowheads in Fig. 39 C, D).</p>
            <p>Intraspecific variability. The holotype and paratype specimens differ in several minor details, including: (1) size (the paratype is smaller (2.6 mm vs. 3.56 mm of holotype); (2) relative length of the antennule (relatively shorter in the holotype (15% of total body length) than in the paratype (29%)); (3) antennulary setation pattern (holotype with uniformly short, robust setal elements 4d 1,2 and 4v 1–3 (Fig. 40A), whereas these elements are relatively longer, slenderer in the paratype; additionally, element 3 is long, setiform in the holotype (Fig. 37A) but short, spiniform in the paratype; (4) relative length of the fifth leg endopodal lobe (as long as the exopodal lobe (Fig. 37B) in the holotype, but inner lobe longer than the outer lobe in one paratype (Fig. 39B); (5) the paratype shows a relatively smooth preoral integumental surface (Fig. 39A) vs. a wrinkled surface in the holotype (Fig. 37A).</p>
            <p> Remarks.  Monstrilla latisetosa sp. nov. can be easily identified by its possession of several distinctive characters, the most important being a bilobed female fifth leg with the exopodal lobe armed with three setae and endopodal lobe carrying two setae and being as long as or longer than the outer lobe (Figs. 37B, 39B, 40C). The length and development of the fifth leg endopodal lobe is an important character and only a few species have strongly developed fifth leg endopods, namely  M. gibbosa , the Australian  M. janetgrieveae sp. nov. , and  M. hendrickxi . They can be readily differentiated from  M. latisetosa sp. nov. in the endopodal lobe armature, consisting of a single seta in the Australian  M. janetgrieveae sp. nov. and in  M. gibbosa (Suárez-Morales &amp; Palomares-García, 1995, fig. 2a, b), and being unarmed in  M. hendrickxi (Suárez-Morales &amp; Velázquez-Ornelas, 2024, fig. 4A). There are several Australian species of  Monstrilla with proximally swollen caudal setae (i.e.,  M. pileata sp. nov. ,  M. fisgata sp. nov. ,  M. janetgrieveae sp. nov. ,  M. latisetosa sp. nov. ), but  M. latisetosa sp. nov. can also be recognized among its Australian congeners by the proximally swollen caudal setae III and IV combined with a 3, 2 setation formula (exopod, endopod) of the female fifth legs. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9D7DA92FFF96852B89AE5FBF9279FB40	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo;P. M. B, Alexander David Mckinnon	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, P. M. B, Alexander David Mckinnon (2025): The Australian Monstrilloida 3. Caromiobenella Jeon, Lee & Soh, 2018, Monstrilla Dana, 1849, and Sarsimonstrillus n. gen. Zootaxa 5576 (1): 1-99, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5576.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5576.1.1
9D7DA92FFFED852E89AE5A1293B0F949.text	9D7DA92FFFED852E89AE5A1293B0F949.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monstrilla huysi Suárez-Morales & P.M.B 2025	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Monstrilla huysi sp. nov.</p>
            <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: AEE1BF5E-DA75-4638-8787-8AD36683578A</p>
            <p>(Figs 41–44)</p>
            <p>Material examined. Adult male holotype undissected, mounted on one slide in glycerine, (ECO-CHZ-12539).</p>
            <p>  Type locality.  Port Phillip Bay , Black Rock, Victoria, Australia (37°58.066’ S, 145°.2705’ E), coll. on 17 March 1983  . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Male monstrilloid with cephalothorax relatively short, robust, about half of total body length; anterior margin with flat forehead except for moderately ridged margin and pair of short sensilla. Urosome relatively short, about 1/3 or less of total body length. Oral cone weakly protuberant but surrounded by field of transverse integumental wrinkles. Antennules 5-segmented, geniculate between fourth and fifth segments; fourth and fifth segments equally long; fifth segment with simple setae on outer margin. Fifth pedigerous somite with pair of buds representing the fifth legs. Genital somite carrying short genital complex with thick short shaft and pair of compact, thumb-shaped, genital lappets inwardly curved, medially connected by convex rounded process, with pair of bean-shaped opercular flaps at base of lappets. Caudal rami armed with 5 caudal setae; setae III and IV proximally swollen.</p>
            <p>Description of male holotype. Body relatively robust. Total body length 2.17 mm in dorsal view. Cephalothorax almost 50% of total body length, anteriorly rounded, with flat forehead (Figs. 41A, 43A, C) showing pair of hyaline bodies (sensu Suárez-Morales 2018) between lateral and medial eye cups (hb in Fig. 41A). Preoral anteroventral surface with field of integumental wrinkles, and adjacent pair of nipple-like processes on ventral surface (nlp in Fig. 43A, B). Oral cone weakly protuberant, surrounded by field of transverse integumental wrinkles in tight pattern (oc in Fig. 43 A, B); oral cone located at 40% of way back along ventral surface of cephalothorax (Fig. 43A) with pair of preoral pores on ventral surface (pop in Fig. 43A, B). Eyes pigmented; represented by two lateral cups and medial ventral cup at anterior end of cephalothorax, medial cup larger than lateral cups (mec, lec in Fig. 41A).</p>
