identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
D6069F34D2DB5D8BA70D7C4E42E7E5FE.text	D6069F34D2DB5D8BA70D7C4E42E7E5FE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dioxys ardens Gerstacker 1869	<div><p>1.  Dioxys ardens Gerstäcker, 1869</p><p>Dioxys ardens Gerstäcker, 1869: 166, ♀ [Spain, ZMHB, not examined].</p><p>Dioxys rufispina Pérez, 1895: 26, ♀ [Algeria, MNHM, not examined].</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Israel • 10 ♂, 3 ♀; Hasharon,  Ma’agan Mikhael; 8–23 Mar. 1990; R. Leys leg.; RMNH; ZMA.INS.5103984 – ZMA.INS.5103996 ;   Jordan • 1 ♂, 2 ♀; 70 km NE  Aqaba (Strasse nach Amman); 14 Apr. 1989; J. Gusenleitner leg.; M. Schwarz det.; OÖLM  •   2 ♀; 80 km NE  Aqaba (Strasse nach Amman); 11 Apr. 1989; J. Gusenleitner leg.; M. Schwarz det.; OÖLM ;   Morocco • 1 ♂; 20 km N  Tiznit; 24 Mar. 1987; J. Gusenleitner leg.; K. Warncke det.; OÖLM  •   1 ♂; Biougra, 30 km SE  Agadir; 1 Apr. 1987; J. Gusenleitner leg.; M. Schwarz det.; OÖLM  •   1 ♀; Foret Mamora,  S de Kenitra; 17 Mar. 1961; Lindberg leg.; RMNH; RMNH.INS.1660517 ;   Spain • 1 ♂;  E Estepona; 1 Apr. 1985; H. Wolf leg.; RMNH; RMNH.INS.1660489  •   4 ♂, 2 ♀;  E Estepona; 1 Apr. 1985; H. Wolf leg.; K. Warncke det.; OÖLM ;   Tunisia • 1 ♀; Is. Djerba, 14 km SE  Houmt Souk; 27 Mar. 1992; J. Gusenleitner leg.; M. Schwarz det.; OÖLM  .</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Portugal, Spain, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia,? Libya, Israel, Jordan * (Warncke 1977; Kuhlmann et al. 2014; Bogusch 2023).</p><p>Distributional notes.</p><p>The distribution of this species requires some clarification. Bogusch (2023) lists Portugal, Spain, and North Africa from Morocco to Libya, adding specifically that “ This species is known only from several records from southern parts of Spain and one record from Portugal ”, but without giving any specimen details.  Dioxys ardens has not previously been recorded from Portugal (Baldock et al. 2018); the specimen from Portugal is in the collection MSCA with the label information “ Port. Alva ” (P. Bogusch, pers. comm. December 2024), but this is difficult to interpret as this could refer to Vila Alva or Barca de Alva, or the Alva river. It can be tentatively accepted as present in Portugal, though further study is required to precisely establish its range. The occurrence of  D. ardens in Libya is highly plausible given its overall distribution, but again precise specimen details would allow for greater confidence in its listing. Finally, Kuhlmann et al. (2014) list  D. ardens from Israel without published specimen records, but the occurrence of this species in southern Israel can be confirmed through examined specimens, as well as its presence in neighbouring Jordan.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D6069F34D2DB5D8BA70D7C4E42E7E5FE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wood, T. J.	Wood, T. J. (2025): Resolving issues in the genus Dioxys (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Dioxyini) in the West Palaearctic with a new identification key. ZooKeys 1226: 261-302, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1226.138377
247EE566F02654FB8AA5389D9F0FA9A7.text	247EE566F02654FB8AA5389D9F0FA9A7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dioxys atlanticus Saunders 1904	<div><p>2.  Dioxys atlanticus Saunders, 1904</p><p>Figs 5 A – F, 6 A – F</p><p>Dioxys atlantica Saunders, 1904: 232, ♀ ♂ [Spain: Tenerife, NHMUK, examined].</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Spain • 1 ♂, 1 ♀;  Santa Cruz [Tenerife]; 4 Apr. 1904; A. E. Eaton leg.; NHMUK (syntypes) (Figs 5 A – F, 6 A – F)  •   1 ♀; Gran Canaria,  Santa Lucia [Santa Lucía de Tirajana]; 800 m a. s. l.; 15 Jan. 2001; H. &amp; I. v. Oorschot leg.; RMNH; ZMA.INS.5142848  •   1 ♀; Gran Canaria, Bco. Tasartea [ Barranco de Tasarte]; 21 Mar. 1987; F. de la Roche leg.; B. Tkalců det.; OÖLM  .</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Discussion of the species and its distribution is required. In addition to Tenerife and Gran Canaria, Bogusch (2023) mentioned also Lanzarote citing Hohmann et al. (1993), Egypt citing Warncke (1977), and newly recorded the species from Sardinia based on novel records. Each of these points requires dissection.</p><p>The record (s) from Lanzarote are difficult to interpret because of the subsequent description of  D. lanzarotensis (see Section 8). It is possible that specimens of the then unknown  D. lanzarotensis were unwittingly determined as  D. atlanticus, since the two are similar in size and colouration; the type specimen of  D. lanzarotensis was captured on 3 March 1987 (Tkalců 2001: 49), it may have formed the basis of the report of Hohmann et al. (1993). The records from southern Egypt (Luxor, Abydos Baliana), as written, do not make ecological or morphological sense. Warncke (1977: 278) says that the morphological differences between  D. atlanticus and North African  D. cinctus (Jurine, 1807) are extremely slight, citing slightly finer punctation of T 3 – T 6, that the female S 6 is more rounded, and the male has similarly long pointed teeth medially on the margin of S 4. Examination of the two syntypes of  D. atlanticus raise the question as to whether Warncke ever examined them, because the shape of T 6 in  D. atlanticus is clearly substantially more rounded than in  D. cinctus (compare Fig. 5 F with Fig. 1 A), as is the margin of S 6, whereas North African (and indeed, all)  D. cinctus have S 6 rectangular in outline. The male of  D. atlanticus does indeed have long pointed teeth medially on S 4 (Fig. 6 F), but this places it much closer to  D. rotundatus Pérez, 1884 (Fig. 4 F; this name is re-established as the senior synonym of  D. moestus Costa, 1884, see Section 11), as  D. cinctus males only have slight bumps on the margin of S 4 (Fig. 4 D). I concur with Bogusch (2023) in rejecting the combination of  D. cinctus ssp. atlanticus proposed by Warncke (1977). The morphology of these specimens is discussed below.</p><p>Finally, the new records of  D. atlanticus from Sardinia are doubly questionable. The first is because there is not a single insect species which has a distribution of the Canary Islands and Sardinia, without records from North Africa, and more pertinently because of the original description of  D. moestus which has a locus typicus of Sardinia (Costa 1884). The description is short, in Latin and Italian, and it is worth reproducing in full here:</p><p>“  Dioxys moesta . – D. nigra unicolor, cinerea pubescens, abdominis segmentis primis quatuor vel quinque postice fasciola e pilis stratis albis cinctis. – Long. mill. 4. ”</p><p>Molto diversa dalla pyrenaica non solo per avere egualmente neri tutti gli anelli addominali, ma anche per le dimensioni minori ed il sesto anello addominale più semicircolare ”.</p><p>[ Dioxys entirely black, pubescence grey, the first four to five abdominal segments posteriorly covered with layers of white hair.</p><p>Very different from pyrenaica not only for having all of the abdominal segments entirely black, but also for its smaller size and the sixth abdominal segment more semi-circular.].</p><p>Costa clearly describes an all-black species that is smaller than  D. pyrenaicus Lepeletier, 1841 [=  D. cinctus] and has the final segment of the abdomen [= T 6] more semi-circular. This description can only correspond to  D. rotundatus, and corresponds to the black specimens of “  D. atlanticus ” found on Sardinia. This strongly suggests that the all-black Sardinian specimens simply are  D. rotundatus as described by Costa (1884) as  D. moestus . Moreover, specimens from Sardinia are not always entirely black. Warncke (1977: 275) writes that:</p><p>“ ♀ San Lussurgio / Sardinien, Lectotypus Mus. Napoli. Die Beschreibung kennzeichnet eine vollkommen schwarz gefürbte kleine  Dioxys - Art. Das stimmt nicht, das 2. Tergit ist vollständig rot und die Seiten des 1. und 3. Tergits sind trübe rot!, womit das Tier auch in den übrigen Merkmalen mit  Dioxys rotundata übereinstimmt! ”</p><p>[The description indicates a small and completely black  Dioxys species. This is not true, as the second tergum is entirely red and the sides of the first and third terga are dull red!, which means that the animal agrees with  Dioxys rotundata in other characteristics].</p><p>This raises the question as to whether or not Warncke’s “ lectotype ” is actually valid since it does not match the description (cf. Schwarz et al. 1996), but this is of secondary importance and the overall comment combined with examination of new specimens from Sardinia (kindly loaned by Petr Bogusch, see material examined in Section 11.  