identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
F0F6407431765C34A16123464FB57968.text	F0F6407431765C34A16123464FB57968.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Proceratophrys boiei (Wied-Neuwied 1824)	<div><p>Proceratophrys boiei (Wied-Neuwied 1824)</p><p>Figs 11, 12</p><p>Ceratophrys boiei – Wied-Neuwied (1824). Type-locality: Rio de Janeiro and Bahia, Brazil. Restricted to Bahia by Hoogmoed (1990); further restricted to Rio de Janeiro by Prado and Pombal-Jr. (2008).</p><p>Stombus bojei – Gravenhorst (1829).</p><p>Ceratophris granosa – Cuvier (1829). Type-locality: not specified.</p><p>Rana (Ceratophris) granosa – Guérin-Méneville (1838).</p><p>Stombus granosus – Fitzinger (1861).</p><p>Ceratophrys bojei – Reinhardt and Lütken (1862).</p><p>Ceratophrys dorsata boiei – Gadow (1901).</p><p>Ceratophrys boiei – Miranda-Ribeiro (1920).</p><p>Stombus boiei – Miranda-Ribeiro (1920).</p><p>Stombus fryi – Miranda-Ribeiro (1920).</p><p>Stombus boiei – B. Lutz (1954).</p><p>Proceratophrys boiei – Lynch (1971).</p><p>Type-specimen.</p><p>The species was described by Wied-Neuwied (1824) and redescribed by the same author in 1825, using lectotype RMNH 24109, from the state of Rio de Janeiro.</p><p>Lectotype.</p><p>RMNH 24109 (SVL 53.1 mm), adult female (Fig. 12 A). Type-locality: restricted to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, by Prado and Pombal-Jr. (2008) .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Proceratophrys boiei is characterized by the following combination of characters: 1) medium size (SVL: 39.8–61.9 mm in males, n = 38; 40.0– 74.3 mm in females, n = 18); 2) single palpebral appendage present; 3) ocular-dorsal ridges with constriction in the medial region of the back; 4) ventral spots vermicular or rounded (predominantly small or large circles); 5) advertisement call with 0.50– 1.32 s, 32–71 pulses / call, 40.96–66.26 pulses / second, and dominant frequency of 602.93–818.26 Hz; 6) NOR develops on submetacentric pair 8.</p><p>Comparison with other species</p><p>(characteristics of other species are in parentheses). The absence of a rostral appendage distinguishes Proceratophrys boiei from P. appendiculata, P. belzebul, P. gladius, P. itamari, P. izecksohni, P. laticeps, P. mantiqueira, P. melanopogon, P. moehringi, P. phyllostomus, P. pombali, P. sanctaritae, P. subguttata, and P. tupinamba (rostral appendage present). The presence of palpebral appendages distinguishes Proceratophrys boiei from P. ararype, P. bagnoi, P. branti, P. carranca, P. concavitympanum, P. cristiceps, P. cururu, P. dibernardoi, P. goyana, P. huntingtoni, P. korekore, P. minuta, P. moratoi, P. redacta, P. rotundipalpebra, P. salvatori, P. strussmannae, P. velhochico, and P. vielliardi (palpebral appendages absent). The presence of a single palpebral appendage distinguishes Proceratophrys boiei from P. rondonae and P. schirchi (multi-cusped palpebral appendages). The absence of postocular swellings distinguishes Proceratophrys boiei from P. avelinoi, P. bigibbosa, P. brauni, and P. palustris (postocular swellings present). The pattern of vermicular or rounded spots, predominantly small or large circles on the ventral region of P. boiei, distinguishes it from P. paviotti (irregular spots on the ventral region). The advertisement call of Proceratophrys boiei has 32–71 pulses / call, which differentiates the species from P. paviotti (26–32 pulses / call) and P. renalis (13–30 pulses / call).</p><p>Additional characteristics of the lectotype.</p><p>Prado and Pombal-Jr. (2008) provided the description and illustration of the lectotype, which features a short, triangular palpebral appendage; ocular-dorsal ridges with constriction in the presacral region, discontinuous, with short, rounded tubercles, fused or unfused; and a nearly rounded snout in dorsal view.</p><p>Osteology.</p><p>HAP corresponds to 95 % of the width of the premaxilla; DPPPm very deep, its length corresponds to more than 50 % of the width of the premaxilla; TESPF can be smooth or smooth with three developed protrusions, distributed in a diagonal row under the orbit, the anterior one being the highest; PVFM can be very deep and evident, shallow, or not evident; SNBDV boomerang-shaped; TN irregular, with grooves and protuberances, these in greater number and more clustered in the posterodorsal region; HPdRN nasals slightly projected posterodorsally, their height does not exceed or slightly exceeds the height of the anterior region of the frontoparietals; CN nasals do not contact; CNFp