taxonID	type	description	language	source
8E2A0A60B065FFC17C41BFC26266FDBC.taxon	description	(Fig. 3 A-H)	en	Marquina-Blasco, Rafael, Fagoaga, Ana, Crespo, Vicente D., Martínez-Ortí, Alberto, Bailon, Salvador, Sánchez-Marco, Antonio, Gracia-Monferrer, Daniel, Santisteban, Carlos de, Ruiz-Sánchez, Francisco Javier (2023): Squamates, rodents, and birds from Holocene deposits of the Illa Grossa Island (Columbretes Islands, Castellón, Spain): an unexpected diverse assemblage. Comptes Rendus Palevol 22 (18): 409-438, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a18, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a18
8E2A0A60B065FFC17C41BFC26266FDBC.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 1 right premaxilla (COLT- 4); 4 right maxillae (COLT- 7 and 8); 2 left maxillae (COLT- 56); 1 left postfrontal (COLT- 23); 2 right pterygoids (COLT- 20 and 24); 3 right dentaries (COLT- 1 and 9); 4 left dentaries (COLT- 3 and 11); 11 dorsal vertebrae (COLT- 12 and 13); 4 caudal vertebrae (COLT- 14); 1 right coxal (COLT- 45); 1 right femur (COLT- 47).	en	Marquina-Blasco, Rafael, Fagoaga, Ana, Crespo, Vicente D., Martínez-Ortí, Alberto, Bailon, Salvador, Sánchez-Marco, Antonio, Gracia-Monferrer, Daniel, Santisteban, Carlos de, Ruiz-Sánchez, Francisco Javier (2023): Squamates, rodents, and birds from Holocene deposits of the Illa Grossa Island (Columbretes Islands, Castellón, Spain): an unexpected diverse assemblage. Comptes Rendus Palevol 22 (18): 409-438, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a18, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a18
8E2A0A60B065FFC17C41BFC26266FDBC.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION The preserved premaxilla (COLT- 4) is the left one (Fig. 3 A). This remain has three dental positions, but only two teeth are present. These are pleurodont, isodont, cylindrical, and monocuspid with a blunt apex. In frontal view, the posterodorsal process is short and leaf-shaped. No foramen is observable in the bone. COLT- 7 is the distal half of a right maxilla (Fig. 3 B). Thus, only the posterior and prefrontal processes, although partially broken, are preserved. In labial view, the prefrontal process seems to be subpentagonal, with an anterior margin broken, a dorsal margin roughly subdivided in anterodorsal and posterolateral portions and a sigmoidal posterior margin. A dorsal corner and a posterodorsal corner are clearly visible. The labial surface of the bone is smooth and only one labial foramen is visible; however, the surface is highly damaged so an additional foramen might also be present. In lingual view, the maxilla bears pleurodont, isodont, cylindrical, and monocuspid teeth with a more or less blunt apex. The teeth show a more or less visible ornamentation, with delicate vertical striation limited ventrally by a transverse groove. The supradental shelf is arched and partially broken at the palatine process. The postfrontal is Y-shaped (Fig. 3 C). The anteromedial and anterolateral processes are short and pointed. Both processes have similar size; however, the anterolateral process is more robust than the anteromedial one. In ventral view, the ventral surface between these two processes is concave. On the medial margin, the insertion surface with the frontal and parietal is well marked, while on the lateral margin, the impression with the postorbital is less deep. COLT- 20 is the preserved anterior part of a right pterygoid (Fig. 3 D). The quadrate (posterior), transverse (anterolateral) and palatine (anteromedial) processes are partially broken. However, the latter is subrectangular and shows a thicker area in the middle of its platform. The transverse process is subtriangular and has well marked impressions of the ectopterygoid on its dorsal surface. The pterygoid recess is deep and U-shaped. The basis of the quadrate process is broken, for this reason it is not possible to describe it. In lateral view, the transverse process presents a wide and short insertion surface of the pterygoideus muscle. No pterygoid teeth are present. The dentaries bear pleurodont, isodonts, and cylindrical teeth with flattened or