taxonID	type	description	language	source
902EDD732B426517FF7A06F849D4FEBD.taxon	description	ZooBank LSID: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: pub: A 2362300 - BCCB- 470 A- 9 E 56 - 724 C 823 E 9 C 1 B (Fig. 3 – 5)	en	Homma, Max Hideki Oliveira, Norbertino, Katarine Nogueira, Grant, Taran (2026): A critically endangered new species of Dryadobates (Anura: Aromobatidae) from Espírito Santo, Brazil. Zootaxa 5845 (2): 319-339, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5845.2.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5845.2.6
902EDD732B426517FF7A06F849D4FEBD.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. MZUSP 161320 (field number TG 4245), an adult male recorded and collected in an Atlantic Forest fragment between Costa Bela and Praia de Capuba, Serra, Espírito Santo, Brazil (20 ° 06 ' 14 " S, 40 ° 11 ' 26 " W, 20 m), 18 February 2024, 17: 08, by Max Hideki Oliveira Homma, Katarine Nogueira Norbertino, and Taran Grant. Topoparatypes. MZUSP 161310 – 161319, MZUSP 161321 – 161328; MBML 7384 – 7385, 9359 – 9365.	en	Homma, Max Hideki Oliveira, Norbertino, Katarine Nogueira, Grant, Taran (2026): A critically endangered new species of Dryadobates (Anura: Aromobatidae) from Espírito Santo, Brazil. Zootaxa 5845 (2): 319-339, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5845.2.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5845.2.6
902EDD732B426517FF7A06F849D4FEBD.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet caissara is used as a noun in apposition and is the Latinized form of the Tupi-Guarani term caá-içara, originally used to refer to stakes placed around villages and corrals or traps constructed from tree branches used to catch fish (Sampaio 1987). In contemporary Brazilian usage, caiçara also refers to people living along the coastline (Diegues 1988). This epithet reflects the apparent restriction to the small forest patch of the type locality, which is surrounded by urbanization and anthropized habitats adjacent to the coast in a region historically inhabited by the Tupiniquim people.	en	Homma, Max Hideki Oliveira, Norbertino, Katarine Nogueira, Grant, Taran (2026): A critically endangered new species of Dryadobates (Anura: Aromobatidae) from Espírito Santo, Brazil. Zootaxa 5845 (2): 319-339, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5845.2.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5845.2.6
902EDD732B426517FF7A06F849D4FEBD.taxon	description	Generic placement. Grant et al. (2025) found the new species (as Dryadobates sp 01) to be the sister species of D. sp 11 and nested within a clade with D. carioca and D. capixaba (for phenomic synapomorphies of Dryadobates see Grant et al., 2025). Definition. A small species of Dryadobates (maximum SVL: males 14.8 mm, females 15.9 mm); males ventrally white / gray and translucent in life, with thighs ventrally white / gray; adult females with translucent venter and grayish or pale yellowish thighs; ventrolateral stripe posteriorly diffuse in females in life; testes of adult males white, unpigmented; throat of adult males stippled; distal subarticular tubercle absent on finger V; inner metatarsal tubercle approximately same size as outer metatarsal tubercle, well separated from subarticular tubercle of toe I; and toes II – III with basal webbing; without isolated calls.	en	Homma, Max Hideki Oliveira, Norbertino, Katarine Nogueira, Grant, Taran (2026): A critically endangered new species of Dryadobates (Anura: Aromobatidae) from Espírito Santo, Brazil. Zootaxa 5845 (2): 319-339, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5845.2.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5845.2.6
