identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
9256731FFFA4EF4DE43D5DC69CE3F9B1.text	9256731FFFA4EF4DE43D5DC69CE3F9B1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Mycale) loveni (Fristedt 1887)	<div><p>Mycale (Mycale) loveni (Fristedt, 1887)</p><p>(Figs. 2 and 3 and Table 1)</p><p>SYNONYMS: Clathria loveni Fristedt, 1887, Esperella bellabellensis Lambe, 1905, Esperella fisheri de Laubenfels, 1926, Esperia loveni (Fristedt, 1887), Myclae (Carmia) bellabellensis (Lambe, 1905), Mycale bellabellensis (Lambe, 1905), Mycale fisheri (de Laubenfels, 1926), and Mycale loveni (Fristedt, 1887) .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS: Stalked sponge with a cavernous funnel- or tubeshaped body, though specimens may be highly polymorphic and attain massive forms. Sponge body varies in size from a few centimetres in length to over one metre in funnel-shaped specimens. Generally found in deep water (&gt; 200 m), though the holotype (22 m) and other specimens have been collected in shallow water (Fristedt 1887). The sponge body varies in size from a few centimetres in length to over one metre in funnel-shaped specimens.</p><p>MATERIALS EXAMINED:</p><p>Mycale cf. bellabellensis (Lambe, 1905), RBCM 978-00084 - 002, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-126.415&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.955" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -126.415/lat 48.955)">Edge of Clayoquot Canyon</a>, British Columbia, Canada, 48.955 ◦ N, 126.415 ◦ W, 201 m depth, collected by PBS/JAT, 26 May 1962.</p><p>Mycale (Mycale) loveni (Fristedt, 1887), RBCM 003-00036 - 002, off southern Alaska, USA, 55.883 ◦ N, 153.75 ◦ W, 228 m depth, collected by PBS, 1963.</p><p>Mycale (Mycale) loveni (Fristedt, 1887), RBCM 009-00134 - 005, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-131.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -131.7/lat 54.45)">Dixon Entrance</a>, British Columbia, Canada, 54.45 ◦ N, 131.7 ◦ W, collected by Pacific Biological Station (PBS), 12 August 1965.</p><p>Mycale (Mycale) loveni (Fristedt, 1887), NA086-086-03, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-125.0129&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.2503" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -125.0129/lat 48.2503)">West of Olympic Peninsula</a>, Washington, USA, 48.2503 ◦ N, 125.0129 ◦ W, 257 m depth, collected by NOAA, 26 August 2017.</p><p>Mycale (Mycale) loveni (Fristedt, 1887), NA086-102, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-125.084&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.129" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -125.084/lat 48.129)">West of Olympic Peninsula</a>, Washington, USA, 48.129 ◦ N, 125.084 ◦ W, 276 m depth, collected by NOAA, 28 August 2017.</p><p>Mycale (Mycale) loveni (Fristedt, 1887), NA086-103-01, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-125.084&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.129" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -125.084/lat 48.129)">West of Olympic Peninsula</a>, Washington, USA, 48.129 ◦ N, 125.084 ◦ W, 276 m depth, collected by NOAA, 28 August 2017.</p><p>Mycale (Mycale) loveni (Fristedt, 1887), SH1812-039, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-124.809&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=44.665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -124.809/lat 44.665)">Daisy Bank</a>, off Salem Oregon USA, 44.665 ◦ N, 124.809 ◦ W, 342 m depth, collected by NOAA, 15 October 2018.</p><p>Mycale (Mycale) loveni (Fristedt, 1887), SH1812-091, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-124.6901&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.2873" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -124.6901/lat 40.2873)">Mendocino Ridge</a>, northern California, USA, 40.2873 ◦ N, 124.6901 ◦ W, 364 m depth, collected by NOAA, 20 October 2018.</p><p>Mycale (Mycale) loveni (Fristedt, 1887), SH1812-190, Santa Lucia <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-121.172&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.679" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -121.172/lat 34.679)">Bank</a>, central California, USA, 34.679 ◦ N, 121.172 ◦ W, 549 m depth, collected by NOAA, 1 November 2018.