nasals do not contact frontoparietals; TFp can be smooth, irregular, with grooves and protuberances distributed along the outer margin of the frontoparietals or excavated, with grooves and cavities distributed on the sides and throughout the posterior region of the frontoparietals; RFpDV flattened-concave, the flat region corresponding to the inner half of each frontoparietal and the concave region to the outer half; WFp frontoparietals wider medially; PlEFp absent; DPRFpC curved toward the adjacent frontoparietal, away from the margin of the orbit; LORS shorter than the length of the zygomatic branch of the squamosal (length of the otic branch corresponding to 65 % of the zygomatic branch of the squamosal); CulPPph wider up to its middle third; EARCulPPph may or may not reach the palatines.</p><p>Variation.</p><p>Palpebral appendages present, can be short (n = 20) or long (n = 35), with triangular (n = 53) or pointed triangular (n = 2) shape; the snout shape in dorsal view can be rounded (n = 17), nearly rounded (n = 34), or semicircular (n = 4). The canthal crest can be slightly visible (n = 3), moderate (n = 10), or prominent (n = 42); it can be smooth (n = 43) or rough (n = 12). The frontoparietal crest can be slightly visible (n = 17), moderate (n = 4), or prominent (n = 34); it can be very (n = 7), slightly (n = 25), or not arched (n = 23); the posterior portion of the frontoparietals is curved toward the center of the head. The region between the frontoparietal crest can be shallow (n = 43) or deep (n = 12), with a predominance of shallow. The crest of the squamosal bones can be slightly (n = 49), moderate (n = 3), or very prominent (n = 3). In the region of the buccal commissure, one to four tubercles can be observed, with a conical (n = 49) or triangular (n = 6) shape, with variation in their size. The tympanum can be distinct (defined as a depression in the skin behind the eyes and below the crest of the squamosal bone) (n = 20) or indistinct (n = 35). The interocular ridge can be continuous (n = 2) or discontinuous (n = 53), slightly (n = 29) or markedly curved (n = 26). The ocular-dorsal ridge is always present, with constriction in the presacral region, can be continuous (n = 52) or discontinuous (n = 3), and the tubercles that constitute it can be short, rounded, fused, or unfused. The dorsal coloration in preservative varies between shades of brown, cream, and gray; regarding the ventral surface, males and females have vermicular or rounded spots (small or large circles), which can extend from the gular region to the limbs or be restricted to the abdominal region; males often have a dark or faded gular region. The inner metacarpal tubercle can be oval (n = 43) or elliptical (n = 12); and the outer ones can be separated (n = 16) or bifid (n = 39), with the medial oval (n = 46), elliptical (n = 4), or rounded (n = 5), and the distal can be oval (n = 40), elliptical (n = 13), or rounded (n = 2). The inner metatarsal tubercle can be elliptical (n = 34), curved elliptical and prominent (n = 14), or with a widened edge (n = 9). They may have one to two rows of tubercles on the forearm. The relative length of the fingers of the hands can follow six forms: relative length of the fingers (1) IV &lt;II &lt;I &lt;III (n = 12), (2) II &lt;IV &lt;I &lt;III (n = 15), (3) II &lt;I &lt;IV &lt;III (n = 10), (4) I &lt;IV &lt;II &lt;III (n = 4), (5) I &lt;II &lt;IV &lt;III (n = 13), and (6) IV &lt;I &lt;II &lt;III (n = 1); and of the feet: I &lt;II &lt;V &lt;III &lt;IV. The squamosal bones are fused, smooth or rough, with undulations or not. The frontoparietals can be smooth or rough, with strong expansion or not, juxtaposed with slight separation or very separated, with the anterior portion slightly open. The cultriform process of the parasphenoid is wide at the base and may or may not taper in the distal portion.</p><p>Advertisement call.</p><p>The advertisement call of Proceratophrys boiei (Fig. 9 A) consists of a multipulsed note, with an average duration of 0.973 ± 0.177 s (range: 0.50– 1.32 s). The number of pulses per call is 51.206 ± 9.570 (range: 32–71 pulses / call), the pulse rate is 53.072 ± 6.077 pulses per second (range: 40.96–66.26 pulses / second), and the average dominant frequency is 717.424 ± 50.003 Hz (range: 602.93–818.26 Hz).</p><p>Tadpole.