identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
955487DDFFF2F01C21CB05BDC04F90ED.text	955487DDFFF2F01C21CB05BDC04F90ED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Namalycastis Hartman 1959	<div><p>Namalycastis Hartman, 1959</p><p>Type species. Lycastis abiuma Grube, 1872, by subsequent designation (Hartman, 1959).</p><p>Diagnosis (modified from Wilson et al. 2023). Prostomial anterior region indented, sub-trapezoid, longitudinal groove present; posterior region shorter than anterior region. Antennae present, subconical. Palpophores barrel-shaped, smooth, rarely grooved. Palpostyles spherical. Four eyes present. Tentacular belt equal to or shorter than chaetiger 1. Four pairs of tentacular cirri; tentacular cirrophores well-defined, sometimes indistinct. Jaws dentate. Maxillary and oral rings of proboscis cylindrical, without papillae or paragnaths. Paired oesophageal caeca absent. Segmental glandular patches absent. Notopodia strongly reduced, without lobes. Dorsal cirrostyle attached distally to dorsal cirrophore throughout body. Dorsal cirrophore short and cylindrical anteriorly, extended and flattened posteriorly. Dorsal, median and ventral ligules absent. Neuropodial postchaetal lobe absent. Neuropodial superior lobe poorly developed, papilliform. Neuropodial inferior lobe present. Ventral cirrostyle single. Notoaciculae present in first two chaetigers. Notochaetae present (rarely absent), sesquigomph spinigers. Supracicular neurochaetae: sesquigomph spinigers present, heterogomph spinigers seldom present, heterogomph falcigers present (sometimes absent); blades of falcigers smooth or serrated, teeth slightly longer proximally than distally. Subacicular neurochaetae: heterogomph spinigers present; heterogomph falcigers present (seldom absent); blade of spinigers evenly and finely serrated throughout, sometimes coarsely serrated proximally; falcigers sometimes with extra-long blades. Pygidium multi-incised rim. Oocytes spherical.</p><p>Remarks. When compared to the overall nereidin,gymnonereidin,or dendronereidin members,the namanereidins bear a simple morphology in their proboscis and parapodia. The diagnosis of Namalycastis provided is based on the new Nereididae genera established by Villalobos-Guerrero et al. (2022) and following Wilson et al. (2023).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/955487DDFFF2F01C21CB05BDC04F90ED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pradhan, Jyoshna;Villalobos-Guerrero, Tulio F.;Mohapatra, Anil	Pradhan, Jyoshna, Villalobos-Guerrero, Tulio F., Mohapatra, Anil (2025): Description of two new species of nereidids (Annelida: Nereididae) from West Bengal, India, Bay of Bengal. Zootaxa 5729 (2): 335-348, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5729.2.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5729.2.6
955487DDFFF2F01921CB011BC6B791B0.text	955487DDFFF2F01921CB011BC6B791B0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Namalycastis solenotognatha Pradhan & Villalobos-Guerrero & Mohapatra 2025	<div><p>Namalycastis solenotognatha sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: AB567D6C-9CF1-4223-9D44-1430D88C4575</p><p>Fig. 2</p><p>Type material. India, Bay of Bengal. Holotype: EBRC /ZSI/An-18595, Bankiput, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=87.84148&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.742945" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 87.84148/lat 21.742945)">Purba Medinipur</a> (21°44’34.6”N 87°50’29.3”E), West Bengal, 03 May 2025, mudflat, coll. J. Pradhan. Paratype: One specimen (EBRC /ZSI/An- 18596), same collection data as for holotype .</p><p>Additional material. India, Bay of Bengal. Three specimens (EBRC /ZSI/An-18597), 13 June 2025, same collection data as for holotype .</p><p>Diagnosis. Epidermal pigmentation present. Prostomium anteriorly shallowly cleft. Eyes subequal; anterior pair sub-rounded, posterior pair oval. Antennae extending to tip of palpophore. Posterodorsal tentacular cirri extending up to chaetiger 2. Jaws with many inner canals (more than 20). Notochaetae absent. Supra-preacicular neurochaetae with heterogomph spinigers anteriorly. Subacicular neurochaetae with heterogomph falcigers smooth-bladed (very few teeth proximally). Sesquigomph and heterogomph spinigers with fine serrations proximally. Pygidium multi-incised, ring-shaped.