taxonID	type	description	language	source
D9754505B4EE50B28A5BB4D565DEAABF.taxon	description	Figs 3, 4; Table 1	en	Hutter, Carl R., Andriampenomanana, Zo F., Lambert, Shea M., Vences, Miguel (2025): Two new species of the Spinomantis bertini species complex (Mantellidae) from south-eastern Madagascar. Evolutionary Systematics 9 (2): 285-299, DOI: 10.3897/evolsyst.9.174833
D9754505B4EE50B28A5BB4D565DEAABF.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet lakolosy is a Malagasy word meaning “ bell ”. The name was chosen to describe the advertisement call of this species, which sounds like a ringing bell. The name is to be treated as an invariable noun in apposition.	en	Hutter, Carl R., Andriampenomanana, Zo F., Lambert, Shea M., Vences, Miguel (2025): Two new species of the Spinomantis bertini species complex (Mantellidae) from south-eastern Madagascar. Evolutionary Systematics 9 (2): 285-299, DOI: 10.3897/evolsyst.9.174833
D9754505B4EE50B28A5BB4D565DEAABF.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Spinomantis lakolosy is placed in the family Mantellidae, subfamily Mantellinae as diagnosed by Glaw and Vences (2006). Phylogenetic evidence assigns the new species to the genus Spinomantis with phylogenetic affinities to S. bertini. The new species can be diagnosed to the genus Spinomantis morphologically by presence of intercalary elements between ultimate and penultimate phalanges of fingers and toes, presence of distinct femoral glands of type 1 (Glaw et al. 2000) in males, outer metatarsal tubercle present, maxillary teeth present, and adults living along streams in rainforests. The new species is distinguished by a combination of the following characters within Spinomantis: (1) a dorsal color pattern of dark brown with golden-olive mottling and whitish dots; (2) a dark flank coloration with mottling of irregular white spots which rather diffusely transitions towards the dorsal coloration without sharp, regular color border; (3) light brown and dark bands on the ventral surface of the legs; (4) thick frenal stripe; (5) absence of dermal fringes or spines; and (6) advertisement calls with notes arranged in a series with a combination of a long note duration, long inter-note interval, and low dominant frequency. Spinomantis lakolosy sp. nov. can easily be distinguished from other Spinomantis species not in the S. bertini species complex by many morphological characters. The new species differs from the arboreal species S. aglavei, S. fimbriatus, S. massi, S. nussbaumi, S. peraccae, S. phantasticus, and S. tavaratra by having terrestrial habits and smaller body size (female SVL 25 mm versus male and female SVL range of 31 – 56 mm). The new species differs from S. aglavei, S. fimbriatus, S. massi, S. phantasticus, and S. tavaratra by smooth skin and an absence of dermal spines or fringes; from S. elegans by a lack of a clearly delimited ocellated dorsal pattern and smaller body size (female SVL 25 mm versus male and female SVL range of 50 – 60 mm); from S. guibei by a smaller body size (female SVL 25 mm versus male and female SVL range of 29 – 40 mm) and a brown-yellow-gold color pattern versus green; from S. microtis by a smaller body size (female SVL 25 mm versus male and female SVL range of 30 – 48 mm), smaller terminal discs on fingers and toes, and smooth skin; and from S. brunae by a smaller size (female SVL 25 mm versus male and female SVL range of 32 – 35 mm) and absence of gold and black mottling on the dorsum. When comparing Spinomantis lakolosy sp. nov. to other species in the S. bertini complex, the following differences are apparent: (1) S. bertini: has more white coloration on ventral side and a more distinct frenal stripe that extends farther to the tip of the snout and is more yellow in coloration, a dorsal-lateral line with yellow borders (versus absence of line), dorsal coloration that is more uniform (versus mottled in the new species); (2) S. beckei: has a distinct dorsal-lateral line and much smaller brown spotting, a thinner frenal stripe that extends past the arm but does not extend to the snout, whitish coloration on the hind limbs and less distinct bands, and more brown rather than yellow in coloration; and (3) S. mirus: has more yellow-brown background dorsal coloration while the new species has more brown mottling and some reddish coloration on the flanks and hind limbs, the new species has dark brown flanks versus yellow in S. mirus. Also, in all these species in most individuals, the transition between dorsal and flank color occurs along a sharp, regular and distinguishable color border which is less distinctly expressed in the new species. Bioacoustically, Spinomantis lakolosy sp. nov. differs from other species in the S. bertini complex by: (1) S. bertini: a much shorter note duration (20 – 26 ms versus 67 – 105 ms); and (2) S. beckei: a much shorter note duration (20 – 26 ms versus 67 – 105 ms) and frequency modulation with a terminal end note. Additionally, despite having a similar body size, S. lakolosy sp. nov. has a much lower dominant frequency than other species in the complex (2454 – 2497 Hz versus 4000 Hz or more in the other species).	