</p><p>Described by Izecksohn et al. (1979) based on tadpoles collected at the municipality of Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Individuals were deposited in the private collection of Eugenio Izecksohn (lots EI 5512 and EI 5513). The chondrocranium of the species tadpole was described by Dias et al. (2013 a) based on individuals collected at the following locations: Brazil, state of Rio de Janeiro, municipality of Teresópolis — ZUFRJ 5099 (four tadpoles; stages 34–35) and state of Minas Gerais, municipality of Camanducaia, Monte Verde — DZSJRP 1104.2 (two tadpoles; stages 32 and 37, according to Gosner 1960).</p><p>Geographic distribution.</p><p>Proceratophrys boiei occurs primarily in the Atlantic Forest biome, in the states of Rio de Janeiro, northern São Paulo, and southern Minas Gerais. It may also occur in transitional areas with the Cerrado biome (Fig. 1).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F0F6407431765C34A16123464FB57968	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Castro, Leonardo;Guimarães, Carla S.;Carrillo, Juan F. C.;Santana, Diego J.;Mângia, Sarah	Castro, Leonardo, Guimarães, Carla S., Carrillo, Juan F. C., Santana, Diego J., Mângia, Sarah (2026): Taxonomic revision of the horned frog Proceratophrys boiei (Wied-Neuwied, 1824) (Amphibia, Anura, Odontophrynidae) with revalidation of P. fryi (Günther, 1873) and P. intermedia (Barbour, 1908). Herpetozoa 39: 177-202, DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.39.e186246
47F0BECE469E5418B9CDBA5F819B8962.text	47F0BECE469E5418B9CDBA5F819B8962.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Proceratophrys fryi (Gunther 1873)	<div><p>Proceratophrys fryi (Günther 1873)</p><p>Figs 11, 12</p><p>Proceratophrys fryi Günther (1873), revalidated status.</p><p>Ceratophrys fryi – Günther (1873).</p><p>Stombus fryi – Miranda-Ribeiro (1920).</p><p>Proceratophrys fryi – Lynch (1971).</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>BMNH 1873.5. 1.1 (SVL 68.0 mm), adult female (Fig. 12 B), collected in Serra da Mantiqueira, Minas Gerais, Brazil, by A. Fry and donated to Günther (1873). There are no geographical coordinates or collection date available .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Proceratophrys fryi is characterized by the following combination of characters: 1) medium size (SVL: 41.2–59.4 mm in males, n = 25; 41.3–71.2 mm in females, n = 20); 2) single palpebral appendage; 3) ocular-dorsal ridges with constriction in the medial region of the back; 4) ventral spots vermicular or rounded (predominantly small or large circles); 5) advertisement call lasting 0.58– 1.68 s, with 28–97 pulses / call, 42.87–57.93 pulses / second, and dominant frequency of 646.00–904.40 Hz; 6) NOR develops on submetacentric pair 8.</p><p>Comparison with other species</p><p>(characteristics of other species are in parentheses). The absence of a rostral appendage distinguishes Proceratophrys fryi from P. appendiculata, P. belzebul, P. gladius, P. itamari, P. izecksohni, P. laticeps, P. mantiqueira, P. melanopogon, P. moehringi, P. phyllostomus, P. pombali, P. sanctaritae, P. subguttata, and P. tupinamba (rostral appendage present). The presence of palpebral appendages distinguishes Proceratophrys fryi from P. ararype, P. bagnoi, P. branti, P. carranca, P. concavitympanum, P. cristiceps, P. cururu, P. dibernardoi, P. goyana, P. huntingtoni, P. korekore, P. minuta, P. moratoi, P. redacta, P. rotundipalpebra, P. salvatori, P. strussmannae, P. velhochico, and P. vielliardi (palpebral appendages absent). The presence of a single palpebral appendage distinguishes Proceratophrys fryi from P. rondonae and P. schirchi (multi-cusped palpebral appendage). The absence of postocular swellings distinguishes Proceratophrys fryi from P. avelinoi, P. bigibbosa, P. brauni, and P. palustris (postocular swellings present). The pattern of vermicular or rounded spots, predominantly small or large circles on the ventral region of P. fryi, distinguishes it from P. paviotti (irregular spots on the ventral region). The advertisement call of Proceratophrys fryi has 28–97 pulses / call, differentiating it from P. paviotti (0.012 –0.015 pulses / s) and P. renalis (13–30 pulses / call), and has 42.87–57.93 pulses / s, differentiating it from P. renalis (61.50–86.09 pulses / s). Proceratophrys fryi differs from P. boiei by having a larger mean SVL in males (51.5 mm and 50.0 mm, respectively) and genetic distances of 2.7 % for 16 S and 6.2 % for Cytb.