taxonID	type	description	language	source
D6069F34D2DB5D8BA70D7C4E42E7E5FE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Portugal, Spain, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia,? Libya, Israel, Jordan * (Warncke 1977; Kuhlmann et al. 2014; Bogusch 2023).	en	Wood, T. J. (2025): Resolving issues in the genus Dioxys (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Dioxyini) in the West Palaearctic with a new identification key. ZooKeys 1226: 261-302, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1226.138377
D6069F34D2DB5D8BA70D7C4E42E7E5FE.taxon	distribution	Distributional notes. The distribution of this species requires some clarification. Bogusch (2023) lists Portugal, Spain, and North Africa from Morocco to Libya, adding specifically that “ This species is known only from several records from southern parts of Spain and one record from Portugal ”, but without giving any specimen details. Dioxys ardens has not previously been recorded from Portugal (Baldock et al. 2018); the specimen from Portugal is in the collection MSCA with the label information “ Port. Alva ” (P. Bogusch, pers. comm. December 2024), but this is difficult to interpret as this could refer to Vila Alva or Barca de Alva, or the Alva river. It can be tentatively accepted as present in Portugal, though further study is required to precisely establish its range. The occurrence of D. ardens in Libya is highly plausible given its overall distribution, but again precise specimen details would allow for greater confidence in its listing. Finally, Kuhlmann et al. (2014) list D. ardens from Israel without published specimen records, but the occurrence of this species in southern Israel can be confirmed through examined specimens, as well as its presence in neighbouring Jordan.	en	Wood, T. J. (2025): Resolving issues in the genus Dioxys (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Dioxyini) in the West Palaearctic with a new identification key. ZooKeys 1226: 261-302, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1226.138377
247EE566F02654FB8AA5389D9F0FA9A7.taxon	description	Figs 5 A – F, 6 A – F	en	Wood, T. J. (2025): Resolving issues in the genus Dioxys (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Dioxyini) in the West Palaearctic with a new identification key. ZooKeys 1226: 261-302, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1226.138377
247EE566F02654FB8AA5389D9F0FA9A7.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Spain (Tenerife, Gran Canaria) (Saunders 1904).	en	Wood, T. J. (2025): Resolving issues in the genus Dioxys (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Dioxyini) in the West Palaearctic with a new identification key. ZooKeys 1226: 261-302, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1226.138377
6996E78E0208553A92A27D13E863732A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Israel * (Lucas 1849; Popov 1936; Warncke 1977; Kuhlmann et al. 2014; Bogusch 2023; Wood 2023).	en	Wood, T. J. (2025): Resolving issues in the genus Dioxys (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Dioxyini) in the West Palaearctic with a new identification key. ZooKeys 1226: 261-302, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1226.138377
6996E78E0208553A92A27D13E863732A.taxon	distribution	Distributional notes. The record of the species from Egypt lacks precise specimen details (Kuhlmann et al. 2014), but can be confirmed through the USNM specimen. The species is newly recorded from Israel. Warncke (1977) reported the species from Gibraltar, but Bogusch (2023) notes that this was a misidentification of D. ardens, with the specimen currently in collection MSCA, to be deposited in the OÖLM collection (P. Bogusch, pers. comm. December 2024).	en	Wood, T. J. (2025): Resolving issues in the genus Dioxys (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Dioxyini) in the West Palaearctic with a new identification key. ZooKeys 1226: 261-302, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1226.138377
215C1CC2297858329796BA237A5B920F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Found across central and southern Europe (including Bulgaria *), the Mediterranean basin (including Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya), east to Israel, Lebanon *, Syria *, Jordan *, Turkey, Iraq *, the Caucasus, and the Pamir mountains in Central Asia (Popov 1936; Warncke 1977; Kuhlmann et al. 2014; Bogusch 2023). The species may be spreading northwards, with the first record from Germany made only in 2019 (Saure and Petrischak 2020). Separately, it is not impossible that Popov’s record from Central Asia actually corresponds to one of the three species he described (males are known only for D. distinguendus), as examination of a small number of male Dioxys specimens from Central Asia show a very similar genital morphology to D. cinctus. Further study of Central Asian species is required.	en	Wood, T. J. (2025): Resolving issues in the genus Dioxys (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Dioxyini) in the West Palaearctic with a new identification key. ZooKeys 1226: 261-302, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1226.138377
