taxonID	type	description	language	source
8E0487BDFF96C649FEA0FCDDFC96EF81.taxon	description	(FIGS 1 – 38) Type species: Mygale emilia White, 1856: 183 (White, 1857: 406; Simon, 1892: 168; Pocock, 1903: 103; Petrunkevich, 1939: 191; Schmidt, 1986: 49, 1991: 11; Smith, 1986: 50, 1991: 17; Fritzlen, 1991: 14; Schmidt, 1993: 82; Schmidt & Klaas, 1993: 7; Smith, 1993: 14, 1994: 156; Pérez-Miles et al., 1996: 46; Tesmoingt, Cleton & Verdez, 1997: 8; Vol, 2000: 1; Locht et al., 2005: 108; Gabriel & Longhorn, 2015: 85; Mendoza & Francke, 2017: 161; Turner et al., 2018: 11)	en	Mendoza, Jorge, Francke, Oscar (2020): Systematic revision of Mexican threatened tarantulas Brachypelma (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae), with a description of a new genus, and implications on the conservation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 82-147
8E0487BDFF97C64DFCC6FE2CFA33EE57.taxon	description	(FIGS 2, 5 – 8, 38)	en	Mendoza, Jorge, Francke, Oscar (2020): Systematic revision of Mexican threatened tarantulas Brachypelma (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae), with a description of a new genus, and implications on the conservation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 82-147
8E0487BDFF97C64DFCC6FE2CFA33EE57.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype of Brachypelma albiceps: MEXICO: Guerrero: ♀, Venta de Zopilote. No more data (NHM labelled as BM 1898.12.24.34 - 37). Holotype and paratype of Brachypelmides ruhnaui: MEXICO: Estado de MEXICO: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Toluca. Col. Mark Ruhnau (SMF 39013). Other material: MEXICO: Guerrero: 1 ♀, no more data, source E. Hijmensen, S. Longhorn (RUHZ Longhorn DNA sample 2005); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Mpio. Copalillo, Papalutla, 14 / X / 2008, J. Mendoza (CNAN-Ar 003412); 1 ♀, Mpio. Azoyu, El Carrizo VII / 2011, A. Alcaraz (CNAN-Ar 007850); 2 ♀, Mpio. Tixtla de Guerrero, Zotoltitlan, 23 / IX / 2012, J. Mendoza, G. Contreras, J. Cruz, D. Ortiz (CNAN-Ar 007839, CNAN-Ar 007843); 1 juvenile, Mpio. Chilpancingo de los Bravo, Milpillas, 22 / IX / 2012, J. Mendoza, G. Contreras, J. Cruz, D. Ortiz (CNAN-Ar 007852); 1 ♂, Mpio. Arcelia, Teloloapan, 15 / IX / 1952, col. L. Vazquez (CNAN-Ar 003099); 1 ♂, Mpio. Arcelia, Presa Vicente Guerrero, 05 / X / 1976, (CNAN-Ar 003413); 1 ♂, Mpio. Arcelia, Presa Vicente Guerrero, 23 / XI / 1976, A. Castillo (CNAN-Ar 003437); 1 ♂, Mpio. Eduardo Neri, Ahuelican, 03 / X / 2008, O. Francke, A. Valdez, T. Lopez (CNAN-Ar 004128); 1 ♂, Mpio. Eduardo Neri, Venta Vieja, 26 / V / 1960, (CNAN-Ar 004129); 1 ♂, Mpio. Tepecoacuilco, Ahuehuepan, 30 / VIII / 2009, O. Francke, A. Valdez, T. Lopez, C. Santibañez (CNAN-Ar 004130). Morelos: 1 ♀, Mpio. Cuernavaca, 21 / IX / 1959, (CNAN-Ar 003082); 1 ♂, Mpio. Tequesquitengo, 24 / IX / 1961, Santibañez (CNAN-Ar 003113); 1 ♂, Mpio. Amacuzac, Huajintlán, 28 / VIII / 2009, O. Francke, A. Valdez, C. Santibañez, T. Lopez, (CNAN-Ar 010574). Diagnosis Brachypelma albiceps can be distinguished from all other known Brachypelma species by its coloration, consisting of brown range setae on the carapace and red setae on the opistosoma (Fig. 8 A – B). The shape of the genitalia also differs in both sexes: with the palpal bulb being sharp and tapered (Fig. 6) and the spermatheca separated and with rounded receptacles (Fig. 7 E – G).	en	Mendoza, Jorge, Francke, Oscar (2020): Systematic revision of Mexican threatened tarantulas Brachypelma (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae), with a description of a new genus, and implications on the conservation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 82-147
8E0487BDFF97C64DFCC6FE2CFA33EE57.taxon	description	Brachypelma albiceps can be identified by possesing the following character combination: male palpal bulb with sharp embolus curving to dorsal through its length (Fig. 6 E – D), prolateral superior keel very reduced, apical keel developed, wider behind embolus tip (Fig. 6 E – D). Embolus tip directed to retrolateral (Fig. 6 A – B). Embolus similar in length to tegulum (Fig. 6). Spermatheca separated with semicircular receptacles. Spermathecal baseplate divided, oval; twice wider than its height (Fig. 7 E – G). Carapace of both sexes golden yellow (Fig. 8 A – B). Redescription Male (CNAN-Ar 003412) (Figs 5 – 6): Body length 38.45 (not including chelicerae and spinnerets). Carapace 17.64 length, 16.61 width. Caput not markedly elevated; fovea straight, 3.25 wide (Fig. 5 A). Eyes: anterior eye row procurved, posterior eye row recurved. Eye sizes and interocular distances: AME 0.45; ALE 0.70; PME 0.35; PLE 0.53; AME – AME 0.38; AME – ALE 0.20; PME – PME 0.98; PME – PLE 0.10; ALE – PLE 0.18. Ocular tubercle width 2.23, length 1.98; clypeus lacking (Fig. 5 D). Labium length 2.43, width 2.77; with 95 cuspules. Maxilla inner corner (left – right) with approximately 167 – 194 cuspules. Cheliceral promargin with (left – right) ten – ten teeth. Sternum length 7.90, width 6.43. Sigilla oval, second and third pairs hardly visible, posterior sigilla once its length from the margin (Fig. 5 B). Leg formula: IV, I, III, II. Length of legs and palpal segments (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 16.68, 8.70, 13.10, 12.76, 8.05, 59.29; II: 14.37, 7.54, 11.35, 11.54, 8.62, 53.42; III: 14.13, 7.07, 10.32, 13.78, 