            <p>Urosome relatively slender (Fig. 41B, C), about 26% of total body length; comprising fifth pedigerous somite, genital somite, one free somite, preanal and anal somites, the latter holding pair of caudal rami; relative length of urosomites, from proximal to distal: 31.1: 24.2: 18.3: 15.5: 10.9 = 100. Fifth pedigerous somite with straight lateral margins, lateral surface with longitudinal integumental wrinkles and bulging ventral process (Fig. 18E). Genital somite carrying genital complex. Succeeding preanal and anal somites with smooth lateral and dorsal surfaces; anal somite carrying caudal rami. Fifth pedigerous somite with ventral expansion carrying pair of fifth leg buds arising from wide protopodal base (arrowheads in Figs. 41C, 44C). Genital complex arising ventrally on genital somite (Figs 42A, B, 44A–C), with short thick shaft with smooth lateral margins; shaft branching into pair of short, thumb-like symmetrical genital lappets weakly curved inwards (Fig. 44A–C), medially conjoined by rounded convex process (Fig. 42A, B). Caudal rami armed with 5 caudal setae subequal in length and width; setae III and V weakly swollen proximally (Fig. 42C).</p>
            <p>Antennules 0.61 mm long, almost 30% of total body length, 5-segmented; segments 1–5 clearly divided, segments 4 and 5 longest (Fig. 41A). Following nomenclature by Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka (1995), first segment with short, spiniform element 1; second segment carrying spiniform elements 2d 1,2 and 2v 1,2 and relatively short, lightly setulated dorsal seta IId; third segment with moderately long, stout spiniform element 3 and lightly setulated setiform elements IIIv and IIId; fourth segment with armature including proximal elements 4d 1,2 and 4v 1,2, proximal half of segment with weakly expanded lateral margins, carrying aesthetasc 4ae, distal half with setiform element Vv (Fig. 41A). Following Huys et al.’s (2007) nomenclature for the setation of the male antennulary fifth segment, outer margin with slender unbranched elements 4, 3, 2 and 1, the latter two in apical position; element 1 spiniform and 3 short, slender (Figs 42D, 43D), inner margin with long seta B and slender, unbranched seta C on inner subdistal position.</p>
            <p> Swimming legs 1–4 as in  M. sekiguchii sp. nov. Armature of swimming legs 1–4: </p>
            <p>Leg Basis Endopod Exopod</p>
            <p>1 1-0 0-1; 0-1;1-2-2 I-1; 0-1; I-2-2</p>
            <p>2–4 1-0 0-1; 0-1;1-2-2 I-1; 0-1; I-2-3</p>
            <p> Etymology.— The species name is an eponym to honour Prof. Rony Huys, researcher of the Natural History Museum, London, for his outstanding work to promote copepodology worldwide and his solid contributions to understand the taxonomy and morphology of different copepod taxa, including the  Monstrilloida . Gender is masculine. </p>
            <p> Remarks.  Monstrilla huysi sp. nov. shares certain characters with some other newly described males: (1) body proportions, with relatively short cephalothorax, (2) robust, compact genital complex with short genital lappets connected medially by convex rounded process. These species include  M. fisgata sp. nov. ,  M. pileata sp. nov. ,  M. walteri sp. nov. , and  M. sekiguchii sp. nov. However,  M. huysi sp. nov. can be distinguished from these species by the relatively well-defined fifth leg lobes, while traces of fifth legs are absent in  M. fisgata sp. nov. and  M. sekiguchii sp. nov. , which in turn has rows of spines on the distal margin of lappets, vs. smooth lappets tips in  M. huysi sp. nov. Furthermore,  M. walteri sp. nov. has a strong medial cephalic keel-like protuberance, while a cephalic protuberance is absent in  M. huysi sp. nov. With 5 caudal setae,  M. huysi sp. nov. differs from both  M. fisgata sp. nov. and  M. sekiguchii sp. nov. both with 6 caudal setae. In addition,  M. fisgata sp. nov. has distinctive 3-pointed lappet tips vs. smooth lappet tips in  M. huysi sp. nov. Monstrilla huysi sp. nov. has weakly swollen caudal setae III and IV, like those of  M. fisgata sp. nov. and  M. pileata sp. nov. , but they differ in the structure of the genitalia and the unique development of the fifth legs exhibited by  M. huysi sp. nov.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9D7DA92FFFED852E89AE5A1293B0F949	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo;P. M. B, Alexander David Mckinnon	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, P. M. B, Alexander David Mckinnon (2025): The Australian Monstrilloida 3. Caromiobenella Jeon, Lee & Soh, 2018, Monstrilla Dana, 1849, and Sarsimonstrillus n. gen. Zootaxa 5576 (1): 1-99, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5576.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5576.1.1
9D7DA92FFFE8852189AE581A9258F930.text	9D7DA92FFFE8852189AE581A9258F930.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monstrilla caromiobenelloides Suárez-Morales & P.M.B 2025	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Monstrilla caromiobenelloides sp. nov.</p>
            <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 6C284C36-1F12-4CA5-AE29-D26EA4F99CD8</p>
            <p>(Figs 45–47)</p>
            <p>
                 Material examined.   Adult male holotype mounted on slide in glycerine, (ECO-CHZ-12540). Type locality.  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 121.88/lat -14.041667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=121.88&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.041667">Scott Reef</a>
                 , Western Australia (- 14°2.500’ S, 121°52.800’ E), coll. on 6 June 2009  . 
