taxonID	type	description	language	source
8E088780A9156648FF378C44FA3C159C.taxon	discussion	Lacinularia is composed of seven morphospecies, which can be misidentified as members of the genus Sinantherina. This means that at least two errors were made. (1) The gelatinous matrix present in Lacinularia was overlooked. (To avoid confusion presence of the matrix may be demonstrated by using methylene blue, which stains the boundary of the jelly.) (2) A region of the foot was mistaken for an oviferon. Additionally, in certain Sinantherina species, the presence of warts or spines were overlooked (see below).	en	Davies, Natalie, Lafleur, Alexandre, Hochberg, Rick, Walsh, Elizabeth J., Wallace, Robert L. (2025): Key to sessile gnesiotrochan rotifers: Lacinularia and Sinantherina (Monogononta; Flosculariidae). Zootaxa 5575 (1): 177-193, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5575.1.10, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5575.1.10
8E088780A9156648FF378C44FA3C159C.taxon	etymology	Etymon of genus name (L., Lacin, a flap) is obscure, but may refer to the corona.	en	Davies, Natalie, Lafleur, Alexandre, Hochberg, Rick, Walsh, Elizabeth J., Wallace, Robert L. (2025): Key to sessile gnesiotrochan rotifers: Lacinularia and Sinantherina (Monogononta; Flosculariidae). Zootaxa 5575 (1): 177-193, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5575.1.10, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5575.1.10
8E088780A9156648FF378C44FA3C159C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Corona round or heart-shaped (kidney-shaped). Ventrolateral antennae short. Animals forming spherical to elliptical colonies (usually 20 to> 100 individuals per colony, but occasionally many more) with a flocculent gelatinous matrix, often embedded with algae and other debris. Sessile species may form continuous mats over the substratum. Oviferon absent, eggs held within a gelatinous matrix. Oviparous. Planktonic or sessile.	en	Davies, Natalie, Lafleur, Alexandre, Hochberg, Rick, Walsh, Elizabeth J., Wallace, Robert L. (2025): Key to sessile gnesiotrochan rotifers: Lacinularia and Sinantherina (Monogononta; Flosculariidae). Zootaxa 5575 (1): 177-193, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5575.1.10, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5575.1.10
8E088780A9156648FF378C44FA3C159C.taxon	description	Bhardwaj and Dattagupta (1984) provide information on colony formation in Lacinularia racemovata Thorpe, 1893 and Lacinularia flosculosa (O. F. Müller, 1773). The species named Lacinularia causeyae (Vidrine et al. 1985) was relocated to a new genus in the Conochilidae: Conochilopsis causeyae (Segers & Wallace 2001). All species inhabit a gelatinous matrix (tube), which becomes a confluent matrix in the six species forming colonies; Lacinularia megalotrocha Thorpe, 1893 is solitary. When compared to other sessile species (e. g., Floscularia), all species of Lacinularia possess small ventral antennae. Table 2 provides a compilation of the important characteristics of this genus.	en	Davies, Natalie, Lafleur, Alexandre, Hochberg, Rick, Walsh, Elizabeth J., Wallace, Robert L. (2025): Key to sessile gnesiotrochan rotifers: Lacinularia and Sinantherina (Monogononta; Flosculariidae). Zootaxa 5575 (1): 177-193, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5575.1.10, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5575.1.10
8E088780A9116644FF378C2BFA3C13C5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Corona either heart-shaped or quadrangular; dorsal gap in coronal ciliation limited or absent. Dorsal and ventral antennae small. Some species with distinctive elliptical bodies (warts) located just below the corona on the ventral and / or dorsal sides. One species with ventral spines, but lacks warts. Foot of various lengths depending on species. Pigmented eyespots in juveniles (larvae) and planktonic adults, but lacking in adults of sessile species. Embryos brooded by adult females, fastened to specialized egg-bearing structure (oviferon) located on foot always below anus. No extensive gelatinous matrix (perhaps very limited amounts at base of foot). Adult females usually colonial with small (5 – 12 individuals) to large colonies (> 200 individuals), but occasionally solitary. Sessile with newborn females free-swimming until attachment or remaining within parent colony or planktonic. (NB: The oviferon is shared with Pentatrocha gigantea, but the morphology of the coronae are distinctly different (Segers & Shiel 2008).) Oviparous.	en	Davies, Natalie, Lafleur, Alexandre, Hochberg, Rick, Walsh, Elizabeth J., Wallace, Robert L. (2025): Key to sessile gnesiotrochan rotifers: Lacinularia and Sinantherina (Monogononta; Flosculariidae). Zootaxa 5575 (1): 177-193, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5575.1.10, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5575.1.10
8E088780A9116644FF378C2BFA3C13C5.taxon	discussion	Of the five valid species, three possess glandular structures called warts for which there is evidence that they possess unpalatability factors (Felix et al. 1995; Hochberg et al. 2015; Wallace et al. 2023; Walsh et al. 2006) and one species has spines that may provide defense against fishes with a small mouth gape (Wallace 1987). Information on colony formation in a few species of Sinantherina is provided by Bhardwaj and Dattagupta (1984) and (Garcia 2004). A review of this genus that includes a key to the species is provided by Dioni (1966). Table 3 provided a compilation of the important characteristics of this genus.	en	Davies, Natalie, Lafleur, Alexandre, Hochberg, Rick, Walsh, Elizabeth J., Wallace, Robert L. (2025): Key to sessile gnesiotrochan rotifers: Lacinularia and Sinantherina (Monogononta; Flosculariidae). Zootaxa 5575 (1): 177-193, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5575.1.10, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5575.1.10