902EDD732B426517FF7A06F849D4FEBD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. In addition to differences in DNA sequences (see Grant et al. 2025: Table 2, 3), Dryadobates caissara sp. nov. differs from its closest nominal relative, D. carioca, in SVL; although there is minimal overlap in both sexes, D. caissara sp. nov. has smaller minimum, maximum, and mean SVL (females: t = 7.66, df = 81, p <0.001; males: t = 5.88, df = 129, p <0.001; Table 1). Similarly, D. caissara sp. nov. also lacks a tubercle on finger V (present in some D. carioca). On average, Dryadobates caissara sp. nov. is also smaller than D. alagoanus (females: t = 5.04, df = 81, p <0.001; males: t = 3.49, df = 129, p = 0.03; Table 1), D. bokermanni (females: t = 11.62, df = 81, p <0.001; males: t = 10.92, df = 129, p <0.001; Table 1), D. lutzi (females: t = 6.98, df = 81, p <0.001; males: t = 5.93, df = 129, p <0.001; Table 1), and D. olfersioides (males: t = − 8.53, df = 129, p <0.001; Table 1). Dryadobates caissara sp. nov. differs from D. erythropus Grant & Pinheiro, 2025 and D. olfersioides in possessing melanophores on the throat of adult males (immaculate in D. erythropus and D. olfersioides). It differs from D. alagoanus, D. bokermanni, D. erythropus, and D. lutzi in possessing basal webbing between toes II – III. From D. lutzi, it is distinguished by the inner metatarsal tubercle being approximately the same size as the outer metatarsal tubercle, well separated from the subarticular tubercle of toe I, and toes II – III having basal webbing, from D. alagoanus in possessing unpigmented, white testes in adult males (testes with brown reticulation in D. alagoanus), and from D. erythropus in having an anteriorly indistinct oblique lateral stripe (well defined in D. erythropus). Dryadobates caissara sp. nov. differs from D. alagoanus, D. bokermanni, and D. lutzi in having a more translucent abdomen with the ventral abdominal vein visible (not visible in D. alagoanus, D. bokermanni, and D. lutzi), more conspicuous in males; males are ventrally white or gray, sometimes with pale yellow restricted to the inguinal region (venter yellow in males of D. alagoanus, D. bokermanni, and D. lutzi), and their thighs are ventrally brownish-beige, beige with pinkish-brown tones, or grayish (corresponding to underlying musculature rather than cutaneous pigmentation); females show the same range of thigh coloration as males, with some individuals additionally presenting a pale yellowish ventral surface in life (the ventral surfaces of the thighs are pigmented yellow in D. alagoanus, D. bokermanni, and D. lutzi). Additionally, the ventrolateral stripe is posteriorly diffuse in females of D. caissara sp. nov. (ventrolateral stripe is posteriorly well defined in females of D. alagoanus, D. bokermanni, and D. lutzi). The advertisement call of Dryadobates caissara sp. nov. differs from that of all nominal species for which calls are known (viz., D. alagoanus, D. bokermanni, and D. lutzi) in being emitted exclusively in groups (i. e., isolated calls absent) and comprising longer series (maximum number of calls 152 [91.0 ± 13.0] in D. caissara sp. nov., 41 [25.5 ± 3.8] in D. alagoanus, 33 [12.3 ± 2.3] in D. bokermanni, and 45 [33.6 ± 2.4] in D. lutzi; Table 2), with group size being significantly larger in D. caissara than D. alagoanus (t = 4.86, df = 9.38, p = 0.005), D. bokermanni (t = 5.58, df = 5.02, p = 0.01), and D. lutzi (t = 4.53, df = 8.03, p = 0.01). The intergroup interval of D. caissara sp. nov. also differs from that of its congeners, being generally longer (maximum 106 s [23.1 ± 11.5] in D. caissara sp. nov., 10.1 s [5.8 ± 2.2] in D. alagoanus, 8.8 s [3.9 ± 0.9] in D. bokermanni, and 18.2 s [12.6 ± 1.7] in D. lutzi; Table 2). The time between trains of calls also differed among species, ranging from 3.1 – 106 s (29.5 ± 12.2) in D. caissara sp. nov., 2.6 – 8.6 s (5.9 ± 1.5) in D. alagoanus, 2.0 – 3.5 s (2.7 ± 0.2) in D. bokermanni, and 2.5 – 5.7 s (3.4 ± 0.4) in D. lutzi. The dominant frequency of D. caissara sp. nov. is significantly higher than that of D. bokermanni (t = 6.36, df = 4.91, p = 0.005). Dryadobates caissara sp. nov. and D. capixaba do not exhibit clear phenotypic differences, due in part to the limited sample size of adult males (six in the type series of D. capixaba) and absence of adult female D. capixaba, along with the lack of acoustic data and information on color in life. However, the only juvenile female of D. capixaba collected (MNRJ 40420, 14.3 mm SVL) is larger than the subadult female D. caissara sp. nov. (max. 13.6 mm, n = 3), suggesting that adult female D. capixaba might be larger than those of D. caissara sp. nov. Despite the lack of diagnostic phenomic differences, their recognition as distinct species is supported by the fact that they are not sister species and their uncorrected percent pairwise distance (based on the ≈ 570 - bp Palumbi fragment of MT-RNR 2 delimited by the primers AR and BR; Palumbi et al. 1991) is 5.3 (Grant et al. 2025).	en	Homma, Max Hideki Oliveira, Norbertino, Katarine Nogueira, Grant, Taran (2026): A critically endangered new species of Dryadobates (Anura: Aromobatidae) from Espírito Santo, Brazil. Zootaxa 5845 (2): 319-339, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5845.2.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5845.2.6