slightly concave lingual surfaces of the crowns and apices oriented in lingual direction (Fig. 3 E). In labial view, the teeth appear monocuspid (a slightly pointed or blunt labial cuspid), but in lingual view, underneath the labial cuspid, a smaller lingual cuspid may be present. The antrum intercristatum is a generally well-marked groove located on one side and on the other, between these two cuspids. Every tooth apex shows a transversal groove, only some teeth show a vertical striation. The most complete dentaries (COLT- 1 and COLT- 3) are characterized by the presence of 17 dental positions (Fig. 3 E). The width / height ratio for all the teeth equals 0.3 (n = 31; δ = 0.07). The coronoid process is subtriangular, straight and posterodorsally projected. In labial view, this process does not show any impression of the coronoid on the wall of the dentary. The studied dentaries present four lingual foramina. In lingual view, the Meckelian groove is open in its whole length and narrower between the eighthninth dental position and the anterior end of the tooth row. The subdental shelf is slightly arched and the ventral margin of the dentary is straight. The vertebrae are procoelous and longer than wide (vertebral centrum length (CL), CLmed = 1.94 mm; n = 5; σ = 0.22; CLmin = 1.69 mm; CLmax = 2.23 mm; minimum width of the neural arch, measured at the maximum intrazygapohyseal constriction (NAW), NAWmed = 0.98 mm; n = 4; σ = 0.08; NAWmin = 0.86 mm; NAWmax = 1.05 mm). In dorsal view, they show a few marked interzygapophyseal constrictions (Fig. 3 F). The neural arch shows a rudimentary zygosphene-zygantrum articulation, sensu Hoffstetter (1969) and Hoffstetter & Gasc (1969), with two shorts lateral facets (zygosphene) but with a barely outlined posterior zygantrum. The neural spine runs along the entire length of the neural arch, finishing in a point that overtakes the posterior end of the postzygapophysis. In lateral view, the neural spine is low. The synapophyses are oval-shaped and slightly projected anteroposteriorly. In ventral view, the centrum is subcylindrical with its anterior part slightly wider than the posterior one. It shows neither haemal keel nor foramen, except in the case of one vertebra stored under the number COLT- 13, which presents a pair of slightly marked large subcentral foramina. In anterior and posterior view, the condyle and cotyle are dorsoventrally flattened. COLT- 14 includes two vertebrae, which have a pair of dorsoventrally flattened transversal processes typical of caudal vertebrae (Bailon 1991). COLT- 45 is the anterior edge of a coxal, a large elongated bone (Fig. 3 H). In lateral view, on the ilium the preacetabular spine and dorsal crest are absent. The acetabulum is rounded. Only the proximal end of the femur is preserved. It shows a well-developed, ventrally expanded femoral condyle. The internal trochanter is small and is not well defined. Both structures are separated by a large and deep intertrochanteric fossa in ventral view.	en	Marquina-Blasco, Rafael, Fagoaga, Ana, Crespo, Vicente D., Martínez-Ortí, Alberto, Bailon, Salvador, Sánchez-Marco, Antonio, Gracia-Monferrer, Daniel, Santisteban, Carlos de, Ruiz-Sánchez, Francisco Javier (2023): Squamates, rodents, and birds from Holocene deposits of the Illa Grossa Island (Columbretes Islands, Castellón, Spain): an unexpected diverse assemblage. Comptes Rendus Palevol 22 (18): 409-438, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a18, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a18