</p><p>Description. Holotype complete, in good condition, 108.8 (18.8–79.2) mm TL, 15.9 (6.0–8.8) mm L15, 2.4 (2.3–3.7) mm W15, and 206 (170–191) chaetigers. Body widest mid-anteriorly, gradually tapering towards posterior end. General body colour light brown throughout, with lighter brown epidermal pigmentation antero-dorsally.</p><p>Prostomium campanulate; anterior region distally indented, trapezoid-shaped, twice longer than posterior region (Fig. 2A); longitudinal groove shallow, extending from tip to mid-posterior prostomium; anterolateral gap between antenna and palpophore narrow, as wide as basal diameter of antennae. Nuchal organs deeply embedded.</p><p>Palpophores barrel-shaped, short (Fig. 2A), 1.1 times as long as wide, three-quarters as long as prostomium; sub-distal transverse groove indistinct. Palpostyles spherical, one-third as long as palpophore.</p><p>Antennae tapered, conical, as long as prostomial posterior region, nearly extending to tip of the palpophores, aligned over inner edge of palps; antennae separated by gap 5 times as wide as their basal diameter.</p><p>Paired eyes in oblique arrangement, coalesced, black (Fig. 2A). Anterior pair sub-rounded, eye diameter 1.8 times wider than basal diameter of antennae; lenses oval, greyish, placed mid-laterally. Posterior pair of eyes oval, with diameter 1.5 times wider than antennae; lenses indistinct, placed posterolaterally.</p><p>Tentacular belt as long as chaetiger 1 (Fig. 2A), with straight anterior margin. Tentacular cirrostyles smooth; anterior cirrostyles anterolateral and posterior cirrostyles lateral to tentacular belt (Fig. 2B). Anterodorsal cirrostyles extending backwards to border between chaetigers 1 and 2; antero-ventral cirrostyles extending upwards to tip of palpophore. Posterodorsal cirrostyles extending backwards to chaetiger 2; posteroventral cirrostyles extending sideward to proximal lateral base of prostomial posterior region. Dorsal and ventral cirrophores distinct, cylindrical.</p><p>Proboscis everted, with maxillary and oral rings cylindrical, wider than long. Jaws mostly dark amber; 9 (9−12) teeth: 5 (5–7) subterminal teeth, 4 (4–5) ensheathed proximally (Fig. 2C); more than 20 canals emerging from pulp cavity (Fig. 2D).</p><p>Dorsal cirri composed of barely-distinct cirrostyles and enlarged cirrophores (Fig. 2E–I), slightly longer than neuroacicular ligule in anterior chaetigers (Fig. 2 E−G), twice as long as ligule in following chaetigers (Fig. 2H, I). Dorsal cirrostyles cirriform, attached distally to dorsal cirrophore throughout body. Dorsal cirrophore increasing in length posteriorly, expanding from about chaetiger 8 or 9 (Fig. 2 E−G); markedly enlarged and pennant-like in middle chaetigers (Fig. 2H), elongated and ribbon-shaped in posterior chaetigers (Fig. 2I).</p><p>Neuroacicular ligule sub-conical, distally blunt, bilobed (Fig. 2E–I). Neuropodial superior lobe very short, papilliform. Neuropodial inferior lobe globular.</p><p>Ventral cirri short (Fig. 2E–I), one-half length of neuroacicular ligule at anterior chaetigers, one-third length in following chaetigers.</p><p>Aciculae mostly black throughout body. Notochaetae absent throughout body. Supracicular neurochaetae consisting of post-acicular sesquigomph spinigers (Fig. 2J), pre-acicular heterogomph spinigers (Fig. 2K), and pre-acicular heterogomph falcigers; few sesquigomph spinigers and up to 6 heterogomph falcigers present throughout, single heterogomph spiniger present in anterior chaetigers only. Subacicular neurochaetae consisting of post-acicular heterogomph spinigers and pre-acicular heterogomph falcigers (Fig. 2L, M), both present throughout.</p><p>Blade of sesquigomph spinigers finely serrated throughout body, proximal serrations of even length but slightly thicker. Blade of heterogomph spinigers coarsely serrated proximally. Blade of heterogomph falcigers long (b/a ratio: 1.3–1.9); supracicular finely serrated, with 4 well-developed proximal teeth anteriorly, increasing to 7–8 teeth posteriorly; subacicular nearly smooth bladed, with 2 barely-developed proximal teeth anteriorly (Fig. 2L), increasing to 6 proximal teeth posteriorly (Fig. 2M). Shaft of heterogomph falcigers camerated, with cavity divided sub-distally into four distinct longitudinal partitions; boss of regular size.