Dioxys rotundatus) indicates considerable colour variation. One female from Sardinia has T 2 dull red, almost black, and a second female has T 2 entirely black. The question is therefore, is  D. atlanticus morphologically distinct from a widespread  D. rotundatus which can be entirely black or have a metasoma marked with red, with variation between these two states?</p><p>I agree with Bogusch (2023) that  D. atlanticus and  D. rotundatus (referred to as  D. moestus) are very morphologically similar; this is most apparent in the males which both possess S 4 with a pair of long projecting teeth medially (Figs 4 F, 6 F), together these emphasising the median emargination. Based on the small number of specimens that I have been able to examine, the only clear structural character that I can see to allow separation of these species is the sculpture of the apical tergal segments, as well as the width: length ratio of the disc of T 6. In female  D. atlanticus, the punctures of T 6 are very shallow and placed closely together, making it difficult to distinguish between punctures and shiny interspaces (Fig. 5 F); in the male, the punctures of T 5 and T 6 almost disappear due to their shallowness (Fig. 6 E). In contrast, in female  D. rotundatus the apical tergal segments have the punctures deeper and slightly more spaced, therefore clearly and unambiguously contrasting the shiny interspaces (Fig. 1 B); in the male, the punctures of T 6 remain clear and distinct.</p><p>The two Egyptian specimens examined by Warncke were also sent to me on loan (see material examined in Section 11.  Dioxys rotundatus), representing a female and a male. The female has T 2 entirely red-marked, and T 6 is rounded with the punctures clear and well-defined, with shiny interspaces. In this regard it clearly matches  D. rotundatus . The male has S 4 with relatively short teeth flanking the medial emargination, making it somewhat intermediate between the condition found in  D. cinctus and  D. rotundatus /  atlanticus, but the punctation of T 5 and T 6 is strong and well-defined, not disappearing into the integument. Measurement of the width: length ratio of the disc of the female T 6 (from maximum visible width and maximum visible length of the disc in dorsal view) produces values of 1.82–1.90: 1 for  D. rotundatus (Figs 1 B, 7 D, H) and 2.12: 1 for the syntype of  D. atlanticus (Fig. 5 F). Even though the punctation of T 6 of one of the Sardinian specimens is more chaotic and begins to resemble that of  D. atlanticus (Fig. 7 H), the overall width: length ratio of T 6 is 1.90, and less than that observed in  D. atlanticus . This means that neither the female Sardinian specimens or the female or male Egyptian specimens are referable to  D. atlanticus in the narrow sense used here.</p><p>With access to suitable material, these characters (T 6 punctation and width: length ratio) can be used consistently. Therefore, I take the position that  D. atlanticus is restricted to Tenerife and Gran Canaria, as I have not seen any specimens with equally weak punctation on the apical tergal segments elsewhere in the western Mediterranean or North Africa, the distributional range of  D. rotundatus (see Section 11).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Spain (Tenerife, Gran Canaria) (Saunders 1904).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/247EE566F02654FB8AA5389D9F0FA9A7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wood, T. J.	Wood, T. J. (2025): Resolving issues in the genus Dioxys (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Dioxyini) in the West Palaearctic with a new identification key. ZooKeys 1226: 261-302, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1226.138377
6996E78E0208553A92A27D13E863732A.text	6996E78E0208553A92A27D13E863732A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dioxys chalicodus Lucas 1849	<div><p>3.  Dioxys chalicodus Lucas, 1849</p><p>Dioxys chalicoda Lucas, 1849: 207, ♀ ♂ [Algeria, MNHN, not examined].</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Egypt • 1 ♀; Matariele [ El Matareya]; 7 Mar. 1915; A. Alfieri leg.; J. D. Alfken det.; USNM ;   Israel • 1 ♂; Arava, 4 km W of  Hazeva; 10 Mar. 1990; R. Leys leg.; RMNH; RMNH.INS.1660492 ;  Libya • 1 ♂; Bengasi; 12 Feb. 1931; MSVI;   Morocco • 1 ♀; Oriental, Guercif,  Debdou, 2 km S of Debdou; 1500 m a. s. l.; 11 May 2022; T. J. Wood leg.; TJWC ;   Tunisia • 1 ♂;  Zarzis; 1–14 Feb. 1995; M. Boness leg.; OÖLM  .</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Israel * (Lucas 1849; Popov 1936; Warncke 1977; Kuhlmann et al. 2014; Bogusch 2023; Wood 2023).</p><p>Distributional notes.</p><p>The record of the species from Egypt lacks precise specimen details (Kuhlmann et al. 2014), but can be confirmed through the USNM specimen. The species is newly recorded from Israel. Warncke (1977) reported the species from Gibraltar, but Bogusch (2023) notes that this was a misidentification of  D. ardens, with the specimen currently in collection MSCA, to be deposited in the OÖLM collection (P. Bogusch, pers. comm. December 2024).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6996E78E0208553A92A27D13E863732A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wood, T. J.	Wood, T. J. (2025): Resolving issues in the genus Dioxys (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Dioxyini) in the West Palaearctic with a new identification key. ZooKeys 1226: 261-302, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1226.138377
215C1CC2297858329796BA237A5B920F.text	215C1CC2297858329796BA237A5B920F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dioxys cinctus (Jurine 1807)	<div><p>4.  Dioxys cinctus (Jurine, 1807)</p><p>Trachusa cincta Jurine, 1807: 253 [no type material].</p><p>Dioxys pyrenaica Lepeletier, 1841: 515, ♀ ♂ [France, MNHN, not examined] ..</p><p>Dioxys maura Lepeletier, 1841: 516, ♀ [Algeria,? MNHN, not examined]</p><p>Dioxys cruenta Gerstäcker, 1869: 166, ♂ [Italy: Sicily, ZMHB, not examined].</p><p>Dioxys spinigera Pérez, 1884: 299, ♀ ♂ [France, MNHN, not examined].</p><p>Dioxys cincta var. jucunda Mocsáry, 1894: 36, ♀ [Hungary, HNHM, not examined].</p><p>Dioxys cincta ab. friederikae Mader, 1933: 125, ♀ [Austria,? NMW, not examined].</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Algeria • 7 ♀; W. Saida [Wilaya de Saida],  Sidi Amar; 12 Apr. 1981; R. Leys leg.; ZMA.INS.5104007 – ZMA.INS.5104013  •  5 ♂, 3 ♀; Alger; 5–19 Apr. 1898; F. D. Morice leg.; OUMNH •  1 ♀; Oran; 14 Apr. 1910; F. D. Morice leg.; OUMNH;   Bulgaria • 1 ♂; Debar,  Pervomaj; 14 Jun. 2017; B. Halada leg.; OÖLM  •   1 ♀;  S of Sozopol; 40 m a. s. l.; 11 Jun. 2017; M. Halada leg.; OÖLM ;   Czechia • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Moravia,  Bratčice, 20 km S Brno; 28 Jun. 2011; M. &amp; Z. Halada leg.; OÖLM ;   France • 1 ♂; Auron /  Alp. Marit.; 1700 m a. s. l.; 11 Jul. 1972; H. Wolf leg.; RMNH; RMNH.INS.1660520  •   1 ♂;  Narbonne; 14 Apr. 1903; F. D. Morice leg.; OUMNH ;   Greece • 1 ♂; Central Greece,  Galaxidi, 3.5 km NNW; 100 m a. s. l.; 7 Apr. 2024; T. J. Wood leg.; TJWC  •   1 ♂; Central Macedonia,  Stavros, 2 km N of Stavros; 22 May 2023; T. J. Wood leg.; TJWC  •   1 ♀; Eastern Macedonia and Thrace,  Kavala, 1 km N Ag. Andreas; 23 May 2023; T. J. Wood leg.; TJWC  •   1 ♂; Kriti [Crete], Lasithi,  Kato Zakros; 21 Apr. 1985; R. Leys leg.; ZMA.INS.5104021  •   1 ♂; Kriti,  Rethimno, 2 km N Livadia; 27 Apr. 1985; R. Leys leg.; ZMA.INS.5104014  •   1 ♂; W. Creta,  Phaistos; 26 Apr. 1983; H. Teunissen leg.; RMNH; RMNH.INS.1663101  •   1 ♂, 1 ♀; Centraal Gr.,  Chryson [Chryso]; 2 May 1984; G. &amp; M. den Hollander leg.; RMNH; RMNH.INS.1663296 – RMNH.INS.1663297  •   1 ♀;  Corinth; 18 May 1912; F. D. Morice leg.; OUMNH  •   4 ♂, 1 ♀;  Olympia; 7–11 May 1901; F. D. Morice leg.; OUMNH  •   4 ♂, 3 ♀; Zante [ Zakynthos]; 16–19 May 1901; F. D. Morice leg.; OUMNH ;  Hungary • 1 ♀; 5 km N Veszprém; 4 Jul. 2016; B. Halada leg.; OÖLM •   1 ♂; Mor,  Csákberény; 220 m a. s. l.; 24 May 2011; M. &amp; Z. Halada leg.; OÖLM  •   1 ♂;  N of Várpalota; 11 Jun. 2020; M. Halada leg.; OÖLM  •   2 ♀; Pakozd,  E of Székesfehérvár; 4 Jul. 2018; M. Halada leg.; OÖLM  •   1 ♂; Pakozd,  E of Székesfehérvár; 12 Jun. 2020; M. Halada leg.; OÖLM ;  Israel • 1 ♂; Jerusalem; 11 May 1955; OÖLM;   Iraq • 1 ♂; Dahuk,  Bade; 1003 m a. s. l.; 15 May 2023; D. Baiocchi leg.; MSVI  •   3 ♀; Kurdistan, Duhok gov., 5 km E of Ashewa,  Mt. Gara; 1750–1950 m a. s. l.; 30 May – 12 Jun. 2024; D. Baiocchi leg.; MSVI ;   Italy • 2 ♂; Roma,  Via Falcognana; 10 Jul. 1989; G. G. M. Schulten leg.; RMNH; ZMA.INS.5104015 – ZMA.INS.5104016  •   2 ♂; Roma,  Via Falcognana; 10 May. 1992; G. G. M. Schulten leg.; RMNH; ZMA.INS.5104017 – ZMA.INS.5104018  •   1 ♂; Sicilia,  Etna Z. W. wand; 27 Jun. – 2 Jul. 1976; J. Timmer leg.; RMNH; ZMA.INS.5104019 ;   Jordan • 1 ♀; 20 km S of North Shuna,  Tall Al Arbatin; 19 Apr. 