identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
46987571564F57DDB7F8A9EBDD774E39.text	46987571564F57DDB7F8A9EBDD774E39.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Arrhenia antarctica (Singer) Redhead, Lutzoni, Moncalvo & Vilgalys	<div><p>Arrhenia antarctica (Singer) Redhead, Lutzoni, Moncalvo &amp; Vilgalys, Mycotaxon 83: 46 (2002)</p><p>Fig. 1 B</p><p>Description.</p><p>Pileus 4–60 mm diameter, at first convex, becoming applanate, with slightly depressed (umbo) at the center, with a flaring margin, surface glabrous, hygrophanous, light brown (7 D 8) to reddish brown (8 E 3) when young in moisture, yellowish brown (5 F 8) to dark brown (7 F 4) when mature in moisture, orange gray (6 B 2) to brownish orange (6 C 4) or brownish gray (6 C 2) when dry. Lamellae subdistant to close, deeply decurrent, 12–47 lamellae with 1–5 lamellulae, irregularly forked, concolorous with the pileus. Stipe 4–37 × 2–7 mm, cylindric, concolorous with lamellae, central, solid. Context concolorous with stipe (but pallid).</p><p>Basidiospores 5.5–9.5 × 4–6.5 μm, Lm × Wm = 7.39 × 5.02 μm, Q = 1.00–2.03, Qm = 1.45, ellipsoid, oblong to obovoid, some variation in shape. Basidia 25–35.6 (– 37.4) × 5.5–10.6 μm, mostly 4 - spored with sometimes 2 - spored, cylindrical to clavate. Cystidia absent. Pileipellis a cutis of parallel and thin-walled hyphae, 3.0–15.3 μm wide, hyaline to brownish, with incrusted brown pigment. Stipipellis a cutis of parallel and thin-walled hyphae, 3.2–17.6 μm wide, hyaline to brownish, substantially with fine incrusted brown pigment. Clamp connections present in all tissues.</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>Solitary, gregarious or caespitose on various moss (such as Bryum pseudotriquetrum, Sanionia uncinata, and Syntrichia filaris), often attached to living moss ( Sanionia uncinata) with white mycelial tomentum, most abundant in late January or February in Antarctica.</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>See Suppl. material 1.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>This species was first described from Antarctica by Singer (1956) and has since been repeatedly recorded from vegetation covered regions of the continent, including King George Island (Bertazzo-Silva and Putzke 2025; Bertazzo-Silva et al. 2025 c). Previous studies have demonstrated that this species exhibits high morphological plasticity in size and color, and substrate association (grasses, mosses, lichens, etc.) (Bertazzo-Silva et al. 2025 c). This diversity highlights the species’ adaptability to the harsh environmental conditions of Antarctica. Newly collected specimens in this study indicate that the lamellae are concolorous with the pileus, without becoming noticeably pallescent, and all other characters closely correspond to Singer’s original description (Singer 1956).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/46987571564F57DDB7F8A9EBDD774E39	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kim, Ji Seon;Choi, Jiyun;Choi, Min-Soo;Kim, Kyung Mo;So, Jae Eun;Joo, Youngsung;Cabrera-Pardo, Jaime R.;Lim, Young Woon	Kim, Ji Seon, Choi, Jiyun, Choi, Min-Soo, Kim, Kyung Mo, So, Jae Eun, Joo, Youngsung, Cabrera-Pardo, Jaime R., Lim, Young Woon (2026): Re-assessment of the taxonomy of Antarctic mushrooms from King George Island, Antarctica. MycoKeys 132: 215-244, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.132.191126