</p><p>Pygidium multi-incised, ring-shaped, reddish-brown (Fig. 2N); anal cirri ventrolateral, as long as last 4 (2−4) chaetigers.</p><p>Variations. Total body length: 18.8–79.2 mm. Length to chaetiger 15: 6.1–8.8 mm. Body width at chaetiger 15: 2.3–3.7 mm. Number of total chaetigers: 49–191. Longest tentacular cirri extending to chaetiger 1–2. Jaws with 4–5 teeth. Anal cirri as long as last 2–4 chaetigers.</p><p>Anatomical anomalies. One specimen (18.8 mm long, 2.3 mm wide, 49 chaetigers) with pygidium showing four ventral anal cirri with distinct cirrophore, one located on the right side and the other three on the left side (Fig. 2O, P).</p><p>Etymology. The species’ name solenotognatha is a combination of the Greek words solenotos (channelled) and gnatha (jaw), indicating that members of the species have jaws with numerous canals emerging from the pulp cavity. Declination is feminine.</p><p>Type locality. Bankiput (21°44’34.6’’N 87°50’29.3’’E), West Bengal, India (Fig. 1) .</p><p>Habitat. Mudflat with an abundance of hard substratum, particularly bricks (Fig. 1A, B). Individuals dwelled inside the bricks and were associated with other lower invertebrates, such as sea slugs, small molluscs, crabs, and isopods.</p><p>Distribution. This species is only known from the type locality.</p><p>Remarks. Six species of Namalycastis have been reported from Indian waters, plus the addition of the new one described in the present study: Namalycastis abiuma (Grube, 1871) from Brazil, N. solenotognatha sp. nov. from Eastern India, N. fauveli Nageswara Rao, 1981 from Eastern India, N. glasbyi Fernando &amp; Rajasekaran, 2007 from Western India, N. indica (Southern, 1921) from Eastern India, N. jaya Magesh, Kvist &amp; Glasby, 2012 from Western India, and N. meraukensis (Horst, 1918) from Papua New Guinea. Nevertheless, the latter species is considered very similar to N. abiuma and thus treated as part of the nominal species group (Glasby 1999).</p><p>Among those species, N. solenotognatha sp. nov. differs from its congeners by the absence of notochaetae (except N. abiuma and N. jaya) and the presence of heterogomph spinigers in supra-preacicular neurochaeta in anterior chaetigers. Additionally, N. solenotognatha sp. nov. can be distinguished from N. fauveli by the boss of regular size in heterogomph falcigers, in contrast to that markedly elongated in N. fauveli . Also, N. solenotognatha sp. nov. has longer antennae (extending over the tip of palps) than N. fauveli (extending over the mid-palps). Moreover, in N. solenotognatha sp. nov. the postero-dorsal tentacular cirri are shorter (extending to chaetigers 2−3) than N. glasbyi (extending to chaetigers 4−5) and N. indica (extending to chaetigers 5−6). Also, the anterior and posterior eyes of N. solenotognatha sp. nov. are subequal, whereas the posterior eyes are much smaller than the anterior ones in N. glasby . Finally, N. solenotognatha sp. nov. has a multi-incised pygidium, unlike that tripartite in N. indica .</p><p>Namalycastis solenotognatha sp. nov. mostly resembles N. abiuma and N. jaya, although it can differ in several features. In N. solenotognatha sp. nov., the anterior and posterior eyes are similar; whereas in N. jaya, the posterior pair is much smaller than the anterior pair. The jaws of N. solenotognatha sp. nov. comprise 20 or more inner canals; in contrast, there are up to 12 canals in N. jaya . In N. solenotognatha sp. nov., the blades of heterogomph spinigers are finely serrated, whereas in N. jaya, they are coarsely serrated proximally. In N. solenotognatha sp. nov. the neuropodial superior lobe is smaller than the neuropodial inferior lobe, unlike the superior lobe of N. jaya, which is longer than the inferior lobe. Finally, the pygidium is reddish-brown in N. solenotognatha sp. nov., whereas it is black in N. jaya .