B9448B69A06555D39AD5FDB7DD583887.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Cyprus (Popov 1944).	en	Wood, T. J. (2025): Resolving issues in the genus Dioxys (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Dioxyini) in the West Palaearctic with a new identification key. ZooKeys 1226: 261-302, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1226.138377
FC846FD246B754AA83619D24925EC4C9.taxon	description	Fig. 9 A – F	en	Wood, T. J. (2025): Resolving issues in the genus Dioxys (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Dioxyini) in the West Palaearctic with a new identification key. ZooKeys 1226: 261-302, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1226.138377
FC846FD246B754AA83619D24925EC4C9.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Morocco and Algeria (Warncke 1977).	en	Wood, T. J. (2025): Resolving issues in the genus Dioxys (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Dioxyini) in the West Palaearctic with a new identification key. ZooKeys 1226: 261-302, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1226.138377
979279C46FCD5E298590A729D8ED6940.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Dioxys hermonensis can be recognised as a Dioxys due to the metanotum with a conspicuous spine medially, the scutellum laterally produced into posteriorly projecting teeth, the axillae not produced into spines, body with pale to brownish hairs (not with long reddish hairs), first recurrent vein entering second submarginal cell, scutellum without visible carinae between lateral teeth and medial part of disc, labrum without transverse basal carina, and fore coxae with anterior surface rounded. Within the Dioxys, D. hermonensis can be recognised due to the pale bodily pubescence and clear apical hairbands (Fig. 10 E) combined with the scutum with short brownish hairs (Fig. 10 B), these equalling or only slightly exceeding the diameter of a lateral ocellus. This places it in the pumilus - group of species (cypriacus, pumilus, and varipes). The genital capsule has the penis valves apically produced into triangular shapes, with a clear angle on the outer margin (Fig. 3 G), whereas in D. cypriacus (Cyprus) and D. varipes (western Mediterranean) the apexes of the penis valves are thickened but without the outer margin showing a distinct angle (Fig. 3 C, E). This places it closest to D. pumilus (Fig. 3 A; eastern Mediterranean, including the Levant). Dioxys hermonensis can be easily separated due to the apical margin of S 4 which is straight (Fig. 3 H; in D. pumilus with the apical margin of S 4 medially emarginate, this emargination displaying a small but distinct tooth medially, Fig. 3 B) and due to the lateral margins of S 5 which show a short and blunt but clearly distinct tooth (Fig. 10 F; in D. pumilus with the lateral margins of S 5 rounded, never showing an upstanding tooth). Currently, D. hermonensis is known only from a single specimen collected from the southern side of Mount Hermon.	en	Wood, T. J. (2025): Resolving issues in the genus Dioxys (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Dioxyini) in the West Palaearctic with a new identification key. ZooKeys 1226: 261-302, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1226.138377
979279C46FCD5E298590A729D8ED6940.taxon	description	Description. Female. Unknown. Male. Body length: 6.5 mm (Fig. 10 B). Head: Dark, 1.2 × wider than long (Fig. 10 C). Clypeus strongly domed, densely punctate, punctures separated by 0.5 puncture diameters, interspaced raised and shiny. In frontal view, compound eyes with inner margins converging apically from point slightly above antennal insertions towards clypeus. Gena narrower than width of compound eye, in ventrolateral view with almost lamellate carina running from base of mandibles along ventral and posterior margin, becoming weak and obscure along posterior margin of vertex; ocelloccipital distance 1.5 × diameter of lateral ocellus. Face with moderately long and densely plumose white hair on paraocular areas and around antennal insertions, abruptly