33CF0304D8FE589E8E509C709F22D47E.text	33CF0304D8FE589E8E509C709F22D47E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Galerina fallax A. H. Sm. & Singer	<div><p>Galerina fallax A. H. Sm. &amp; Singer, Mycologia 47: 561 (1955)</p><p>Fig. 6</p><p>Description.</p><p>Pileus 3–20 mm diam, at first conic, hemispherical to spherical, becoming convex, with a flaring margin, surface glabrous, hygrophanous, reddish orange (7 A 8) to reddish orange (7 C 8) when moisture, fading to light brown (6 D 8) to light brown (7 D 8) in drying, crenate, and at first the disc with translucent striate. Lamellae distant to subdistant, decurrent, almost concolorous with pileus, a little bit lighter, grayish orange (6 B 4) to deep orange (6 A 8) when moisture, light orange (6 A 5) to orange (6 A 6). Stipe 3–30 × 1–5 mm, cylindrical or tapering upwards, brownish orange (6 C 6) to brownish orange (6 C 8) when moisture, light orange (6 A 4) to orange (6 A 6) when dry, entirely fibrillose with white fibrils. Veil not developed.</p><p>Basidiospores (7.9 –) 8.3–10 (– 10.3) × (5.3 –) 5.5–6.3 (– 6.6) μm, Lm × Wm = 9.17 × 5.87 μm, Q = 1.4–1.76, Qm = 1.57, amygdaliform with acute apex in side view, ovoid in frontal view, thick-walled, yellowish-brown, with one large oil drop. Basidia (26 –) 28–34 (– 36) × 8–10 μm, (narrowly) clavate, 4 – spored, hyaline, sometimes yellowish-brown in KOH. Pleurocystidia absent. Cheilocystidia 25.3–41 × 6.8–9.3 μm, (narrowly) lageniform to urticiform, with obtuse apex, thin-walled, hyaline in KOH. Pileipellis a cutis, terminal hyphae 5–11.5 μm wide, intertwined, thin-walled, hyaline in KOH, with yellowish brown incrusting pigment. Caulocystidia 18.4–58.8 × 4–9.1 μm, cylindrical to clavate, with subcapitate apex, mostly at the apex of the stipe, thin-walled, hyaline in KOH. Stipitipellis a cutis of parallel and thin-walled hyphae, 3–11.6 μm wide, hyaline in KOH. Clamp connections present in all tissues.</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>Gregarious on moss. The basidiomata were found to emerge from living portions of the moss tissue, especially associated with brownish part of the mat.</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>See Suppl. material 1.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Compared with the original description of G. fallax, Antarctic specimens of G. fallax exhibit a slightly larger pileus (up to 20 mm vs. 5–10 (– 15) mm), larger basidia (28–34 × 8–10 μm vs. 17–20 × 6–7 μm), and cheilocystidia with a broader size range (25–41 × 6.8–9.3 μm vs. 24–35 × 6–9 μm) (Smith and Singer 1964; Groves 1965). Additionally, algal cells were observed entangled around the stipitipellis, and moss tissue was frequently found adhered to the basidiomata (data not shown). Putzke and Pereira (1996) proposed that G. fallax and G. perrara (proposed as a new species with Antarctic specimens) are conspecific and differ only in pileus size (&lt;5 mm in the latter) (Putzke and Pereira 1996). Our observations support this interpretation, although Antarctic specimens consistently have a larger pileus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/33CF0304D8FE589E8E509C709F22D47E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kim, Ji Seon;Choi, Jiyun;Choi, Min-Soo;Kim, Kyung Mo;So, Jae Eun;Joo, Youngsung;Cabrera-Pardo, Jaime R.;Lim, Young Woon	Kim, Ji Seon, Choi, Jiyun, Choi, Min-Soo, Kim, Kyung Mo, So, Jae Eun, Joo, Youngsung, Cabrera-Pardo, Jaime R., Lim, Young Woon (2026): Re-assessment of the taxonomy of Antarctic mushrooms from King George Island, Antarctica. MycoKeys 132: 215-244, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.132.191126