</p><p>Furthermore, N. solenotognatha sp. nov. can be distinguished from N. abiuma s. str. (fide Alves et al. 2024, also Glasby et al. 1999) by the smooth-bladed subacicular heterogomph falcigers of neurochaetae in the anterior parapodia, in contrast to those of N. abiuma s. str., which are finely serrated. Likewise, the neuropodial superior lobe is papilliform throughout the body in N. solenotognatha sp. nov., whereas it is bluntly conical at least in chaetiger 10 of N. abiuma s. str. Also, the posterodorsal tentacular cirri of N. solenotognatha sp. nov. are shorter (extending up to chaetiger 2) than those in N. abiuma s. str. (extending to chaetigers 3−5). In N. solenotognatha sp. nov., the pygidium is ring-shaped, whereas it is button-shaped in N. abiuma s. str. Finally, N. solenotognatha sp. nov. is a much longer species (up to 110 mm with up to 206 chaetigers) than N. abiuma s. str. (usually up to 50 mm with 150 chaetigers). Likely, N. abiuma s. str. is not distributed in Indian waters.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/955487DDFFF2F01921CB011BC6B791B0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pradhan, Jyoshna;Villalobos-Guerrero, Tulio F.;Mohapatra, Anil	Pradhan, Jyoshna, Villalobos-Guerrero, Tulio F., Mohapatra, Anil (2025): Description of two new species of nereidids (Annelida: Nereididae) from West Bengal, India, Bay of Bengal. Zootaxa 5729 (2): 335-348, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5729.2.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5729.2.6
955487DDFFF7F01921CB023DC0109346.text	955487DDFFF7F01921CB023DC0109346.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nereis Linnaeus 1758	<div><p>Nereis Linnaeus, 1758</p><p>Type species. Nereis pelagica Linnaeus, 1758</p><p>Remarks. Bakken et al. (2022) and Wilson et al. (2023) developed a comprehensive diagnosis of the genus, which is followed in the present study. However, Nereis is a broadly heterogeneous genus, far from being solved, as no attempts have been made to define it accurately, and species richness continues to increase. Informal groupings have been proposed elsewhere (see Salazar-Vallejo et al. 2021), where a single member is listed and size-dependent features are used; nevertheless, this approach may result in troublesome designations (see Discussion).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/955487DDFFF7F01921CB023DC0109346	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pradhan, Jyoshna;Villalobos-Guerrero, Tulio F.;Mohapatra, Anil	Pradhan, Jyoshna, Villalobos-Guerrero, Tulio F., Mohapatra, Anil (2025): Description of two new species of nereidids (Annelida: Nereididae) from West Bengal, India, Bay of Bengal. Zootaxa 5729 (2): 335-348, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5729.2.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5729.2.6
955487DDFFF6F01521CB049DC1E39258.text	955487DDFFF6F01521CB049DC1E39258.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nereis dhritiae Pradhan & Villalobos-Guerrero & Mohapatra 2025	<div><p>Nereis dhritiae sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 42F2DFC4-7388-4778-A1BF-B81E683D6F8D</p><p>Fig. 3</p><p>Type material. India, Bay of Bengal. Holotype: EBRC /ZSI/An-18598, Digha, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=87.51725&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.621" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 87.51725/lat 21.621)">Purba Medinipur</a> (21°37’15.6”N 87°31’02.1”E), West Bengal, 4 May 2025, sandy beach, coll. J. Pradhan. Paratypes: Three specimens (EBRC /ZSI/ An-18599), same data collection data as for holotype .</p><p>Additional material. India, Bay of Bengal. Four specimens (EBRC /ZSI/An-18600), same data collection as for holotype; 14 Jun 2025 . Six specimens (EBRC /ZSI/An-186001), same data collection as for holotype, 12 July 2025 . Twenty-four specimens (EBRC /ZSI/An-18602), same data collection as for holotype, 30 Jul 2025 .</p><p>Diagnosis. Species of Nereis infra group I.B.2 sensu Salazar-Vallejo et al. (2021). Specimens with one paragnath on area V; area III without laterally isolated paragnaths; areas VI–V–VI ridge pattern λ-shaped; areas VII–VIII with a distinct anterior band consisting of small cones; homogomph falciger with blade consisting of distinct terminal tendon and 1–2 fine teeth; heterogomph falcigers with camerate shaft divided into two partitions; tentacular cirrostyles smooth, short, posterodorsal extending to chaetiger 3.