1996; Ma. Halada leg.; OÖLM  •   3 ♀;  25 km S At Tafila; 27 May 2007; Z. Kejval leg.; OÖLM  •   1 ♀; Jordan Valley,  Mubalath; 27 Apr. 1996; Mi. Halada; OÖLM  •   4 ♀;  N. Shuna; 20–30 Apr. 1996; Mi. Halada leg.; OÖLM  •   1 ♂; Puglia, Lecce,  Strada vecchia Frigole; 35 m a. s. l.; 25 May 2021; Bolino leg.; MSVI  •   1 ♂, 1 ♀; Lazio,  Maccarese; 30–65 m a. s. l.; 15 May 2021; D. Baiocchi leg.; MSVI  •   1 ♂; Lazio, Viterbo,  Norchia; 130–160 m a. s. l.; 12 May 2022; M. Selis leg.; MSVI ;   Lebanon • 1 ♀; Brumana [ Broummana]; 30 Apr. 1899; F. D. Morice leg.; OUMNH ;   Morocco • 1 ♂, 2 ♀; Fès-Meknès, Taza, P 5425, 3 km N of  Galdamane; 780 m a. s. l.; 12 May 2022; T. J. Wood leg.; TJWC  •   5 ♀; Fès-Meknès, Taza, R 507, 2 km N of  Ras El Ma; c. 750 m a. s. l.; 10 May 2022; T. J. Wood leg.; TJWC  •   2 ♂; Oukaimeden, 50 km S  Marrakech; 2700 m a. s. l.; 8 May 2015; Mucska leg.; OÖLM  •   1 ♂; Souss-Massa, R 105, Tizirt, 10 km N,  Agadir N´ Guemzt env.; 12 Mar. 2022; T. J. Wood leg.; TJWC  •   1 ♂;  SW of Sefrou; 16 May 2003; M. Halada leg.; OÖLM ;   Portugal • 2 ♂, 1 ♀; Algarve, 200 m E of  Cacela Velha; 200 m a. s. l.; 27 Apr. 2016; T. J. Wood leg.; TJWC  •   1 ♂, 1 ♀; Algarve, Tavira,  Forte do Rato; 22 Apr. 2016; T. J. Wood leg.; TJWC  •   1 ♂; Algarve, Praia do Cabeço,  near Monte Gordo; 26 Apr. 2016; T. J. Wood leg.; TJWC  •   1 ♀;  Guia; 27 Apr. 2008; D. W. Baldock leg.; TJWC ;   Spain • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; 10 km SE  Baza; 9 May 2003; J. Halada leg.; OÖLM  •   1 ♀; 20 km NE  Ronda; 30 Apr. 2003; J. Halada leg.; OÖLM  •   2 ♀; 50 km W Almería,  Berja; 21–28 Apr. 2003; J. Halada leg.; OÖLM  •   1 ♀;  Embalase de Barbate Sw; 6–8 May 2017; Barták &amp; Kubik leg.; OÖLM  •   1 ♀; Granada, Sierra Nevada,  El Dornajo; 1700 m a. s. l.; 6 Jun. 2021; T. J. Wood leg.; TJWC  •   1 ♀; Granada, Sierra Nevada,  Trevélez environs to Barranco Madrid; 1500–1700 m a. s. l.; 14 Jun. 2021; T. J. Wood leg.; TJWC  •   1 ♂; La Joya,  Almeria; 27 Mar. 1959; J. Suárez leg.; RMNH; RMNH.INS.1663103  •   1 ♂;  Málaga, 5 km S Ronda; 29 May 1967; M. J. &amp; J. P. Duffels leg.; RMNH; ZMA.INS.5104020  •   1 ♀; Málaga, Cortes de la Frontera,  path to Llano de las Labores; 26 May 2021; T. J. Wood leg.; TJWC  •   1 ♂, 1 ♀; Málaga, Gaucín,  Gaucín to Puerto del Hacho; 1 Jun. 2021; T. J. Wood leg.; TJWC  •   1 ♂, 1 ♀; Málaga, Júzcar,  Júzcar to Sendero de la Eras; 29 May 2021; T. J. Wood leg.; TJWC  •   1 ♂; Málaga,  Pizarre [Pizarra]; 20 May 1967; M. J. &amp; J. P. Duffels leg.; RMNH; ZMA.INS.5104022  •   1 ♀;  Province Teruel, 20 km E Montalban; 1100 m a. s. l.; 19–20 Jun. 1991; J. Tiefenthaler leg.; OÖLM  •   1 ♀;  Sierra Filabres Albanchez; 23 Apr. 2003; J. Halada leg.; OÖLM  •   1 ♀; Teruel,  Albarracin; 1170 m a. s. l.; 12–19 Jun. 1994; A. Teunissen leg.; RMNH; ZMA.INS.5104005  •   2 ♂, 1 ♀;  Algeciras; 1–30 Apr. 1905; F. D. Morice leg.; OUMNH  •   1 ♂; Jimena [ Jimena de la Frontera]; 1–30 Apr. 1905; F. D. Morice leg.; OUMNH  •   1 ♂, 2 ♀;  Vallvidrera; 1–31 May 1905; F. D. Morice leg.; OUMNH ;   Switzerland • 9 ♂, 1 ♀;  Berisal; 28 Jun. – 2 Jul. 1895; F. D. Morice leg.; OUMNH ;   Syria • 1 ♀; 30 km S Suwayda,  Dibbin; 15–17 May 1996; Ma. Halada leg.; OÖLM  •   1 ♀;  Salkhad env; 6 May 1996; Mi. Halada leg.; OÖLM ;   Tunisia • 1 ♀; 15 km W  Mateur; 6 May 1984; J. P. Duffels leg.; RMNH; ZMA.INS.5104006  •   2 ♂; 30 km N  Foum Tatahouine; 12 Feb. 1992; K. Warncke leg.; OÖLM  •   1 ♂;  Grombalia env.; 18 Mar. 1996; K. Deneš leg.; OÖLM  •   1 ♂, 1 ♀;  Makthar; 16–17 Apr. 1998; K. Deneš leg.; OÖLM  •   1 ♀;  Zaafrana; 6 Apr. 1999; K. Deneš leg.; OÖLM  •   4 ♀;  Carthage; 27 Apr. 1913; F. D. Morice leg.; OUMNH  •   4 ♀;  Carthage; 20 May 1910; F. D. Morice leg.; OUMNH  •   3 ♂, 2 ♀;  Hammam Bou Hadjar; 10 Apr. 1910; F. D. Morice leg.; OUMNH ;   Turkey • 1 ♂;  Karadut env., 50 km NE Adiyaman; 1 Jun. 2001; K. Deneš leg.; OÖLM ;   West Bank • 1 ♀; Wadi el Kelt [ Wadi Qelt]; 29 Mar. 1952; OÖLM  •   1 ♂, 1 ♀;  Bethlehem; 8 Apr. 1899; F. D. Morice leg.; OUMNH  .</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Found across central and southern Europe (including Bulgaria *), the Mediterranean basin (including Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya), east to Israel, Lebanon *, Syria *, Jordan *, Turkey, Iraq *, the Caucasus, and the Pamir mountains in Central Asia (Popov 1936; Warncke 1977; Kuhlmann et al. 2014; Bogusch 2023). The species may be spreading northwards, with the first record from Germany made only in 2019 (Saure and Petrischak 2020). Separately, it is not impossible that Popov’s record from Central Asia actually corresponds to one of the three species he described (males are known only for  D. distinguendus), as examination of a small number of male  Dioxys specimens from Central Asia show a very similar genital morphology to  D. cinctus . Further study of Central Asian species is required.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/215C1CC2297858329796BA237A5B920F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wood, T. J.	Wood, T. J. (2025): Resolving issues in the genus Dioxys (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Dioxyini) in the West Palaearctic with a new identification key. ZooKeys 1226: 261-302, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1226.138377
B9448B69A06555D39AD5FDB7DD583887.text	B9448B69A06555D39AD5FDB7DD583887.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dioxys cypriacus Popov 1944	<div><p>5.  Dioxys cypriacus Popov, 1944, sp. resurr.</p><p>Dioxys cypriaca Popov, 1944: 121, ♀ ♂ [Cyprus, ZISP, not examined].</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Cyprus • 3 ♂, 3 ♀; Limassol; 1–30 Apr. 1924; G. A. Mavromoustakis leg.; RMNH; RMNH.INS.1660491 – RMNH.INS.1660496 •  1 ♀; Limassol; 29 May 1951; G. A. Mavromoustakis leg.; RMNH; RMNH.INS.1660497 •  1 ♂, 2 ♀; Limassol; 26 May 1956; G. A. Mavromoustakis leg.; RMNH; RMNH.INS.1660496 – RMNH.INS.1660498 •  3 ♂, 2 ♀; Limassol; 21 Apr. 1957; G. A. Mavromoustakis leg.; T. J. Wood det.; RMNH; RMNH.INS.1660499 – RMNH.INS.1660503 .</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Popov (1944) described  D. cypriacus from Limassol (May 1935 and June 1936) based on specimens sent to him by George Mavromoustakis. Although I have not examined the type, specimens in the RMNH collection also come from Limassol and were labelled as “  D. cypriaca ” by Mavromoustakis, and so they are considered to be representative of the species. Popov compared  D. cypriacus to  D. rufipes based on the genital capsule, and due to the shape of the apexes of the penis valves which are produced into apical points in both species, but the outer margins of the penis valves are more parallel-sided in  D. rufipes, and have the outer margin more strongly bulging in  D. cypriacus . Moreover,  D. cypriacus males have the scutal hairs short (typically as long as the length of a lateral ocellus), whereas in  D. rufipes males the scutal hairs are long, clearly much longer than the diameter of a lateral ocellus.</p><p>Warncke (1977: 275) synonymised  D. cypriacus with  D. pumilus . However, he does not seem to have properly examined the male genital capsule of the taxa he placed either in synonymy or in combination with his broad species concept of  D. pumilus . Across what can be called the  pumilus - group, there is variation in the male genital capsule. Warncke (1977: 276, fig. 25) illustrates the genital capsule of  D. “ pumilus ”, but this genital capsule does not match those displayed by topotypical specimens from the island of Rhodes (Fig. 3 A). Four genital forms can be seen amongst members of this group. The most pertinent is that of the oldest name,  D. pumilus; four males from Rhodos were dissected, along with another from the nearby island of Kos (see Section 10 for examined material). This capsule has the penis valves apically produced into triangular-like points, with a clear angle laterally on the outer margins (Fig. 3 A). The genital capsule illustrated by Warncke is that of the form found in the western Mediterranean ( D. varipes De Stefani) which has the penis valves apically broadened but without their apexes produced into triangular shapes (Fig. 3 C). This matches the illustration of  D. maroccanus Popov, 1936 (Popov 1936: 17, fig. 5) which is here placed in combination with  D. varipes (see Section 13 for an explanation).</p><p>For  D. cypriacus, the genital capsule also differs meaningfully from  D. pumilus . Like  D. varipes, the penis valves are apically broadened but without their apexes produced into triangular shapes; the lateral margin is simply bulging (Fig. 3 E). Moreover, the apical margin of S 4 in the male sex is emarginate in both  D. pumilus and  D. cypriacus . However, whilst in  D. pumilus there is a clear tooth placed medially in the emargination, in  D. cypriacus there is a very short and obscure tooth found in the emargination. The combination of differences in the genital capsule and sternal morphology allows  D. cypriacus to be considered again as a distinct species.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Cyprus (Popov 1944).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B9448B69A06555D39AD5FDB7DD583887	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wood, T. J.	Wood, T. J. (2025): Resolving issues in the genus Dioxys (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Dioxyini) in the West Palaearctic with a new identification key. ZooKeys 1226: 261-302, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1226.138377