</p><p>Mycale (Mycale) loveni (Fristedt, 1887), SH1812-245, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-120.356&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.14" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -120.356/lat 33.14)">Sverdrup Bank</a>, southern California, USA, 33.140 ◦ N, 120.356 ◦ W, 263 m depth, collected by NOAA, 6 November 2018.</p><p>Mycale (Mycale) loveni (Fristedt, 1887), RL1905-069B, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-121.532&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.062" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -121.532/lat 35.062)">Wind Farm West</a>, central California, USA, 35.062 ◦ N, 121.532 ◦ W, 706 m depth, collected by NOAA, 30 October 2019.</p><p>Mycale (Mycale) loveni (Fristedt, 1887), NA121-057B, Quinault Canyon, WA, USA, 47.2179 ◦ N, 124.9047 ◦ W, 325 m depth, collected by NOAA, 27 September 2020.</p><p>Mycale (Mycale) loveni (Fristedt, 1887), NA121-145B, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-124.8914&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.9137" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -124.8914/lat 46.9137)">Grays Canyon</a>, Washington, USA, 46.9137 ◦ N, 124.8914 ◦ W, 294 m depth, collected by NOAA, 1 October 2020.</p><p>COMPARATIVE MATERIAL EXAMINED: Syntype: Esperella bellabellensis Lambe, 1905, CMNI 1994-0038 / CMNI 1994-0039, off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-128.17&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=52.17" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -128.17/lat 52.17)">Bella Bella</a>, Campbell Island, British Columbia, Canada, 52.17 ◦ N, 128.17 ◦ W, 549 m, collected by F. Landsberg, 1904.</p><p>EXTERNAL APPEARANCE (Figs. 2A, 2B, 2D, 3A, 3B, and 3C): The external morphology of Mycale (Mycale) loveni is variable. Most authors report M. (M.) loveni as being stalked, though some Gulf of Alaska specimens were reported as massive (Stone et al. 2011). Fristedt’s (1887) original description from the Chukchi Sea depicts branching, thickly stalked specimens where lateral branches form subquadrangular cells filled with softer macerated tissue. Koltun (1959) reported Russian specimens (Chukchi, Bering, and Okhotsk Seas) with broad funnel-shaped stalks, though some specimens lack the large funnel. The surface is rough and may be grooved or microhispid. The colour while alive is greenish yellow to light yellow to brown. Consistency is somewhat compressible; it is not easily torn across spicule tracts, but smaller spicule tracts can be teased apart. Sponge tissue is easily removed from between the thick skeletal fibres and may be absent upon collection. Table 1 lists the outer morphologies that were examined and those from literature sources.</p><p>SKELETON (Fig. 2C): The choanosome is composed of branching and anastomosing thick, multispicular tracts composed of styles echinated at varying intervals by loose styles. Between these thick tracts, secondary tracts form polygonal reticulations 1200–1600 µm across, often partly infilled with style brushes. Anisochelae are concentrated on the surface of spicule tracts and scattered throughout. Spicule tracts expand into plumes at the surface, and spicules protrude 100– 200 µm beyond the surface singly or in groups. At the surface, tangential tracts of styles cross-connect these plumes, forming a polygonal reticulation with meshes highly variable in shape and dimension, from 300 to 1200 µm in diameter. Large anisochelae form rosettes that occur sparingly in the ectosome and choanosome. Single large and small anisochelae are scattered throughout the sponge and are concentrated in the outer tissue layer that covers living specimens.</p>FunnelBering Strait, Eastern Aleutians–350–46572–10035–<p>Note: n = 30 measurements of individual spicules unless otherwise noted. ∗ From literature sources.</p><p>SPICULES (Figs. 2E–2L and 3D–3K and Table 1): From examined specimens, the spicule complement consists of styles as megascleres and anisochelae microscleres, usually clearly divisible into three size classes, each with somewhat different morphologies.</p><p>Measurements from CMNI 1994-0038:</p><p>Styles: 425– 456 –496 × 11– 13 –15.5 µm. Straight, sharp points may be lanceolate or mucronate. Styles either lack the constriction in the shaft just below the head found in most Mycale species (mycalostyles) or the constriction is slight.