8E2A0A60B065FFC17C41BFC26266FDBC.taxon	discussion	REMARKS The traits described on the material (unfused premaxilla, morphology of the teeth, straight ventral end of the dentaries, open Meckelian groove, presence of a thicker area in the palatine process of the pterygoid, vertebrae with the end of the neural spine overtaking the posterior of the postzygapophysis, and absence of the preacetabular spine and dorsal crest in the coxal) are consistent with the genus Chalcides (Barbadillo 1989; Bailon 1991; Caputo et al. 1995; Blain 2009; Villa & Delfino 2019 a; Čerňanský et al. 2020). At present, there are three species of that genus in the Iberian Peninsula, the autochthonous Chalcides striatus (Cuvier, 1829) and Chalcides bedriagai, and the introduced Chalcides ocellatus Forsskal, 1775 (Bisbal-Chinesta et al. 2020). In the latter species, teeth are robust with enlarged crowns (Kosma 2004; Villa & Delfino 2019 a). This morphology differs strongly from other members of the genus Chalcides (Kosma 2004). As we describe above, the COLT fossils do not show these traits on the teeth. Their morphology and width / high proportion do not differ from those of the modern species Chalcides bedriagai, which is characterized by 15 to 18 dental positions and a width / height ratio of 0.3 (Barbadillo 1989; Caputo 2004); in contrast to C. striatus, which is characterized by 18 to 21 dental positions (Caputo 2004) and a tooth width / height ratio of 0.22 (López-Ruiz et al. 2002). The fossil record of the genus Chalcides in the Mediterranean islands is scarce. In this sense, cf. Chalcides has been reported from the late Miocene / early Pliocene of Menorca (Bover et al. 2014) and indeterminate species of the genus had been reported from the Pleistocene of Menorca (Estes 1983), and Mallorca (Holman 1998). Skinks are highly capable of transmarine migration, as shown by the diversification of the genus Chalcides in the Canary Islands. However, in the case of the Balearic Islands sites, it has been proposed that Chalcides colonized the archipelago during the Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC), when these islands were connected to the mainland (Carranza et al. 2008). A similar scenario was proposed for the origin of the endemic herpetofauna of the Balearic Islands (Pinya & Carretero 2011), and the spread of Chalcides bedriagai in the Iberian Peninsula (Carranza et al. 2008). The MSC event had a strong influence in the Mediterranean herpetofauna (e. g. Georgialis et al. 2019 a). Currently, C. bedriagai inhabits numerous islands close to both the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts of the Iberian Peninsula (Pollo 2015; and references in Ruiz-Sánchez et al. 2019).	en	Marquina-Blasco, Rafael, Fagoaga, Ana, Crespo, Vicente D., Martínez-Ortí, Alberto, Bailon, Salvador, Sánchez-Marco, Antonio, Gracia-Monferrer, Daniel, Santisteban, Carlos de, Ruiz-Sánchez, Francisco Javier (2023): Squamates, rodents, and birds from Holocene deposits of the Illa Grossa Island (Columbretes Islands, Castellón, Spain): an unexpected diverse assemblage. Comptes Rendus Palevol 22 (18): 409-438, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a18, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a18
8E2A0A60B065FFC17C41BFC26266FDBC.taxon	biology_ecology	ECOLOGY Chalcides bedriagai is an Iberian endemic species localized throughout the Iberian Peninsula, except its northermost area. The distribution range of this taxon is included into the Mediterranean bioclimatic region, except for some localities of northwestern Iberia; although C. bedriagai always occupies thermal areas or Mediterranean-like environments. Chalcides bedriagai frequents a wide variety of habitats, which are mainly characterized by sandy or earthy substrate with an abundance of shelters (rocks, roots, leaves and shrubs) and high sun exposure, which constitutes a limiting factor of their presence (Pollo 2015).	en	Marquina-Blasco, Rafael, Fagoaga, Ana, Crespo, Vicente D., Martínez-Ortí, Alberto, Bailon, Salvador, Sánchez-Marco, Antonio, Gracia-Monferrer, Daniel, Santisteban, Carlos de, Ruiz-Sánchez, Francisco Javier (2023): Squamates, rodents, and birds from Holocene deposits of the Illa Grossa Island (Columbretes Islands, Castellón, Spain): an unexpected diverse assemblage. Comptes Rendus Palevol 22 (18): 409-438, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a18, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a18