8.85, 54.15; IV: 16.88, 7.68, 14.29, 18.88, 10.60, 68.33. Palp: 10.51, 5.96, 9.53, -, 3.88, 29.88. Spinnerets: PMS, 1.90 long, 1.00 apart; PLS, 2.90 basal, 1.95 middle, 3.25 distal. Tarsi I – IV entirely scopulated. Metatarsus I densely scopulated, II densely scopulated, III scopulated 75 % distally, IV scopulated 50 % distally. Tibia I with two tibial apophyses normally developed which originate from a common base. Prolateral apophysis with one inner conical spine; retrolateral apophysis almost the same width throughout its length and curved to dorsal on apex (Fig. 5 F – G). Metatarsus I curved (Fig. 5 E). Stridulatory setae: with plumose setae on palp trochanter retrolateral face, and leg I trochanter and femur prolateral face. Chaetotaxy (left side): femora palp 1 p; patellae none; tibiae II 2 v; III 1 r, 2 v; IV 1 p, 2 v; palp 1 p, 1 v; metatarsi II 2 v; III 2 p, 6 v; IV 2 p, 9 v, 1 r. Palp: embolus tapering and with very reduce spoon-like shape at tip. Embolus slightly twisted to retrolateral. Prolateral superior keel very reduced and thin, prolateral inferior keel absent, apical keel extending to posterior and wider at the embolus tip. The opening of the embolus is on the prolateral side, just behind the opening is located a concavity which delimits the apical keel boundary from the remaining part of the embolus. Tegular apophysis rounded. (Fig. 6 A – D). Urticating setae: types I and III arranged in one dorsoposterior patch, black in colour. Type III are located in an oval dorsomedial area extended to posterior. Type I surrounding the type III area, with intermediates between type III and I in transition areas (Fig. 5 C). Female (CNAN-Ar 003082) (Fig. 7 A – E): Body length 53.61 (not including chelicerae and spinnerets), carapace 23.50 length, 22.40 width. Caput not markedly elevated; fovea procurved, 5.80 wide (Fig. 7 A). Eyes: anterior eye row procurved, posterior eye row recurved. Eye sizes and interocular distances: AME 0.47; ALE 0.50; PME 0.30; PLE 0.40; AME – AME 0.67; AME – ALE 0.33; PME – PME 1.40; PME – PLE 0.15; ALE – PLE 0.43. Ocular tubercle width 2.80, length 2.43; clypeus lacking (Fig. 7 C). Labium length 2.95, width 4.15; with 94 cuspules. Maxilla inner corner (left – right) with approximately 129 – 130 cuspules (Fig. 7 D). Cheliceral promargin with (left – right) nine – ten teeth (proximal to distal: first – third large, fourth – sixth medium, seventh – eighth large, ninth small; first-third large, fourth small, fifth medium, sixth – tenth large). Sternum length 11.40, width 9.43. Sigilla oval, third pair hardly visible; posterior sigilla once its length from the margin (Fig. 7 B). Leg formula: IV, I, II, III. Length of legs and palpal segments (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 16.52, 10.27, 13.05, 12.26, 8.36, 60.73; II: 15.35, 9.57, 10.94, 10.57, 7.94, 54.37; III: 14.40, 8.49, 9.30, 12.35, 6.92, 51.46; IV: 17.65, 9.00, 12.90, 17.39, 8.79, 65.91. Palp: 12.88, 6.12, 9.16, -, 9.12, 37.28. Spinnerets: PMS, 3.00 long, 3.50 apart; PLS, 4.75 basal, 3.10 middle, 3.65 distal. Tarsi I – IV entirely scopulated. Metatarsi I – II entirely scopulated, III scopulated 75 % distally, IV scopulated 50 % distally. Stridulatory setae: with claviform stridulating setae on leg I trochanter and femur prolateral face. Chaetotaxy (left side): femora palp 1 p; patellae none; tibiae I 2 v, II 1 p, 4 v; III 3 v, 1 r; IV 3 v, 1 r; palp 5 v, 1 r; metatarsi I 1 v; II 3 v; III 2 p, 5 v, 1 r; IV 13 v, 2 r. Genitalia: spermatheca separated with semicircular receptacles strongly sclerotized, ventral face smooth. Spermathecal baseplate divided, oval; twice wider than its height. (Fig. 7 E). Urticating setae: types I and III arranged in one dorsoposterior patch, black	en	Mendoza, Jorge, Francke, Oscar (2020): Systematic revision of Mexican threatened tarantulas Brachypelma (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae), with a description of a new genus, and implications on the conservation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 82-147
8E0487BDFF8CC656FF4DFE00FE6BEB15.taxon	description	(FIGS 2, 9 – 13, 36 A – D, 38)	en	Mendoza, Jorge, Francke, Oscar (2020): Systematic revision of Mexican threatened tarantulas Brachypelma (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae), with a description of a new genus, and implications on the conservation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 82-147
8E0487BDFF8CC656FF4DFE00FE6BEB15.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype of Brachypelma auratum: MEXICO: ♂, donated 22 / II / 1992 by Fritzlen (SMF 38045). Female spermatheca from exuvia mounted in a permanent preparation (SMF 38045). Other material: MEXICO: Michoacán: 1 ♂, Mpio. Los Reyes, Los Reyes Salgado, 2 / II / 2013, Col. J. Mendoza, G. Contreras, D. Ortiz, D. Barrales (CNAN-Ar 003658); 1 ♀, Mpio. San Lucas, Salguero 2 / II / 2013, J. Mendoza, G. Contreras, D. Ortiz, D. Barrales (CNAN-Ar 007164); 2 ♀, Mpio. La Huacana, 5 km SE of Zicuirán, 16 / IX / 2015, Col. J. Mendoza (CNAN-Ar 007903, CNAN-Ar 010284); 1 ♀, Mpio. La Huacana, 1 km SE of Chau (CNAN-Ar 010284); Guerrero: 1 ♀, Mpio. Arcelia, Desviación a Chacamerito, 3 / II / 2013, J. Mendoza, G. Contreras, J. Cruz, D. Ortiz (CNAN-Ar 007136); 1 ♀, Mpio. Chilpancingo de los Bravo, carretera Coyuca de Catalán-Zihuatanejo, cols. A. Zaldívar, M. García, J. Martínez, V. Salinas (CNAN-Ar 007878); Estado de MEXICO: 1 ♂, Mpio. Luvianos, 2 / 11 / 2002, E. Gonzalez- Santillan, R. Paredes, C. Durán (CNAN-Ar 003592); 2 ♂ and 1 ♀, donation received from private collection of J. Mendoza (CNAN-Ar 003660, CNAN-Ar 003676. CNAN-Ar 003657). Diagnosis Brachypelma auratum can be distinguished from all other known Brachypelma species by the coloration of the legs with red-orange flame-shape on patellae (Fig. 36 A – D). It also differs in the shape of the genitalia in both sexes with palpal bulb straight, embolus short and broader at apex (Fig. 10 C – D). The prolateral superior keel normally developed and slightly directed retrolaterally (Fig. 10 A). Apical keel with a great backward development, extending almost the same length of prolateral superior keel (Fig. 10 B – C). The prolateral inferior keel is joined to prolateral superior keel at the apex and slightly extended to downwards (Fig. 10 D). Also differs by the spermatheca ventral face smooth, with spermathecal baseplate subrectangular (Figs 11 C, 12 E – F).	en	Mendoza, Jorge, Francke, Oscar (2020): Systematic revision of Mexican threatened tarantulas Brachypelma (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae), with a description of a new genus, and implications on the conservation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 82-147
8E0487BDFF8CC656FF4DFE00FE6BEB15.taxon	description	Brachypelma auratum is identified by possesing the following character combination: male palpal bulb straight with a broad spoon-shape (Fig. 10 C), prolateral superior keel normally developed, directed retrolaterally and slightly extended to backward (Fig. 10 A, C); prolateral inferior keel weakly developed restricted to embolus apex, better seen dorsally (Fig. 10 A); apical keel developed extending widely backwards (Fig. 10 B). Embolus tip slightly directed to retrolateral (Fig. 10 A – B). Embolus short and wide, similar in length to tegulum (Fig. 10). Spermatheca fused semicircular, with a single receptacle strongly sclerotized (Figs 11 C, 12 E – F). Spermathecal baseplate divided, more separated above (Fig. 12 E – F); ovate and 2.5 wider than its height (Figs 11 C, 12 E – F). Both sexes possess an orange flame-shape area over the patellae (Fig. 13 A – C). Redescription Male (CNAN-Ar 003658) (Figs 9 – 10): Body length 42.09 (not including chelicerae and spinnerets), carapace 18.16 length, 18.00 width. Caput not markedly elevated; fovea straight, 4.15 wide (Fig. 9 A). Eyes: anterior eye row procurved, posterior eye row recurved. Eye sizes and interocular distances: AME 0.40; ALE 0.55; PME 0.40; PLE 0.65; AME – AME 0.50; AME – ALE 0.23; PME – PME 1.13; PME – PLE 0.13; ALE – PLE 0.37. Ocular tubercle width 2.60, length 2.13; clypeus absent (Fig. 9 D). Labium length 2.07, width 2.27; with 113 cuspules. Maxilla inner corner with approximately 270 (left) and 248 (right) cuspules. Cheliceral promargin with 10 (left) and 10 (right) teeth (proximal to distal: first large, second small, third large, fourth – tenth large). Sternum length 9.00, width 7.42. Sigilla oval, first to third pairs hardly visible, posterior pair once its length from the margin (Fig. 9 B). Leg formula: IV, I, II, III. Length of legs and palpal segments (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 17.25, 9.45, 14.08, 15.17, 10.32, 66.27; II: 15.92, 9.32, 12.61, 13.91, 9.06, 60.82; III: 14.49, 8.06, 11.73, 14.15, 8.68, 57.11; IV: 17.61, 8.40, 14.79, 19.44, 9.61, 69.85. Palp: 10.88, 7.08, 10.35, -, 3.55, 31.86. Spinnerets: PMS, 2.10 long, 1.30 apart; PLS, 2.83 basal, 2.20 middle, 3.70 distal. Tarsi I – IV entirely scopulated. Metatarsus I entirely scopulated, II scopulated 75 %, III scopulated 50 % distally, IV scopulated 25 % distally. Tibia I with two tibial apophyses normally developed, which originate from a common base. Prolateral apophysis with inner spine half its length; retrolateral apophysis same width throughout its length, apex slightly curved to prolateral (Fig. 9 F – G). Metatarsus I curved (Fig. 9 E). Stridulatory setae: with claviform stridulating setae on palp trochanter retrolateral face; leg I trochanter and femur prolateral face. Chaetotaxy (left side): femora I 1 p; II 1 p; palp 1 p; patellae none; tibiae I 2 p, 1 r; II 2 p, 3 v; III 3 p, 4 v, 2 r; IV 1 p, 4 v, 1 r; palp 2 p, 3 v; metatarsi II 1 p, 1 v; III 3 p, 7 v, 2 r; IV 2 p, 13 v, 2 r. Palp: embolus almost straight with a broad spoon-shape, prolateral superior keel normally developed, directed retrolaterally and slightly extended to backward; prolateral inferior keel weakly developed restricted to embolus apex, better seen dorsally, apical keel developed extending widely backwards. Opening of the embolus is on the prolateral side, just behind the opening is located a concavity which delimits the apical keel boundary from the remaining part of the embolus. Embolus apex slightly curved to retrolateral (Fig. 10 A – D). Urticating setae: types I and III arranged in one dorsoposterior patch, black in colour. Type III are located in an oval dorsomedial area extended to posterior. Type I surround the type III area; with intermediates between type III and I in transition areas (Fig. 9 C). Colour pattern: in live specimens, adult males with carapace peach colour (pantone 712 c) around the border, some specimens also present this colour behind the fovea. Carapace