taxonID	type	format	identifier	references	title	description	created	creator	contributor	publisher	audience	source	license	rightsHolder	datasetID
905687B3FF9BFFFCFC4AFE90FD8F3300.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/16968605/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16968605	FIGURE 2. The upper dentition of Canis lupus spelaeus from Niedźwiedzia Cave. A, left C1 (JN.1.400). B, left C1 (JN.1.154). C, left C1 (JN.1.148). D, left C1 (JN.1.199). E, left C1 (JN.1.184). F, left C1 (JN.1.322). G, left c1 (JN.1.399). H, left c1 (JN.1.156). I, left c1 (JN.1.149). J, right c1 (JN.1.153). K, right maxilla (JN.1.129). L, left maxilla (JN.1.130). M, right P4 (JN.1.452). N, left M1–M2 (JN.1.281). O, left M1 (JN.1.130). P, left M1 (JN.1.160). Q, left M1 (JN.1.159). R, left M1 (JN.1.158). S, right M1 (JN.1.297). T, right M1 (JN.1.424). U, right M1–M2 (JN.1.197). V, right M1 (JN.1.13). All individuals showed in the same scale (10 mm), 1 – buccal view, 2 – lingual view, 3 – occlusal view (G, H, and I mirrored).	FIGURE 2. The upper dentition of Canis lupus spelaeus from Niedźwiedzia Cave. A, left C1 (JN.1.400). B, left C1 (JN.1.154). C, left C1 (JN.1.148). D, left C1 (JN.1.199). E, left C1 (JN.1.184). F, left C1 (JN.1.322). G, left c1 (JN.1.399). H, left c1 (JN.1.156). I, left c1 (JN.1.149). J, right c1 (JN.1.153). K, right maxilla (JN.1.129). L, left maxilla (JN.1.130). M, right P4 (JN.1.452). N, left M1–M2 (JN.1.281). O, left M1 (JN.1.130). P, left M1 (JN.1.160). Q, left M1 (JN.1.159). R, left M1 (JN.1.158). S, right M1 (JN.1.297). T, right M1 (JN.1.424). U, right M1–M2 (JN.1.197). V, right M1 (JN.1.13). All individuals showed in the same scale (10 mm), 1 – buccal view, 2 – lingual view, 3 – occlusal view (G, H, and I mirrored).	2025-12-31	Marciszak, Adrian;Kropczyk, Aleksandra		Zenodo	biologists	Marciszak, Adrian;Kropczyk, Aleksandra			
905687B3FF9BFFFCFC4AFE90FD8F3300.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/16968609/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16968609	FIGURE 3. Mandibles of Canis lupus spelaeus from Niedźwiedzia Cave. A, JN1.389 (left). B, JN.1.134 (left). C, JN.1.204 (right). D, JN.1.386 (left). E, JN.1.146 (left). F, JN.1.145 (right). G, JN.1.140 (right). H, JN.1.143 (right). I, JN.1.138 (left). J, JN.1.135 (right). K, JN.1.144 (left). L, JN.1.141 (right). M, JN.1.387 (left). N, JN.1.306 (right). All individuals showed in the same scale (10 mm), 1 – buccal view, 2 – lingual view, 3 – occlusal view.	FIGURE 3. Mandibles of Canis lupus spelaeus from Niedźwiedzia Cave. A, JN1.389 (left). B, JN.1.134 (left). C, JN.1.204 (right). D, JN.1.386 (left). E, JN.1.146 (left). F, JN.1.145 (right). G, JN.1.140 (right). H, JN.1.143 (right). I, JN.1.138 (left). J, JN.1.135 (right). K, JN.1.144 (left). L, JN.1.141 (right). M, JN.1.387 (left). N, JN.1.306 (right). All individuals showed in the same scale (10 mm), 1 – buccal view, 2 – lingual view, 3 – occlusal view.	2025-12-31	Marciszak, Adrian;Kropczyk, Aleksandra		Zenodo	biologists	Marciszak, Adrian;Kropczyk, Aleksandra			
905687B3FF9BFFFCFC4AFE90FD8F3300.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/16968611/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16968611	FIGURE 4. The m1 of Canis lupus spelaeus from Niedźwiedzia Cave. A, JN.1.178 (right). B, JN.1.195 (left). C, JN.1.174 (right). D, JN.1.428 (left). E, JN.1.181 (left). F, JN.1.193 (right). G, JN.1.433 (right). H, JN.1.1189 (left). All individuals showed in the same scale (10 mm), 1 – buccal view, 2 – lingual view, 3 – occlusal view (A, C, and G mirrored).	FIGURE 4. The m1 of Canis lupus spelaeus from Niedźwiedzia Cave. A, JN.1.178 (right). B, JN.1.195 (left). C, JN.1.174 (right). D, JN.1.428 (left). E, JN.1.181 (left). F, JN.1.193 (right). G, JN.1.433 (right). H, JN.1.1189 (left). All individuals showed in the same scale (10 mm), 1 – buccal view, 2 – lingual view, 3 – occlusal view (A, C, and G mirrored).	2025-12-31	Marciszak, Adrian;Kropczyk, Aleksandra		Zenodo	biologists	Marciszak, Adrian;Kropczyk, Aleksandra			