</p><p>Large anisochelae: 83– 88 –94 µm. Frontal alae are narrow, and slightly rounded. The free portion of the shaft is approximately 1/4 of the total spicule length. Rosettes are variably present and scattered throughout the sponge.</p><p>Medium anisochelae: 43– 54 –67 µm. Slight variations in shape are noted between a likely fan-shaped fragment (RBCM 003-00036-002, Figs. 2I and 2J) and a club-shaped specimen (RBCM 978-00084-002; Figs. 3H and 3I), where the alae are stouter in the club-shaped specimen. However, this variation is only visible at high magnification and may not be consistent between the two morphotypes.</p><p>Small anisochelae: 19– 22 –25 µm. Elongated. In some spicules, there is a miniscule median tooth-like extension arising from the lower alae along the upper rim, but most often this upper rim is flat.</p><p>GENETIC DATA: D13–E13 domains of 28S and ITS gene fragments were obtained from Pacific Mycale (Mycale) loveni specimens. Only about 40 bp overlapped in M. (M.) loveni ITS sequences due to low sequence quality from stutter artifacts following three successive homopolymer repeats greater than 9 bp in length (Fazekas et al. 2010). Maximum likelihood trees comparing available Mycale ITS and D13–E 13 28S sequences resulted in a monophyletic clade for M. (M.) loveni (Figs. 4 and 5). COI sequences for M. (M.) loveni were only obtained in one direction, so consensus sequences were not created; however, most of the top nucleotide BLAST search results for the single direction reads were members of the genus Mycale .</p><p>DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGY: Mycale (Mycale) loveni has a very wide distribution range that spans the Arctic and North Pacific oceans. The holotype originates from the Chukchi Sea (Fig. 1A), with records also identified from the Bering Sea, Aleutian Islands, Gulf of Alaska, and British Columbia, between 22 and 800 m depth. Records from NOAA’s national database for deep-sea corals and sponges (Hourigan et al. 2015) show M. (M.) loveni to be particularly common around the Aleutian Islands and the Gulf of Alaska, which reflects the historical sampling intensity in this region. There are also sparse records as far south as California, within the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (Hourigan et al. 2015). From ROV observations off British Columbia, Canada, in situ sponges were commonly attached to hard substratum ranging in size from small cobbles to exposed bedrock. The usual stalked morphology of M. (M.) loveni may allow this species to inhabit areas inimical to sponge growth once the larvae successfully settle. Mycale (Mycale) loveni was observed to be a common, large, habitat-forming demosponge at Learmonth Bank, Dixon Entrance in sites that were dominated by the abundance of several large glass sponge species, notably Farrea sp., Aphrocallistes vastus (Schulze, 1886) and Heterochone calyx (Schulze, 1886) (Chu 2010) . Other fauna co-occurring with M. (M.) loveni include Sebastes spp. rockfish, alcyonacean corals such as Primnoa pacifica Kinoshita, 1907, cup corals, other small corals, crinoids, anemones, holothurians, brachiopods, and sponges (Chu 2010).</p><p>REMARKS: The specimens analyzed here are consistent with Fristedt’s (1887) original description of C. loveni . Fristedt described an erect and irregularly ramous specimen with several slender branches issuing from a firm stalk, and the branches form a mesh that is filled with softer tissue. The styles of this species were described to be thickest near the pointed end, and this holds true for most of the examined specimens; however, the more hastate spicules as described by Koltun (1959) are not present in all specimens. Here we also suggest that the species has three size categories of anisochelae rather than two. This is contrary to Fristedt’s original description, which does not mention a small size category, while de Laubenfels (1932) reported four size categories for large specimens that he considered as Mycale bellabellensis . In most specimens, the separation of anisochelae size categories by length alone is possible using a light microscope, but the spicule shape between the medium- and smallsize categories is noticeably different when viewing spicules using SEM. The syntype of Esperella bellabellensis was initially described by Lambe (1905) as having only large anisochelae with many immature anisochelae, and small sigmas. After examination of the syntype, it is clear that there are three size categories of anisochelae (Table 1), and the sigmas drawn by Lambe were seen in the prepared slides, though they are unlikely to be spicules but rather contamination of the slide.