becoming sparse and obscure on clypeus and frons; longest hairs not equalling length of scape. Frons and vertex densely and deeply punctate, punctures separated by <0.5 puncture diameters, interspaces shiny. Antennae basally dark, A 6 – A 13 ventrally lightened orange; A 3 slightly exceeding length of A 4, clearly shorter than A 4 + 5; A 4 and A 5 almost rectangular, almost twice as broad as long, remaining segments becoming progressively more elongate. Mesosoma: Scutum and scutellum densely punctate, punctures confluent to separated by 0.5 puncture diameters, interspaces shiny. Scutellum laterally produced into short curved posteriorly projecting teeth, axillae laterally rounded, not produced into spines; metanotum medially with short spine. Lateral teeth of scutellum lacking visible carinae joining remaining disc of scutellum. Mesepisternum covered with large flat punctures, punctures separated by 0.5 puncture diameters, internal surface of punctures shiny; mesepisternum with moderately long, white, and densely plumose pubescence. Scutum and scutellum with short densely plumose brownish to whitish pubescence, length of hairs equalling or only slightly exceeding diameter of lateral ocellus (Fig. 10 D). Fore coxae with anterior surface rounded. Legs dark, apical tarsal segments lightened reddish-brown, tarsal claws with small inner tooth. Wings hyaline to slightly brownish within cells; wings with two submarginal cells, second submarginal cell slightly larger than first submarginal cell; first recurrent vein enters second submarginal cell 3 – 4 vein widths from first transverse cubital vein. Metasoma: Terga bright, T 1 – T 5 entirely lightened orange-red, T 6 with dorsal surface black (Fig. 10 E). Sterna predominantly bright, S 1 orange-red with black spot medially, S 2 entirely orange-red, S 3 predominantly orange-red with small black spot medially, S 4 – S 5 predominantly dark with small orange-red areas laterally. Terga densely and regularly punctate, punctures separated by 0.5 puncture diameters. Terga with short apical hair fringes composed of pale plumose hairs, not obscuring underlying surface except for short distance laterally. S 1 – S 4 with apical hair fringes, short on S 1, S 2, and S 4, not exceeding diameter of lateral ocellus, long on S 3, medially with hairs almost equalling 3 × diameter of lateral ocellus. Surface of S 4 covered with plumose white hair, appearing felt-like; apical margin straight (Fig. 3 H). S 5 with lateral margins produced into short blunt teeth (Fig. 10 F). Genital capsule with gonocoxae with inner margins forming obtuse angles, gonostyli long, parallel-sided, more or less featureless, outer margin finely hairy in apical 1 / 3 (Fig. 3 G). Penis valves with outer margins apically converging, apexes produced into triangular shapes, with clear angle on outer margin.	en	Wood, T. J. (2025): Resolving issues in the genus Dioxys (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Dioxyini) in the West Palaearctic with a new identification key. ZooKeys 1226: 261-302, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1226.138377
979279C46FCD5E298590A729D8ED6940.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name is taken from the name of Mount Hermon (Har Hermon), the locus typicus.	en	Wood, T. J. (2025): Resolving issues in the genus Dioxys (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Dioxyini) in the West Palaearctic with a new identification key. ZooKeys 1226: 261-302, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1226.138377
979279C46FCD5E298590A729D8ED6940.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel (Mount Hermon). Likely present also on the Syrian and Lebanese parts of this mountain.	en	Wood, T. J. (2025): Resolving issues in the genus Dioxys (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Dioxyini) in the West Palaearctic with a new identification key. ZooKeys 1226: 261-302, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1226.138377
456DE3B7FE635C46895CDC8811F2BC00.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Spain (Lanzarote) (Tkalců 2001).	en	Wood, T. J. (2025): Resolving issues in the genus Dioxys (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Dioxyini) in the West Palaearctic with a new identification key. ZooKeys 1226: 261-302, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1226.138377
78B48AB7F79B50169C02D23F764CC71A.taxon	description	Fig. 11 A – H	en	Wood, T. J. (2025): Resolving issues in the genus Dioxys (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Dioxyini) in the West Palaearctic with a new identification key. ZooKeys 1226: 261-302, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1226.138377