</p><p>Description. Holotype complete, in good condition (Fig. 3A), 16.6 (16.6−33.6) mm TL, 4.1 (2.3−9.1) mm L15, 1.5 (0.7−2.2) mm W15, with 58 (56−87) chaetigers. General body yellowish. Dorsum of prostomial posterior region black, seeming masked prostomium (Fig. 3A, B); prostomial anterior region reddish-brown (Fig. 3C). Palps, tentacular cirrophores, and anterior dorsum of body brown (Fig. 3C). Anterior margin of maxillary ring pale brown. Anterior and posterior dorsal margins of first 12 segments (including tentacular belt) with one transverse brown band; anterior band thick (covering half of segment), posterior band narrow (covering one-quarter of segment) with one dorsolateral darker patch on each side (Fig. 3A, B). Parapodial glands located in ligules and dorsal cirri cirrophores, granulose, brown, becoming more evident from about chaetiger 22, more intense posteriorly.</p><p>Prostomium campanulate (Fig. 3B, C); anterior region distally entire, sub-quadrangular, as long as posterior region; anterolateral gap between antenna and palpophore narrow, as wide as basal diameter of antennae. Nuchal organs deeply embedded.</p><p>Palpophores barrel-shaped (Fig. 3B, C), slightly longer than wide, as long as prostomium; sub-distal transverse groove indistinct. Palpostyles spherical (Fig. 3B, C), one-half as wide as diameter of palpophore.</p><p>Antennae tapered, conical, medium size (Fig. 3B), as long as prostomial posterior region, extending slightly beyond palpophore; antennae slightly separated by gap as wide as basal diameter of antenna.</p><p>Paired eyes in sub-trapezoid arrangement, blackish (Fig. 3B); gap between both pairs reduced, eyes nearly coalesced. Anterior pair of eyes sub-rounded, diameter 2.7 times wider than that of base of antennae, with gap between eyes twice as wide as eye diameter; lenses visible, purplish, oval, placed anterolaterally, covering 40% of eye. Posterior pair of eyes rounded, with diameter as wide as that of base of antennae, not covered by tentacular belt, with gap between eyes twice as wide as eye diameter; lenses visible, purplish, oval, placed centrally, covering 25% of eye.</p><p>Tentacular belt 1.3 times longer than chaetiger 1, with rounded anterior margin (Fig. 3B). Tentacular cirrostyles smooth (Fig. 3B, C); anterior and posterior cirrostyles located anterodorsally to tentacular belt. Anterodorsal cirrostyles extending backwards to chaetiger 2–3; anteroventral cirrostyles extending upwards beyond palpophore. Posterodorsal cirrostyles extending backwards to chaetiger 4–5; posteroventral cirrostyles extending sideward to middle of prostomial posterior region. Dorsal and ventral cirrophores distinct; dorsal cylindrical, ventral ring-shaped.</p><p>Proboscis everted, with maxillary and oral rings cylindrical, wider than long (Fig. 3C, D). Jaws mostly amber; 12–13 (13–17) teeth: 7 (7–11) subterminal teeth, 5–6 ensheathed proximally (Fig. 3E); 3 canals emerging from pulp cavity (2 in rest of specimens), broadly separated from each other (Fig. 3F). Reddish-brown paragnaths on maxillary and oral rings (Fig. 3C, D), consisting of conical and few merged paragnaths; plate-like basements absent. Area I: 1 (1−4), small cone (Fig. 3C); Areas IIa: 28 (17–27) and IIb: 26 (17–25), two to three slightly regular rows of uneven cones in drop-shaped patch, distal cones larger (Fig. 3C); Area III: 19 (15–22), oval patch of uneven cones, proximal cones larger, without distinct laterally isolated cones (Fig. 3D); Areas IVa: 24 (17–37) and IVb: 29 (19–35), lemniscate patch with uneven proximal cones in oval arrangement (Fig. 3D) and 5 (5–8) merged paragnaths of small and medium size located distally; Area V: 1, small cone placed slightly behind level of paragnaths on Area VI (Fig. 3C); Areas VIa: 6 (4–6) and VIb: 5 (5–6), irregular oval patch of even cones (Fig. 3C); Areas VII–VIII: 79 (66–89), two well-separated bands of cones, with anterior band consisting of one transverse row of even paragnaths (furrows with one small cone and ridges with three or four cones on each region), and posterior band with uneven cones in three slightly regular transverse rows displaced somewhat from each other, distal row with larger cone, most paragnaths present on ridges, only one or two cones on furrows (Fig. 3D). Areas VI–V–VI ridge pattern λ-shaped (Fig. 3C). Gap between Area VI and Areas VII–VIII narrow, as wide as palpostyle (Fig. 3C). Paired oesophageal caeca present.