902EDD732B426517FF7A06F849D4FEBD.taxon	description	Measurements of holotype (mm). SVL 13.8, FAL 3.2, H 3.0, TL 6.1, FL 5.2, HW 4.3, HL 4.2, EL 2.0, EN 1.2, N 1.7, SL 2.0, IOD 1.5, TYM 0.8. Morphology. The following composite description is based on the 28 specimens in the type series. Adult males 12.6 – 14.8 mm SVL (Table 1); vocal slits present; testes unpigmented, white or cream. Adult females 13.0 – 15.9 mm SVL (Table 1), mature oocytes creamy yellow and pale brown, ca. 0.8 mm diameter; oviducts enlarged, convoluted, creamy white. MZUSP 161317 (13.5 mm SVL), 161323 (13.6 SVL) and 161324 (13.4 SVL) are subadult females; MBML 9364 (11 mm SVL) and 9359 (12 mm SVL) are juveniles. Large intestine unpigmented. Ventral and most dorsal surfaces smooth; exposed surface of shank and posterior dorsum with low, inconspicuous granules. Postrictal and cloacal tubercles absent. HW 28 % – 36 % of SVL and 1.05 – 1.16 times diagonal HL. EL 43 – 55 % of HL. IOD 27 % – 36 % of HW. Snout bluntly rounded in dorsal view, SL 43 % – 56 % of HL. Nares slightly flared, directed posterodorsad, EN 48 % – 74 % of EL and 50 % – 68 % of SL. Loreal region weakly concave, almost vertical. Canthus rostralis well defined, sharply rounded. Tympanic ring discernible externally along anteroventral half of tympanum. Tympanum directed posterodorsad, TYM 32 – 47 % of EL. Supratympanic bulge associated with underlying depressor musculature present. Hand length 18 % – 24 % of SVL, 0.88 – 1.06 times of FAL. Relative appressed finger lengths IV> II> III> V (Fig. 5 A). Finger II is 1.1 times longer than finger III. Finger III reaching middle of distal subarticular tubercle of finger IV, finger V not reaching or barely reaching base of distal subarticular tubercle of finger IV. Phalangeal swelling on finger IV of adult males weak, dorsal and preaxial only, absent elsewhere on hand or in females. Hand tubercles well defined, protuberant. Fingers II, III, and V each with single subarticular tubercle; finger IV with two subarticular tubercles; hyperdistal subarticular tubercles absent. Thenar tubercle elliptical, palmar tubercle elliptical or bluntly triangular. Fringes absent. Metacarpal fold absent. Discs unexpanded (state 0 of Grant et al. 2006), all bearing paired dorsal scutes. Carpal pad and black arm gland absent. Tibia length 40 – 50 % of SVL; FL 33 – 45 % of SVL. Relative lengths of toes IV> III> V> II> I (Fig. 5 B). Foot tubercles well defined, protuberant. Toes I and II with one subarticular tubercle each, toes III and V with two, toe IV with three. Webbing absent between toes I – II and IV – V, basal webbing present between toes II – III and III – IV, giving formula II 2 – 3.5 III 3 – 4 IV. Fringes absent. Outer metatarsal tubercle round; inner metatarsal tubercle approximately same size as outer metatarsal tubercle, well separated from subarticular tubercle of toe I. Metatarsal fold absent. Tarsal keel well defined, short, strongly curved, tubercle-like, not extending from metatarsal tubercle, one-third of tarsal length from inner metatarsal tubercle. Discs bearing paired dorsal scutes; discs I and V unexpanded (state 0 of Grant et al. 2006), discs II, III and IV weakly expanded (state 1 of Grant et al. 2006). Coloration in preservative (Figs. 3, 4): Dorsum brown with dark brown blotches, often forming diffuse " X ", double diffuse " X " (e. g., MZUSP 161312), or hourglass (e. g., MZUSP 161311). Dorsolateral stripes absent. Flanks uniformly dark brown with faint, pale (tan, cream, or white) oblique lateral stripe, sometimes accompanied by cream or pale-yellow spots near groin (e. g., MZUSP 161320 [TG 4245]; pale oblique