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            <p>Diagnosis. Male monstrilloid with cephalothorax relatively short, robust, about half of total body length; anterior margin with weakly produced, smooth forehead. Urosome relatively short, about 1/4 of total body length. Oral cone weakly protuberant, surrounded by field of transverse integumental wrinkles. Preoral surface with low medial protuberance visible in lateral view. Antennules 5-segmented, geniculate between fourth and fifth segments; fourth and fifth segments equally long; fifth segment with slender, simple setae on outer margin and with apical longitudinal rows of spinules and minute spinule integumental patch. Fifth pedigerous somite with ventral swelling and reduced pair of buds representing fifth legs. Genital somite carrying short genital complex with thick short shaft and pair of robust, weakly divergent genital lappets medially connected by deep invagination; lappets ornamented with spinule rows on inner margin and dorsal surface. Caudal rami armed with 5 subequally long caudal setae; setae III and IV unmodified.</p>
            <p>Description of holotype. Body relatively robust, with short cephalothorax. Total body length 1.31 mm in dorsal view. Cephalothorax almost 50% of total body length (Figs. 45A, 46A), thick, anteriorly rounded, flat forehead (Fig. 46A, B) with few integumental wrinkles and pair of hyaline bodies (sensu Suárez-Morales 2018) adjacent to lateral and medial eye cups (hb in Fig. 46A). Preoral anteroventral surface with field of integumental wrinkles, and three adjacent pairs of nipple-like processes on ventral surface (nlp 1-3 in Figs. 45 B, 47D). Oral cone weakly protuberant, surrounded by field of transverse integumental wrinkles (oc in Figs. 45A, 46B, 47D); cone located at 30% of way back along ventral surface of cephalothorax (Fig. 45A). Eyes pigmented, represented by two lateral cups and medial cup at anterior end of cephalothorax; medial cup slightly larger than lateral cups (mec, lec in Fig. 46A).</p>
            <p>Urosome relatively slender (Fig. 45E, D), almost 27% of total body length, comprising fifth pedigerous somite, genital somite, one free somite, preanal and anal somite, the latter carrying pair of caudal rami; relative length of urosomites, from proximal to distal: 28.5: 24.3: 17.1: 17.2: 12.9 = 100. Fifth pedigerous somite longest, with straight lateral margins and bulging ventral process (Fig. 45E). Genital somite with genital complex on ventral surface. Succeeding preanal and anal somites with smooth lateral and dorsal surfaces; anal somite carrying caudal rami. Fifth pedigerous somite with ventral expansion carrying pair of poorly defined fifth legs buds (arrowhead in Fig. 45E). Genital complex arising from ventral surface of genital somite (Fig. 45D, E); complex compact in ventral view, with straight lateral margins and short thick shaft branching distally into pair of short, symmetrical genital lappets, weakly divergent in ventral view (Figs. 45D, 46E, 47B) and medially conjoined by wide A-shaped slit (Figs. 46E, 47B); lappets ornamented distally with spinule rows along inner margin (Figs. 45E, 46E, 47B). Caudal rami armed with 5 caudal setae subequal in length and width (Fig. 47C); setae I and II broken off in holotype but sockets indicate insertion points (Fig. 47C).</p>
            <p>Antennules 0.49 mm long, almost 37% of total body length; 5-segmented; segments 1–5 clearly divided, segments 4 and 5 longest (Figs 45C, 46C, 47A). Following nomenclature by Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka (1995), first segment with long, spiniform element 1 reaching distal margin of third segment (Fig. 46B), second segment carrying spiniform elements 2d 1,2 and 2v 1,2, the former (2d 1) remarkably long, almost reaching distal end of fifth segment (asterisk in Figs. 46C, 47A), second segment also carrying lightly setulated dorsal seta IId, third segment with long, setiform element 3 and lightly setulated setiform elements IIIv and IIId, fourth segment with short, spiniform elements 4d 1,2 and 4v 1,3 and aesthetasc 4aes on proximal half, distal half unarmed (Fig. 46C). Following Huys et al.’s (2007) nomenclature for the setation of the male antennulary fifth segment, outer margin with minute aesthetascs AE, slender unbranched elements 2–7, and spiniform apical elements 1 and 2 (Fig. 46C, D), inner margin with short uniserially pinnate element B and slender, unbranched seta C on inner subdistal position; distal 1/3 of fifth segment ornamented with subapical patch of minute spinules on ventral inner margin (Fig. 46D) and adjacent inverted Ushaped row of larger spinules visible also in dorsal view (Fig. 46D, arrowheads in Fig. 47A).</p>
            <p> Swimming legs 1–4 as in  M. sekiguchii sp. nov. and  M. huysi sp. nov. Armature of swimming legs 1–4: </p>
            <p>Leg Basis Endopod Exopod</p>
            <p>1 1-0 0-1; 0-1;1-2-2 I-1; 0-1; I-2-2</p>
            <p>2–4 1-0 0-1; 0-1;1-2-2 I-1; 0-1; I-2-3</p>
            <p> Etymology. The species name is derived from the monstrilloid genus name  Caromiobenella ending with the Greek suffix oides meaning similar or looking alike. Both the root  Caromiobenella and the ending oides are feminine (see ICZN art. 30. 1.2) and thus agree in gender with the genus name. A different criterion classifies oides as neuter, but it is applied for Prokaryotes (Parker et al. 2015). The species epithet refers to the resemblance of the antennulary ornamentation observed in this species of  Monstrilla with that known in  Caromiobenella . </p>