</p><p>Notopodia consisting of dorsal cirrus with cirrostyle and cirrophore, dorsal ligule, and median ligule in biramous parapodia; notopodial prechaetal lobe not developed throughout.</p><p>Dorsal cirri composed of cirrostyle and compressed cirrophore (Fig. 3G–K). Cirrostyles long, cirriform; 3.5 times longer than cirrophore in anteriormost chaetigers, 2.5 times longer than that in following chaetigers. Cirrostyle extending markedly beyond dorsal ligule throughout body; attached basally to cirrophore in anteriormost chaetigers, medially in following chaetigers (Fig. 3G–K). Cirrophores of similar length and compressed throughout body (Fig. 3G–K); 2 irregular patches of glands present throughout, more distinct in middle chaetigers (Fig. 3J), covering ligule almost entirely.</p><p>Dorsal ligule of similar length throughout (Fig. 3G–K), becoming posteriorly slightly narrower; digitiform in anterior chaetigers (Fig. 3H), bluntly conical in following chaetigers; slightly shorter than median ligule in anterior chaetigers, somewhat longer than that in following chaetigers; projecting distinctly beyond notoacicula throughout; barely glandular.</p><p>Median ligule well developed, of similar length throughout (Fig. 3G–K); bluntly conical, thick in anterior chaetigers, narrower in following chaetigers.</p><p>Neuropodia consisting of neuroacicular ligule, ventral ligule, and ventral cirrus with cirrostyle and indistinct cirrophore; inferior, superior and postchaetal lobes not developed throughout.</p><p>Neuroacicular ligule as wide and long as ventral ligule in anterior and middle chaetigers (Fig. 3G, H), 1.5 times wider and twice longer than that in posterior parapodia (Fig. 3J, K).</p><p>Ventral ligule well developed throughout; bluntly triangular, thick in anteriormost and anterior chaetigers (Fig. 3G, H), bluntly conical and slender in following chaetigers (Fig. 3I–K); smaller than median ligule throughout.</p><p>Ventral cirrostyles cirriform, slender; two-thirds as long as ventral ligule throughout body (Fig. 3H, I, K).</p><p>Body of aciculae mostly black throughout body. Notoaciculae absent in first two chaetigers (Fig. 3H). Neuroaciculae extending beyond distal end of notoaciculae in anterior and middle chaetigers (Fig. 3H, I), as long as notoaciculae in following chaetigers (Fig. 3J, K).</p><p>Notochaetae consisting of homogomph spinigers and homogomph falcigers (Fig. 3L); spinigers present in anterior chaetigers, replaced by falcigers from about chaetiger 20; 9–17 spinigers present in anterior chaetigers; 1 falciger in middle chaetigers, and 2 in posterior chaetigers.</p><p>Supracicular neurochaetae consisting of homogomph spinigers and heterogomph falcigers throughout (Fig. 3M, N); 3–4 spinigers present in anteriormost chaetigers, 10–12 spinigers in anterior chaetigers, 2–8 spinigers in middle chaetigers and posterior chaetigers; 2–3 falcigers present in anteriormost chaetigers, 5–9 falcigers in anterior chaetigers, 4–7 falcigers in middle chaetigers, and 1–2 falcigers in posterior chaetigers.</p><p>Subacicular neurochaetae consisting of heterogomph spinigers (Fig. 3O) and heterogomph falcigers throughout; 5–6 spinigers present in anteriormost chaetigers, 2–3 spinigers in following chaetigers; 3–4 falcigers present in anteriormost chaetigers, 11–14 falcigers in anterior chaetigers, 2–7 falcigers in middle chaetigers and 5–6 falcigers in posterior chaetigers.</p><p>Blade of homogomph spinigers finely serrated throughout, with proximal serrations slightly thicker in middle and posterior chaetigers (Fig. 3N). Blade of heterogomph spinigers finely serrated throughout (Fig. 3O). Blade of homogomph falcigers short and narrow (Fig. 3L); terminal tooth incurved with distinct tendon; serrations present in about one-third to one-half of total blade length, two fine teeth in middle chaetigers, decreasing to one (sometimes none) posteriorly. Blade of heterogomph falcigers tapering, medium and long (b/a ratio: 1.9–2.3) throughout (Fig. 3M); finely serrated, terminal tooth incurved with distinct tendon. Shaft of falcigers camerate, homogomph with longitudinal undivided cavity (Fig. 3L), and heterogomph divided sub-distally into two distinct longitudinal partitions (Fig. 3M).