8E2A0A60B06BFFC17E83BFAC62E5FB82.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES. — Seps muralis Laurenti, 1768, subsequent designation by Fitzinger (1843).	en	Marquina-Blasco, Rafael, Fagoaga, Ana, Crespo, Vicente D., Martínez-Ortí, Alberto, Bailon, Salvador, Sánchez-Marco, Antonio, Gracia-Monferrer, Daniel, Santisteban, Carlos de, Ruiz-Sánchez, Francisco Javier (2023): Squamates, rodents, and birds from Holocene deposits of the Illa Grossa Island (Columbretes Islands, Castellón, Spain): an unexpected diverse assemblage. Comptes Rendus Palevol 22 (18): 409-438, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a18, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a18
8E2A0A60B06BFFC17E83BFAC62E5FB82.taxon	discussion	NOTES Böhme (1997) regarded the gender of Podarcis to be masculine; Arnold (2000) proposed to retain the gender of the genus as femenine; and Böhme & Köhler (2005, current taxonomy) established it as masculine gender.	en	Marquina-Blasco, Rafael, Fagoaga, Ana, Crespo, Vicente D., Martínez-Ortí, Alberto, Bailon, Salvador, Sánchez-Marco, Antonio, Gracia-Monferrer, Daniel, Santisteban, Carlos de, Ruiz-Sánchez, Francisco Javier (2023): Squamates, rodents, and birds from Holocene deposits of the Illa Grossa Island (Columbretes Islands, Castellón, Spain): an unexpected diverse assemblage. Comptes Rendus Palevol 22 (18): 409-438, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a18, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a18
8E2A0A60B069FFC47C6DB8E962E0FB43.taxon	description	(Fig. 4)	en	Marquina-Blasco, Rafael, Fagoaga, Ana, Crespo, Vicente D., Martínez-Ortí, Alberto, Bailon, Salvador, Sánchez-Marco, Antonio, Gracia-Monferrer, Daniel, Santisteban, Carlos de, Ruiz-Sánchez, Francisco Javier (2023): Squamates, rodents, and birds from Holocene deposits of the Illa Grossa Island (Columbretes Islands, Castellón, Spain): an unexpected diverse assemblage. Comptes Rendus Palevol 22 (18): 409-438, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a18, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a18
8E2A0A60B069FFC47C6DB8E962E0FB43.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 15 venom fangs (COLT- 2 and 10); 1 left dentary (COLT- 49); 8 precaudal vertebrae (COLT- 5, 6, 50 and 52); 8 centra of precaudal vertebrae (COLT- 51); 1 caudal vertebra (COLT- 53).	en	Marquina-Blasco, Rafael, Fagoaga, Ana, Crespo, Vicente D., Martínez-Ortí, Alberto, Bailon, Salvador, Sánchez-Marco, Antonio, Gracia-Monferrer, Daniel, Santisteban, Carlos de, Ruiz-Sánchez, Francisco Javier (2023): Squamates, rodents, and birds from Holocene deposits of the Illa Grossa Island (Columbretes Islands, Castellón, Spain): an unexpected diverse assemblage. Comptes Rendus Palevol 22 (18): 409-438, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a18, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a18
8E2A0A60B069FFC47C6DB8E962E0FB43.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION The fangs are strongly curved (Fig. 4 A). Their anterior surface shows an elongated, slender venom discharge distal orifice, which is long and narrow. The pulp cavity and a canal, with a circular cross-section, can be observed in the teeth. The canal is completely closed, without any groove or suture in the external surface of the teeth. COLT- 49 is a fragment of dentary bone with three dental positions, but only two teeth preserved. The teeth, which are inserted on small alveoli, are conical and curved posteriorly. The precaudal vertebrae are small-sized (CLmed = 2.76 mm; n = 5; σ = 0.43; CLmin = 2.10 mm; CLmax = 3.21), procoelus and longer than wide. In anterior view, the zygosphene is straight (Fig. 4 B). The cotyle is rounded and large. A pair of large and well-defined paracotylar foramina are present. The articular facets of the prezygapophyseal process is dorsolaterally inclined. In posterior view, the neural arch is dorsoventrally flattened (Fig. 4 C). The condyle is rounded and large. Its diameter is smaller than the neural arch one. In dorsal view, the vertebrae show a trilobated zygosphene, where the central and the lateral ones are of similar size. The neural spine runs along the whole extension of the neural arch. The prezygapophyses are anterolaterally projected, whereas the postzygapophyses are posterolaterally projected. The prezygapophyseal process is short and pointed. In ventral view, the centrum is triangular in shape, wider anteriorly than posteriorly and with