colour is black (pantone process black); chelicerae dorsally black; ventral coxae, labium, maxillae and sternum brownish black; abdomen dorsally black with sparse rose colour setae (pantone 487 c), ventrally brownish black. Legs and palpi: femora black, patellae with a proximal dorsomedial signal orange (pantone 173 c) flame-shape area, distal ring putty colour (pantone 728 c), with some brownish pink setae laterally; tibiae proximal threequarters process black with some sparse brownish pink setae, distal quarter brown range and metatarsi process black with brownish pink setae and a warm grey ring at the terminal end; tarsi black (Fig. 13 A). Female (CNAN-Ar 007878) (Fig. 12 A – E): Body length 61.36 (not including chelicerae and spinnerets), carapace 26.34 length, 24.61 width. Caput not markedly elevated; fovea straight, 5.70 wide (Fig. 12 A). Eyes: anterior eye row procurved, posterior eye row recurved. Eye sizes and interocular distances: AME 0.47; ALE 0.80; PME 0.37; PLE 0.70; AME – AME 0.67; AME – ALE 0.33; PME – PME 1.57; PME – PLE 0.13; ALE – PLE 0.43. Ocular tubercle width 2.97, length 2.93; clypeus lacking (Fig. 12 C). Labium length 3.05, width 3.55; with 86 cuspules. Maxilla inner corner with approximately 250 (left) – 276 (right) cuspules (Fig. 12 D). Cheliceral promargin with 10 (left) – 11 (right) teeth. Sternum length 11.39, width 9.76. Sigilla oval, first to third pairs hardly visible; posterior pair once its length from the margin (Fig. 12 B). Leg formula: IV, I, II, III. Length of legs and palpal segments (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 16.56, 10.85, 13.73, 13.01, 8.64, 62.79; II: 15.65, 10.60, 11.60, 12.49, 7.59, 57.93; III: 14.59, 9.57, 10.83, 13.77, 8.52, 57.28; IV: 17.94, 10.05, 14.04, 18.78, 9.75, 70.56. Palp: 12.62, 8.57, 8.93, -, 10.35, 40.47. Spinnerets: PMS, 2.50 long, 2.05 apart; PLS, 4.15 basal, 4.15 middle, 4.25 distal. Tarsi I – IV entirely scopulated. Metatarsi I entirely scopulated, II scopulated 90 %, III scopulated 70 % distally, IV scopulated 40 % distally. Stridulatory setae: with claviform stridulating setae on palp trochanter retrolateral face; leg I trochanter and femur prolateral face. Chaetotaxy (left side): femora palp 1 p; patellae none; tibiae palp 1 p, 5 v; II 1 p, 3 v; III 3 v; IV 3 v; metatarsi II 2 v; III 5 v, 2 r; IV 1 p, 8 v, 1 r. Genitalia: fused semicircular spermatheca, with a single receptacle strongly sclerotized, four times wider than its height. Spermatheca baseplate divided, more separated above, each baseplate ovate 2.5 wider than high, outer side slightly smaller than the inner (Fig. 12 E). Variation: some specimens have a wider base up to five times greater than height, young or juveniles can present the superior edge slightly inward in middle. Ventral face smooth. Baseplate division can vary in length (Figs 11 C, 12 F). Urticating setae: types I and III arranged in one dorsoposterior patch, black in colour. Type III are located in an oval dorsomedial area extended to posterior. Type I surround the type III area, with intermediates between type III and I in transition areas. Colour pattern: in live specimens, adult females with two carapace patterns: (1) light brown (pantone 7414 c) around the border and process black in dorsomedial, juveniles or subadults same pattern (Fig. 13 B); (2) light brown around the border and extended behind the fovea, with process black from the fovea to caput (Fig. 13 C); chelicerae dorsally oxford blue (pantone 532 c); ventral coxae, labium, maxillae and sternum brownish black; abdomen dorsally black with sparse rose colour setae (pantone 487 c), ventrally brownish black. Legs and palpi: femora black, patellae with a proximal dorsomedial signal orange (pantone 173 c) flame-shape area, distal ring putty colour (pantone 728 c), with some brownish pink setae laterally; tibiae proximal three quarters process black with some sparse brownish pink setae, distal quarter brown range and metatarsi process black with brownish pink setae and a warm grey ring at the terminal end; tarsi black (Fig. 36 A – D). Distribution and habitat: Brachypelma auratum is known from part of the Neotransvolcanic belt, being found in south-western Estado de MEXICO, north-western Guerrero, central Michoacán and the northeastern border of Jalisco with Michoacán (Figs 2, 38) where it occurs in thorn and deciduous secondary forests (Fig. 13 D). It is a fossorial species whose modified or self-excavated burrow s can be found under large rocks and large tree roots amongst thorny brush. Burrows do not have any silk around the entrance. Remarks The type specimen of B. auratum (SMF 38045) lacks palpal bulbs because they were removed, possibly when it was described (Fig. 11 A). It was not possible to find them in the holotype jar, nor in the laminated collection at the Senckenberg Museum. One mounted spermatheca was found instead of a palpal bulb (Fig. 11 B – C). The origin of that spermatheca is uncertain. However, the other features like patellae coloration and tibial apophysis in the type specimen are sufficient for identification of this species.	en	Mendoza, Jorge, Francke, Oscar (2020): Systematic revision of Mexican threatened tarantulas Brachypelma (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae), with a description of a new genus, and implications on the conservation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 82-147