C75F36AEFFD253008DA87985E9A1563A.text	C75F36AEFFD253008DA87985E9A1563A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Galerina venenata A. H. Sm.	<div><p>Galerina venenata A. H. Sm., Mycologia 45: 922 (1953)</p><p>Fig. 7</p><p>Synonym.</p><p>Galerina pseudomycenopsis Pilát, Friesia 5 (1): 19 (1954).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Pileus 2.5–30 mm diam, at first hemispherical, convex to broadly conical, finally expanding to applanate, with slightly depressed (umbo) at the center, surface glabrous, hygrophanous brownish orange (7 C 8) to brown (7 E 8) when moisture, orange (6 A 6) to light brown (6 D 8) when dry, crenate. Lamellae distant, broadly adnexed, grayish orange (6 B 3) to pastel red (7 A 4) when moisture, light orange (6 A 4) to brownish orange (6 C 4) when dry. Stipe 3–52 × 1.5–5 mm, cylindrical, central, white (7 A 1) to gray (7 B 1) when moist, orange-white (6 A 2) to light orange (6 A 4) when dry, entirely fibrillose with white fibrils, with a white basal mycelium. Veil well developed in mature specimens.</p><p>Basidiospores (7.5 –) 8.5–11 (– 12) × 5.3–6.5 (– 7.0) μm, Lm × Wm = 9.99 × 6.14 μm, Q = 1.4–1.85, Qm = 1.62, amygdaliform with acute apex in side view, ovoid in frontal view, thick-walled, yellowish-brown, with oil drops. Basidia (26.7 –) 29–40 (– 43.5) × 7.8–13.0 (– 13.7) μm, clavate, 4 – spored, hyaline. Cheilocystidia 36.5–74.5 × 7.5–18 μm, lageniform, utriform to fusiform, thin-walled. Pileipellis a cutis, 2–15.3 μm wide, thin-walled, hyaline to brownish, with fine incrusted brown pigment. Caulocystidia 26–98 × 4.5–14.2 μm, clavate to fusiform, mostly at the apex of the stipe, thin-walled. Stipitipellis a cutis of parallel and thin-walled hyphae, 2–9.3 μm wide. Clamp connections present in all tissues.</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>Gregarious, occasionally caespitose, on moss.</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>See Suppl. material 1.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Phylogenetic analyses consistently classified the Antarctic specimens within the clade comprising G. marginata, G. venenata, and G. pseudomycenopsis, three taxa historically distinguished by their toxin profiles and ecological characters (Groves 1965; Gulden et al. 2005; Landry et al. 2021). Historically, G. marginata and G. venenata were distinguished by their toxin production (Groves 1965; Gulden et al. 2005; Landry et al. 2021), while G. pseudomycenopsis was distinguished based on ecological characters, particularly its preference for cold climates (Groves 1965; Gulden 1987; Gulden et al. 2005; Gulden 2010). However, toxin production and climate preference likely reflect physiological responses rather than taxonomic boundaries (Enjalbert et al. 2004; Akata et al. 2020), indicating that these criteria do not reliably delimit species. Considering all polyphasic evidence, including phylogenetic inference, morphological characteristics, and amanitin-producing characteristics, our Antarctic specimens are most appropriately assigned to G. venenata . The only notable morphological difference is the presence of slightly larger basidia (20–27 × 7–10 μm) (Groves 1965; Çelik et al. 2024), which suggests intraspecific morphological variation associated with environmental conditions.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C75F36AEFFD253008DA87985E9A1563A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kim, Ji Seon;Choi, Jiyun;Choi, Min-Soo;Kim, Kyung Mo;So, Jae Eun;Joo, Youngsung;Cabrera-Pardo, Jaime R.;Lim, Young Woon	Kim, Ji Seon, Choi, Jiyun, Choi, Min-Soo, Kim, Kyung Mo, So, Jae Eun, Joo, Youngsung, Cabrera-Pardo, Jaime R., Lim, Young Woon (2026): Re-assessment of the taxonomy of Antarctic mushrooms from King George Island, Antarctica. MycoKeys 132: 215-244, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.132.191126