</p><p>In addition to the differences mentioned above based on analyses conducted in the present study, the tadpoles of Proceratophrys fryi (Pezzuti et al. 2021) differ from those of P. boiei (Izecksohn et al. 1979) by lacking the small fleshy projection on the medial margin of the nostrils, by having fewer submarginal papillae on the oral disc (usually 2–3 vs. 4 or more), by presenting a slightly more robust tail musculature with a more acutely pointed tip, and by lacking the pair of dorsal dark brown spots at the origin of the tail musculature reported for P. boiei . At the cytogenetic and molecular levels, the NOR develops on submetacentric pair 8. Furthermore, Bayesian and maximum likelihood reconstructions with three genes (16 S, cytochrome b, and RAG- 1) from populations throughout the distribution of P. boiei recovered three distinct lineages (Amaro et al. 2012). Proceratophrys fryi belongs to lineage N 1.</p><p>Redescription of the holotype.</p><p>[Based on the description by Prado and Pombal-Jr. (2008), and the analysis of holotype photos, Fig. 12 B]. Palpebral appendages present, short, with pointed triangular shape; rostral appendage absent; snout shape in dorsal view rounded, and in lateral view, obtuse spatulate. The canthal crest is prominent and rough. The frontoparietal crest is prominent, very arched, and the posterior region is curved toward the center of the head. The region between the frontoparietals is deep. The crest of the squamosal bones is prominent. In the region of the buccal commissure, a tubercle can be observed, with a conical shape. Tympanum indistinct. The interocular ridge is continuous, markedly curved. The ocular-dorsal ridge is present, with constriction in the presacral region, discontinuous, and the tubercles that constitute it can be short, rounded, fused, or unfused. The skin texture is rough, with tubercles of different sizes, mainly conical and rounded. The inner metacarpal tubercle is elliptical, and the outer ones are separated, with the medial oval and the distal elliptical. The inner metatarsal tubercle has a widened edge, and the outer one is rounded. It has a row of tubercles on the forearm. Relative length of the fingers: II &lt;IV &lt;I &lt;III; and toes: I &lt;II &lt;V &lt;III &lt;IV.</p><p>Additional characteristics of the holotype.</p><p>Prado and Pombal-Jr. (2008) provided the description and illustration of the holotype, which has a short, triangular-pointed palpebral appendage; ocular-dorsal ridges with constriction in the presacral region, discontinuous, with short, rounded tubercles, fused or unfused; and a continuous and markedly curved interocular ridge.</p><p>Color in preservative of the holotype.</p><p>The dorsal coloration is brown with parts in dark brown, with cream color on the snout; the ventral surface is cream, with vermicular and rounded spots (predominantly small or large circles), dark brown in color, extending from the gular region to the limbs; the gular region is cream.</p><p>Osteology.</p><p>HAP is greater than the width of the premaxilla (height of the alar process corresponding to 103 % of the width of the premaxilla); DPPPm very deep, its length corresponding to more than 50 % of the width of the premaxilla; TESPF can be smooth or smooth, with three developed protrusions, distributed in a diagonal row under the orbit, the anterior one being the highest; PVFM can be very deep and evident or shallow; SNBDV boomerang-shaped; TN can be smooth or irregular, with grooves and protuberances, these in greater number and more clustered in the posterodorsal region; HPdRN nasals slightly projected posterodorsally, their height does not exceed, or slightly exceeds, the height of the anterior region of the frontoparietals; CN nasals do not contact; CNFp nasals in contact with frontoparietals; TFp is smooth, excavated, with grooves and cavities distributed on the sides and throughout the posterior region of the frontoparietals; RFpDV flattened-concave, the flat region corresponding to the inner half of each frontoparietal and the concave region to the outer half; WFp frontoparietals wider in their posterior half; PlEFp posterolateral extension absent; DPRFpC posterior region of the crest curved toward the adjacent frontoparietal, away from the margin of the orbit; LORS shorter than the length of the zygomatic branch of the squamosal (length of the otic branch corresponding to 74 % of the zygomatic branch of the squamosal); CulPPph wider up to its middle third; EARCulPPph anterior region of the cultriform process does not reach the palatines.</p><p>Variation.