8E0487BDFF89C65AFCD4FF0FFDFAEF9E.taxon	description	(FIGS 2, 14 – 17, 37 A – D, 38)	en	Mendoza, Jorge, Francke, Oscar (2020): Systematic revision of Mexican threatened tarantulas Brachypelma (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae), with a description of a new genus, and implications on the conservation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 82-147
8E0487BDFF89C65AFCD4FF0FFDFAEF9E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype of Brachypelma baumgarteni: MEXICO: Michoacán: ♂, Sierra Madre del Sur, M. Baumgarten (BMNH- 1999 - 122). Other material: MEXICO: Michoacán: 1 ♂, Carretera La Mira-Arteaga, 09 / IX / 2012, without collector (CNAN-Ar 003597); 2 ♀, Mpio. Lázaro Cárdenas, Los Amates 11 / XII / 2013, J. Mendoza (CNAN-Ar 007149) (CNAN-Ar 007150); 1 ♀, Mpio. Lázaro Cárdenas, Puente Chuquiapan, 10 / XII / 2013 J. Mendoza (CNAN-Ar 007151); 1 ♂, Mpio. Lázaro Cárdenas, Los Coyotes, 8 / XII / 2016, J. Mendoza, R. Ramírez (CNAN-Ar 010588). Diagnosis Brachypelma baumgarteni can be distinguished from all other known Brachypelma species by the coloration of the legs with deep orange flame-shape on patellae with yellowish around, tibia and metatarsus with similar yellowish colour (Fig. 37 A – D). It also differs in the shape of genitalia in both sexes with palpal bulb slightly curved to dorsal (Fig. 15 C – D), embolus shorter than tegulum and broader at apex (Fig. 15 A – B). The prolateral superior keel broad and short, slightly directed retrolaterally (Fig. 15 A, C). Apical keel thin, extending more than the length of prolateral superior keel (Fig. 15 B). Also differs by the spermatheca ventral face smooth, with spermathecal baseplate oblong (Fig. 16 E – G).	en	Mendoza, Jorge, Francke, Oscar (2020): Systematic revision of Mexican threatened tarantulas Brachypelma (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae), with a description of a new genus, and implications on the conservation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 82-147
8E0487BDFF89C65AFCD4FF0FFDFAEF9E.taxon	description	Brachypelma baumgarteni is identified by possesing the following character combination: male palpal bulb slightly curved to dorsal with a narrow spoon-shape at apex, prolateral superior keel short, thin and directed retrolaterally; apical keel short and thin, larger than prolateral superior keel. Embolus tip slightly directed to retrolateral. Embolus compact and thin, shorter in length than tegulum (Fig. 15 A – D). Spermatheca fused trapezoidal, with a single receptacle strongly sclerotized. Spermathecal baseplate divided, more separated below; oblong and three times wider than its height (Fig. 16 E – G). Both sexes possess a yellowish longitudinal line just at metatarsi middle, this is better seen on legs I and IV (Fig. 32 A – D). Description Male (CNAN-Ar 010588) (Figs 14, 15, 17 A): Body length 49.63 (not including chelicerae and spinnerets), carapace 22.59 length, 21.54 width. Caput not markedly elevated; fovea recurved, 3.75 wide (Fig. 14 A). Eyes: anterior eye row procurved, posterior eye row recurved. Eye sizes and interocular distances: AME 0.40; ALE 0.43; PME 0.33; PLE 0.70; AME – AME 0.40; AME – ALE 0.20; PME – PME 0.97; PME – PLE 0.10; ALE – PLE 0.23. Ocular tubercle width 2.50, length 2.13; clypeus 0.17 (Fig 14 D). Labium length 2.57, width 2.90; with 80 cuspules. Maxilla inner corner with approximately 179 (left) and 148 (right) cuspules. Cheliceral promargin with ten (left) and ten (right) teeth (proximal to distal: first-third large, fourth medium, fifth large, sixth small, seventh – tenth large). Sternum length 9.60, width 7.68. Sigilla oval, second and third pairs hardly visible, posterior pair twice its length from the margin (Fig. 14 B). Leg formula: IV, I, II, III. Length of legs and palpal segments (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 19.29, 9.87, 14.70, 16.21, 9.97, 70.04; II: 17.52, 9.79, 12.35, 13.39, 9.91, 62.96; III: 16.15, 9.13, 11.83, 15.25, 9.01, 61.37; IV: 18.92, 9.99, 15.38, 19.99, 11.10, 75.38. Palp: 11.95, 7.32, 11.26, -, 5.20, 35.73. Spinnerets: PMS, 2.90 long, 1.45 apart; PLS, 4.10 basal, 2.95 middle, 4.15 distal. Tarsi I – IV entirely scopulated. Metatarsus I entirely scopulated, II scopulated 75 %, III scopulated 60 % distally, IV scopulated 30 % distally. Tibia I with two tibial apophyses normally developed, which originate from a common base. Prolateral apophysis with inner spine half its length; retrolateral apophysis same width throughout its length, apex slightly curved to prolateral (Fig. 14 F – G). Metatarsus I curved (Fig. 14 E). Stridulatory setae: with plumose setae on palp coxa and trochanter retrolateral face; leg I trochanter and femur prolateral face. Chaetotaxy (left side): femora I 1 p; II 1 p; palp 1 p; patellae none; tibiae I 2 p; II 3 p, 4 v; III 3 p, 5 v, 1 r; IV 4 v, 1 r; palp 2 p, 1 v; metatarsi I 3 v; II 4 v; III 3 p, 6 v, 2 r; IV 3 p, 12 v, 2 r. Palp: embolus with narrow spoon-shape, slightly curved to dorsal. Embolus short and flat at base. Prolateral superior keel short, thin and directed retrolaterally. Apical keel short and thin, larger than prolateral superior. Both keels fusioned at apex and extended retrolatrally forming a well defined concave area on retrolateral. Opening of the embolus is on the prolateral side, just behind