identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
1030B80D2E815D83B7015D44F12324A1.text	1030B80D2E815D83B7015D44F12324A1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calyptospadix cerulea Clarke 1882	<div><p>Calyptospadix cerulea Clarke, 1882</p><p>Fig. 2 A – D, G, H, Table 1</p><p>Calyptospadix cerulea Clarke, 1882: 136, pl. 7, figs 1–9. – Wedler 1973: 32, fig. 1. – Calder (2019): 22–23, fig. 2 e.</p><p>Garveia cerulea (Clarke, 1882). – Bandel and Wedler 1987: 39. – Calder 1971: 39, pl. 2, fig. E. – Dean and Bellis 1975: 6. – Palacios 1979: 114.</p><p>Bougainvillia ramosa (Van Beneden, 1844). – Funke 1922: 192, fig. 3.</p><p>Bimeria franciscana Torrey, 1902: 28, pl. 1, fig. 4. – Leloup 1932: 139, figs 12, 13, pl. 17, figs I, Ia. – Weill 1934: 77, 386, fig. 71 a, b. – Fraser 1937: 31, pl. 3, fig. 14. – Deevey 1950: 335. – Crowell and Darnell 1955: 516 –518. – Buchanan 1956: 276. – Cory 1967: 79. – Nauman and Cory 1969: 218 –226. – Gomez 1970: 1 –56, figs 6–10, 12–15. – McLean 1972: 229. – Defenbaugh 1972: 387. – Defenbaugh and Hopkins 1973: 49.</p><p>not Bimeria franciscana . – Joyce, 1961: 36, pl. 5, figs 3, 4 [= Bimeria humilis Allman, 1877].</p><p>Bimeria Monidi Billard, 1927: 467, figs 1, 2 a.</p><p>Bimeria baltica Stechow, 1927: 306–308, figs 1, 2.</p><p>Cordylophora caspia . – Hummelinck, 1936: 42, fig. 1 a, b.</p><p>Bimeria tunicata Fraser, 1943: 76, 86, pl. 15. fig. 2. – Fraser 1944: 50, pl. 5., fig. 18. – Fraser 1945: 21.</p><p>Perigonimus megas Kinne, 1956 a: 257–268, figs 1–7. – Penzlin 1957: 229 –231, figs 1, 2. – Simkina 1963: 216 –224. – Zevina et al. 1962: 8. – Vervoort 1964: 125. – Zaitsev and Öztürk 2001: 119 –120, 1 56–158, 197–199.</p><p>in part Cordylophora lacustris Allman, 1844 – Pennycuik 1959: 165, pl. 2, figs 4, 5.</p><p>Garveia franciscana (Torrey, 1902) – Vervoort 1964: 127, figs 1–4. – Thiel 1970: 484. – Calder 1971: 40, pl. 2, figs. F, G. – Andrews 1973: 223 –234. – Poirrier and Mulino 1977: 15. – Calder and Hester 1978: 89. – Morri 1982: 381: figs 1–5, pl. 1. – Fox and Ruppert 1985: 162, 167, 219. – Larsen 1985: 800. – Schönborn et al. 1993: 220, pl. 4, fig. 2. – de Rincón and Morris 2003: 17 –24, pl. 1, 7. – Schuchert 2007: 253 –255, fig. 22. – Garman et al. 2011: 71. – Wedler 2017: 23, figs 7–8.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Gulf of Gdansk, at Torpedo Station, 8–10 m, 23.11.2024, 8 ° C, infertile colonies, on the Torpedo Station wall, 17–48 mm high, coll. B. Moreno . Gulf of Gdansk, at Torpedo Station, 0–5 m, 22.12.2024, 6 ° C, infertile colonies, on Mytilus trossulus (A. A. Gould, 1850), Halichondria panicea (Pallas, 1766) and Amphibalanus improvisus (Darwin, 1854), 10–42 mm high, coll. B. Moreno . Gulf of Gdansk, Torpedo Station, 31.12.2024, 6 ° C, large infertile colony, 90 mm high, coll. B. Moreno .</p><p>Desciption.</p><p>Colonies erect, reaching up to 9 cm in height, branched, bushy, covered by thick, brown perisarc (Fig. 2 A, B). Hydrorhiza composed of a dense network of anastomosing and intertwining fibers, forming a mat-like structure covering the substrate. Main stem monosiphonic, smooth, lacking nodes, sometimes covered by secondary tubes at the base. Branches positioned around the stem, originating with a ringed stretch of varying length. Secondary branches not common. Hydranths raise from short pedicels annulated basally, with conical hypostome and a single distal whorl of 8 to 11, filiform tentacles. Pseudohydrotheca covering polyp base but not reaching the base of tentacles (Fig. 2 H). In fully relaxed polyps, the pseudohydrotheca difficult to observe (Fig. 2 C). All examined colonies were sterile. Two types of nematocysts; larger oval microbasic euryteles with an average length of 8.1 μm and width of 4.9 μm, and smaller, round desmonemes with an average length of 3.7 μm and width of 3.3 μm. In the examined material, only eurytele capsules with a discharged cnidocil were observed (Fig. 2 G).</p><p>Measurements of selected morphological characteristics are presented in Table 1.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The presence of pseudohydrotheca and filiform tentacles clustered in a single whorl around the hypostome permit reliable distinction from another common athecate hydroid in the Baltic Sea, Cordylophora caspia (Vervoort 1964) .</p><p>The colonies of C. cerulea were numerous and occasionally reached high biomass and size at the sampling site (Fig. 2 A, B). They created bushy meadows both on the concrete walls and on biotic substrates such as bivalve shells of Mytilus trossulus, demosponge Halichondria panicea and cirriped Amphibalanus improvisus . The surface of colonies was covered with sediments and epibiota e. g., diatoms, protozoans, polyps of Aurelia aurita (Linnaeus, 1758) (Fig. 2 E) and M. trossulus juveniles. Direct spatial competition with the native hydroid Gonothyraea loveni was not observed; instead they grew on the substrate side by side, with occasional cases of G. loveni using C. cerulea as a substrate (Fig. 2 F).</p><p>Hydranths were present in November despite the seawater temperature was 8 ° C, while regressed hydranths were observed in colonies collected in December, when temperature dropped to 6 ° C. However, when the latter were transferred to the laboratory and kept at 10 ° C, they had regrown actively functioning feeding polyps after few days.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1030B80D2E815D83B7015D44F12324A1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ronowicz, Marta;Moreno, Bernabé;Szewel, Zuzanna;Więcławska, Julia;Brocławik, Olga;Mańko, Maciej Karol	Ronowicz, Marta, Moreno, Bernabé, Szewel, Zuzanna, Więcławska, Julia, Brocławik, Olga, Mańko, Maciej Karol (2026): New invader in the Polish Baltic Sea Proper: phylogeny and global distribution of Calyptospadix cerulea Clarke, 1882 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Aquatic Invasions 21 (2): 73-87, DOI: 10.3391/ai.2026.21.2.188183