78B48AB7F79B50169C02D23F764CC71A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. South-western and central Turkey (provinces of Konya, Mersin, and Nevşehir; Heinrich 1977).	en	Wood, T. J. (2025): Resolving issues in the genus Dioxys (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Dioxyini) in the West Palaearctic with a new identification key. ZooKeys 1226: 261-302, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1226.138377
8E34286ED9565CF2BAB6E5C5CDEF259A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Greece, Turkey,? Israel, Syria, Jordan *, Iran * (Gerstäcker, 1869; Heinrich, 1977; Warncke 1977 partim; Kuhlmann et al. 2014 partim; Bogusch 2023 partim).	en	Wood, T. J. (2025): Resolving issues in the genus Dioxys (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Dioxyini) in the West Palaearctic with a new identification key. ZooKeys 1226: 261-302, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1226.138377
BCF33A1C6D245D3F9AA1A553C46B9533.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Portugal, Spain, France, Italy (Sardinia), Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt * (Warncke 1977 partim; Kuhlmann et al. 2014 partim; Baldock et al. 2018; Bogusch 2023 partim).	en	Wood, T. J. (2025): Resolving issues in the genus Dioxys (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Dioxyini) in the West Palaearctic with a new identification key. ZooKeys 1226: 261-302, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1226.138377
BCF33A1C6D245D3F9AA1A553C46B9533.taxon	distribution	Distributional notes. Records from Croatia, Greece, Turkey, and Israel (Heinrich 1977; Warncke 1977; Kuhlmann et al. 2014; Bogusch 2023) almost certainly refer to D. rufipes (see Section 12). Records from Croatia come from Kaštel Sućurac (Warncke 1977) which is in the south-east of the country and is much more likely to host eastern Mediterranean rather than western Mediterranean species, and so the judgement is made here that these are likely to refer to D. rufipes.	en	Wood, T. J. (2025): Resolving issues in the genus Dioxys (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Dioxyini) in the West Palaearctic with a new identification key. ZooKeys 1226: 261-302, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1226.138377
082DF7B44B8851B5BC631B2BB869D942.taxon	distribution	Distribution.? Croatia, Greece *, Turkey *,? Israel, Jordan *, Uzbekistan (Popov 1936; Heinrich 1977 partim, as D. moestus; Warncke 1977 partim, as D. moestus; Bogusch 2023 partim, as D. moestus).	en	Wood, T. J. (2025): Resolving issues in the genus Dioxys (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Dioxyini) in the West Palaearctic with a new identification key. ZooKeys 1226: 261-302, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1226.138377
082DF7B44B8851B5BC631B2BB869D942.taxon	distribution	Distributional notes. Following on from the comments made for D. rotundatus, records from Croatia and Israel (Warncke 1977; specimens not examined) cannot be confirmed, but are considered plausible based on the species concept of D. moestus used by Warncke, and the presence of D. rufipes in nearby countries. Additional specimen records from the SEMC from Crete (K. M. Guichard material determined by Baker) are available on GBIF.	en	Wood, T. J. (2025): Resolving issues in the genus Dioxys (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Dioxyini) in the West Palaearctic with a new identification key. ZooKeys 1226: 261-302, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1226.138377
A11ED35A16245A31A31D49AC2898442B.taxon	description	Figs 13 A – F, 14 A – D	en	Wood, T. J. (2025): Resolving issues in the genus Dioxys (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Dioxyini) in the West Palaearctic with a new identification key. ZooKeys 1226: 261-302, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1226.138377
A11ED35A16245A31A31D49AC2898442B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Portugal, Spain, Italy (Sicily), Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya * (De Stefani, 1887; Popov 1936 as D. maroccanus; Warncke 1977 partim, as D. pumilus ssp. varipes; Kuhlmann et al. 2014 partim, as D. pumilus; Baldock et al. 2018 as D. pumilus; Bogusch partim, as D. pumilus; Wood, 2023 as D. pumilus).	en	Wood, T. J. (2025): Resolving issues in the genus Dioxys (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Dioxyini) in the West Palaearctic with a new identification key. ZooKeys 1226: 261-302, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1226.138377