the opening is located a concavity which delimits the apical keel boundary from the remaining part of the embolus. Embolus apex slightly curved to retrolateral (Fig. 15 A – D). Urticating setae: types I and III arranged in one dorsoposterior patch, black in colour. Type III are located in an oval dorsomedial area extended to posterior. Type I surround the type III area, with intermediates between type III and I in transition areas (Fig. 14 C). Colour pattern: in live specimens, adult males with carapace rust colour (pantone 167 c) with the border lightest. Chelicerae dorsally Del rio colour (pantone 4735 c); ventral coxae, labium, maxillae and sternum brownish black; abdomen dorsally black with sparse light terra di siena setae (pantone 472 c), ventrally brownish black. Legs and palpi: femora black, patellae with a proximal dorsomedial signal tomato red (pantone 485 c) flame-shape area, distodorsal paramedian tierra di siena setae with some long setae laterally of the same colour; tibiae raw sienna (pantone 722 c) with some sparse setae from same colour and metatarsi corvette colour (pantone 720 c) with mandys pink (pantone 473 c) longitudinal line just at metatarsi centre; tarsi black (Fig. 17 A). Female (CNAN-Ar 007150) (Figs 16, 17 B, 37 A – D): Body length 65.97 (not including chelicerae and spinnerets), carapace 25.67 length, 23.57 width. Caput not markedly elevated; fovea recurved, 5.10 wide (Fig. 16 A). Eyes: anterior eye row procurved, posterior eye row recurved. Eye sizes and interocular distances: AME 0.53; ALE 0.60; PME 0.50; PLE 0.53; AME – AME 0.50; AME – ALE 0.20; PME – PME 1.30; PME – PLE 0.13; ALE – PLE 0.27. Ocular tubercle width 2.53, length 2.47; clypeus 0.47 (Fig. 16 C). Labium length 2.85, width 3.85; with 128 cuspules. Maxilla inner corner with approximately 211 (left) – 225 (right) cuspules (Fig. 16 D). Cheliceral promargin with eight (left) – nine (right) teeth (all big). Sternum length 11.40, width 10.22. Sigilla oval, second and third pairs hardly visible; posterior pair once and half its length from the margin (Fig. 16 B). Leg formula: IV, I, II, III. Length of legs and palpal segments (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 17.88, 11.25, 14.47, 13.15, 9.50, 66.25; II: 15.64, 10.49, 12.88, 12.58, 10.71, 62.30; III: 14.61, 10.10, 11.01, 15.58, 9.52, 60.82; IV: 18.60. 10.16, 14.66, 19.72, 10.71, 73.85. Palp: 13.08, 8.25, 10.37, -, 10.14, 41.84. Spinnerets: PMS, 2.50 long, 1.65 apart; PLS, 4.05 basal, 3.10 middle, 4.15 distal. Tarsi I – IV entirely scopulated. Metatarsi I and II entirely scopulated, III scopulated 75 % distally, IV scopulated 50 % distally. Stridulatory setae with claviform stridulating setae on palp trochanter and femur retrolateral face; leg I coxa, trochanter and femur prolateral face. Chaetotaxy (left side): femora I 1 p; II 1 p; palp 1 p; patellae none; tibiae palp 1 p, 6 v; I 3 v; II 4 v; III 1 p, 4 v, 1 r; IV 1 p, 3 v, 1 r; metatarsi I 2 v; II 4 v; III 2 p, 5 v, 1 r; IV 13 v, 2 r. Genitalia: fused trapezoidal spermatheca with a single receptacle strongly sclerotized, ventral face looks smooth. Three times wider than its height. Spermatheca baseplate divided, oblong, almost as high as one-third the width of its base. Baseplate division very narrow and poorly sclerotized in the basal half (Fig. 16 E). Variation: young or juveniles can present the superior edge slightly inward in middle. Baseplate division can vary in length, and some specimens can look more sclerotized (Fig. 16 F, G). Urticating setae: types I and III arranged in one dorsoposterior patch, black in colour. Type III are located in an oval dorsomedial area extended to posterior. Type I surround the type III area, with intermediates between types III and I in transition areas. Colour pattern: in live specimens, adult females with two carapace patterns: (1) provincial pink (pantone 4685 c) around the border and black (pantone 426 c) in dorsomedial, juveniles or subadults same pattern (Fig. 17 B); (2) Tuscany (pantone 7522 c) around the border and extended behind the fovea, with black pearl (pantone black 6 c) from the fovea to caput (Fig. 17 C); chelicerae dorsally manatee (pantone 5285 c) with two oriental pink (pantone 7521 c) cheliceral bands; ventral coxae, labium, maxillae and sternum black pearl; abdomen dorsally black pearl (pantone black 6 c) with rosy brown (pantone 5005 c) setae, ventrally black pearl. Legs and palpi: femora black pearl, patellae with a proximal dorsomedial cinnabar (pantone 7597 c) flame-shape area, distodorsal paramedian spanish white (pantone 4685 c) setae with some long setae laterally of the same colour; tibiae eunry (pantone 4735 c) with some sparse setae from same colour and metatarsi hemp (pantone 8021 c) with mandys pink (pantone 473 c) longitudinal line just at metatarsi centre; tarsi black (Fig. 17 A – D). Distribution and habitat: Brachypelma baumgarteni is known only from Michoacán on the Sierra Madre del Sur Region (Figs 2, 38), where it occurs in deciduous forests (Fig. 17 D). It is a fossorial species whose modified or self-excavated burrows, can be found between large tree roots amongst large trees. Burrows do not have any silk around the entrance.	en	Mendoza, Jorge, Francke, Oscar (2020): Systematic revision of Mexican threatened tarantulas Brachypelma (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae), with a description of a new genus, and implications on the conservation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 82-147