</p><p>Palpebral appendages can be short (n = 13) or long (n = 36) with a triangular shape (n = 35) or pointed triangular shape (n = 14); snout shape in dorsal view can be rounded (n = 25) or almost rounded (n = 24). The canthal crest can be barely visible (n = 12), moderate (n = 25), or pronounced (n = 12); it can be smooth (n = 27) or rough (n = 22). The frontoparietal crest can be barely visible (n = 12), moderate (n = 14), or pronounced (n = 23), with a predominance of pronounced; it can be very (n = 6), slightly (n = 26), or not arched (n = 17); the posterior portion of the frontoparietals can be not visible (n = 2) or curved toward the center of the head (n = 47). The region between the frontoparietal crests can be shallow (n = 28) or deep (n = 21). The crest of the squamosal bones can be barely (n = 32), moderately (n = 1), or very prominent (n = 16). In the region of the buccal commissure, one to three tubercles can be observed, with a conical shape (n = 26) or triangular (n = 1), with variation in their size. The tympanum can be distinct (defined as a depression in the skin behind the eyes and below the squamosal crest) (n = 7) or indistinct (n = 20). The interocular ridge can be continuous (n = 2) or discontinuous (n = 25), slightly (n = 11) or markedly curved (n = 14). The ocular-dorsal ridge is always present, with constriction in the presacral region, can be continuous (n = 41) or discontinuous (n = 8), and the tubercles that constitute it can be short or elongated, rounded, fused, or unfused. The dorsal coloration varies between shades of brown, cream, gray, and black; as for the ventral surface, males and females have vermicular or rounded spots (predominance of small or large circles), which can extend from the gular region to the limbs or be restricted to the abdominal region; males often have a dark or faded gular region. The internal metacarpal tubercle can be oval (n = 45) or elliptical (n = 4), and the external ones can be separate (n = 36) or bifid (n = 13), with the medial oval (n = 39), elliptical (n = 7), or rounded (n = 3), and the distal oval (n = 31), elliptical (n = 17), or rounded (n = 1). The internal metatarsal tubercle can be elliptical (n = 35), curved and prominent elliptical (n = 9), or with a widened edge (n = 5), and the external one, rounded (n = 43) or oval (n = 6). They can have one to two rows of tubercles on the forearm. The relative length of the fingers can follow six forms: (1) IV &lt;II &lt;I &lt;III (n = 26), (2) II &lt;IV &lt;I &lt;III (n = 6), (3) II &lt;I &lt;IV &lt;III (n = 5), (4) I &lt;IV &lt;II &lt;III (n = 3), (5) I &lt;II &lt;IV &lt;III (n = 5), and (6) IV &lt;I &lt;II &lt;III (n = 4); and toes: I &lt;II &lt;V &lt;III &lt;IV. The squamosal bones are fused, smooth or rough, with undulations or not. The frontoparietals can be smooth or slightly rough, with slight or moderate expansion, fused or juxtaposed with slight separation, with the anterior portion very slightly or not open. The cultriform process of the parasphenoid is wide at the base and can be tapered or not at the distal portion.</p><p>Advertisement call.</p><p>The advertisement call of Proceratophrys fryi (Fig. 9 B) consists of a multipulsed note, with an average call duration of 0.831 ± 0.211 s (range: 0.58– 1.68 s). The number of pulses per call is 41.011 ± 13.534 (range: 28–97 pulses / call), the pulse rate is 48.892 ± 4.113 pulses / second (range: 42.87–57.93 pulses / second), and the average dominant frequency is 770.316 ± 51.859 Hz (range: 646.00–904.40 Hz).</p><p>Tadpole.</p><p>Described by Pezzuti et al. (2021) based on tadpoles collected at the municipalities of Congonhas and Nova Lima, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Individuals were deposited in the Tadpole Collection of the Centro de Coleções Taxonômicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG).</p><p>Geographical distribution.</p><p>Proceratophrys fryi occurs mainly in the Atlantic Forest biome, south of the Rio Doce region, in southern Espírito Santo and southeastern Minas Gerais. It may also be found in transitional areas with the Cerrado (Fig. 1).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/47F0BECE469E5418B9CDBA5F819B8962	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Castro, Leonardo;Guimarães, Carla S.;Carrillo, Juan F. C.;Santana, Diego J.;Mângia, Sarah	Castro, Leonardo, Guimarães, Carla S., Carrillo, Juan F. C., Santana, Diego J., Mângia, Sarah (2026): Taxonomic revision of the horned frog Proceratophrys boiei (Wied-Neuwied, 1824) (Amphibia, Anura, Odontophrynidae) with revalidation of P. fryi (Günther, 1873) and P. intermedia (Barbour, 1908). Herpetozoa 39: 177-202, DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.39.e186246