lateral stripe extending from groin to posterior edge of eyelid, indistinct anteriorly, not continuing along canthus rostralis. Ventrolateral stripe indistinct in preservative due to degradation of iridophores, evidenced by sparse black stippling on either side of stripe; usually continuous, straight or slightly undulated, not formed by a series of spots, extending from groin, above arm insertion, across ventral portion of tympanum, and along upper lip, curving around snout to connect with pale stripe along upper lip, lower flank and lateral belly ventral to ventrolateral stripe cream with sparse brown stippling. Otic region matching color of flank, bordered above by faint pale oblique lateral stripe and below by ventrolateral stripe. Tympanum dark brown dorsally, cream ventrally (corresponding to ventrolateral stripe). Throat of adult males bearing dense stippling, sometimes extending onto chest, remainder of venter immaculate cream. Juvenile females exhibit dense throat stippling, whereas adult females have reduced stippling, with two adult females entirely lacking melanophores on the throat (MZUSP 161319 and 161327); venter otherwise uniformly cream in females. Lower lip immaculate or faintly stippled with melanophores. Exposed surfaces of limbs pale brown with dark brown blotches or bands that align when flexed. Anterior surface of thighs brown, posterior surface dark brown with minuscule pale spots ventrally. Pale paracloacal mark well defined. Ventral surfaces of thighs and concealed surfaces of shanks and feet cream. Coloration in life (Figs. 5, 6): Based on our observations and photographs in life, Dryadobates caissara sp. nov. is predominantly brown with variable dark brown marks dorsally and possesses a well-defined, dark brown lateral stripe that extends from the snout along the flanks, contrasting with the ventral region, which varies from silvery white to cream or yellowish. The pale oblique lateral stripe is indistinct anteriorly, white or cream in most specimens, with pale yellow suffusion posteriorly in the holotype (Fig. 5). The ventrolateral stripe is white or cream; it is continuous or broken into elongate blotches in males and strongly diffuse anteriorly in females, in which it is generally less conspicuous. The forelimbs are pale brown with pale yellow or orange suffusion and small, irregular dark brown spots, while the hindlimbs are pale brown or brown with a more pronounced pattern featuring dark brown spots or stripes, while some females have some yellow suffusion. The iris is golden or bright yellow. The abdomen is usually silvery white to cream, but some specimens exhibit a pale yellowish hue restricted to the inguinal region in males and more expansive and conspicuous in females; the abdominal integument is generally translucent, with a variable concentration of iridophores through which the ventral abdominal vein is visible (more visible in males). Males exhibit dark stippling in the gular region (Fig. 6). Some females also exhibit dark stippling in the gular region, although it is less prominent (e. g., subadult female MZUSP 161317, SVL 13.5 mm; adult female MZUSP 161313, SVL 14.4 mm, Fig. 6 D). Vocalizations (Table 2 and Fig. 7): Advertisement calls were exclusively emitted by males; we did not detect female calls or other call types. We recorded four individuals: the holotype MZUSP 161320 (SVL 13.8, 18 February 2024, 17: 08, 23.2 ° C, FNJV 124985) and topoparatype MZUSP 161318 (SVL 13.4, 18 February 2024, 10: 46, 26.9 ° C, FNJV 124988), as well as two uncollected males (18 February 2024, 10: 23, 25.8 ° C, FNJV 124986; and 18 February 2024, 17: 20, 22.9 ° C, FNJV 124987), comprising a total of 76 minutes of recordings. Dryadobates caissara sp. nov. has a short call composed of a high-pitched “ peep ” emitted in groups; no isolated calls were emitted. We analyzed 1147 calls emitted in 13 groups containing 13 – 152 calls each, with intergroup intervals of 1.5 – 106.2 s. Spectral and temporal parameters varied extensively, both within groups emitted by the same individual and among individuals. For example, pooling all calls from the five groups emitted by the holotype gives a rate of 4.4 calls / s. However, the groups exhibited