en	Hutter, Carl R., Andriampenomanana, Zo F., Lambert, Shea M., Vences, Miguel (2025): Two new species of the Spinomantis bertini species complex (Mantellidae) from south-eastern Madagascar. Evolutionary Systematics 9 (2): 285-299, DOI: 10.3897/evolsyst.9.174833
D9754505B4EE50B28A5BB4D565DEAABF.taxon	description	Description of the holotype. Specimen in good state of preservation (Fig. 4), muscle tissue sample removed from left thigh, damage and limited tissue removal also on right thigh; tongue removed. Snout-vent length 21.8 mm, for further measurements see Table 1. Body slender; head longer than wide, approximately of same width as body. Snout rounded in dorsal view, pointed in lateral view, nostrils directed laterally, slightly protuberant, much nearer to tip of snout than to eye; canthus rostralis distinct, slightly concave; loreal region concave; tympanum distinct, rounded, its horizontal diameter 60 % of eye diameter; supratympanic fold relatively distinct, running above the tympanum, then bending downwards and running straight towards forelimb insertion; tongue missing (removed); vomerine teeth absent, maxillary present; choanae small, rounded. Arms slender, subarticular tubercles single; fingers without webbing; relative length of fingers 1 <2 <4 <3; finger disks enlarged; nuptial pads absent. Hind limbs slender; tibiotarsal articulation reaches snout tip when the hind limb is adpressed along the body; lateral metatarsalia largely separated; inner metatarsal tubercles distinct, outer metatarsal tubercle not recognizable; webbing formula between toes rudimentary, with traces of web between toes 3, 4 and 5; relative length of toes 1 <2 <5 <3 <4; third toe slightly but clearly longer than fifth. Skin on the upper surface smooth, without folds or ridges; ventral skin smooth. Femoral glands not recognizable in external or internal view. After 10 years in preservative, the dorsum is washed with brown and greenish brown tones and some indistinct and irregular light beige dots, without distinct borders between the colors, brown color being especially seen on the anterior dorsum. Limbs greenish brown with two distinct brown crossbands on lower arm, and three brown crossbands on shanks. Ventrally irregularly and indistinctly mottled brown; hindlimbs ventrally with somewhat more distinct brown color. Color in life not documented by photos.	en	Hutter, Carl R., Andriampenomanana, Zo F., Lambert, Shea M., Vences, Miguel (2025): Two new species of the Spinomantis bertini species complex (Mantellidae) from south-eastern Madagascar. Evolutionary Systematics 9 (2): 285-299, DOI: 10.3897/evolsyst.9.174833
D9754505B4EE50B28A5BB4D565DEAABF.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Spinomantis lakolosy sp. nov. is only known from Miranony Forest (21.1468 ° S, 47.5447 ° E; ca. 1100 m a. s. l.) in high altitude rainforest within northern Ranomafana National Park in Southern Central East Madagascar, Fianarantsoa province (Fig. 2). The identity of the specimens from the second site, Andemaka, remains to be studied in depth.	en	Hutter, Carl R., Andriampenomanana, Zo F., Lambert, Shea M., Vences, Miguel (2025): Two new species of the Spinomantis bertini species complex (Mantellidae) from south-eastern Madagascar. Evolutionary Systematics 9 (2): 285-299, DOI: 10.3897/evolsyst.9.174833
70AEE535DFAF584C9D8D194BDCB91842.taxon	description	Figs 4, 7; Table 1	en	Hutter, Carl R., Andriampenomanana, Zo F., Lambert, Shea M., Vences, Miguel (2025): Two new species of the Spinomantis bertini species complex (Mantellidae) from south-eastern Madagascar. Evolutionary Systematics 9 (2): 285-299, DOI: 10.3897/evolsyst.9.174833