CE63B888CF385E7693497BCD44874D67.text	CE63B888CF385E7693497BCD44874D67.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Proceratophrys intermedia Barbour 1908	<div><p>Proceratophrys intermedia Barbour (1908)</p><p>Figs 11, 12</p><p>Proceratophrys intermedia Barbour (1908), revalidated status.</p><p>Ceratophrys intermedia – Barbour (1908).</p><p>Stombus boiei – Miranda-Ribeiro (1920).</p><p>Stombus intermedius – Miranda-Ribeiro (1920).</p><p>Stombus boiei – B. Lutz (1954).</p><p>Proceratophrys boiei – Lynch (1971).</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>MCZ A-2254 (SVL 46.0 mm), adult male (Fig. 12 C). Type locality: Santa Catarina, Brazil, Barbour (1908) .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Proceratophrys intermedia is characterized by the following combination of characters: 1) medium size compared to other species in the genus (SVL males 42.6–51.6 mm, n = 17; females 42.8–68.6 mm, n = 8); 2) single palpebral appendage; 3) ocular-dorsal ridges with constriction in the mid-dorsal region or absent; 4) ventral spots vermicular or rounded (predominantly small or large circles); 5) advertisement call with duration of 0.36– 1.35 s (0.951 ± 0.121 s), 21–63 pulses / call (47.973 ± 6.374), 41.46–62.15 pulses / second (50.016 ± 4.572), and dominant frequency of 562.50–861.33 Hz (750.358 ± 67.658 Hz); 6) tadpole with a medial vent tube, absence of submarginal papillae on the oral disc, and a rounded tail tip; 7) reduced hypobranchial, IV ceratobranchial more developed, and expanded pars reuniens in the midline region; 8) NOR develops on subtelocentric pair 4.</p><p>Comparison with other species</p><p>(characteristics of other species in parentheses). The absence of a rostral appendage distinguishes Proceratophrys intermedia from P. appendiculata, P. belzebul, P. gladius, P. itamari, P. izecksohni, P. laticeps, P. mantiqueira, P. melanopogon, P. moehringi, P. phyllostomus, P. pombali, P. sanctaritae, P. subguttata, and P. tupinamba (rostral appendage present). The presence of palpebral appendages distinguishes Proceratophrys intermedia from P. ararype, P. bagnoi, P. branti, P. carranca, P. concavitympanum, P. cristiceps, P. cururu, P. dibernardoi, P. goyana, P. huntingtoni, P. korekore, P. minuta, P. moratoi, P. redacta, P. rotundipalpebra, P. salvatori, P. strussmannae, P. velhochico, and P. vielliardi (palpebral appendages absent). The presence of a single palpebral appendage distinguishes Proceratophrys intermedia from P. rondonae and P. schirchi (multicuspid palpebral appendage). The absence of postocular swellings distinguishes Proceratophrys intermedia from P. avelinoi, P. bigibbosa, P. brauni, and P. palustris (postocular swellings present). The pattern of vermicular or rounded spots, predominantly with small or large circles on the ventral region of P. intermedia, distinguishes it from P. paviotti (irregular spots on the ventral region). The advertisement call of Proceratophrys intermedia with 41.46–62.15 pulses / s distinguishes it from P. paviotti (0.012 –0.015 pulses / s) and P. renalis (61.50–86.09 pulses / s). By having the smallest mean SVL in males (46.0 mm) and females (51.6 mm), P. intermedia differs from P. boiei (50.0 mm in males and 60.1 mm in females) and from P. fryi (51.5 mm in males and 60.3 mm in females). It further differs from P. boiei by genetic distances of 2.9 % for 16 S and 5.6 % for Cytb, and from P. fryi by genetic distances of 2.8 % for 16 S and 7.3 % for Cytb.</p><p>In addition to the differences mentioned above based on analyses conducted in the present study, the tadpoles of Proceratophrys intermedia (Rossa-Feres et al. 2024) differ from those of P. fryi (Pezzuti et al. 2021) and P. boiei (Izecksohn et al. 1979) by having a medial vent tube (vs. dextral in both species) and by lacking submarginal papillae on the oral disc (vs. present). In addition, P. intermedia exhibits larger dorsally positioned oval nostrils (vs. smaller in P. fryi and with a small fleshy projection on the medial margin in P. boiei) and a rounded tail tip (vs. acute in P. fryi and P. boiei). At Gosner stage 35, the tadpole of P. intermedia rev. can be distinguished from the tadpole of P. boiei by having reduced hypobranchial, IV ceratobranchial more developed, and expanded pars reuniens in the midline region (Dias et al. 2013 a).