the following variation: Group 1: 81 calls in 11.6 s (7.0 calls / s), call duration 19.5 ± 0.0 ms, dominant frequency 6127 ± 10 Hz; Group 2: 132 calls in 27.0 s (4.9 calls / s), call duration 14.7 ± 0.0 ms, dominant frequency 6320 ± 8 Hz; Group 3: 152 calls in 30.1 s (5.1 calls / s), call duration 17.6 ± 0.0 ms, dominant frequency 6127 ± 6 Hz; Group 4: 91 calls in 43.3 s (2.1 calls / s), call duration 15.4 ± 0.0 ms, dominant frequency 6163 ± 7 Hz; Group 5: 108 calls in 16.7 s (6.5 calls / s), call duration 19.4 ± 0.0 ms, dominant frequency 6097 ± 10 Hz.	en	Homma, Max Hideki Oliveira, Norbertino, Katarine Nogueira, Grant, Taran (2026): A critically endangered new species of Dryadobates (Anura: Aromobatidae) from Espírito Santo, Brazil. Zootaxa 5845 (2): 319-339, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5845.2.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5845.2.6
902EDD732B426517FF7A06F849D4FEBD.taxon	distribution	Distribution and natural history: We observed Dryadobates caissara sp. nov. exclusively at Locality 1, the type locality (Fig. 8 A), where we also observed Arcovomer moqueca Andrade, Lyra, Baêta & Toledo, 2026, Physalaemus crombiei Heyer & Wolf, 1989, and Rhinella ornata (Spix, 1824). Despite the greater sampling effort at Locality 2, we did not detect Dryadobates there. However, the anuran community recorded at Locality 2 was similar to that reported by Tonini et al. (2011) for Locality 1, including Adenomera thomei (Almeida & Angulo, 2006), which we observed calling in temporary pools (Fig. 2 E) after rain, Haddadus binotatus (Spix, 1824), juvenile Leptodactylus natalensis Lutz, 1930, which we found in high density in leaf litter in a depression in the forest (Fig. 2 F), Ololygon argyreornata (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926), Physalaemus crombiei, observed in amplexus beneath a fallen tree in the morning (Fig. 2 F), and Proceratophrys laticeps (Izecksohn & Peixoto, 1981). Additionally, we report a new record for the Serra region: two specimens of an apparently undescribed species of Euparkerella Griffiths, 1959. We emphasize that our fieldwork was mainly diurnal, so the species we observed undoubtedly represent a small subsample of the actual anuran fauna. Like other species of Dryadobates (Grant et al. 2025), D. caissara sp. nov. is diurnal, locally abundant in forest with extensive leaf litter and a permanent water body, and conspicuous due to its frequent, loud, and characteristic advertisement call. We observed individuals vocalizing and interacting (see below) on and under leaf litter on the forest floor on a steep slope up to approximately 100 m from water (Fig. 8 B). Calling activity began at approximately 6: 00 and continued until sunset at approximately 18: 00, with a notable decrease in acoustic activity between 12: 00 and 14: 00. We searched unsuccessfully for tadpoles in the swampy stream at the bottom of the slope where we heard and collected adult Dryadobates. Tonini et al. (2011) collected six females and three males in pitfall traps. We observed two distinct behavioral responses to conspecific playback recordings: one unvouchered male fled the area, while another male turned and approached the speaker.	en	Homma, Max Hideki Oliveira, Norbertino, Katarine Nogueira, Grant, Taran (2026): A critically endangered new species of Dryadobates (Anura: Aromobatidae) from Espírito Santo, Brazil. Zootaxa 5845 (2): 319-339, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5845.2.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5845.2.6
902EDD732B426517FF7A06F849D4FEBD.taxon	conservation	Conservation status: Currently, Dryadobates caissara sp. nov. is known exclusively from the type locality (Figs. 1 B, 8), currently restricted to an isolated 0.384 km ² fragment of Atlantic Forest bounded by the urban developments of Praia de Capuba and Costa Bela and tree-farming plantations (Figs. 2, 9). Consequently, based on the available data, we assess the species as Critically Endangered (CR) under IUCN (2001) criteria B 1 and B 2 a. Satellite imagery evidences historical and ongoing deforestation within this area. The 0.543 km ² forest fragment sampled by Tonini et al. (2011), which in 2011 encompassed