70AEE535DFAF584C9D8D194BDCB91842.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet lavabato is a Malagasy word / phrase literally meaning “ rock hole ” or in other words a “ cave ”. The name was chosen to describe the general micro-habitat of this species, where it dwells in cave-like rocky structures. The name is to be treated as an invariable noun in apposition.	en	Hutter, Carl R., Andriampenomanana, Zo F., Lambert, Shea M., Vences, Miguel (2025): Two new species of the Spinomantis bertini species complex (Mantellidae) from south-eastern Madagascar. Evolutionary Systematics 9 (2): 285-299, DOI: 10.3897/evolsyst.9.174833
70AEE535DFAF584C9D8D194BDCB91842.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Spinomantis lavabato is placed in the family Mantellidae, subfamily Mantellinae as diagnosed by Glaw and Vences (2006). Phylogenetic evidence assigns the new species to the genus Spinomantis with phylogenetic affinities to S. bertini. The new species can be diagnosed to the genus Spinomantis morphologically by presence of intercalary elements between ultimate and penultimate phalanges of fingers and toes, presence of distinct femoral glands (type 1: Glaw et al. 2000) in males, outer metatarsal tubercle present, maxillary teeth present, and adults living along streams in rainforests. The new species is distinguished by a combination of the following characters within Spinomantis: (1) small adult male body size of SVL 24.2 – 24.4 mm, adult females also small at 26.7 mm; (2) a dorsal color pattern of dark brown with yellow-olive mottling and whitish dots along the flanks; (3) darker flank coloration with mottling of white with a transition between flank and dorsal coloration somewhat diffuse as light dorsal markings can extend onto flanks and brown flank color is of similar tone as brown color on dorsum; (4) dark bands on the dorsal surface of limbs; (5) mottled frenal stripe; (6) absence of dermal fringes or spines; (7) advertisement calls are short notes arranged in a series with a combination of a very short note duration, short inter-note interval, and high dominant frequency. Spinomantis lavabato sp. nov. can easily be distinguished from other Spinomantis species not in the S. bertini species complex by many morphological characters (size ranges in the following are given for males and females combined as body size dimorphism in Spinomantis is low). The new species differs from the arboreal species S. aglavei, S. fimbriatus, S. massi, S. nussbaumi, S. peraccae, S. phantasticus, and S. tavaratra by having a terrestrial habitat and smaller body size (SVL 24.2 – 24.4 versus 31 – 56 mm). The new species differs from S. aglavei, S. fimbriatus, S. massi, S. phantasticus, and S. tavaratra by smooth skin and an absence of dermal spines or fringes; from S. elegans by a lack of a clearly delimited ocellated dorsal pattern and smaller body size (versus 50 – 60 mm); from S. guibei by a smaller body size (versus 29 – 40 mm) and a brown-yellow color pattern versus green; from S. microtis by a smaller body size (versus 30 – 48 mm), smaller terminal discs on fingers and toes, and smooth skin; and from S. brunae by a smaller size (versus 32 – 35 mm) and absence of gold and black mottling on the dorsum. When comparing Spinomantis lavabato sp. nov. to other species in the S. bertini complex, the following differences are apparent: (1) S. bertini: has more white coloration on ventral side and a more distinct frenal stripe that extends farther to the tip of the snout and is more yellow in coloration (versus a less distinct frenal stripe mottled in coloration), a dorsal-lateral line with yellow borders (versus absence of line), dorsal coloration that is more uniform (versus mottled in the new species); (2) S. beckei: has a distinct dorsolateral line and much smaller brown spotting, a thin frenal stripe that extends past the arm but does not extend to the snout, whiteish coloration on the hind limbs and less distinct bands, and brown spots on a yellow background versus yellow spots on a brown background; (3) S. mirus: has a more yellow-brown background dorsal coloration while the new species is more brown in background dorsal coloration, the new species has dark brown flanks versus yellow in S. mirus; and (4) S. lakolosy above: has a distinct frenal stripe, more yellow dorsal background coloration, hints of red color on the flanks and limbs, and golden colored eyes (versus copper). Also, in most individuals of all these species except S. lakolosy, the transition between dorsal and flank color occurs along a sharp and distinguishable straight color border which is less distinctly expressed in the new species. Bioacoustically, Spinomantis lavabato sp. nov. differs from other species in the S. bertini