not well-defined lateral margins. The subcentral foramina are situated in the anterior part of the centrum and are large and well defined. In lateral view, the neural spine is high (Fig. 4 D). The lateral margins of the neural arch are not well defined. The prezygapophyses are anterolaterally projected, whereas the postzygapophyses are posterolaterally projected. The parapophyseal process is well defined and antero-ventrally projected. The inferior margin is well defined. The centrum is transversally convex. The hypapophysis is broken, but seems to be long and straight. In ventral view, the centrum is triangular in shape. It is wider anteriorly than posteriorly. The lateral margins of the centrum are not well defined. The subcentral foramina are situated in the anterior part of the centrum and are large and well defined. The condyle and the cotyle are large and rounded. In posterior view, the diameter of the condyle is smaller than the diameter of the neural arch. The presence of a pair of haemapophysis indicates that COLT- 53 belongs to a caudal vertebra.	en	Marquina-Blasco, Rafael, Fagoaga, Ana, Crespo, Vicente D., Martínez-Ortí, Alberto, Bailon, Salvador, Sánchez-Marco, Antonio, Gracia-Monferrer, Daniel, Santisteban, Carlos de, Ruiz-Sánchez, Francisco Javier (2023): Squamates, rodents, and birds from Holocene deposits of the Illa Grossa Island (Columbretes Islands, Castellón, Spain): an unexpected diverse assemblage. Comptes Rendus Palevol 22 (18): 409-438, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a18, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a18
8E2A0A60B069FFC47C6DB8E962E0FB43.taxon	discussion	REMARKS The recovered fossils are attributable to Vipera by: the presence of a venom fang of solenoglyph type without any groove or suture in the external surface of the tooth; the presence of a closed venom canal which originated from the dentine floding throughout ontogeny; dorsal vertebrae with hypapophysis, neural arch dorsoventrally depressed, vertebral centrum longer than wide, ventrally convex centrum with diffuse lateral margins, well developed condyle and cotyle, parapophyseal processes present, and the articular surface of the pre and postzygapophyses dorsally inclined (Szyndlar 1984; Bailon 1991; Bailon et al. 2002; Georgalis et al. 2019 a). According to the size of the examined vertebrae (CL: 2.76 mm), the material from Illa Grossa belongs to a “ European Viper ” (CL <5 mm). Within the latest group, there are two complexes that differ in their vertebral morphology: the “ Vipera berus complex ” and the “ V. aspis complex ” (Szyndlar & Rage 1999, 2002). Their isolated trunk vertebrae may be distinguished by their shape and size. The vertebrae of the “ V. berus complex ” are small, elongated, and provided with low neural spine and hypapophyses, whereas the vertebrae of the “ V. aspis complex ” bear more developed hypapophyses and neural spine (Szyndlar & Rage 1999). In the material from COLT, the hypapophyses are broken but they appear to be straight and well-developed; this trait, together with the presence of a high posterior edge of the neural spine (higher than the centrum in lateral view), allow us to attribute the remains to the “ V. aspis complex ”. Unfortunately, the hypapophyses from the COLT fossils are broken, and the posterior edge of the neural spine is preserved only in COLT- 5, where it is high (higher than the centrum in lateral view) as in the “ V. aspis complex ” members. For morphological, palaeobiogeographical, and biostratigraphical reasons, the species present at the Illa Grossa Island most probably was Vipera latastei. Therefore we propose here an open attribution to this taxon until new fossils can definitively settle this problem. This attribution is more extensively discussed in the section on the identity of the Columbretes snakes below.	en	Marquina-Blasco, Rafael, Fagoaga, Ana, Crespo, Vicente D., Martínez-Ortí, Alberto, Bailon, Salvador, Sánchez-Marco, Antonio, Gracia-Monferrer, Daniel, Santisteban, Carlos de, Ruiz-Sánchez, Francisco Javier (2023): Squamates, rodents, and birds from Holocene deposits of the Illa Grossa Island (Columbretes Islands, Castellón, Spain): an unexpected diverse assemblage. Comptes Rendus Palevol 22 (18): 409-438, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a18, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a18