</p><p>At the molecular level, Bayesian and maximum likelihood reconstructions with three genes (16 S, cytochrome b, and RAG- 1) from populations throughout the distribution of P. boiei recovered three distinct lineages (Amaro et al. 2012). Proceratophrys intermedia belongs to lineage S. Furthermore, P. intermedia differs from P. boiei and P. fryi in developing the nucleolar organizer region (NOR) on subtelocentric pair 4, while northern species have it on submetacentric pair 8.</p><p>Redescription of the holotype.</p><p>[Based on the description by Barbour (1908) and the analysis of the holotype photographs, Fig. 12 C.] Palpebral appendages present, short, with a triangular shape; rostral appendage absent; snout shape semicircular in dorsal view and obtusely spatulate in lateral view. Canthal crest pronounced and smooth. Frontoparietal crest moderate, not arched, with the posterior region oriented toward the center of the head. The area between the frontoparietals is shallow. Squamosal bone crest is barely visible. Buccal commissure with two conical tubercles present, with the anterior being larger. Tympanum indistinct. Interocular region with no skin present, making it impossible to define its characteristics. Ocular-dorsal ridges present, with constriction in the presacral region, continuous, and the tubercles that constitute them are short, fused, and elongated. Skin texture rugose, with tubercles of varying sizes, mainly conical and rounded. Metacarpal tubercles: the internal metacarpal tubercle is elliptical; external tubercles are separate, with the medial one oval and the distal one elliptical. Metatarsal tubercles: the internal one is curved, elliptical, and prominent; the external one is rounded. Forearm tubercles: two rows of tubercles are present. Relative length of fingers: I &lt;II &lt;IV &lt;III; relative length of toes: I &lt;II &lt;V &lt;III &lt;IV.</p><p>Additional characteristics of the holotype.</p><p>Barbour (1908) provided the description and illustration of the holotype, which has a short, triangular palpebral appendage; ocular-dorsal ridges with constriction in the presacral region, discontinuous with short, fused, and elongated tubercles; and a semicircular snout in dorsal view.</p><p>Color in preservative of the holotype.</p><p>The dorsal coloration is light brown, with some brown spots along both lines of the ocular-dorsal ridges, as well as brown spots on the locomotor limbs; the snout has a cream color, with a black line dividing it from the rest of the body coloration; the ventral surface is cream-colored, with few rounded brown spots extending from the gular region to the belly; the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet are dark brown; the gular region is dark.</p><p>Osteology.</p><p>HAP greater than the width of the premaxilla (height of the alar process corresponding to more than 90 % of the width of the premaxilla); DPPPm very deep, its length corresponding to more than 50 % of the width of the premaxilla; TESPF smooth; PVFM slightly or not evident; SNBDV boomerang-shaped; TN irregular, with grooves and protrusions, the latter being more numerous and clustered in the posterodorsal region; HPdRN nasals slightly projected posterodorsally, their height does not exceed or barely exceeds the height of the anterior region of the frontoparietals; CN nasals do not contact each other; CNFp nasals in contact with frontoparietals; TFp smooth, excavated, with grooves and cavities distributed on the sides and throughout the posterior region of the frontoparietals; RFpDV flat-concave, the flat region corresponding to the inner half of each frontoparietal and the concave region to the outer half; WFp frontoparietals wider medially; PlEFp posterolateral extension absent; DPRFpC posterior region of the crest curved toward the adjacent frontoparietal, away from the orbital margin; LORS shorter than the length of the zygomatic ramus of the squamosal (length of the otic ramus corresponding to 83 % of the zygomatic ramus of the squamosal); CulPPph wider up to its middle third; EARCulPPph may or may not reach the palatines.</p><p>Variation.