</p><p>Stone et al. (2011) synonymized M. (M.) loveni and M. bellabellensis and suggested that different morphotypes of the species are geographically isolated, with club-shaped specimens occurring in the Gulf of Alaska and vase/funnel-shaped specimens occurring in the Aleutians. However, the various morphotypes examined herein are present throughout the range of the species (Table 1). Several morphotypes were observed during an ROV dive at Learmonth Bank (Figs. 2B–2D and 3C) (Chu 2010). Despite some variation in spicule shape between specimens seen using SEM, we maintain that the species is simply highly polymorphic.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9256731FFFA4EF4DE43D5DC69CE3F9B1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Dinn, Curtis;Ott, Bruce;Bouchard Marmen, Mariève;Steeves, Royce;Côté, Geneviève;Hayes, Vonda;Nozères, Claude;Everett, Meredith V.;Powell, Abigail;Chu, Jackson W. F.	Dinn, Curtis, Ott, Bruce, Bouchard Marmen, Mariève, Steeves, Royce, Côté, Geneviève, Hayes, Vonda, Nozères, Claude, Everett, Meredith V., Powell, Abigail, Chu, Jackson W. F. (2023): Two large structure-forming sponges from opposite North American coasts: a taxonomic review of Arctic-Pacific Mycale (Mycale) loveni and the description of a new Arctic-Atlantic Mycale. Canadian Journal of Zoology 101 (9): 807-823, DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2023-0011, URL: https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2023-0011
9256731FFFA3EF44E720595B98ADFD85.text	9256731FFFA3EF44E720595B98ADFD85.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Mycale) lorea Dinn & Ott & Bouchard Marmen & Steeves & Côté & Hayes & Nozères & Everett & Powell & Chu 2023	<div><p>Mycale (Mycale) lorea sp. nov.</p><p>(Fig. 6 and Table 2)</p><p>ZOOBANK LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 0C67A722-A22B- 4F48-8AE5-68CD2571D47A.</p><p>DIAGNOSIS: Large vase-shaped sponge with dense, protruding, light yellow veining spicule tracts and a firm, thick stalk. Often collected as large fragments in trawl samples.</p><p>MATERIALS EXAMINED:</p><p>Holotype: CMNI 2022-0001, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.106&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.829" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.106/lat 48.829)">Gulf of St. Lawrence</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.106&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.829" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.106/lat 48.829)">SE of Anticosti Island</a>, 48.829 ◦ N, 61.106 ◦ W, 211 m, collected by Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 17 August 2018 .</p><p>Paratypes:</p><p>CMNI 2022-0002, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-49.518&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.09" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -49.518/lat 43.09)">southern Tail of the Bank</a>, Newfoundland, 43.09 ◦ N, 49.518 ◦ W, 589 m, collected by Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 23 October 2012 .</p><p>CMNI 2022-0003, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.135&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=52.167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.135/lat 52.167)">NL Shelf</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.135&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=52.167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.135/lat 52.167)">west of southern Labrador</a>, 52.167 ◦ N, 53.135 ◦ W, 220 m, collected by Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 4 December 2020 .</p><p>CMNI 2022-0004, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.0983&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.37" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.0983/lat 46.37)">west of the Flemish Cap</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.0983&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.37" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.0983/lat 46.37)">Newfoundland</a>, 46.37 ◦ N, 47.0983 ◦ W, 770 m, collected by Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 16 January 2015 .