FC846FD246B754AA83619D24925EC4C9.text	FC846FD246B754AA83619D24925EC4C9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dioxys heinrichi Warncke 1977	<div><p>6.  Dioxys heinrichi Warncke, 1977</p><p>Fig. 9 A – F</p><p>Dioxys heinrichi Warncke, 1977: 275, ♀ ♂ [Algeria, MSCA, not examined].</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Morocco • 1 ♂; S. Morocco, High Atlas,  Tizi-n-Test road; 1000–2000 m a. s. l.; 20–21 May 1975; G. R. &amp; A. C. Else leg.; K. Warncke det.; NHMUK (paratype; redetermined as  D. maroccana by D. Baker, 1980) (Fig. 9 A – F)  •   1 ♂; T. Talrhemt [probably  Jebel Talrhemt]; 28 May 1984; K. M. Guichard leg.; M. Schwarz det.; NHMUK  .</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Dioxys heinrichi was considered by Donald Baker to be conspecific with  D. maroccanus, with this latter taxon therefore having priority. This position was never published, but Baker’s determination label is present on a paratype of  D. heinrichi in the NHMUK collection (Fig. 9 A). Examination of the holotype of  D. maroccanus via photograph (Fig. 14 A – D; see Section 13 on  D. varipes) shows that Baker’s position was incorrect;  D. maroccanus can clearly be separated from  D. heinrichi due to the long scutal hairs of the latter species which are long and clearly exceed the diameter of a lateral ocellus in length (Fig. 9 B), whereas they are clearly shorter than the diameter of a lateral ocellus in  D. maroccanus (Fig. 14 B). The main type series of  D. heinrichi will be deposited in the OÖLM in the future.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Morocco and Algeria (Warncke 1977).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC846FD246B754AA83619D24925EC4C9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wood, T. J.	Wood, T. J. (2025): Resolving issues in the genus Dioxys (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Dioxyini) in the West Palaearctic with a new identification key. ZooKeys 1226: 261-302, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1226.138377
979279C46FCD5E298590A729D8ED6940.text	979279C46FCD5E298590A729D8ED6940.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dioxys hermonensis Wood 2025	<div><p>7.  Dioxys hermonensis sp. nov.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Holotype: Israel • 1 ♂;  Mt. Hermon; 1500 m a. s. l.; 10 May 1975; K. M. Guichard leg.; NMHUK.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Dioxys hermonensis can be recognised as a  Dioxys due to the metanotum with a conspicuous spine medially, the scutellum laterally produced into posteriorly projecting teeth, the axillae not produced into spines, body with pale to brownish hairs (not with long reddish hairs), first recurrent vein entering second submarginal cell, scutellum without visible carinae between lateral teeth and medial part of disc, labrum without transverse basal carina, and fore coxae with anterior surface rounded.</p><p>Within the  Dioxys,  D. hermonensis can be recognised due to the pale bodily pubescence and clear apical hairbands (Fig. 10 E) combined with the scutum with short brownish hairs (Fig. 10 B), these equalling or only slightly exceeding the diameter of a lateral ocellus. This places it in the  pumilus - group of species ( cypriacus,  pumilus, and  varipes). The genital capsule has the penis valves apically produced into triangular shapes, with a clear angle on the outer margin (Fig. 3 G), whereas in  D. cypriacus (Cyprus) and  D. varipes (western Mediterranean) the apexes of the penis valves are thickened but without the outer margin showing a distinct angle (Fig. 3 C, E). This places it closest to  D. pumilus (Fig. 3 A; eastern Mediterranean, including the Levant).  Dioxys hermonensis can be easily separated due to the apical margin of S 4 which is straight (Fig. 3 H; in  D. pumilus with the apical margin of S 4 medially emarginate, this emargination displaying a small but distinct tooth medially, Fig. 3 B) and due to the lateral margins of S 5 which show a short and blunt but clearly distinct tooth (Fig. 10 F; in  D. pumilus with the lateral margins of S 5 rounded, never showing an upstanding tooth). Currently,  D. hermonensis is known only from a single specimen collected from the southern side of Mount Hermon.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Female. Unknown.</p><p>Male. Body length: 6.5 mm (Fig. 10 B). Head: Dark, 1.2 × wider than long (Fig. 10 C). Clypeus strongly domed, densely punctate, punctures separated by 0.5 puncture diameters, interspaced raised and shiny. In frontal view, compound eyes with inner margins converging apically from point slightly above antennal insertions towards clypeus. Gena narrower than width of compound eye, in ventrolateral view with almost lamellate carina running from base of mandibles along ventral and posterior margin, becoming weak and obscure along posterior margin of vertex; ocelloccipital distance 1.5 × diameter of lateral ocellus. Face with moderately long and densely plumose white hair on paraocular areas and around antennal insertions, abruptly becoming sparse and obscure on clypeus and frons; longest hairs not equalling length of scape. Frons and vertex densely and deeply punctate, punctures separated by &lt;0.5 puncture diameters, interspaces shiny. Antennae basally dark, A 6 – A 13 ventrally lightened orange; A 3 slightly exceeding length of A 4, clearly shorter than A 4 + 5; A 4 and A 5 almost rectangular, almost twice as broad as long, remaining segments becoming progressively more elongate.</p><p>Mesosoma: Scutum and scutellum densely punctate, punctures confluent to separated by 0.5 puncture diameters, interspaces shiny. Scutellum laterally produced into short curved posteriorly projecting teeth, axillae laterally rounded, not produced into spines; metanotum medially with short spine. Lateral teeth of scutellum lacking visible carinae joining remaining disc of scutellum. Mesepisternum covered with large flat punctures, punctures separated by 0.5 puncture diameters, internal surface of punctures shiny; mesepisternum with moderately long, white, and densely plumose pubescence. Scutum and scutellum with short densely plumose brownish to whitish pubescence, length of hairs equalling or only slightly exceeding diameter of lateral ocellus (Fig. 10 D). Fore coxae with anterior surface rounded. Legs dark, apical tarsal segments lightened reddish-brown, tarsal claws with small inner tooth. Wings hyaline to slightly brownish within cells; wings with two submarginal cells, second submarginal cell slightly larger than first submarginal cell; first recurrent vein enters second submarginal cell 3–4 vein widths from first transverse cubital vein.</p><p>Metasoma: Terga bright, T 1 – T 5 entirely lightened orange-red, T 6 with dorsal surface black (Fig. 10 E). Sterna predominantly bright, S 1 orange-red with black spot medially, S 2 entirely orange-red, S 3 predominantly orange-red with small black spot medially, S 4 – S 5 predominantly dark with small orange-red areas laterally. Terga densely and regularly punctate, punctures separated by 0.5 puncture diameters. Terga with short apical hair fringes composed of pale plumose hairs, not obscuring underlying surface except for short distance laterally. S 1 – S 4 with apical hair fringes, short on S 1, S 2, and S 4, not exceeding diameter of lateral ocellus, long on S 3, medially with hairs almost equalling 3 × diameter of lateral ocellus. Surface of S 4 covered with plumose white hair, appearing felt-like; apical margin straight (Fig. 3 H). S 5 with lateral margins produced into short blunt teeth (Fig. 10 F). Genital capsule with gonocoxae with inner margins forming obtuse angles, gonostyli long, parallel-sided, more or less featureless, outer margin finely hairy in apical 1 / 3 (Fig. 3 G). Penis valves with outer margins apically converging, apexes produced into triangular shapes, with clear angle on outer margin.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>This is the specimen reported by Warncke (1977) as  D. pumilus from Mount Hermon – it bears a label reading “  Dioxys pumila det. Dr. Warncke ” (Fig. 10 A). A label was added by Donald Baker in 1983 which reads: “ NOT pumila: penis valves of cincta / rotundata type. S 4 with simple margin, S 5 laterally subdentate ”. This astute observation allowed recognition of this species as distinct.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The name is taken from the name of Mount Hermon (Har Hermon), the locus typicus.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Israel (Mount Hermon). Likely present also on the Syrian and Lebanese parts of this mountain.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/979279C46FCD5E298590A729D8ED6940	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wood, T. J.	Wood, T. J. (2025): Resolving issues in the genus Dioxys (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Dioxyini) in the West Palaearctic with a new identification key. ZooKeys 1226: 261-302, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1226.138377