8E2A0A60B06EFFC57EF6B8EE6745F920.taxon	description	(Fig. 5)	en	Marquina-Blasco, Rafael, Fagoaga, Ana, Crespo, Vicente D., Martínez-Ortí, Alberto, Bailon, Salvador, Sánchez-Marco, Antonio, Gracia-Monferrer, Daniel, Santisteban, Carlos de, Ruiz-Sánchez, Francisco Javier (2023): Squamates, rodents, and birds from Holocene deposits of the Illa Grossa Island (Columbretes Islands, Castellón, Spain): an unexpected diverse assemblage. Comptes Rendus Palevol 22 (18): 409-438, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a18, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a18
8E2A0A60B06EFFC57EF6B8EE6745F920.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 3 I (COLT- 33 to COLT- 35); 1 M 1 (COLT- 30); 1 M 2 (COLT- 29); 2 m 1 (COLT- 28, COLT- 31); 1 m 2 (COLT- 32).	en	Marquina-Blasco, Rafael, Fagoaga, Ana, Crespo, Vicente D., Martínez-Ortí, Alberto, Bailon, Salvador, Sánchez-Marco, Antonio, Gracia-Monferrer, Daniel, Santisteban, Carlos de, Ruiz-Sánchez, Francisco Javier (2023): Squamates, rodents, and birds from Holocene deposits of the Illa Grossa Island (Columbretes Islands, Castellón, Spain): an unexpected diverse assemblage. Comptes Rendus Palevol 22 (18): 409-438, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a18, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a18
8E2A0A60B06EFFC57EF6B8EE6745F920.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Upper incisors are rounded and curved. The recovered first upper molars are brachyodont and bunodont, and do not present the t 7. The t 1 is placed towards the posterior part of the tooth. The first lower molars are brachyodont and bunodont and there is no anterocentral tubercle. On the anterior region, the tE is not well individualized, and it develops a trilobed morphology in one specimen (COLT- 31). COLT- 28 has its tE broken, while COLT- 37 is quite worn. No external cingular margin with a well-developed secondary cusp (c 1), is present in any of the three specimens. The second molars are also brachyodont and bunodont, with no trace of the antero-labial tubercle. The labial cingulum is not developed, and the posterior tubercle is big, round or oval.	en	Marquina-Blasco, Rafael, Fagoaga, Ana, Crespo, Vicente D., Martínez-Ortí, Alberto, Bailon, Salvador, Sánchez-Marco, Antonio, Gracia-Monferrer, Daniel, Santisteban, Carlos de, Ruiz-Sánchez, Francisco Javier (2023): Squamates, rodents, and birds from Holocene deposits of the Illa Grossa Island (Columbretes Islands, Castellón, Spain): an unexpected diverse assemblage. Comptes Rendus Palevol 22 (18): 409-438, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a18, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a18
8E2A0A60B06EFFC57EF6B8EE6745F920.taxon	discussion	REMARKS The absence of the t 7 tubercle in the upper first molars is characteristic of the genus Mus, contrary to what it is seen in the genus Apodemus Kaup, 1829, in which the t 7 is always present (Chaline 1974). Moreover, the first lower molars recovered from in Columbretes lack the anterocentral tubercle, as it is the case in Mus (Pasquier 1974; Gosàlbez 1987). The trilobed morphology observed in the anterior part of the first lower molars is characteristic of Mus musculus (Darviche & Orsini 1982). In addition, the clear absence of an external cingular margin with a well-developed secondary cusp in the first lower molars also points to M. musculus, whereas it is quite common in Mus spretus Lataste, 1833 (Darviche & Orsini 1982; Darviche et al. 2006). Regarding the metrics of the first lower molars, the mean length and width values fall between Mus spretus lowest mean values (Fig. 6 A), although if we take into account specimens values, those are placed in an overlapping area between both species values (Fig. 6 B) (Darviche & Orsini 1982; Domínguez García et al. 2019). Species within the genus Mus can be distinguished based on morphotypes percentages. Unfortunately, the very low population size does not allow us to extract percentages. However, all morphologic characters are typical of Mus musculus. On the other hand, metric values are compatible with some big individuals from a Mus musculus population as shown in the record (Darviche & Orsini 1982). Due to the aforementioned reasons, we ascribe the studied mammal material to Mus cf. musculus.	