            <p> Remarks. The new species  M. caromiobenelloides was assigned to the genus  Monstrilla despite several affinities with  Caromiobenella . Firstly, the fifth antennulary segment is not modified as in members of  Caromiobenella , which have 5 transverse serrated ridges consisting of numerous minute spinules (Jeon et al. 2018). In  M. caromiobenelloides sp. nov. the antennulary ornamentation is relatively weak, with a single longitudinal spinule row, and not arranged in transverse ridges which is typical in species of  Caromiobenella . Furthermore,  M. caromiobenelloides sp. nov. shows a unique patch of minute spinules on the apical surface of the fifth segment, a character not reported in members of  Caromiobenella . Secondly, a fifth leg or traces of it is absent in males of  Caromiobenella species (Jeon et al. 2018) and  M. caromiobenelloides sp. nov. , like at least two other males of  Monstrilla , has a pair of fifth leg buds on the ventral surface of the fifth pedigerous somite. Additionally,  M. caromiobenelloides lacks the typical crater-like integumental processes on the dorsal surface of the cephalothorax that are distinctive of  Caromiobenella . </p>
            <p> This species of  Monstrilla exhibits characters suggestive of clear affinities with members of  Caromiobenella , i.e. the structure of the genitalia, mainly including the shape and arrangement of the genital lappets.  Monstrilla caromiobenelloides’ genital complex closely resembles that of  Caromiobenella castorea (Jeon et al. 2018, fig. 2D) except for the presence of a deeper slit in the new species. As discussed for  C. jeoni sp. nov. , Jeon et al. (2019) recognized two distinct groups of species based on the type of genital complex, one with a deep medial notch on the posterodistal position (type I) and the other with a homologous medial distal protrusion (type II) (see Jeon et al. 2019). The genital complex of  C. jeoni was thus classified as type I, with a distinctive medial slit, a character clearly present in  M. caromiobenelloides sp. nov. as well. </p>
            <p> The antennulary setation pattern found in  M. caromiobenelloides sp. nov. shows additional similarities with the pattern of  Caromiobenella , including the strong development of the setal elements 1 and 2d 1,2 (sensu Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka 1995). In  C. castorea , the type species of  Caromiobenella , element 1 is strongly developed, represented by a stout seta almost reaching the distal margin of the succeeding second segment (Jeon et al. 2018, fig. 2B). This element is also well-developed in the new species, and even longer, almost reaching the distal margin of the third antennulary segment. Element 2d 2 is strongly developed in species of  Caromiobenella , and described as a stout, biserially setulate seta in  C. castorea and  C. polluxea , reaching the distal margin of the fourth antennulary segment (Jeon et al. 2018, figs. 3A, 7A). This element is also stout and even longer in the new species  M. caromiobenelloides sp. nov. , almost reaching the fifth segment’s distal end. An elongate setulated element 2d 2 has been reported widely among species of  Caromiobenella , including females of  C. helgolandica (Park 1967) and males of the  C. pygmaea (Suárez-Morales 2000) . Similar observations were reported for males of  C. helgolandica (McAlice 1985) ,  C. serricornis (McAlice 1985) , and  C. arctica (Davis &amp; Green 1974) , but some of these reports lack detailed data on the type of element and its attributes, or can be differently interpreted by its position, like in  C. patagonica males (Suárez-Morales et al. 2008), in which this seta was reported as seta 2d 1 due to its insertion point relative to other elements. As emphasized by Jeon et al. (2018), the variability of the setal armature details in these reports does not allow to determine if there is a sexual dimorphism pattern applying to the attributes of these elements. Based on these shared characters, we decided to emphasize the resemblance of the new species with members of  Caromiobenella . Pending a deeper, detailed phylogenetic analysis of the genus, it is suggested that  M. caromiobenelloides sp. nov. or a related species could potentially be the intermediate taxon linking  Monstrilla and  Caromiobenella , whose ancestor likely shares several of these characters. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9D7DA92FFFE8852189AE581A9258F930	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo;P. M. B, Alexander David Mckinnon	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, P. M. B, Alexander David Mckinnon (2025): The Australian Monstrilloida 3. Caromiobenella Jeon, Lee & Soh, 2018, Monstrilla Dana, 1849, and Sarsimonstrillus n. gen. Zootaxa 5576 (1): 1-99, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5576.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5576.1.1
9D7DA92FFFE7852489AE59C291A7FBFD.text	9D7DA92FFFE7852489AE59C291A7FBFD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monstrilla parki Suárez-Morales & P.M.B 2025	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Monstrilla parki sp. nov.</p>
            <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 44543675-34ED-413E-A277-C623662ECE67</p>
            <p>(Figs 48, 49)</p>
            <p>Material examined. Adult male holotype undissected, mounted on slide in glycerine, (ECO-CHZ-12541).</p>
            <p>
                  Type locality.  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.88373/lat -19.122334)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.88373&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.122334">Davies Reef</a>
                 , Queensland, Australia (19°7.340’ S, 146°53.024’ E), coll. on 15 October 1985  . 