905687B3FF9BFFFCFC4AFE90FD8F3300.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/16968617/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16968617	FIGURE 5. Graph showing the relationship between the length (L m1) and the trigonid breadth (B tr m1) in Canis lupus. For references see the Materials and Methods section.	FIGURE 5. Graph showing the relationship between the length (L m1) and the trigonid breadth (B tr m1) in Canis lupus. For references see the Materials and Methods section.	2025-12-31	Marciszak, Adrian;Kropczyk, Aleksandra		Zenodo	biologists	Marciszak, Adrian;Kropczyk, Aleksandra			
905687B3FF9BFFFCFC4AFE90FD8F3300.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/16968621/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16968621	FIGURE 6. Long bones of Canis lupus spelaeus from Niedźwiedzia Cave. A, right humerus (JN.1.8). B, left radius (JN.1.19). C, right humerus (JN.1.11). D, right tibia (JN.1.12). E, right ulna (JN.1.16). F, right tibia (JN.1.13). All individuals showed in the same scale (50 mm), 1 – anterior view, 2 – medial view, 3 – posterior view, 4 – lateral view.	FIGURE 6. Long bones of Canis lupus spelaeus from Niedźwiedzia Cave. A, right humerus (JN.1.8). B, left radius (JN.1.19). C, right humerus (JN.1.11). D, right tibia (JN.1.12). E, right ulna (JN.1.16). F, right tibia (JN.1.13). All individuals showed in the same scale (50 mm), 1 – anterior view, 2 – medial view, 3 – posterior view, 4 – lateral view.	2025-12-31	Marciszak, Adrian;Kropczyk, Aleksandra		Zenodo	biologists	Marciszak, Adrian;Kropczyk, Aleksandra			
905687B3FF9BFFFCFC4AFE90FD8F3300.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/16968623/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16968623	FIGURE 7. Metapodials of Canis lupus spelaeus from Niedźwiedzia Cave. A, right metacarpal 3 (JN.1.78). B, pathological left metacarpal 3 (JN.1.314). C, right metacarpal 5 (JN.1.100). D, left metatarsal 2 (JN.1.98). E, right metacarpal 4 (JN.1.85). F, left metatarsal 3 (JN.1.84). G, right metacarpal 2 (JN.1.356). H, left metatarsal 5 (JN.1.354). All individuals showed in the same scale (50 mm), 1 – anterior view, 2 – medial view, 3 – posterior view, 4 – lateral view.	FIGURE 7. Metapodials of Canis lupus spelaeus from Niedźwiedzia Cave. A, right metacarpal 3 (JN.1.78). B, pathological left metacarpal 3 (JN.1.314). C, right metacarpal 5 (JN.1.100). D, left metatarsal 2 (JN.1.98). E, right metacarpal 4 (JN.1.85). F, left metatarsal 3 (JN.1.84). G, right metacarpal 2 (JN.1.356). H, left metatarsal 5 (JN.1.354). All individuals showed in the same scale (50 mm), 1 – anterior view, 2 – medial view, 3 – posterior view, 4 – lateral view.	2025-12-31	Marciszak, Adrian;Kropczyk, Aleksandra		Zenodo	biologists	Marciszak, Adrian;Kropczyk, Aleksandra			
905687B3FF9BFFFCFC4AFE90FD8F3300.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/16968808/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16968808	FIGURE 8. Graph showing the size dynamic of Canis lupus from Europe during the last 130 kya. For references see the Materials and Methods section.	FIGURE 8. Graph showing the size dynamic of Canis lupus from Europe during the last 130 kya. For references see the Materials and Methods section.	2025-12-31	Marciszak, Adrian;Kropczyk, Aleksandra		Zenodo	biologists	Marciszak, Adrian;Kropczyk, Aleksandra			
905687B3FF9BFFFCFC4AFE90FD8F3300.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/16968603/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16968603	FIGURE 1. Geographical location of Niedźwiedzia Cave in Poland (A), details of the Śnieżnik Massif region with white outline indicating the cave (B), representation of the cave explorations (C), and cave plan showing canids fossil-bearing areas (D) (modified from Marciszak et al., 2024).	FIGURE 1. Geographical location of Niedźwiedzia Cave in Poland (A), details of the Śnieżnik Massif region with white outline indicating the cave (B), representation of the cave explorations (C), and cave plan showing canids fossil-bearing areas (D) (modified from Marciszak et al., 2024).	2025-12-31	Marciszak, Adrian;Kropczyk, Aleksandra		Zenodo	biologists	Marciszak, Adrian;Kropczyk, Aleksandra			