en	Marquina-Blasco, Rafael, Fagoaga, Ana, Crespo, Vicente D., Martínez-Ortí, Alberto, Bailon, Salvador, Sánchez-Marco, Antonio, Gracia-Monferrer, Daniel, Santisteban, Carlos de, Ruiz-Sánchez, Francisco Javier (2023): Squamates, rodents, and birds from Holocene deposits of the Illa Grossa Island (Columbretes Islands, Castellón, Spain): an unexpected diverse assemblage. Comptes Rendus Palevol 22 (18): 409-438, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a18, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a18
8E2A0A60B06FFFC57C3FBA2863C8FBE2.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 58 undetermined remains (COLT- 58 to 92).	en	Marquina-Blasco, Rafael, Fagoaga, Ana, Crespo, Vicente D., Martínez-Ortí, Alberto, Bailon, Salvador, Sánchez-Marco, Antonio, Gracia-Monferrer, Daniel, Santisteban, Carlos de, Ruiz-Sánchez, Francisco Javier (2023): Squamates, rodents, and birds from Holocene deposits of the Illa Grossa Island (Columbretes Islands, Castellón, Spain): an unexpected diverse assemblage. Comptes Rendus Palevol 22 (18): 409-438, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a18, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a18
8E2A0A60B06FFFC57C3FBA2863C8FBE2.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Among the recovered vertebrate remains, a total of 35 bone fragments could be attributed to birds, all small-sized, and 30 of them belonging to small passerines. Unfortunately, these bone remains lack diagnostic features allowing a more precise taxonomic ascription. Among the recovered bones is a proximal part of humerus, but its poor preservation state prevents its identification. The remaining five bones belonged to seabirds. Three fragments of pedal phalanges belonged to shearwaters (Procellariidae), and a wing phalanx and a cranial part of scapula to very small species of other families within the procellariiforms group. All the recovered bones correspond to adult individuals.	en	Marquina-Blasco, Rafael, Fagoaga, Ana, Crespo, Vicente D., Martínez-Ortí, Alberto, Bailon, Salvador, Sánchez-Marco, Antonio, Gracia-Monferrer, Daniel, Santisteban, Carlos de, Ruiz-Sánchez, Francisco Javier (2023): Squamates, rodents, and birds from Holocene deposits of the Illa Grossa Island (Columbretes Islands, Castellón, Spain): an unexpected diverse assemblage. Comptes Rendus Palevol 22 (18): 409-438, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a18, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a18
8E2A0A60B06FFFC57C3FBA2863C8FBE2.taxon	discussion	REMARKS The recovered avian fossils comprise at least six undetermined species of birds (two of seabirds and four passerines). Currently, many of the birds that make their migratory trips along the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula arrive to the Columbretes due to adverse weather conditions, particularly, with westerly winds. For this reason and despite their small surface, these islands are home to a varied ornithocenosis, made up of dozens of passerine species. They constitute also a safe place for breeding colonies of several marine species of birds (Díaz et al. 1996). It can be assumed that the avian ranges did not undergo major changes in the region during the late Holocene.	en	Marquina-Blasco, Rafael, Fagoaga, Ana, Crespo, Vicente D., Martínez-Ortí, Alberto, Bailon, Salvador, Sánchez-Marco, Antonio, Gracia-Monferrer, Daniel, Santisteban, Carlos de, Ruiz-Sánchez, Francisco Javier (2023): Squamates, rodents, and birds from Holocene deposits of the Illa Grossa Island (Columbretes Islands, Castellón, Spain): an unexpected diverse assemblage. Comptes Rendus Palevol 22 (18): 409-438, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a18, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a18