            </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Male monstrilloid with cephalothorax relatively short, robust, more than half of total body length (58%); anterior margin with weakly produced, smooth and flat forehead. Urosome relatively short, about 15% of total body length. Oral cone cylindrical, wide-based, moderately protuberant. Preoral surface with medial pore cluster, single pair of nipple-like integumental processes, and few integumental wrinkles. Antennules 5-segmented, geniculate between fourth and fifth segments; second segment longest; fifth segment with reduced setation including two slender, simple setae, one on outer margin and one on inner margin plus strong apical spines (6 1,2). Fifth pedigerous somite with ventral swelling carrying well-developed pair of globose protuberances armed with long, biserially setulated seta representing fifth leg, barely reaching beyond posterior margin of caudal rami. Genital somite carrying large, strongly protuberant genital complex with short bulging shaft and pair of rhomboid, divergent genital lappets ornamented with spinule rows on outer margin. Caudal rami armed with 5 caudal setae; setae III and IV unmodified.</p>
            <p>Description of male holotype. Body relatively robust, margins of cephalothorax straight. Total body length 1.47 mm in dorsal view. Cephalothorax 58% of total body length, with flat, smooth forehead (Fig. 49D) except for few integumental wrinkles. Preoral anteroventral surface with pair of large medial pore clusters between antennule bases (mpc in Fig. 49D); pores surrounded by patches of integumental wrinkles (iw in Fig. 49D); with single pair of nipple-like processes on ventral surface (nlp in Fig. 49D). Oral cone wide-based, weakly protuberant (oc in Fig.49D), located at 30% of way back along ventral surface of cephalothorax (Fig. 45A). Eyes pigmented, represented by two lateral cups and medial ventral cup at anterior end of cephalothorax, medial cup slightly larger than lateral cups (mec, lec in Fig. 46A).</p>
            <p>Urosome relatively robust, short (Fig. 48B, C), about 15% of total body length, comprising fifth pedigerous somite, genital somite, one free somite, preanal and anal somites. Relative length of urosomites, from proximal to distal: 31.1: 21.4: 17.1: 13.4: 17.2 = 100. Fifth pedigerous somite longest, with ventral expansion bearing pair of globose fifth leg protopods (arrowheads in Fig. 48B, C), armed with long seta reaching beyond distal margin of caudal rami (Fig. 48B). Genital somite carrying genital complex ventrally. Succeeding preanal and anal somites with smooth lateral and dorsal surfaces; anal somite carrying pair of caudal rami. Genital complex arising from ventral surface of genital somite (Fig. 48C), with short thick shaft with smooth lateral margins; shaft expanded into globose structure branching distally into pair of leaf-shaped, symmetrical genital lappets, divergent in ventral view (Fig. 48B, D, E, GL in Fig. 49B). Lappets joined by weak medial notch (arrowheads in Fig. 48D, E) and ornamented with spinule rows along outer margin (Fig. 48D, E). Caudal rami armed with 5 caudal setae subequal in length and width, one seta broken off in holotype.</p>
            <p>Antennules 0.67 mm long, almost 45% of total body length, 5-segmented; segments 1–2 clearly divided, second segment longest (Fig. 48A), partly fused with succeeding third segment; segments 3–4 fused, intersegmental division marked by constriction (Fig. 48A). Following nomenclature by Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka (1995), first segment unarmed, second segment carrying relatively short spiniform elements 2v 1–3 and smooth setiform element IId, third segment with short, spiniform element 3 and smooth elements IIIv and IIId (Fig. 49A), fourth segment armature including short, spiniform elements 4v 1–3 and aesthetasc 4aes on proximal half, distal half with reduced armature including spiniform element 5 and setiform elements Vv and Vd (Fig. 48A), with small, rounded integumental window adjacent to insertion of elements 4v 1–3 (asterisk in Fig. 48A); geniculation between fourth and fifth segments; fifth segment with reduced armature. Following Huys et al.’s (2007) nomenclature for the setation of the male antennulary fifth segment, outer margin with slender unbranched elements 5 and 6 and spiniform apical elements 1 and 2 (Fig. 48F, G), inner margin with short element C on medial position.</p>
            <p> Swimming legs 1–4 as in  M. huysi sp. nov. Armature of swimming legs 1–4: </p>
            <p>Leg Basis Endopod Exopod</p>
            <p>1 1-0 0-1; 0-1;1-2-2 I-1; 0-1; I-2-2</p>
            <p>2–4 1-0 0-1; 0-1;1-2-2 I-1; 0-1; I-2-3</p>
            <p> Remarks. The male of  M. parki sp. nov. can be included in the genus  Monstrilla by the possession of (1) two urosomites between the genital somite and the anal somite; (2) the structure of its genital complex that is typical for the genus, in this case, type II (Suárez-Morales 2000); (3) the presence of well-developed paired fifth legs; (4) the possession of 4–6 caudal setae in both sexes, and (5) branched antennulary setae sometimes present. This combination of characters is unique among the known genera of monstrilloids (Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka 2008, Suárez-Morales &amp; McKinnon 2014, Jeon et al. 2018). </p>
            <p> Monstrilla parki sp. nov. belongs to a recently recognized species group related to  M. conjunctiva that includes at least three species: (1)  M. wandelii Stephensen, 1913 originally described from a female collected in Greenland; (2) specimens designated by Park (1967) as the males of  M. wandelii (a decision likely based on Giesbrecht’s (1902) illustrations but deemed inaccurate by Suárez-Morales (2022) who argued that this male likely represents an undescribed species), (3) t  M. conjunctiva and (4)  M. mahahualensis . This group of species, currently known from males only, shares several distinctive characters including: (1) antennulary segmentation with first segment unarmed, (2) antennulary segments 3–4 fused, with a constriction marking the intersegmental division, (3) similar structure of the genitalia, with divergent, leaf-like genital lappets, (4) fifth leg represented by a single seta arising ventrally from pair of ventral bulb-like protopods on the fifth pediger, the fifth leg seta is of variable length (Suárez-Morales 2022), and (5) the presence of one or more integumental windows on putative antennulary segments 3 and 4 (Suárez-Morales, 2022, figs.1C, E, F, 2B). </p>