</p><p>CMNI 2022-0005, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.162&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.855" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.162/lat 48.855)">Gulf of St. Lawrence</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.162&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.855" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.162/lat 48.855)">SW of Anticosti Island</a>, 48.855 ◦ N, 61.162 ◦ W, 181 m, collected by Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 16 August 2018 .</p><p>CMNI 2022-0006, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.074&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.926" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.074/lat 49.926)">Gulf of St. Lawrence</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.074&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.926" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.074/lat 49.926)">NW of Anticosti Island</a>, 49.926 ◦ N, 65.074 ◦ W, 160 m, collected by Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 25 August 2017 .</p><p>ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED:</p><p>QC _ 2020_215, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-59.948&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.401" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -59.948/lat 49.401)">Gulf of St. Lawrence</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-59.948&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.401" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -59.948/lat 49.401)">W of Anticosti Island</a>, 49.401 ◦ N, 59.948 ◦ W, 206 m, collected by Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 24 August 2020 .</p><p>Specimens from Bouchard Marmen et al. (2021):</p><p>PAA2010009061246, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.811&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=70.677" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.811/lat 70.677)">Davis Strait</a>, northeast of Clyde River Nunavut, 70.677 ◦ N, 66.811 ◦ W, 677 m, collected by Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 25 October 2010 .</p><p>PAA2010009067237, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.692&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=70.09" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.692/lat 70.09)">Davis Strait</a>, southeast of Clyde River Nunavut, 70.090 ◦ N, 65.692 ◦ W, 467 m, collected by Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 26 October 2010 .</p><p>PAA2012007038033, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.432&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=74.446" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.432/lat 74.446)">Baffin Bay</a>, eastern entrance to Lancaster Sound, 74.446 ◦ N, 78.432 ◦ W, 663 m, collected by Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 5 October 2012 .</p><p>PAA2012007037332, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.832&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=74.612" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.832/lat 74.612)">Baffin Bay</a>, eastern entrance to Lancaster Sound, 74.612 ◦ N, 77.832 ◦ W, 442 m, collected by Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 5 October 2012 .</p><p>COMPARATIVE MATERIAL EXAMINED: Syntype: Esperella bellabellensis Lambe, 1905 CMNI 1994-0038 / CMNI 1994-0039, off Bella Bella, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-128.17&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=52.17" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -128.17/lat 52.17)">Campbell Island</a>, British Columbia, 52.17 ◦ N 128.17 ◦ W , 549 m, collected by F. Landsberg, 1904.</p><p>ETYMOLOGY: From the Latin lorea meaning a laurel branch, crown, or wreath. The distinctive light-coloured veining spicule tracts are diagnostic of the species and resemble the roots and branches of a bay laurel tree.</p><p>EXTERNAL APPEARANCE (Figs. 6A and 6B): Large vase-shaped sponge with a thick stalk. The vase is bolstered by thick, protruding spicule tracts, which are lightly coloured and thickest on the outer surface of the vase. The interconnecting spicule tracts form an irregular lattice filled with softer tissue. Specimens are firm and difficult to tear; however, choanosomal tissue may be removed easily while spicule tracts stay intact. A presumed specimen was seen in situ during a benthic video survey in the Eastern Honguedo Strait Coral and Sponge Conservation Area in July 2022, with a distinct vase shape and visible light-coloured veining spicule bundles (Fig. 6B).