456DE3B7FE635C46895CDC8811F2BC00.text	456DE3B7FE635C46895CDC8811F2BC00.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dioxys lanzarotensis Tkalcu 2001	<div><p>8.  Dioxys lanzarotensis Tkalců, 2001</p><p>Dioxys lanzarotensis Tkalců, 2001: 49, ♂ [Spain: Lanzarote, LRC, not examined].</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Bogusch (2023) clarified the location of the type material, and provided important illustrations of the most important morphological features.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Spain (Lanzarote) (Tkalců 2001).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/456DE3B7FE635C46895CDC8811F2BC00	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wood, T. J.	Wood, T. J. (2025): Resolving issues in the genus Dioxys (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Dioxyini) in the West Palaearctic with a new identification key. ZooKeys 1226: 261-302, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1226.138377
78B48AB7F79B50169C02D23F764CC71A.text	78B48AB7F79B50169C02D23F764CC71A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dioxys montanus Heinrich 1977	<div><p>9.  Dioxys montanus Heinrich, 1977, sp. resurr.</p><p>Fig. 11 A – H</p><p>Dioxys montana Heinrich, 1977: 11, ♀ ♂ [Turkey, OÖLM, examined].</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Turkey • 1 ♀; Mut, Sertavul [ Sertavul Geçidi]; 1600 m a. s. l.; 9 Jun. 1968; J. Gusenleitner leg.; OÖLM (holotype) (Fig. 11 A – D)  •   1 ♂; Mut, Sertavul [ Sertavul Geçidi]; 1600 m a. s. l.; 31 May 1967; J. Gusenleitner leg.; OÖLM (paratype) (Fig. 11 E – H)  •   1 ♀;  Sille b. Konya; 8 Jun. 1972; K. Kusdas leg.; M. Schwarz det.; OÖLM  •   1 ♂; Mut, Sertavul Pass [ Sertavul Geçidi]; 22 Jun. 1976; J. Heinrich leg.; ZSM (paratype)  •   1 ♂;  Sille b. Konya; 9 Jun. 1975; J. Heinrich leg.; J. Heinrich det.; ZSM (labelled as paratype but not indicated as such in the original publication)  •   1 ♂;  Sille b. Konya; 4–17 Jul. 1977; J. Heinrich leg.; J. Heinrich det.; ZSM (labelled as paratype but not indicated as such in the original publication)  •   1 ♂;  Ürgüp As. Turk.; 26–28 Jun. 1977; J. Heinrich leg.; J. Heinrich det.; ZSM (labelled as paratype but not indicated as such in the original publication)  .</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Bogusch (2023) synonymised  D. montanus with  D. cinctus with the justification that “ Both type specimens … do not morphologically differ from typical specimens of  D. cinctus ”. No illustrations were provided. Based on examination of the type series, this position is unjustified, and  D. montanus sp. resurr. is returned to species status. Specifically, the female T 6 is semi-circular, with an evenly rounded outline, and S 6 is more or less triangular, with the outer faces giving the impression of being slightly bowed or reflexed, before slightly curving outwards at their weakly truncate apex which projects beyond the apex of T 6 in dorsal view (Fig. 11 D). This is strongly different to the condition in  D. cinctus where in dorsal view S 6 can be seen as having a rectangular outline, clearly broader than long, and with the ventrolateral corners clearly visible on either side of T 6 (Fig. 1 A). Moreover, in the male, the apical margin of S 4 is much more thickly hairy (Fig. 11 H), with an apical hairband which is only slightly weaker than the hairband on S 3 (in  D. cinctus with the hairband of S 4 clearly weaker and sparser than that on S 3, Fig. 4 D) and without a pair of short but projecting teeth, the apical margin broadly and widely emarginate (in  D. cinctus with the apical margin of S 4 straight, with a pair of short and projecting teeth, Fig. 4 D).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>South-western and central Turkey (provinces of Konya, Mersin, and Nevşehir; Heinrich 1977).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/78B48AB7F79B50169C02D23F764CC71A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wood, T. J.	Wood, T. J. (2025): Resolving issues in the genus Dioxys (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Dioxyini) in the West Palaearctic with a new identification key. ZooKeys 1226: 261-302, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1226.138377
8E34286ED9565CF2BAB6E5C5CDEF259A.text	8E34286ED9565CF2BAB6E5C5CDEF259A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dioxys pumilus Gerstacker 1869	<div><p>10.  Dioxys pumilus Gerstäcker, 1869</p><p>Dioxys pumila Gerstäcker, 1869: 167, ♂ [Greece: Rhodes, ZMHB, not examined].</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Greece • 1 ♂, 5 ♀; Rhodes,  Ixia s. l.; 6–18 May 1982; K. M. Guichard leg.; D. Baker det.; NHMUK  •   1 ♂;  Akrokorinth; 19 May 1964; W. Aigner leg.; OÖLM  •   1 ♂, 1 ♀; Insel Kos,  w. o. Kadamaina; 3–8 Jun. 2003; J. Tiefenthaler leg.; OÖLM  •   1 ♀; Messinia,  Kardamili [ Kardamyli]; 24 May 1998; H. &amp; J. E. Wiering leg.; ZMA.INS.5104023  •   1 ♂; Rhodos,  Faliraki; 24 Apr. 1970; H. Teunissen leg.; RMNH; RMNH.INS.1663104  •   1 ♂; Rhodos,  Kamiros [ Kameiros]; 30 Apr. 1976; H. Teunissen leg.; RMNH; RMNH.INS.1663108  •   2 ♂; Rhodos,  Rodini; 22 Apr. 1970; H. Teunissen leg.; RMNH; RMNH.INS.1663105 – RMNH.INS.1663106  •   4 ♂; Rhodos,  Moni Skadi bei Apolakkia; 22 Apr. 1998; P. Hartmann leg.; M. Schwarz det. 1999; ZSM  •   2 ♀; Rhodos, west. V. Apolakkia,  n. Monolithos; 23 Apr. 1998; M. Schwarz det. 1999; ZSM  •   2 ♀;  Kos; 10–14 May 2001; M. Blösch leg.; W. Arens det.; ZSM  •   1 ♂;  Olympia; 10 May 1901; F. D. Morice leg.; OUMNH ;   Iran • 1 ♂; Fars province,  Dasht Arjan; 2040 m a. s. l.; 4 May 2016; M. Kafka leg.; OÖLM ;   Jordan • 2 ♀; Jordan Valley,  Mubalath; 27 Apr. 1996; Mi. Halada leg.; T. J. Wood det.; OÖLM ;   Syria • 3 ♀;  Salkhad env.; 6 May 1996; Mi. Halada leg.; T. J. Wood det.; OÖLM / TJWC  •   1 ♀; 30 km S Suwayda,  Dibbin; 15–17 May 1996; Ma. Halada leg.; OÖLM  •  1 ♀; 40 km NE Damascus; 13 May 1996; Mi. Halada leg.; OÖLM •   2 ♀;  Bloudan; 16 May 1995; K. Deneš leg.; OÖLM  •   1 ♀;  Ganawat [ Qanawat]; 16 May 1995; K. Deneš leg.; OÖLM  •   1 ♀;  Maalula [ Maaloula]; 17 May 1995; K. Deneš leg.; OÖLM ;   Turkey • 2 ♀;  Findik [ Fındık]; 1300 m a. s. l.; 28–29 Jun. 1991; K. M. Guichard leg.; M. Schwarz det.; NHMUK  •   1 ♂; Ağrı, 20 km N  Patnos; 1650 m a. s. l.; 29 May 1980; K. Warncke det &amp; leg.; NHMUK  •   3 ♂;  Birecik As. Türk.; 17–19 May 1972; J. Heinrich leg.; OÖLM / ZSM  •   10 ♀; Bolu,  17 km S Seben; 17 Jun. 1998; J. Halada leg.; OÖLM / TJWC  •   1 ♂;  Göreme; 23 Jun. 1993; K. Deneš leg.; OÖLM  •   1 ♂;  Gürün, 130 km S Sivas; 1600 m a. s. l.; 11 Jun. 2001; K. Deneš leg.; OÖLM  •   1 ♀;  Içel [Mersin], 12 km NW of Erdemli; 3–22 May 2001; I. Trojan leg.; OÖLM  •   1 ♂;  Mut; 30 May 1967; J. Gusenleitner leg.; OÖLM  •   2 ♂, 2 ♀;  Mut, As. Turk; 13–15 May 1972; J. Heinrich leg.; OÖLM / ZSM  •   1 ♀; Siirt, 20 km NW of  Sirnak [Şırnak]; 5 Jun. 1980; K. Warncke leg.; NHMUK  •   1 ♂;  Sille b. Konya; 8 Jun. 1972; J. Heinrich leg.; J. Heinrich det.; ZSM  •   1 ♂;  Gürün As. Türkei; 12–13 Jun. 1976; J. Heinrich leg.; J. Heinrich det.; ZSM  •   1 ♂;  Gürün As. Türkei; 30 May – 3 Jun. 1975; J. Heinrich leg.; J. Heinrich det.; ZSM  •   1 ♂, 1 ♀;  Ürgüp As. Turk.; 5–7 Jun. 1975; J. Heinrich leg.; J. Heinrich det.; ZSM  .</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The record from Israel (Mount Hermon) reported by Warncke (1977) is actually  D. hermonensis sp. nov. (see Section 7).  Dioxys pumilus is highly likely to be present in Israel given its presence in neighbouring Syria and Jordan, but this must be confirmed with verified specimens. Further to the comments made under  D. cypriacus (Section 5), the concept of  D. pumilus is used here much more narrowly than previous authors. The identification key and earlier comments above allow for the separation of male specimens that allow the geographic range to be clarified, as separation of females based only on morphological characters is challenging if not impossible, which is why a broad species concept for  D. pumilus has been employed to date.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Greece, Turkey,? Israel, Syria, Jordan *, Iran * (Gerstäcker, 1869; Heinrich, 1977; Warncke 1977 partim; Kuhlmann et al. 2014 partim; Bogusch 2023 partim).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8E34286ED9565CF2BAB6E5C5CDEF259A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wood, T. J.	Wood, T. J. (2025): Resolving issues in the genus Dioxys (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Dioxyini) in the West Palaearctic with a new identification key. ZooKeys 1226: 261-302, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1226.138377