8E0487BDFF85C65DFF1BF910FDEEEDD2.taxon	description	(FIGS 2, 18 – 22, 37 E – H, 38)	en	Mendoza, Jorge, Francke, Oscar (2020): Systematic revision of Mexican threatened tarantulas Brachypelma (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae), with a description of a new genus, and implications on the conservation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 82-147
8E0487BDFF85C65DFF1BF910FDEEEDD2.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype of Brachypelma boehmei: MEXICO: ♀, no more data, K. Böhme (SMF 40590). Paratype. MEXICO: ♂, no more data, K. Böhme (SMF 38043). Other material: MEXICO: Guerrero: 1 ♂, 2 ♀, Mpio. La Unión Isidoro Montes de Oca, 3 km NE of La Unión, 12 / XII / 2013, J. Mendoza (CNAN-Ar 007185, CNAN-Ar 007186, CNAN-Ar 007833); 2 ♂, Mpio. La Unión Isidoro Montes de Oca, 1 km SW of La Unión, 17 / XII / 2016, J. Mendoza (CNAN-Ar 010589, CNAN-Ar 010591); 2 ♀, Mpio. La Unión Isidoro Montes de Oca, Carretera Fed 37 D, 16 / IX / 2015, J. Mendoza (CNAN-Ar 007905, CNAN-Ar 010285); Oaxaca: 1 ♂, Mpio. Salina Cruz, X / 1963, E. Martín (CNAN-Ar 003426) (collection data of this specimen are considered wrong due to lack of evidence of the species in Oaxaca and considering the restricted distribution of the species to a single municipality in Guerrero). Diagnosis Brachypelma boehmei can be distinguished from all other known Brachypelma species by the coloration of the carapace and legs that are orange (Fig. 22 A – C). It also differs in the shape of genitalia in both sexes with palpal bulb straight (Fig. 19 C – D), embolus similar in length as tegulum and broader than embolus base at apex (Fig. 19 A – B). The prolateral superior keel normally developed and slightly directed retrolaterally (Fig. 19 A). Apical keel with a great backward development, extending more than the length of prolateral superior keel (Fig. 19 B). The prolateral inferior keel is joined to prolateral superior keel at the apex and slightly extended to backwards (Fig. 19 A). The prolateral apophysis is almost half the length of the retrolateral apophysis (Fig. 18 F – G). It also differs in the spermatheca ventral face striated (Fig. 20 B), with spermathecal baseplate lanceolate, notoriously separated and lower than the height of the spermatheca (Fig. 21 E – G).	en	Mendoza, Jorge, Francke, Oscar (2020): Systematic revision of Mexican threatened tarantulas Brachypelma (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae), with a description of a new genus, and implications on the conservation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 82-147
8E0487BDFF85C65DFF1BF910FDEEEDD2.taxon	description	Brachypelma boehmei is identified by possesing the following character combination: male palpal bulb straight with a broad spoon-shape at apex, prolateral superior keel normally developed and slightly directed retrolaterally; prolateral inferior keel weakly developed restricted to embolus apex; apical keel developed extending to backwards more than the length of the prolateral superior keel. Embolus tip slightly directed to retrolateral. Embolus large and broad, similar in length to tegulum (Fig. 19 A – D). Spermatheca fused trapezoidal, with a single receptacle strongly sclerotized. Spermathecal baseplate divided, noticeably separated; lanceolate and three times wider than its height (Figs 20 B, 21 E – G). Carapace and legs of both sexes are orange in general (Fig. 22 A – C). Redescription Male (CNAN-Ar 010589) (Figs 18, 19, 22 A): Body length 41.39 (not including chelicerae and spinnerets), carapace 19.71 length, 18.82 width. Caput not markedly elevated; fovea recurved, 4.50 wide (Fig. 18 A). Eyes: anterior eye row procurved, posterior eye row recurved. Eye sizes and interocular distances: AME 0.46; ALE 0.53; PME 0.46; PLE 0.56; AME – AME 0.43; AME – ALE 0.20; PME – PME 1.20; PME – PLE 0.13; ALE – PLE 0.43. Ocular tubercle width 2.47, length 2.23; clypeus absent (Fig. 18 D). Labium length 2.40, width 3.25; with 85 cuspules. Maxilla inner corner with approximately 248 (left) and 187 (right) cuspules. Cheliceral promargin with ten (left) and ten (right) teeth (proximal to distal: first – second large, third medium, fourth large, fifth small, sixth – tenth large). Sternum length 8.70, width 8.09. Sigilla oval, first to third pairs hardly visible, posterior pair once its length from the margin (Fig. 18 B). Leg formula: IV, I, II, III. Length of legs and palpal segments (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 16.94, 9.01, 13.20, 13.72, 8.47, 61.34; II: 15.56, 8.79, 11.94, 12.60, 8.48, 57.37; III: 14.40, 8.00, 11.29, 13.86, 8.43, 55.98; IV: 17.26, 8.51, 13.06, 18.04, 9.26, 66.13. Palp: 11.02, 6.54, 9.51, -, 4.51, 31.58. Spinnerets: PMS, 2.15 long, 0.95 apart; PLS, 3.80 basal, 2.55 middle, 3.25 distal. Tarsi I – IV entirely scopulated. Metatarsus I entirely scopulated, II scopulated 80 %, III scopulated 60 % distally, IV scopulated 40 % distally. Tibia I with two tibial apophyses normally developed, which originate from a common base. Prolateral apophysis with inner spine half its length; retrolateral apophysis same width throughout its length, apex slightly curved to prolateral (Fig. 18 F – G). Metatarsus I curved (Fig. 18 E). Stridulatory