both sides of the marsh southeast of Lagoa Capuba (Fig. 9 A), has since undergone intense habitat loss due to agricultural and urban expansion. The establishment of a 0.086 km ² farm resulted in the destruction of the forest north of the marsh (Fig. 9 B), and additional deforestation near Costa Bela and a fire — still evident during our fieldwork in 2024 — further reduced the remaining habitat by approximately 0.071 km ² (Fig. 9 C). More recently, new construction has advanced to within 150 m of the holotype collection site (Fig. 9 D), severely degrading the type locality and its surroundings. Altogether, approximately 30 % of the original forest has been destroyed since 2011, leaving only 0.384 km ² remaining. Thus, both farming activities and urban development represent an alarming and immediate threat to the species’ survival.	en	Homma, Max Hideki Oliveira, Norbertino, Katarine Nogueira, Grant, Taran (2026): A critically endangered new species of Dryadobates (Anura: Aromobatidae) from Espírito Santo, Brazil. Zootaxa 5845 (2): 319-339, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5845.2.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5845.2.6
902EDD732B426517FF7A06F849D4FEBD.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Bokermann (1967) cited the presence of a white " lateral line " (= oblique lateral stripe) in the type series of Dryadobates capixaba, and this feature appears to be well defined from the groin to the eye in Bokermann’s (1967: Fig. 1) gray scale photograph, which would suggest a diagnostic character. However, as in most nominal Dryadobates (not D. erythropus; see Grant and Pinheiro 2025), the pale oblique lateral stripe is anteriorly indistinct in all D. capixaba examined by Verdade & Rodrigues (2007) and Grant et al. (2025), and the apparent conspicuous pale line in the photograph is a lighting artifact. The ventral translucency in Dryadobates caissara sp. nov. appears to be due to a thinner layer of iridophores than occurs in other species, allowing the ventral abdominal vein to be visible. Although this character varies somewhat in both sexes, with some individuals having more iridophores and a less prominent (though still perceptible) abdominal vein, it is more consistent in males than in females.	en	Homma, Max Hideki Oliveira, Norbertino, Katarine Nogueira, Grant, Taran (2026): A critically endangered new species of Dryadobates (Anura: Aromobatidae) from Espírito Santo, Brazil. Zootaxa 5845 (2): 319-339, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5845.2.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5845.2.6
902EDD732B496516FF7A01014865FE51.taxon	discussion	As reported by Forti et al. (2017) and Costa & Dias (2019), the advertisement call of Dryadobates alagoanus is composed of a single, short, high-pitched “ peep ” emitted as a single pulse (Fig. 10). Most calls (n = 164, 85 %) in the two recordings from Passo de Camaragibe, Alagoas (FNJV 12681, 12685) were emitted in six groups (intergroup interval 1.6 – 10.1 s, 5.8 ± 2.2), four of which were preceded by 5 – 9 isolated calls. Most quantitative parameters of group and isolated calls are reported in Table 2 (all temporal measurements exclude the diminishing tail artifact). In addition to the fundamental and dominant frequencies, we observed harmonics at 7781 – 9281 Hz, 11437 – 12468 Hz, and 14812 – 15937 Hz. As reported by Grant et al. (2025) for D. bokermanni and D. lutzi, on average group calls are longer (0.014 ± 0.001 s) and have shorter intercall intervals (0.171 ± 0.002 s) than isolated calls (duration: 0.008 ± 0.001 s; intercall interval: 0.591 ± 0.060 s), but do not differ in spectral parameters (e. g., peak dominant frequency: group calls 6094 ± 13 Hz; isolated calls 6094 ± 33 Hz). The intercall interval of isolated calls is significantly shorter than that of D. bokermanni (t = − 20.49, df = 808.63, p <0.001).	en	Homma, Max Hideki Oliveira, Norbertino, Katarine Nogueira, Grant, Taran (2026): A critically endangered new species of Dryadobates (Anura: Aromobatidae) from Espírito Santo, Brazil. Zootaxa 5845 (2): 319-339, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5845.2.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5845.2.6