            <p> The absence of a fifth caudal seta is reported in our holotype specimen, with only 4 setae observed (Fig. 49C). Only four caudal setae was reported by Stephensen (1913) in the Greenland female and he illustrated a reduced caudal seta II, clearly narrower and shorter than the other setae (Stephensen, 1913, pl. VI). This caudal seta structure was previously observed in  M. conjunctiva (Giesbrecht 1902) . This modification is clearly present in the Australian member of this group,  M. parki sp. nov. (asterisk II in Fig. 49C). The same caudal seta reduction was illustrated for  M. mahahualensis (Suárez-Morales 2022, fig.2F). Consequently, the presence of four caudal setae including a reduced seta II can be added to the morphological features of the  M. conjunctiva species-group. </p>
            <p> In  M. parki sp. nov. , the integumental windows are small and difficult to observe and it further differs from the other species of this group by: (1) fifth leg seta barely reaching beyond the posterior margin of the caudal rami. In both  M. conjunctiva (Giesbrecht 1902, fig. XII.3, 4) and  M. wandelii (sensu Park 1967, fig. 2C, D), the leg 5 setae are relatively short, not reaching the distal margin of the caudal rami. The length of the fifth leg seta of  M. parki sp. nov. presents an intermediate condition between  M. wandelii and  M. conjunctiva , and that of  M. mahahualensis ; (2) these species share the absence of antennulary element 1 (sensu Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka 1995) on the first segment, but the armature of the antennulary segments has some additional differences among these species, particularly of the fifth segment. In  M. wandelii ,  M. conjunctiva , and  M. mahahualensis , the armature includes 8 elements, i.e., 5 setae, 2 spines (1, 2), and the apical aesthetasc AE2 (sensu Huys et al. 2007), whereas the armature is relatively reduced in  M. parki sp. nov. , comprising only six elements, 3 setae, 2 spines (1, 2) and aesthetasc AE2; (3) the apical spiniform elements 1 and 2 are equally long in  M. wandelii and the element 1/element 2 length ratio is 0.66 in  M. mahahualensis and 0.4 in both  M. conjunctiva and  M. parki sp. nov. , and (4) the previous members of the  M. conjunctiva species group share a type II male genitalia, distinguished by the presence of a smooth, rounded medial protrusion instead of a notch in the same position, different from the weak medial incision observed in  M. parki sp. nov. (Fig. 48D, E). Lappets are widely divergent, probably resulting from a strong development and anterior projection of the broad medial protuberance between them. The new species also differs from these congeners by details of the leaf-like genital lappets, which are distally acute in  M. conjunctiva (Giesbrecht 1902, fig. 12.3), subchelate and smooth in  M. wandelii , and simple, conical and ornamented with rows of spinules in  M. mahahualensis (Suárez-Morales 2022, fig. 3A, B). In  M. parki sp. nov. , the spinule ornamentation is not restricted to the inner margin of lappets as in  M. mahahualensis (Suárez-Morales 2022, fig. 3A, B), but covers its entire distal half (Fig. 48D, E). In  M. wandelii the ornamentation of the lappets was not described by Stephensen (1913) or by Park (1967), but they are chela-like, bifurcate structures (Park 1967, fig. 2C). Based on our comparative analysis, we propose  M. parki sp. nov. as a new species of  Monstrilla belonging to the  M. conjunctiva group now comprise four species. It is interesting to note that the geographic distribution of this group is very wide, including Subarctic and Antarctic areas, the tropical Atlantic, and now Australia. According to Suárez-Morales (2022), a fifth species from the Western Caribbean is yet to be described. </p>
            <p> Etymology. The species name is an eponym in recognition to the taxonomical work of the Korean copepodologist Dr. Taisoo Park, mainly on the pelagic  Calanoida , but also on the  Monstrilloida , including his observations on  M. wandelii from Canada. </p>
            <p> Genus  Sarsimonstrillus gen. nov.</p>
            <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: EA079F86-67DB-4219-A4B0-686632DA2313</p>
            <p> Type species.  Sarsimonstrillus pseudoantennulatus gen. et sp. nov. , by original designation. </p>
            <p> Generic diagnosis (based on the female of  S. pseudantennulatus gen. nov., sp. nov. ). Large (&gt; 3.0 mm body length), female monstrilloid with typical shape and body tagmosis; cephalothorax 55% of total body length, anterior 1/3 of cephalothorax with integumental wrinkles on dorsal, lateral, and ventral surfaces. Antennule thick, 4-segmented, fourth segment longest, with reduced setation pattern. Anterior end of cephalothorax with ventral triangular process in medial position, between antennule bases. Prefrontal area dorsal to antennulary insertion carrying pair of large uniramous processes arising from wide bases tapering into slender horn-like processes with acute points giving the appearance of a second pair of antennules. Urosome 3-segmented, including partially fused genital double-somite. Caudal rami with 5 caudal setae; setae III–V modified, proximally thickened. </p>
            <p>  Type locality.  Port Phillip Bay , Black Rock, Victoria, Australia (37°58.066’ S, 145°.2705’ E)  . </p>