BCF33A1C6D245D3F9AA1A553C46B9533.text	BCF33A1C6D245D3F9AA1A553C46B9533.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dioxys rotundatus Perez 1884	<div><p>11.  Dioxys rotundatus Pérez, 1884, sp. resurr.</p><p>Dioxys rotundata Pérez, 1884: 300, ♀ [Spain, MNHN, not examined].</p><p>Dioxys moesta Costa, 1884: 336, ♀ [Italy: Sardinia, IENU, not examined] syn. nov.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Algeria • 1 ♂, 2 ♀; Alger; 7–30 Apr. 1898; F. D. Morice leg.; OUMNH •  1 ♂, 1 ♀; Batna; 23 Jun. 1911; F. D. Morice leg.; OUMNH •  4 ♂, 15 ♀; Biskra; 10–23 Mar. 1920; K. J. &amp; N. C. R. leg.; OUMNH;  Egypt • 1 ♀; Louxor [Luxor]; 26 Feb. 1958; W. J. Pulawski leg.; MSCA •   1 ♂; Abydos, Rég. de Baliana [ El Balyana]; 3–5 Mar. 1958; W. J. Pulawski leg.; MSCA ;   Italy • 2 ♀; Sardegna,  Orroli; 2 Jun. 2011; G. Pagliano leg.; MSCA ;   Morocco • 1 ♀; Drâa-Tafilalet, Ouarzazate, P 1506, Telouet,  Adaha; 1700 m a. s. l.; 18 Apr. 2022; T. J. Wood leg.; TJWC  •   2 ♀; Drâa-Tafilalet, Ouarzazate, P 1507, 3 km SSE  Irhels; 12 Apr. 2022; T. J. Wood leg.; TJWC  •   2 ♀; Fès-Meknès, Azrou, 4 km SWW of Bakrit,  Cascades Bakrit; 1650 m a. s. l.; 17 May 2022; T. J. Wood leg.; TJWC  •   1 ♀; Fès-Meknès, Taza, P 5425, 3 km N of  Galdamane; 780 m a. s. l.; 12 May 2022; T. J. Wood leg.; TJWC  •   1 ♀; Fès-Meknès, Taza, P 5425, 3 km W of  Aghil Oumial; 1300 m a. s. l.; 12 May 2022; T. J. Wood leg.; TJWC  •   1 ♂; Meknes,  Mt. Zerhoun; 13 May 1984; W. Perraudin leg.; OÖLM  •   2 ♀;  Oukaimeden; 2600–2800 m a. s. l.; 11 July 1975; J. Gusenleitner leg.; OÖLM  •   1 ♀; S. Morocco, High Atlas,  N. Tizi-n-Test; 2000 m a. s. l.; 24 Jun. 1974; G. R. Else leg.; NHMUK  •   2 ♂, 1 ♀; Souss-Massa, R 105, Tizirt, 10 km N, Agadir  N´ Guemzt env.; 12 Mar. 2022; T. J. Wood leg.; TJWC  •   1 ♂; Souss-Massa, R 105, Tizirt, 8 km N,  Ighir Ifran env.; 12 Mar. 2022; T. J. Wood leg.; TJWC  •   1 ♀; Souss-Massa, Tafraoute,  Azrou Ouado, 2 km W; 13 Mar. 2022; T. J. Wood leg.; TJWC  •   1 ♂; Souss-Massa,  Tizi N’Test; 16 Apr. 2024; D. Baiocchi leg.; MSVI  •   1 ♀; Hoher Atlas,  Oukaimeden; 2800 m a. s. l.; 11 Jul. 1975; A. W. Ebmer leg.; ZSM  •   1 ♀;  Nador; 14 Apr. 1990; M. Halada leg.; ZSM ;   Spain • 1 ♀; Cuenca,  Huerta del Marquesado, environs north of town; 26 Jun. 2021; T. J. Wood leg.; TJWC  •   1 ♀; 25 km SW  Cartagena; 12 May 2003; J. Halada leg.; OÖLM  •   1 ♀; 50 km W Almería,  Berja; 21 Apr. 2003; J. Halada leg.; OÖLM  •   1 ♂; Al. [Alicante],  Benidorm; 26 Apr. 1997; V. Lefeber leg.; RMNH; RMNH.INS.1660524  •   1 ♀; Cigales,  Valladolid; 30 Jun. 1982; E. Asensio leg.; RMNH; RMNH.INS.1660518  •   1 ♀; Granada, Sierra Nevada,  Omg. Albergue Universitario; 2500–2600 m a. s. l.; 16 Jul. 1953; C. A. W. Jeekel leg.; RMNH; ZMA.INS.5104004  •   1 ♀; prov. Malaga,  Vélez-Málaga, 7 km N; 17 May 1960; exc. R. M. N. H. leg.; RMNH; RMNH.INS.1663102  •   1 ♀; Salobreña,  Granada; 26 May 1986; W. Perraudin leg.; OÖLM  •   1 ♀; Sierra Alhamilla,  Lucainena; 25 Apr. 2003; J. Halada leg.; OÖLM  •   1 ♀;  Sierra Filabres Albanchez; 23 Apr. 2003; J. Halada leg.; OÖLM  •   1 ♂, 1 ♀;  La Garriga; 1–31 May 1903; F. D. Morice leg.; OUMNH ;   Tunisia • 1 ♂; 30 km N  Foum Tatahouine; 12 Feb. 1992; K. Warncke leg.; OÖLM  •   1 ♀;  Zarzis; 22 Mar. – 3 Apr. 1983; H. Wolf leg.; OÖLM  •   1 ♀;  Hammam Bou Hadjar; 21 Apr. 1910; F. D. Morice leg.; OUMNH  •   2 ♂;  Cherahill [Cherahil]; 25 Mar. 1910; F. D. Morice leg.; OUMNH  .</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The situation concerning this species has been confused, in multiple ways. Nomenclaturally, prior to the work of Warncke (1977), authors used the name  D. rotundatus (e. g. Popov 1936). Warncke designated a lectotype of  D. moestus in the IENU, a lectotype of  D. rotundatus in the MNHN, and based on the years of publication which he considered to be 1883 for  D. moestus and 1884 for  D. rotundatus, synonymised the latter with the former. However, this is not the correct year of publication for  D. moestus . Examining the scanned copy of the 15 th volume of the Bullettino della Società Entomologica Italiana available from the Biodiversity Heritage Library, although nominally published in 1883, this volume was split into trimesters. Trimester I (January – March) has no specified publication date other than 1883. Trimester II and III (April – September) were published together on 25 September 1883, and Trimester IV (October – December) was actually published on 15 April 1884. The work of Costa (pages 332–341) was contained in this fourth trimester. Therefore, the work should rightly be Costa (1884). This is confirmed by Poggi (2008: 162) who listed 15 April 1884 as the publication date for Volume 15 Trimester IV.</p><p>Furthermore, the work of Pérez on the parasitic bees of France was published by the journal the Actes de la société Linnéenne de Bordeaux. The 37 th volume of this journal, containing the work of Pérez (pages 205–378), was nominally published in 1883. However, following Baker (1996), the work of Pérez was actually first published in three parts. Specifically, pages 205–256 in November 1883, pages 257–320 in February 1884, and pages 321–378 in October 1884. The year 1883 has been used as the publication date by other authors, for example Lieftinck (1968) for  Thyreus truncatus (Pérez, 1883) . However, this depends on the page of publication, and since  T. truncatus was published on page 312, it should correctly be  Thyreus truncatus (Pérez, 1884) . As  D. rotundatus was published on page 300, it was therefore included in the second part that came out in February 1884. Consequently,  Dioxys rotundatus was published two months before  D. moestus, and must take priority, returning to a pre- Warncke (1977) nomenclatural situation.</p><p>The more serious confusion is biological. Prior to the work of Warncke (1977),  D. rotundatus was considered a western Mediterranean species, but Warncke newly reported the species from Croatia, Greece, and Israel, and Heinrich (1977) reported the species from Turkey. However, Warncke did not seem to examine the genital capsule of this species, and indeed seems not to have placed much emphasis on genital morphology since his identification key never mentions them (although see illustrations in Warncke 1977: 276). This is strange because Popov (1936) provided excellent illustrations, and the genital capsule can be very helpful in allowing specimen determination in  Dioxys (e. g. Fig. 3 A, C, E, G). Donald Baker did extract specimen genitalia, and realised that  D. rufipes Morawitz, 1875 was present in Turkey and in Greece (Crete) based on NHMUK specimens (see Section 12). However, this information was never published.</p><p>Dioxys rufipes can be instantly separated from  D. rotundatus through inspection of the genital capsule (Fig. 4 A), since the penis valves evenly taper to form sharp apical points without lateral triangular projections, whereas in  D. rotundatus the penis valves show clear lateral triangular projections (Fig. 4 E). Based on examined material,  D. rufipes is widespread in the eastern Mediterranean, and I have been able to examine no specimens conforming to  D. rotundatus from this region. Therefore, I consider  D. rotundatus to be a western Mediterranean species extending east to Egypt in North Africa (see discussion in Section 2.  Dioxys atlanticus) that is replaced by  D. rufipes in the eastern Mediterranean.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Portugal, Spain, France, Italy (Sardinia), Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt * (Warncke 1977 partim; Kuhlmann et al. 2014 partim; Baldock et al. 2018; Bogusch 2023 partim).</p><p>Distributional notes.</p><p>Records from Croatia, Greece, Turkey, and Israel (Heinrich 1977; Warncke 1977; Kuhlmann et al. 2014; Bogusch 2023) almost certainly refer to  D. rufipes (see Section 12). Records from Croatia come from Kaštel Sućurac (Warncke 1977) which is in the south-east of the country and is much more likely to host eastern Mediterranean rather than western Mediterranean species, and so the judgement is made here that these are likely to refer to  D. rufipes .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BCF33A1C6D245D3F9AA1A553C46B9533	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wood, T. J.	Wood, T. J. (2025): Resolving issues in the genus Dioxys (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Dioxyini) in the West Palaearctic with a new identification key. ZooKeys 1226: 261-302, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1226.138377