</p><p>Pygidium with cirrophores of anal cirri barely developed; anal cirri short, as long as last 1–3 chaetigers.</p><p>Variations. Total body length: 16.6–33.6 mm. Length to chaetiger 15: 2.3–9.1 mm. Body width at chaetiger 15: 0.7–2.2 mm. Number of total chaetigers: 56–87. Posterodorsal tentacular cirri extending to chaetiger 4–5. Jaws with 12–17 teeth. Number and pattern of paragnaths: Area I: 2–4 paragnaths (single paragnath in holotype); Area IIa: 17–27 and IIb: 17–25; Area III: 15–22 in arranged in three rows; Area IV: 17–35; Area V: 1; Area VI: 4–6, arranged in regular two rows; Area VII–VIII: 66–89, arranged in four irregular rows. Anal cirri as long as last 2–3 chaetigers.</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet dhritiae is named in honour of Dr. Dhriti Banerjee, the first woman Director of the Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, India, in recognition of her scientific efforts and contributions to animal taxonomy.</p><p>Type locality. Digha (21°37’15.6”N 87°31’02.1”E), West Bengal, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=87.51725&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.621" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 87.51725/lat 21.621)">Bay of Bengal</a>, India (Fig. 1) .</p><p>Habitat. Dwelling in wooden dock piles on sandy beaches (Fig. 1C), which are submerged during high tide. The species is also associated with other invertebrates, such as scale worms ( Polynoidae), small molluscs, isopods, crustaceans, and gobies.</p><p>Distribution. This species is only known from the type locality.</p><p>Remarks. Nereis dhritiae sp. nov. belongs to the artificial infra group I.B.2 sensu Salazar-Vallejo et al. (2021), which is represented by species with blades of homogomph falcigers finely denticulate, similar dorsal ligules throughout the body, parapodial ligules tapered (longer than wide), and pharyngeal areas VII–VIII with a discontinuous row of paragnaths. The typical representative species in infragroup I.B.2 is N. zonata Malmgren, 1867 from Greenland (Salazar-Vallejo et al. 2021).</p><p>Nine species of Nereis have been recorded from India (sensu Sivadas &amp; Carvalho 2020): Nereis couteri Gravier, 1899, N. falcaria (Willey, 1905), N. gaikwadi Day, 1973, N. heteromorpha Horst, 1924, N. jacksoni Kinberg, 1865, N. lamellosa Ehlers, 1868, N. persica Fauvel, 1911, N. talehsapensis Fauvel, 1932, and N. zonata . However, N. heteromorpha, and N. talehsapensis belong to Neanthes as currently circumscribed (see Villalobos-Guerrero &amp; Idris 2021). Among the remaining seven species, the following three are included in I.B.2 here: Nereis dhritiae sp. nov., N. gaikwadi, and N. persica, in addition to N. zonata .</p><p>Nereis dhritiae sp. nov. can readily be distinguished from N. gaikwadi, N. persica and N. zonata by having blades of homogomph falcigers consisting of a terminal incurved tooth with a distinct tendon (absent in the three species). Also, N. dhritiae sp. nov. is different from N. persica and N. zonata by the presence of one paragnath on area V (absent in the two species) and the anterior row of area VII–VIII with only small paragnath (large only in N. persica, mixed sizes in N. zonata).</p><p>Nereis dhritiae sp. nov. resembles N. gaikwadi in several features; for instance, the presence of one paragnath on area V, the anterior row of areas VII–VIII with only small paragnaths, the body pigmentation patterns, and others. Even when the original description by Day (1973) is brief and scarcely illustrated, and no further studies on the species (type material housed in the Natural History Museum, London, NHMUK) under catalogue numbers 1972.55/ holotype and 1972.56/ paratype) have been conducted, some original diagnostic characteristics are still helpful in separating the two species.