            <p> Etymology. The name prefix Sars recognizes Georg Ossian Sars, the eminent Norwegian copepodologist (1837–1927) for his relevant, solid contributions to the knowledge and classification of the  Monstrilloida . The genus suffix, using the masculine ending “us”, denotes its affinity to  Monstrilla , from which it stemmed. Gender is masculine. </p>
            <p> Remarks. Despite the basic affinities between the new genus  Sarsimonstrillus gen. nov. and  Monstrilla , the most conspicuous morphological character to distinguish between these two genera is the large pair of preantennulary processes arising from the anteriormost dorsal surface of the cephalothorax. No other monstrilloid genus or species possess similar paired anteriorly directed structures. It is combined with a primitive 3+2 exopodalendopodal setation pattern of the fifth leg and three proximally thickened caudal setae, a character shared by several species of  Monstrilla , but in these instances only two setae (III and IV) are thickened vs. three (III, IV, and V) in  Sarsimonstrillus gen. nov. In our opinion, the unique combination of characters mentioned above clearly diverges from the pattern exhibited by any other known genus of the  Monstrilloida and we consider these differences enough to propose a new genus. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9D7DA92FFFE7852489AE59C291A7FBFD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo;P. M. B, Alexander David Mckinnon	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, P. M. B, Alexander David Mckinnon (2025): The Australian Monstrilloida 3. Caromiobenella Jeon, Lee & Soh, 2018, Monstrilla Dana, 1849, and Sarsimonstrillus n. gen. Zootaxa 5576 (1): 1-99, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5576.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5576.1.1
9D7DA92FFFE2853D89AE5B8D9552F8FC.text	9D7DA92FFFE2853D89AE5B8D9552F8FC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sarsimonstrillus pseudantennullatus Suárez-Morales & P.M.B 2025	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Sarsimonstrillus pseudantennullatus gen. nov., sp. nov.</p>
            <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: C7F7CF90-1EF9-446B-8A55-C0935F96B0D0</p>
            <p>(Figs 50–54)</p>
            <p>Material examined. Adult female holotype, undissected, mounted on slide in glycerine, (ECO-CHZ-12536).</p>
            <p>  Type locality.  Port Phillip Bay , Black Rock, Victoria, Australia (37°58.066’ S, 145°.2705’ E), coll. on 17 March 1983  . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Large (&gt; 3.0 mm) female monstrilloid with robust cephalothorax widest at proximal half and tapering distally onto cephalic portion, cephalothorax about 66% of total body length; oral cone low, inconspicuous, located at anterior 30% of cephalothorax. Posterolateral corners of pedigers 2–4 weakly produced into rounded processes. Urosome relatively short, robust, 25% of total body length. Antennules 4-segmented, relatively short, almost 26% of total body length, anteriorly directed, moderately divergent in dorsal view; segments 1–4 divided; fourth segment longest, 52% of antennule, with reduced setal armature, apical and subdistal elements absent; anteroventral surface with strong triangular medial protuberance, anterodorsal surface carrying long, basally conjoined branched process appearing as a second pair of antennules; processes arising from common wide base tapering distally. Legs 1–4 with usual monstrilloid armature. Genital double-somite globose, with expanded lateral margins carrying pair of short ovigerous spines barely reaching beyond midlength of caudal rami; spines distally acute, curved. Fifth legs bilobed, exopodal lobe thick, subrectangular, armed with three subequally long setae; endopodal lobe thumb-like, with two setae, almost as long as exopodal lobe. Caudal rami subquadrate, armed with five caudal setae; apical setae III–V modified, proximally thickened.</p>
            <p> Description of adult female holotype. Body length 3.11 mm. Body tagmosis as usual in females of  Monstrilla . Cephalothorax long, robust with proximal half expanded, tapering distally onto narrow cephalic portion, about 65% of total body length and fully incorporating first pedigerous somite. Oral cone low, inconspicuous, located 15% of way back along ventral surface of cephalothorax (oc in Fig. 51C). Eyes comprising two lateral cups and medial ventral cup (mec, lec in Fig. 51D); relatively large hyaline bodies (sensu Suárez-Morales 2018) located anteriorly to eye cups (hb in Fig. 51D). Cephalic region highly modified, anteriorly projected in lateral and dorsal views, ‘forehead’ weakly produced, smooth, with field of transverse integumental wrinkles between antennule bases (Fig. 50B); ventral preoral surface with reduced ornamentation, including strong medial keel-like subtriangular process (pmk in Figs 50B, 51C) and field of transverse integumental wrinkles; anteriormost cephalic area carrying pair of long, wide-based, unsegmented, smooth processes tapering distally; processes arising from anteriormost dorsal surface, anteriorly directed, with inward curved distal half (Figs. 50B, 51C, D, 53A, B, 54C). </p>
            <p>Antennules 0.77 mm long, about 25% of total body length; distinctly four-segmented, anteriorly directed, divergent (Figs 50B, 51D, 53B), fourth segment largest, more than 50% of antennulary length (Figs 50B, 51A, C, 53A). Length ratio of antennular segments (proximal to distal) 12.6: 12.6: 21.0: 53.8 = 100 (Fig. 50B). Following Grygier and Ohtsuka’s (1995) setal nomenclature, first segment with strong setiform element 1 reaching about halfway of third segment (Figs. 50B, 51D); second segment bearing short, setiform lightly setulated dorsal element IId, and spiniform elements 2v 1–3, and 2d 1, 2, third segment with spiniform robust element 3 and adjacent setiform elements IIId and IIIv, fourth segment armed with setal elements 4v 1–3, Vm, Vd and Vv, subapical “b” setal group comprising three short, unbranched setal elements b 1, b 3 and b 5 inserted on outer margin (Figs. 50A, 51A); usual apical elements 6 1,2 and 6aes not observed, broken off in holotype (Fig. 53A).</p>