</p><p>SKELETON (Figs. 6C and 6D): The skeleton consists of a dense mesh of spicule tracts formed by densely packed styles. On the outer surface of the sponge, these tracts are especially thick and prominently lightly coloured, reaching from the stem to the outer fringe. Thin tissue is spread between the dense tracts, with a mostly confused arrangement of loose tracts of styles, with palmate anisochelae variably occurring in rosettes (Fig. 6D). Styles flare out into soft tissue as spicule brushes at the ends of the dense tracts (Figs. 6C and 6D). In heavily damaged and trawl-worn specimens, tissue containing chelae may not be abundant.</p><p>SPICULES (Figs. 6E–6L and Table 2):</p><p>From the holotype CMNI 2022-0001:</p><p>Styles: 354– 397 –428 × 14– 17 –19 µm, generally straight, but some are slightly curved. The head of the spicule near the rounded end is thin, and the spicule thickens at about a quarter of its length, with the thickest portion near the midpoint. From the middle, styles gradually taper to a sharply pointed tip. In some specimens, thinner styles show a slightly pronounced rounded head, somewhat reminiscent of a subtylostyle. Some specimens may have styles with multiple swellings down the shaft, but this is uncommon.</p><p>Large anisochelae: 56– 61 –64 µm, with well-developed and broad upper alae. The free portion of the shaft is short, at less than 1/5 of the total spicule length. The upper alae have a considerable width, which may be wider than half the length of the whole spicule. The lower alae have a straight upper rim. A rounded, tooth-like extension protrudes above the upper rim of the lower alae, arising from the centre.</p><p>Medium anisochelae: 27– 34 –39 µm, have an overall elongated shape with the free part of the shaft variable in size, less than 1/5 of the length of the spicule. Lower alae also have a straight upper rim but no noticeable protrusions.</p><p>Small anisochelae: 15– 19 –23 µm, also elongated and similar in overall shape to the medium size category; however, there is a median tooth-like extension arising from the lower alae along the upper rim.</p><p>Medium and small anisochelae measurements from eastern Canadian Arctic specimens are combined into a single size category (Table 2) as these measurements were taken prior to SEM imagery confirmation of the three size categories of anisochelae (Bouchard Marmen et al. 2021).</p><p>GENETIC DATA: COI, D13–E 13 28S, and ITS sequences were obtained for Mycale (Mycale) lorea sp. nov. The sequences of the three gene regions appear most similar to species from the genus Mycale based on a BLAST search. Maximum likelihood trees comparing available Mycale ITS and D13–E 13 28S sequences were constructed, which resulted in separate monophyletic clades for Mycale (Mycale) loveni and M. (M.) lorea sp. nov. (Figs. 4 and 5). As assembled COI sequences for M. (M.) loveni were not obtained, M. (M.) lorea sp. nov. could not be positively differentiated using this gene fragment.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGY: Mycale (Mycale) lorea sp. nov. has a wide range in the western North Atlantic. Specimens from DFO catch databases have been collected from 114 to 1336 m depth. The species has been collected in the eastern Canadian Arctic, along the Newfoundland and Labrador Shelf, and in the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence (Figs. 1B and 1C). The species is also present on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. This area includes both the southern extremity known as the Tail of the Bank and the Flemish Cap, areas outside of Canada’s exclusive economic zone (Fig. 1C). A presumed specimen was seen in situ at 334 m depth during a video survey of sea pen ( Pennatula aculeata Danielssen, 1860; Balticina finmarchica (Sars, 1851)) fields in the Eastern Honguedo Coral and Sponge Conservation Area (DFO 2023) aboard the Coriolis II, living in a mud/silt bottom habitat attached to a rock showing the diagnostic vase shape and light-coloured veining formed by style bundles (Fig. 6B). From underwater video, the surrounding habitat in the conservation area was home to redfish ( Sebastes spp.), Marlin-spike grenadier ( Nezumia bairdii (Goode &amp; Bean, 1877)), Norway king crab ( Lithodes maja (Linnaeus, 1758)), and several sponge species, including Polymastia spp. From survey trawls in the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence, M. (M.) lorea sp. nov. was collected along with large catches of Atlantic Cod ( Gadus morhua Linnaeus, 1758), Redfish ( Sebastes spp.), Greenland halibut ( Reinhardtius hippoglossoides (Walbaum, 1792)), white hake ( Urophycis tenuis (Mitchill, 1814)), and northern shrimp ( Pandalus borealis KrØyer, 1838). In shallower habitats (100–200 m depth), the sponge was collected alongside American plaice ( Hippoglossoides platessoides (Fabricius, 1780)) and striped shrimp ( Pandalus montagui Leach, 1814). The direct association of fish and invertebrate species with sponges cannot be inferred from these occurrences, and sponge catchability in trawls is low (Kenchington et al. 2011); therefore, the distribution of this species may be more widespread than is currently known. Both Atlantic and striped wolffish ( Anarhichas lupus Linnaeus, 1758; A. minor Olafsen, 1772) also occurred in some captures of the sponge southeast of Anticosti Island, which is of particular interest as the former is listed under Canada’s Species at Risk Act as a species of special concern and the latter as a threatened species (Government of Canada 2002). Mycale (Mycale) lorea sp. nov. also co-occurs in trawl catches with other sponge species, notably Polymastia spp., Crella (Crella) cutis Goodwin, Dinn, Nefedova, Nijhof, Murillo, and Nozeres, 2021, and Plicatellopsis bowerbanki (Vosmaer, 1885) (Dinn et al. 2020 a; Goodwin et al. 2021).</p><p>REMARKS: It has been suggested that megasclere size is a solid taxonomic character to distinguish closely related species (van Soest et al. 2021), and in the case of Mycale (Mycale) loveni and M. (M.) lorea sp. nov., the megascleres are not only different in size, but in shape as well. The styles are often longer than 450 µm and thickest near the point in M. (M.) loveni, and the styles in M. (M.) lorea sp. nov. are generally less than 450 µm in length and are thickest near the middle. A single specimen from the Gulf of St. Lawrence had many thinner styles, which were measured here as a second size category (Table 2); however, silica concentration in ambient water has also been suggested to affect spicule width (Stone 1970; Mercurio et al. 2000; Austin et al. 2014). Further, van Soest et al. (2021) state that differences in width are strongly influenced by the growth stage of the individual spicules and are not likely diagnostic. Although both species have three size categories of anisochelae, the size difference and shape difference between the species are obvious in light micrographs for most specimens.</p><p>Note: n = 30 measurements of individual spicules unless otherwise noted.</p><p>Four specimens collected in the eastern Canadian Arctic were previously documented as M. (M.) loveni (Murillo et al. 2018) and subsequently as M. (M.) cf. loveni (Bouchard Marmen et al. 2021) . Here those specimens were reassessed and are now considered as M. (M.) lorea sp. nov. It is possible that other records of M. (M.) loveni from the Atlantic are misidentified M. (M.) lorea sp. nov. specimens, such as records of M. (M.) loveni occurrence in Newfoundland (Fuller 2011; Murillo et al. 2016 b) and Greenland waters (Blicher and Hammeken Arboe 2021); however, the northern extent of the two species is not yet known, and overlapping species ranges in the Arctic are possible.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9256731FFFA3EF44E720595B98ADFD85	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Dinn, Curtis;Ott, Bruce;Bouchard Marmen, Mariève;Steeves, Royce;Côté, Geneviève;Hayes, Vonda;Nozères, Claude;Everett, Meredith V.;Powell, Abigail;Chu, Jackson W. F.	Dinn, Curtis, Ott, Bruce, Bouchard Marmen, Mariève, Steeves, Royce, Côté, Geneviève, Hayes, Vonda, Nozères, Claude, Everett, Meredith V., Powell, Abigail, Chu, Jackson W. F. (2023): Two large structure-forming sponges from opposite North American coasts: a taxonomic review of Arctic-Pacific Mycale (Mycale) loveni and the description of a new Arctic-Atlantic Mycale. Canadian Journal of Zoology 101 (9): 807-823, DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2023-0011, URL: https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2023-0011