</p><p>Besides the blade shape of homogomph falcigers mentioned above, N. dhritiae sp. nov. differs in having up to two teeth, in contrast to only one in N. gaikwadi . In N. dhritiae sp. nov., the areas VII–VIII have well-separated anterior and posterior rows, with the latter comprising a combination of large and small paragnaths. In contrast, the rows in N. gaikwadi are mixed, consisting solely of small paragnaths. Finally, the tentacular cirrostyles in N. dhritiae sp. nov. are smooth, in contrast to distally articulated ones in N. gaikwadi . Based on these differences among the Nereis members recorded from India, N. dhritiae sp. nov. is proposed as a new species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/955487DDFFF6F01521CB049DC1E39258	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pradhan, Jyoshna;Villalobos-Guerrero, Tulio F.;Mohapatra, Anil	Pradhan, Jyoshna, Villalobos-Guerrero, Tulio F., Mohapatra, Anil (2025): Description of two new species of nereidids (Annelida: Nereididae) from West Bengal, India, Bay of Bengal. Zootaxa 5729 (2): 335-348, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5729.2.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5729.2.6
955487DDFFFAF01421CB0629C1399200.text	955487DDFFFAF01421CB0629C1399200.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nereis Linnaeus 1758	<div><p>Nereis species groupings</p><p>Salazar-Vallejo et al. (2021) attempted to divide Nereis into different groups based on the tooth features of the homogomph falcigers blade, the development and shape of parapodial ligules, and the pharyngeal paragnath patterns in areas VII–VIII. Although not stated, a similar arrangement appears to have been followed, as described by Wilson (1984) for Neanthes . However, only a single demonstrative Nereis species is mentioned, rendering the total number and the members of the Nereis groupings unknown.</p><p>Given the differences in shape and number of teeth of the homogomph falcigers’ blades between middle and posterior parapodia, as well as the homogomph falciger blades’ dependence on age and size in some species (Fauvel 1914; Villalobos-Guerrero, pers. obs.), those blades’ features are troublesome for practical species designations into groups. Further, alternative, less variable characters for creating groupings of large Nereididae genera have been proposed elsewhere (Villalobos-Guerrero et al. 2021; Villalobos-Guerrero &amp; Idris 2021). Groupings could be formed primarily through the enlargement of the dorsal cirrophore, followed by the simultaneous usage of another three less variable features, such as the presence of neuropodial postchaetal and superior lobes, the presence of homogomph spinigers in the subacicular neurochaetae, or the number of rows on the anterior band of areas VII– VIII. Other recently proposed diagnostic characters may also be useful for practical purposes in distinguishing species within convoluted genera, including the presence of notoacicula in the first two parapodia and oesophageal caeca, the merged paragnaths on area IV, and the ridge patterns of areas VI–V–VI (Villalobos-Guerrero et al. 2021; Villalobos-Guerrero &amp; Idris 2021).</p><p>Currently, Nereis comprises approximately 230 species, many of which are likely to belong to other genera (Wilson et al. 2023). The current diagnosis modified in the present study is, therefore, heterogeneous because it encompasses species with dissimilar morphology and markedly different to that of the type species Nereis pelagica Linnaeus, 1758 . For instance, it includes members with extended and flattened posterior dorsal cirrophores, such as N. grubei (Kinberg, 1865), N. inflata de León-González &amp; Solís-Weiss, 2001, N. lamellosa Ehlers, 1868, N. ligulata Hilbig, 1992, N. piscesae Blake &amp; Hilbig, 1990, and N. vexillosa Grube, 1851; also, species with markedly elongated ligule(s), such as N. angelensis Fauchald, 1972, N. anoculopsis Fauchald, 1972, N. fossae Fauchald, 1972, and N. longilingulis Monro, 1937; or species with dorsal ligule markedly reduced in posterior chaetigers, as for N. caecoides Hartman, 1965, N. caymanensis Fauchald, 1977, and N. costaricaensis Dean, 2001 . It is urgently necessary to revise the Nereis genus and, when possible, include molecular studies.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/955487DDFFFAF01421CB0629C1399200	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pradhan, Jyoshna;Villalobos-Guerrero, Tulio F.;Mohapatra, Anil	Pradhan, Jyoshna, Villalobos-Guerrero, Tulio F., Mohapatra, Anil (2025): Description of two new species of nereidids (Annelida: Nereididae) from West Bengal, India, Bay of Bengal. Zootaxa 5729 (2): 335-348, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5729.2.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5729.2.6