            <p> First pedigerous thoracic somite and succeeding three free thoracic somites each bearing well-developed pair of biramous swimming legs, all with exopodite longer than endopodite. Setal armature pattern as in  M. elongata (see Suárez-Morales 2001). All natatory setae lightly and biserially plumose. </p>
            <p>Outer margin of outer apical exopodal seta of legs 1–4 smooth. Apical spiniform seta on third exopodal segment lightly spinulose along outer margin, inner margin setulose. Third leg first endopodal segment with reduced fan-like seta on outer margin (arrow in Fig. 50C) Armature of swimming legs 1–4:</p>
            <p>Leg Basis Endopod Exopod</p>
            <p>1 1-0 0-1; 0-1;1-2-2 I-1; 0-1; I-2-2</p>
            <p>2–4 1-0 0-1; 0-1;1-2-2 I-1; 0-1; I-2-3</p>
            <p>Urosome consisting of four somites: fifth pedigerous somite (with fifth legs), genital double-somite (ventrally carrying paired ovigerous spines reaching midlength of caudal rami), free preanal somite, and anal somite carrying pair of caudal rami. Length ratio of urosomites (from proximal to distal): 36.3: 47.5: 7.7: 8.5 = 100 (Figs. 51E, 52A). Fifth legs well-developed, bilobed; outer lobe subrectangular, armed distally with three subequally long lightly setulated setae; inner lobe thumb-like, reaching distal margin of outer lobe, armed with two equally long setae (Fig. 52C). Genital double-somite with expanded lateral margins, with incomplete transverse suture visible in dorsal and lateral view (Figs. 51E, 52A), ornamented with pair of nipple-like integumental processes on dorsal surface (arrowheads in Fig. 52B); pair of slender, relatively short ovigerous spines on ventral surface (OS in Figs. 52A–C, 53C). Anal somite with ridged dorsal surface (Fig. 51 E). Caudal rami subrectangular in dorsal view (Fig. 51E), 1.3 times as long as broad, each ramus armed with five caudal setae I–V; distalmost setae III, IV, and V thickened proximally (Figs 51E, 54D).</p>
            <p>Etymology. The species name is a substantivated adjective using the Greek prefix pseudo (ψευδής) meaning “false”, and the substantive antenna in reference to the distinctive preantennulary paired processes mimicking a second pair of antennules. The masculine ending component “ us ” is added. The species name is masculine.</p>
            <p> Remarks.  Sarsimonstrillus pseudantennulatus gen. nov., sp. nov. can easily be distinguished from any other known monstrilloid by the conspicuous presence of paired appendages on the dorsal anteriormost area, next to the insertion of the antennules. Because of their position and size, these structures could give the impression of a second pair of antennules. In most crustaceans, including copepods, antennules are primarily sensory appendages and as such determine the individual relation with the environment, including feeding, mating, and detection of predators (Boxshall &amp; Jaume 2013). Antennules are the anteriormost paired limb on the head of arthropods, linked during the development with the deuterocerebral cephalic somite in the crustaceans. Its typical structure is monoaxial and in female copepods it is ancestrally 28-segmented (Huys &amp; Boxshall 1991). Antennules exhibit variant forms comprising a secondary axis, the flagellate patterns, either with terminal or intercalate annulation along the antennulary axis; the former type is present in malacostracan crustaceans and the latter in some crustacean larvae (Boxshall 2004). Malacostracans exhibit a biramous antennule including the flagellum which typically lacks an intrinsic musculature. The primitive Remipedia, discovered in caves of the Bahamas (Yager 1981), have true biramous antennules, comprising dorsal and ventral rami and a basal peduncle. Only the main antennulary axis, the dorsal one, shows intrinsic musculature; the ventral ramus lacks any musculature, and its movement is produced by the peduncle musculature (Boxshall 2004). </p>
            <p> The pair of preantennulary appendages found in  S. pseudantennulatus gen. nov., sp. nov. cannot be interpreted as an antennulary basal flagellum because the appendage is unsegmented, whereas the malacostracan flagellum is always annulated. These structures are not homologous to the primitive remipede pattern of a biramous antennule with ventral and dorsal rami because in this case the main dorsal ramus would have an intrinsic musculature and the ventral one would lack muscles; the pattern shown by  S. pseudantennulatus gen. nov., sp. nov. is the opposite, with the ventral ramus being segmented and muscle-bearing and the dorsal ramus being simple, unsegmented, lacking intrinsic muscles (Fig. 53B). Also, these rami do not share a common muscular peduncle. Overall, we consider that the structures shown by the new species are likely an adaptive process linked to the parasitic stage as they are not movable and lack any traces of sensory organs or segmentation. It could also be a functional adaptation to the planktonic stage of this species or even for mate recognition. In terms of structure and morphology, it is clear to us that these processes are unrelated to any known crustacean antennule type. </p>
            <p> Pictorial account (habitus) of the Australian  Monstrilla and  Caromiobenella</p>
            <p>We provide digital photographs of the morphotypes representing each species examined; we include dorsal, ventral and lateral views of each to allow a better recognition of these taxa from field samples. All scales = 0.5 mm.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9D7DA92FFFE2853D89AE5B8D9552F8FC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo;P. M. B, Alexander David Mckinnon	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, P. M. B, Alexander David Mckinnon (2025): The Australian Monstrilloida 3. Caromiobenella Jeon, Lee & Soh, 2018, Monstrilla Dana, 1849, and Sarsimonstrillus n. gen. Zootaxa 5576 (1): 1-99, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5576.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5576.1.1