082DF7B44B8851B5BC631B2BB869D942.text	082DF7B44B8851B5BC631B2BB869D942.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dioxys rufipes Morawitz 1875	<div><p>12.  Dioxys rufipes Morawitz, 1875</p><p>Dioxys rufipes Morawitz in Fedchenko (1875): 133 ♀ [Uzbekistan, ZISP, not examined].</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Greece • 1 ♀; Crete, Ayia Galini  s. l. [ Agia Galini]; 3 May 1972; K. M. Guichard leg.; D. Baker det. 1983; NHMUK  •   5 ♀; Crete,  Paleochora s. l.; 10 May 1972; D. Baker det. 1983; NHMUK  •   1 ♂; Kreta, N. Iraklion, Berg Giouchtas [ Mount Juktas]; 22 Apr. 1990; E. Heiss leg.; OÖLM  •   5 ♂; Prov. Florina, Amindeo [ Amyntaio]; 700 m a. s. l.; 9–10 Jun. 1991; J. Tiefenthaler leg.; OÖLM  •   1 ♂;  Trikala; 17 Apr. 1962; K. Warncke leg.; T. J. Wood det. (det  D. rotundatus by Warncke); OÖLM ;   Jordan • 1 ♀; Rawayshid [ Ruwaished]; 23 Apr. 1996; Ma. Halada leg.; OÖLM ;   Turkey • 1 ♂; Mersin,  Sertavul Gecidi; 4,500 ft a. s. l.; 22 Jun. 1960; Guichard &amp; Harvey leg.; D. Baker det. 1983; NHMUK  •   3 ♀; Urfa [ Şanlıurfa]; 19–20 May 1967; J. Gusenleitner leg.; T. J. Wood det. (det  D. rotundatus by J. Heinrich, 1974; det  D. varipes ssp. by M. Schwarz, 1986); OÖLM  •   1 ♂, 3 ♀;  Urfa As. Türk . [Şanlıurfa]; 21–28 May 1972; J. Heinrich leg.; T. J. Wood det. (det  D. moestus by M. Schwarz, 1985); OÖLM / ZSM  •   1 ♀;  Urfa As. Türk . [Şanlıurfa]; 22–26 May 1975; J. Heinrich leg.; T. J. Wood det.; ZSM  •   1 ♂;  Mut As. Turk; 13–15 May 1972; J. Heinrich leg.; T. J. Wood det.; ZSM  •   1 ♀;  As. Turk. [Elâzığ]; 9 Jun. 1976; J. Heinrich leg.; T. J. Wood det.; ZSM  •   1 ♀;  Birecik As. Türk.; 18 May 1967; J. Heinrich leg.; T. J. Wood det.; ZSM  •   3 ♀; Uzuncaburç, 30 km N of  Silifke; 28 May 1996; Mi. Halada leg.; OÖLM ;   Uzbekistan • 1 ♂;  Kammashi; 18 Apr. 1931; Gussakovskij leg.; V. Popov det.; USNM  •   1 ♀;  Kammashi; 16 May 1931; Gussakovskij leg.; V. Popov det.; USNM  .</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Dioxys rufipes was described based on a single female collected in central Uzbekistan between Kattakurgan and Ulus (Fedchenko 1875). Popov (1936) examined several specimens from Uzbekistan, and described the male, illustrating the distinctive genitalia. A male and female specimen determined by Popov were deposited in the USNM where they could be examined (Fig. 12 A – F). Additionally, 24 specimens from Greece, Jordan, and Turkey could be examined which conformed to  D. rufipes . This included some specimens from Turkey determined as  D. moestus Heinrich (who reported the species from Turkey; Heinrich 1977), and a specimen from Greece (Trikala) that was original identified as  D. rotundatus by Warncke and then reported as  D. moestus in Warncke (1977). In line with the above comments for  D. rotundatus,  D. rufipes is considered to be an eastern Mediterranean species with a distribution that extends into Central Asia, and essentially corresponds to  D. rotundatus sensu auctorum in this region.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>? Croatia, Greece *, Turkey *,? Israel, Jordan *, Uzbekistan (Popov 1936; Heinrich 1977 partim, as  D. moestus; Warncke 1977 partim, as  D. moestus; Bogusch 2023 partim, as  D. moestus).</p><p>Distributional notes.</p><p>Following on from the comments made for  D. rotundatus, records from Croatia and Israel (Warncke 1977; specimens not examined) cannot be confirmed, but are considered plausible based on the species concept of  D. moestus used by Warncke, and the presence of  D. rufipes in nearby countries. Additional specimen records from the SEMC from Crete (K. M. Guichard material determined by Baker) are available on GBIF.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/082DF7B44B8851B5BC631B2BB869D942	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wood, T. J.	Wood, T. J. (2025): Resolving issues in the genus Dioxys (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Dioxyini) in the West Palaearctic with a new identification key. ZooKeys 1226: 261-302, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1226.138377
A11ED35A16245A31A31D49AC2898442B.text	A11ED35A16245A31A31D49AC2898442B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dioxys varipes De Stefani 1887	<div><p>13.  Dioxys varipes De Stefani, 1887, sp. resurr.</p><p>Figs 13 A – F, 14 A – D</p><p>Dioxys varipes De Stefani, 1887: 113, ♀ ♂ [Italy: Sicily, RMNH, neotype by present designation].</p><p>Dioxys maroccanus Popov, 1936: 16, ♂ [Morocco, ZISP, examined by photograph].</p><p>Dioxys falsificus Engel, 2023: 176, ♀ ♂ [Spain, SEMC, examined by photograph] syn. nov.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Italy • Neotype: 1 ♀; Sicilia,  Selinunte; 22 Jun. 1966; P. M. F. Verhoeff leg.; RMNH; RMNH.INS.1663106 (Fig. 13 A – F)  .   Italy • 2 ♀; 35 km N Gela,  NE Piazza Armerina; 27 May 2002; J. Halada leg.; OÖLM  •   1 ♀; Sicilia,  Caltagirone; 4–11 Jul. 1976; J. Timmer leg.; RMNH; ZMA.INS.5103998 ;   Libya • 1 ♂; Cyrenaica, Brega [ Mars el Brega]; 4 Mar. 1958; K. M. Guichard leg.; NMHUK  •   1 ♀; Cyrene [ Shahat]; 8 Jun. 1988; A. Četkovic leg.; RMNH; RMNH.INS.1663110 ;   Morocco • 1 ♂; bor. [boreal = northern],  River Rdat; 15 Mat 1929; A. Birula leg.; V. Popov det.; ZISP (holotype of  Dioxys maroccanus; Fig. 14 A – D)  •   1 ♀; Fès-Meknès, Ahermoumou, P 5407, immediately NW of  Kassioua; 900 m a. s. l.; 15 May 2022; T. J. Wood leg.; TJWC; WPATW 760-22  •   1 ♂; Fès-Meknès, Azrou, 4 km SWW of Bakrit,  Cascades Bakrit; 1650 m a. s. l.; 17 May 2022; T. J. Wood leg.; TJWC  •   1 ♂; Fès-Meknès, Boulemane, 5 km SE,  junction of R 503 and N 4; 1900 m a. s. l.; 19 May 2022; T. J. Wood leg.; TJWC; WPATW 761-22  •   1 ♂; Oudja, N-Jebel Fourhal,  S-Ain Erreggada [Ain Reggada]; 500 m a. s. l.; 23 May 1994; M. Terzo leg.; RMNH; RMNH.INS.1660516  •   1 ♀; Souss-Massa,  Tizi N’Test; 16 Apr. 2024; D. Baiocchi leg.; MSVI  •   1 ♀; Azrou, (zedernwälder) [ cedar forest]; 1660 m a. s. l.; 17 Jul. 1975; A. W. Ebmer leg.; ZSM ;   Portugal • 1 ♂; Algarve, Forte do Rato,  Tavira; 22 Apr. 2016; T. J. Wood leg.; TJWC  •   2 ♂; Algarve,  Montrigo; 9 Apr. 1988; J. Teunissen leg.; T. J. Wood det. (det.  D. varipes by M. Schwarz, 1989); RMNH.INS.1660521; RMNH.INS.1660523  •   1 ♂; Algarve, Praia do Barril, near  Tavira; 24 Apr. 2016; T. J. Wood leg.; TJWC  •   1 ♂; Algarve, Praia do Cabeço, near  Monte Gordo; 26 Apr. 2016; T. J. Wood leg.; TJWC ;   Spain • 1 ♀; Granada, Sierra Nevada,  El Dornajo; 1700 m a. s. l.; 29 Jun. 2021; T. J. Wood leg.; TJWC  •   1 ♀; Madrid,  Pozuelo del Rey, 2 km NW; 10 Jul. 2021; T. J. Wood leg.; TJWC  •   1 ♀; Madrid, Rivas-Vaciamadrid,  Canal de Manzanares to Camino de Uclés; 19 May 2021; T. J. Wood leg.; TJWC  •   1 ♂; Málaga,  Arriate; 30 May 1967; M. J. &amp; J. P. Duffels leg.; RMNH; ZMA.INS.5103999  •   1 ♀; Málaga,  Ronda, 10 km NE, A- 367; 25 May 2021; T. J. Wood leg.; TJWC  •   1 ♂; Sevilla,  Aznalcazar, S of Pinares de Aznalcazar; 21 May 2021; T. J. Wood leg.; TJWC  •   1 ♀; Toledo,  Toledo; 10 Jul. 1969; P. M. F. Verhoeff leg.; T. J. Wood det. (det.  D. pumilus ssp. varipes by Warncke); RMNH; RMNH.INS.1660522  •   1 ♀;  Ronda; 12 Jun. 1998; A. Kroupa leg.; ZSM  •   1 ♀;  Chipiona; 8 Jun. 1998; A. Kroupa leg.; ZSM;  •   1 ♀;  Madrid; 29 Jun. 1910; G. Mercet leg.; OUMNH ;   Tunisia • 1 ♀;  Tabarka, Tunis; 20 Apr. 1975; A. Mochi leg.; RMNH; RMNH.INS.1663111  .