905687B3FF90FFE7FEE0FD1FFBC43407.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/16968625/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16968625	FIGURE 9. Cranial material of foxes from Niedźwiedzia Cave. Vulpes vulpes: A, right mandible (JN.2.34). B, left mandible (JN.2.31). C, right maxilla (JN.2.15). D, right mandible (JN.2.33). Vulpes lagopus: E, left mandible (JN.3.8). F, right mandible (JN.3.2). G, right mandible (JN.3.3). H, left mandible (JN.3.8). I, left mandible (JN.3.10). All individuals showed in the same scale (15 mm), 1 – buccal view, 2 – lingual view, 3 – occlusal view.	FIGURE 9. Cranial material of foxes from Niedźwiedzia Cave. Vulpes vulpes: A, right mandible (JN.2.34). B, left mandible (JN.2.31). C, right maxilla (JN.2.15). D, right mandible (JN.2.33). Vulpes lagopus: E, left mandible (JN.3.8). F, right mandible (JN.3.2). G, right mandible (JN.3.3). H, left mandible (JN.3.8). I, left mandible (JN.3.10). All individuals showed in the same scale (15 mm), 1 – buccal view, 2 – lingual view, 3 – occlusal view.	2025-12-31	Marciszak, Adrian;Kropczyk, Aleksandra		Zenodo	biologists	Marciszak, Adrian;Kropczyk, Aleksandra			
905687B3FF90FFE7FEE0FD1FFBC43407.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/16968629/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16968629	FIGURE 10. Comparison of the length (in mm) of long bones in extant Vulpes vulpes and Vulpes lagopus with the fossil specimens of these species from Niedźwiedzia Cave. Extant Vulpes vulpes: black values (♂♂) and red values (♀♀); extant Vulpes lagopus: brown values (♂♂) and blue values (♀♀). Numbers indicate the specimens from Niedźwiedzia Cave.	FIGURE 10. Comparison of the length (in mm) of long bones in extant Vulpes vulpes and Vulpes lagopus with the fossil specimens of these species from Niedźwiedzia Cave. Extant Vulpes vulpes: black values (♂♂) and red values (♀♀); extant Vulpes lagopus: brown values (♂♂) and blue values (♀♀). Numbers indicate the specimens from Niedźwiedzia Cave.	2025-12-31	Marciszak, Adrian;Kropczyk, Aleksandra		Zenodo	biologists	Marciszak, Adrian;Kropczyk, Aleksandra			
905687B3FF8BFFE2FC63FA3BFC9A359A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/16968625/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16968625	FIGURE 9. Cranial material of foxes from Niedźwiedzia Cave. Vulpes vulpes: A, right mandible (JN.2.34). B, left mandible (JN.2.31). C, right maxilla (JN.2.15). D, right mandible (JN.2.33). Vulpes lagopus: E, left mandible (JN.3.8). F, right mandible (JN.3.2). G, right mandible (JN.3.3). H, left mandible (JN.3.8). I, left mandible (JN.3.10). All individuals showed in the same scale (15 mm), 1 – buccal view, 2 – lingual view, 3 – occlusal view.	FIGURE 9. Cranial material of foxes from Niedźwiedzia Cave. Vulpes vulpes: A, right mandible (JN.2.34). B, left mandible (JN.2.31). C, right maxilla (JN.2.15). D, right mandible (JN.2.33). Vulpes lagopus: E, left mandible (JN.3.8). F, right mandible (JN.3.2). G, right mandible (JN.3.3). H, left mandible (JN.3.8). I, left mandible (JN.3.10). All individuals showed in the same scale (15 mm), 1 – buccal view, 2 – lingual view, 3 – occlusal view.	2025-12-31	Marciszak, Adrian;Kropczyk, Aleksandra		Zenodo	biologists	Marciszak, Adrian;Kropczyk, Aleksandra			
905687B3FF8BFFE2FC63FA3BFC9A359A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/16968629/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16968629	FIGURE 10. Comparison of the length (in mm) of long bones in extant Vulpes vulpes and Vulpes lagopus with the fossil specimens of these species from Niedźwiedzia Cave. Extant Vulpes vulpes: black values (♂♂) and red values (♀♀); extant Vulpes lagopus: brown values (♂♂) and blue values (♀♀). Numbers indicate the specimens from Niedźwiedzia Cave.	FIGURE 10. Comparison of the length (in mm) of long bones in extant Vulpes vulpes and Vulpes lagopus with the fossil specimens of these species from Niedźwiedzia Cave. Extant Vulpes vulpes: black values (♂♂) and red values (♀♀); extant Vulpes lagopus: brown values (♂♂) and blue values (♀♀). Numbers indicate the specimens from Niedźwiedzia Cave.	2025-12-31	Marciszak, Adrian;Kropczyk, Aleksandra		Zenodo	biologists	Marciszak, Adrian;Kropczyk, Aleksandra			