</p><p>Palpebral appendages are present and can be short (n = 9) or long (n = 18), with a triangular shape (n = 25) or pointed triangular shape (n = 2), some exhibiting a white tip at the end; the snout shape in dorsal view can be semicircular (n = 1), rounded (n = 5), or nearly rounded (n = 22). The canthal crest can be pronounced (n = 6), moderate (n = 15), or barely visible (n = 6); it can be rough (n = 11) or smooth (n = 16). The frontoparietal crest can be barely visible (n = 20) or pronounced (n = 7); it may be slightly arched (n = 16) or not arched (n = 11); and the posterior portion may be either not visible (n = 3) or curved toward the center of the head (n = 24). The region between the frontoparietals is often shallow (n = 23), and in some individuals, it is deep (n = 4). The squamosal bone crest can be very (n = 3), moderately (n = 3), or slightly prominent (n = 21). In the region of the buccal commissure, one to three tubercles may be observed, with a conical shape (n = 12) or triangular shape (n = 8), which vary in size. The tympanum may be distinct (defined as a depression in the skin behind the eyes and below the squamosal crest) (n = 2) or indistinct (n = 19). The interocular ridge is discontinuous, slightly (n = 9) or markedly curved (n = 8). The ocular-dorsal ridge is always present, with or without constriction in the presacral region; it can be continuous (n = 19) or discontinuous (n = 8), and the tubercles that constitute it can be short, fused and elongated, or short, rounded, fused or unfused. Dorsal coloration in preservative varies between shades of brown, cream, and gray; regarding the ventral surface, males and females have vermicular or rounded spots (predominantly small or large circles), which can extend from the gular region to the limbs or be restricted to the abdominal region; males often have a dark or faded gular region. The internal metacarpal tubercle can be oval (n = 26) or elliptical (n = 1); the external ones can be separated (n = 14) or bifid (n = 13), with the medial one being oval (n = 20), elliptical (n = 2), or rounded (n = 5), and the distal one being oval (n = 21) or elliptical (n = 6). The internal metatarsal tubercle can be elliptical (n = 13), curved elliptical and prominent (n = 10), or have a widened border (n = 4); the external one can be rounded (n = 24) or oval (n = 3). They may exhibit one to two rows of tubercles on the forearm. Five variations were observed in the relative length of the fingers of the hands as follows: (1) IV &lt;II &lt;I &lt;III (n = 13), (2) II &lt;IV &lt;I &lt;III (n = 4), (3) II &lt;I &lt;IV &lt;III (n = 4), (4) I &lt;IV &lt;II &lt;III (n = 2), and (5) I &lt;II &lt;IV &lt;III (n = 4); and of the feet: I &lt;II &lt;V &lt;III &lt;IV. The squamosal bones are fused, smooth or rough, with or without undulations. The frontoparietals can be smooth or slightly rough, with slight or moderate expansion, fused or juxtaposed with slight separation, with the anterior portion not open. The cultriform process of the parasphenoid is broad at the base and in the distal portion.</p><p>Advertisement call.</p><p>The advertisement call of Proceratophrys intermedia (Fig. 9 C) consists of a multipulsed note, with an average call duration of 0.951 ± 0.121 s (range: 0.36– 1.35 s). The number of pulses per call is 47.973 ± 6.374 (range: 21–63 pulses / call), the pulse rate is 50.016 ± 4.572 pulses / second (range: 41.46–62.15 pulses / second), and the average dominant frequency is 750.358 ± 67.658 Hz (range: 562.50–861.33 Hz).</p><p>Tadpole.</p><p>Described by Rossa-Feres et al. (2024) based on tadpoles collected at Serra e Gemido, São José dos Pinhais municipality, Paraná state, Brazil. Individuals were deposited at Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Câmpus de São José do Rio Preto (DZSJRP). The chondrocranium of the species was described by Dias et al. (2013 a) based on tadpoles collected in the following localities: state of Paraná, municipality of Fazenda Rio Grande, Fazenda Gralha Azul — DZSJRP 819.3 (1 tadpole; stage 35), 830.2 (2 tadpoles; stages 35 and 38, according to Gosner 1960), and municipality of São José dos Pinhais, Serro e Gemido — DZSJRP 985.2 (1 tadpole; stage 37, according to Gosner 1960).</p><p>Geographic distribution.</p><p>Proceratophrys intermedia occurs mainly in the Atlantic Forest biome, in the states of Santa Catarina and Paraná, and in the southern region of the state of São Paulo. It may also occur in transitional areas with the Cerrado (Fig. 1).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CE63B888CF385E7693497BCD44874D67	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Castro, Leonardo;Guimarães, Carla S.;Carrillo, Juan F. C.;Santana, Diego J.;Mângia, Sarah	Castro, Leonardo, Guimarães, Carla S., Carrillo, Juan F. C., Santana, Diego J., Mângia, Sarah (2026): Taxonomic revision of the horned frog Proceratophrys boiei (Wied-Neuwied, 1824) (Amphibia, Anura, Odontophrynidae) with revalidation of P. fryi (Günther, 1873) and P. intermedia (Barbour, 1908). Herpetozoa 39: 177-202, DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.39.e186246