</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Further to the comments made under  D. cypriacus and  D. pumilus,  D. varipes can be considered as a distinct western species within the  pumilus - group. As the type material of  D. varipes is lost, designation of a neotype is desirable. In line with the conditions of article 75.3 (ICZN 1999), this neotype is needed to clarify the taxonomic status of western Mediterranean populations of  D. pumilus sensu lato, and to act as the senior name for the western population which is newly considered to be specifically distinct. Specific characters allowing its recognition are specified in the identification key and in Section 10 on  D. pumilus . The  Hymenoptera part of the De Stefani collection is considered to be lost (e. g., Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002; Cornalba et al. 2024), and hence no-one has been able to retrieve the original material of  D. varipes (e. g., Warncke 1977). The selected specimen is from Sicily, the original terra typica (De Stefani 1887), and morphologically conforms not only to the original description, but also to subsequent use of this species concept. Specifically, De Stefani describes the female as: “ Piccola, ugualmente punteggiata in tutto il corpo; la testa ed il corsaletto neri rivestiti di breve pelurie cenerina più marcata sul volto … L’addome è rosso ferrugineol al primo, secondo e terzo segmento, spesso il quarto segmento comunemente nero è mischiato irregolarmente a del color rosso … ” [Small, evenly punctured over the entire body, the head and mesosoma black and covered with short ash-coloured hairs, these more pronounced on the head … Metasoma red on terga 1–3, the 4 th segment is usually black but can be irregularly mixed with red …]. The body length was also given as 5 ½ – 6 ½ mm. This can only correspond to one species on the island of Sicily, namely the western sister taxon that is morphologically very close to  D. pumilus . The selected neotype matches this description in the distribution of ashy hairs (Fig. 13 B – D) and the colouration of the terga (Fig. 13 E, F). The neotype is deposited in the RMNH collection.</p><p>Finally, it is necessary to deal with the taxon  Dioxys falsificus Engel, 2023 . Engel described this taxon based on two females and two males (all from Algeciras in the extreme south of southern Spain, collected by K. M. Guichard), comparing it to  D. pumilus . However, the description of this taxon is unsupported, and is based on material separated by D. Baker as “ undescribed ” and which was deposited in the Snow Entomological Collection after his death. Understanding the taxon therefore requires both an understanding of West Palaearctic  Dioxys and an understanding of the species concepts used by Baker, Warncke, and Popov.</p><p>Baker did not publish on  Dioxys in a strict sense (though see Baker 1998 for work on  Dioxyini), but he disagreed with Warncke’s creation of  D. heinrichi from north-west Africa. Baker re-determined a male paratype of  D. heinrichi (NHMUK) as  D. maroccanus (Fig. 9 A; see Section 6), indicating that he did not accept Warncke’s synonymy of  D. maroccanus with  D. pumilus ssp. varipes . Examination of the holotype of  D. maroccanus (Fig. 14 A – D), the synonymy of Warncke is correct, as the type specimen shows very short scutal hairs (shorter than the diameter of a lateral ocellus), and the genital capsule is typical (gonostyli apically slightly broadened but without laterally projecting triangular teeth). Baker was therefore de facto operating under the position that there was no name available for western populations of “  D. pumilus ” in Morocco or Spain. Considering that the type material of  D. falsificus comes from Algeciras and was collected by Guichard in 1974, that Warncke (1977: 275) lists Algeciras within the distribution of  D. pumilus ssp. varipes, and he was known to have revised Guichard’s material in the NHMUK, it is likely that Warncke inspected these specimens himself. They may have been taken by Baker from the NHMUK directly (temporary staff appointment 1981–1982; O’Toole 2006) before ending up in his personal collection which was then deposited in the SEMC.</p><p>Morphologically, the description of  D. falsificus is based on very subtle morphological characters (female T 1 without a latitudinal carina, female apex of T 6 more broadly rounded, apical margin of S 5 with minute medial emargination, male S 6 with short longitudinal carina medially). Interpretation of the significance of these characters is difficult. Measurement of the width: length ratio of T 6 produces values of between 1.5–1.6: 1; specimens from the western Mediterranean have T 6 slightly broader compared to  D. pumilus and  D. cypriacus (Fig. 1 F, specimen illustrated is from Morocco, see identification key couplet 7), but this value is so similar that it is difficult to use. In any case,  D. falsificus does not seem to differ from this broader western Mediterranean trend. Examined female specimens of  D. varipes from Morocco and Italy (Sicily),  D. pumilus from Greece (Peloponnese) and Syria, and  D. cypriacus (Cyprus) show this subtle latitudinal carina on T 1, which seems absent on the Iberian specimens that could be inspected. However, when present, the carina is not strongly produced and often disappears into the surrounding punctures. It is not clear if Engel inspected any other specimens from Iberia or Morocco to investigate how consistent these putative characters are. When considered against the difference observed in the genital capsule between  D. varipes and  D. pumilus, this weak carina on T 1 is considered an inconsistent character with poor discriminatory power.</p><p>Moreover, Wood (2023) and Wood et al. (2024) presented COI barcode genetic data for “  D. pumilus ” (now considered under the name  D. varipes) from central and southern Spain (Madrid, Granada), southern Portugal (Algarve), and northern Morocco (Fès-Meknès). Sequences form a group with some genetic divergence, with average separation of 3.08 % (range 0.15–6.16 %). Whilst variation within Iberian populations was low (average 0.20 %), the highest divergence was actually seen between the two Moroccan specimens, at 6.16 %. Iberian sequences were therefore separated from the two Moroccan sequences by 4.51 % (range 4.41–4.56 %) and 3.50 % (range 3.34–3.65 %). Consequently, due to this variation, the Moroccan sequences do not form a direct sister group to Iberian sequences, with the two Moroccan sequences instead adjacent so that three Iberian sequences plus one Moroccan sequence are sisters, plus one additional Moroccan sequence as sister to this grouping (see Wood 2023: fig. 5).</p><p>Care should be taken in interpreting these results. The two Moroccan specimens come from the same province, were separated by just 65 kilometres, and were caught four days apart (see examined material). However, the specimen from Ahermoumou (WPATW 760-22) comes from a moderate elevation of 900 m a. s. l. in an area with Mediterranean climate and mixed wooded vegetation where olive is cultivated. In contrast, the specimen from Boulemane (WPATW 761-22) comes from high elevation at 1900 m a. s. l. from dry steppe desert. The observed higher genetic diversity in North African populations (based on the two sequences individuals) does not correspond to an apparent morphological difference in Morocco specimens themselves or between Moroccan and Iberian specimens. In the absence of morphological differences, North African and Iberian specimens are considered to be conspecific.</p><p>In this context, the name  D. maroccanus is available to be applied to Iberian populations, at least in principle. Even if the extreme western populations of the taxon in Morocco and Iberia were found not to be conspecific with  D. varipes populations on Sicily,  D. maroccanus could be applied to specimens in the first instance from northern Morocco, the locus typicus. Since Engel’s (2023) paper does not mention the work of Popov once, and has not published information concerning morphological variation in  D. pumilus sensu lato more broadly,  D. falsificus is considered to not have been convincingly separated from  D. maroccanus (the position that  D. maroccanus is not synonymous with  D. pumilus sensu Warncke being a key assumption inherent in following the unpublished position of Baker). Moreover, since no additional material outside of the four type specimens was revised (or if it was, this was not mentioned), convincing evidence for  D. falsificus being consistently morphologically separated from populations from Sicily is lacking. Therefore,  D. falsificus is synonymised with  D. varipes syn. nov.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Portugal, Spain, Italy (Sicily), Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya * (De Stefani, 1887; Popov 1936 as  D. maroccanus; Warncke 1977 partim, as  D. pumilus ssp. varipes; Kuhlmann et al. 2014 partim, as  D. pumilus; Baldock et al. 2018 as  D. pumilus; Bogusch partim, as  D. pumilus; Wood, 2023 as  D. pumilus).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A11ED35A16245A31A31D49AC2898442B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wood, T. J.	Wood, T. J. (2025): Resolving issues in the genus Dioxys (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Dioxyini) in the West Palaearctic with a new identification key. ZooKeys 1226: 261-302, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1226.138377