complex by: (1) S. bertini: a shorter note duration (20 – 26 ms versus 27 – 67 ms); (2) S. beckei: a shorter note duration (20 – 26 ms versus 27 – 67 ms) and frequency modulation with a terminal end note; and (3) S. lakolosy above: a much longer note duration (67 – 105 ms versus 27 – 67 ms) and lower dominant frequency than expected by body size. Additionally, a unique characteristic of this call compared to the other species is that the amplitude of each note starts out low and increases to maximum call amplitude in the final note.	en	Hutter, Carl R., Andriampenomanana, Zo F., Lambert, Shea M., Vences, Miguel (2025): Two new species of the Spinomantis bertini species complex (Mantellidae) from south-eastern Madagascar. Evolutionary Systematics 9 (2): 285-299, DOI: 10.3897/evolsyst.9.174833
70AEE535DFAF584C9D8D194BDCB91842.taxon	description	Description of the holotype. Specimen in excellent state of preservation (Fig. 4), some tissue removed dorsoanteriorly from right thigh. Snout-vent length 24.4 mm, for further measurements see Table 1. Body slender; head longer than wide, slightly wider than body. Snout slightly pointed in dorsal view, rounded in lateral view, nostrils directed laterally, slightly protuberant, nearer to tip of snout than to eye; canthus rostralis distinct, concave; loreal region slightly concave; tympanum distinct, rounded, its diameter 60 % of eye diameter; supratympanic fold distinct, straight; tongue ovoid, bifid and free posteriorly; vomerine teeth absent, maxillary teeth present; choanae small, rounded. Arms slender, subarticular tubercles single; fingers without webbing; relative length of fingers 1 <2 <4 <3; finger disks distinctly enlarged; nuptial pads absent. Hind limbs slender; tibiotarsal articulation reaches nostrils when the hind limb is adpressed along the body; lateral metatarsalia partly connected; inner metatarsal tubercles distinct, outer metatarsal tubercle not recognizable; webbing formula between toes rudimentary, with traces between toes 3, 4 and 5; relative length of toes 1 <2 <3 = 5 <4. Skin on the upper surface smooth, without folds or ridges; ventral skin smooth. Throat skin with recognizable folds laterally, indicating the presence of a vocal sac. Femoral glands large and distinctly elevated, of type 2 sensu Glaw et al. (2000), distance between femoral glands 1.3 mm. After almost 13 years in preservative, the dorsum is dark brown with distinctly delimited beige spots and vermiculation. Limbs with distinct dark brown patterns which form clear crossbands on the forelimbs (four on lower arm, about three on upper arm) and less clearly delimited crossbands on hindlimbs (about five on thigh, five on shank, and four on tarsus and hand). Ventrally, dark brown with light spots and vermiculation on throat, chest and belly, more uniformly brown on limbs. In life, the light vermiculation on the dorsum was light brown with an olive greenish tint and rather poorly contrasted, especially in the anterior part of the dorsum. The light spots on the flanks were more distinctly contrasting with the dark brown flank color, yellowish where adjacent to the dorsum and white in the center of the flanks. Strongly contrasting yellowish spots were also present laterally on the head. The iris was copper in its dorsal part (not visible in its ventral half on the available images). The limbs were olive brownish with dark brown crossbands. Ventrally dark brown with very strongly contrasting silvery white vermiculation with a slightly bluish tint. Limbs ventrally brownish with indistinct pattern.	en	Hutter, Carl R., Andriampenomanana, Zo F., Lambert, Shea M., Vences, Miguel (2025): Two new species of the Spinomantis bertini species complex (Mantellidae) from south-eastern Madagascar. Evolutionary Systematics 9 (2): 285-299, DOI: 10.3897/evolsyst.9.174833
70AEE535DFAF584C9D8D194BDCB91842.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Spinomantis lavabato sp. nov. is known only from Ranomafana National Park at Maharira (Fig. 2), where cave-like rock formations can be found. The sub-sites being caves at the peak of Maharira (21.3334 ° S, 47.4120 ° E; ca. 1340 m a. s. l.) and along a trail with rocky formations in Maharira Forest (21.3312 ° S, 47.4106 ° E; ca. 1300 m a. s. l.).	en	Hutter, Carl R., Andriampenomanana, Zo F., Lambert, Shea M., Vences, Miguel (2025): Two new species of the Spinomantis bertini species complex (Mantellidae) from south-eastern Madagascar. Evolutionary Systematics 9 (2): 285-299, DOI: 10.3897/evolsyst.9.174833