CD95814A72ED56879B3AA0C22EAADEC7.text	CD95814A72ED56879B3AA0C22EAADEC7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Omphalina frigida Bertazzo-Silva, A. L. Costa & J. Putzke	<div><p>Omphalina frigida Bertazzo-Silva, A. L. Costa &amp; J. Putzke, Mycol. Progr. 24 (no. 41): 10 (2025)</p><p>Fig. 3 B</p><p>Synonyms.</p><p>Omphalina deschampsiana Bertazzo-Silva, A. L. Costa &amp; J. Putzke, Mycol. Progr. 24 (no. 41): 5 (2025).</p><p>Omphalina ichayoi Bertazzo-Silva, A. L. Costa &amp; J. Putzke, Mycol. Progr. 24 (no. 41): 8 (2025).</p><p>Omphalina schaeferi Bertazzo-Silva, A. L. Costa &amp; J. Putzke, Mycol. Progr. 24 (no. 41): 12 (2025).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Pileus 2–40 mm, at first convex to broadly conical, finally expanding to manifest slightly depressed (umbo) at the center, radially ribbed over the gills, hygrophanous, brownish gray (8 E 2) to grayish brown (9 E 3) when young in moisture, grayish brown (8 D 3) to grayish brown (8 E 3) when mature in moisture, reddish orange (7 A 6) to grayish red (7 B 5) when young in dry, light brown (7 D 5) in margin and reddish white (7 A 2) in center when mature in dry, finally becoming brownish gray with dark brown radial bands alternate over the gills (5 C 2). Lamellae distant to subdistant, decurrent, orange-gray (5 B 2) to orange-white (6 A 2) when in moisture, brownish orange (5 B 3) when dry. Stipe 2–20 × 0.5–5 mm, cylindrical, becoming glabrous, base covered by white tomentum, white (6 A 1) when young in moisture, white (6 A 1) to orange-gray (6 B 2) when young in dry, white (6 A 1), pale orange (6 A 3) to orange-gray (6 B 2) when mature.</p><p>Basidiospores 6.5–9 × 4.5–6.2 µm, Q = 1.05–1.53, Qm = 1.3, amygdaliform in sideview, largely ellipsoid to obovoid in frontal view, smooth, thin-walled, hyaline, with some guttules. Basidia 34–49 × 7.5–10.5 µm, clavate, 2 or 4 - spored. Cheilocystidia 28.8–46.6 × 3.8–9 µm, cylindrical, apically tapered, hyaline, thin-walled. Pleurocystidia 24–54.5 × 4.5–8.4 µm, similar to cheilocystidia. Pileipellis a cutis consisting of cylindrical, interwoven, 4–12 µm wide hyphae. Stipitipellis a cutis of parallel and thin-walled hyphae, 3.5–15 μm wide, hyaline in KOH. Caulocystidia 27.3–102.8 × 5–13.3 μm, cylindrical to clavate, hyaline in KOH. Clamp connections present in all tissues.</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>Gregarious, occasionally caespitose, on moss.</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>See Suppl. material 1.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Both phylogenetic and species-delimitation analyses indicate that the four previously described Antarctic species — O. deschampsiana, O. frigida, O. ichayoi, and O. schaeferi — along with our newly collected specimens, form a single monophyletic lineage. No consistent morphological differences distinguishing these species were observed, and phylogenetic inference further supports their conspecificity. Given the low biodiversity of Antarctica and the probability that these lineages represent extant rather than recently diverged taxa (Fig. 5), all previously described Antarctic species and our newly collected specimens are treated as conspecific with O. frigida, whose epithet best reflects the ecological characteristics of this species, as the remaining epithets either honour individuals or reference Deschampsia antarctica, a host association not exclusive to this species (Bertazzo-Silva et al. 2025 a). Although the geographic distribution, macromorphological characters, and ecological characters of this taxon also correspond to the original description of O. ballesteri (Calonge and Tomo 1991), direct comparison was not possible; this potential synonymy is therefore noted tentatively.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CD95814A72ED56879B3AA0C22EAADEC7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kim, Ji Seon;Choi, Jiyun;Choi, Min-Soo;Kim, Kyung Mo;So, Jae Eun;Joo, Youngsung;Cabrera-Pardo, Jaime R.;Lim, Young Woon	Kim, Ji Seon, Choi, Jiyun, Choi, Min-Soo, Kim, Kyung Mo, So, Jae Eun, Joo, Youngsung, Cabrera-Pardo, Jaime R., Lim, Young Woon (2026): Re-assessment of the taxonomy of Antarctic mushrooms from King George Island, Antarctica. MycoKeys 132: 215-244, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.132.191126