setae: with claviform stridulating setae on palp trochanter and femur retrolateral face; leg I coxa, trochanter and femur prolateral face. Chaetotaxy (left side): femora I 1 p; II 1 p; palp 1 p; patellae none; tibiae II 3 p, 3 v, 1 r; III 3 p, 4 v, 2 r; IV 1 p, 4 v, 1 r; palp 2 p, 2 v; metatarsi I 2 v, II 1 p, 4 v; III 2 p, 7 v, 2 r; IV 2 p, 15 v, 1 r. Palp: embolus straight with a broad spoon-shape at apex and similar in length as tegulum. Prolateral superior keel normally developed and slightly directed retrolaterally; prolateral inferior keel weakly developed restricted to embolus apex, better seen dorsally, apical keel developed extending to backwards more than the length of the prolateral superior keel. Opening of the embolus is on the prolateral side, just behind the opening is located a concavity which delimits the apical keel boundary from the remaining part of the embolus. Embolus apex slightly curved to retrolateral (Fig. 19 A – D). Urticating setae: types I and III arranged in one dorsoposterior patch, black in colour. Type III are located in an oval dorsomedial area extended to posterior. Type I surround the type III area, with intermediates between type III and I in transition areas (Fig. 18 C). Colour pattern: in live specimens, adult males with carapace colour persimmon (pantone 166 c) and tacao (pantone 721 c) around the border (Fig 22 A); chelicerae dorsally tussock (pantone 729 c); ventral coxae, labium, maxillae and sternum seal brown (pantone 440 c); abdomen dorsally coffee bean (pantone black 2 c) with sparse light raw sienna (pantone 722 c) setae, ventrally seal brown. Legs and palpi: femora coffee black, patellae with a proximal dorsomedial persimmon flame-shape area, surrounding this and distally is raw sienna, with some setae laterally of same colour; tibiae and metatarsi persimmon, with some lateral raw sienna setae; tarsi proximally backer’s chocolate (pantone 732 c) and distally coffee bean (Fig. 37 E – H). Female (CNAN-Ar 007905) (Figs 21 A – E, 22 B): Body length 61.36 (not including chelicerae and spinnerets), carapace 26.34 length, 24.61 width. Caput not markedly elevated; fovea straight, 5.70 wide (Fig. 21 A). Eyes: anterior eye row procurved, posterior eye row recurved. Eye sizes and interocular distances: AME 0.47; ALE 0.80; PME 0.37; PLE 0.70; AME – AME 0.67; AME – ALE 0.33; PME – PME 1.57; PME – PLE 0.13; ALE – PLE 0.43. Ocular tubercle width 2.97, length 2.93; clypeus lacking (Fig. 21 C). Labium length 3.05, width 3.55; with 86 cuspules. Maxilla inner corner with approximately 250 (left) – 276 (right) cuspules (Fig. 21 D). Cheliceral promargin with ten (left) – 11 (right) teeth. Sternum length 11.39, width 10.09. Sigilla oval, first to third pairs hardly visible; posterior pair once its length from the margin (Fig. 21 B). Leg formula: IV, I, II, III. Length of legs and palpal segments (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 16.56, 10.85, 13.73, 13.01, 8.64, 62.79; II: 15.65, 10.60, 11.60, 12.49, 7.59, 57.93; III: 14.59, 9.57, 10.83, 13.77, 8.52, 57.28; IV: 17.94, 10.05, 14.04, 18.78, 9.75, 70.56. Palp: 12.48, 7.51, 9.34, -, 9.32. Spinnerets: PMS, 2.50 long, 2.05 apart; PLS, 4.15 basal, 4.15 middle, 2.55 distal. Tarsi I – IV entirely scopulated. Metatarsi I entirely scopulated, II scopulated 90 %, III scopulated 70 % distally, IV scopulated 40 % distally. Stridulatory setae: with claviform stridulating setae on palp trochanter retrolateral face; leg I trochanter and femur prolateral face. Chaetotaxy (left side): femora I 1 p, II 1 p; patellae none; tibiae I 1 p, 3 v; II 3 p, 4 v; III 3 p, 6 v, 2 r; IV 1 p, 4 v, 1 r; palp 2 p, 6 v; metatarsi I 3 v; II 1 p, 3 v; III 2 p, 8 v, 1 r; IV 2 p, 15 v, 1 r. Genitalia: fused trapezoidal spermatheca, with a single receptacle strongly sclerotized, three times wider than its height. Spermatheca baseplate divided, widely separated in middle, each baseplate lanceolate three times wider than high, outer side slightly smaller than the inner (Fig. 21 E). Variation: some specimens have a wider base up to four times wider than height, young or juveniles can present the superior edge slightly inward in middle. Ventral with variation on striation. Baseplate division can vary in length (Figs 20 B, 21 F – G). Urticating setae: types I and III arranged in one dorsoposterior patch, black in colour. Type III are located in an oval dorsomedial area extended to posterior. Type I surround the type III area, with intermediates between type III and I in transition areas. Colour pattern: in live specimens, adult females with two carapace patterns: (1) tango (pantone 7412 c) in all the carapace with pink flare (pantone 5025 c) around the border, juveniles or subadults same pattern (Fig 22 B); (2) pink flare around the border and sandy brown (pantone 7411 c) in dorsomedial, with two seal brown (pantone 440 c) longitudinal patches from the fovea to caput (Fig. 22 C); chelicerae dorsally beaver colour (pantone 4715 c); ventral coxae, labium, maxillae and sternum seal brown; abdomen dorsally black (pantone 426 c) with putty colour (pantone 721 c) setae, ventrally black. Legs and palpi: femora coffee black, patellae with a proximal dorsomedial cinnabar (pantone 173 c) flame-shape area, surrounding this and distally is dark salmon (pantone 472 c), with some setae laterally of wafer colour (pantone 4745 c); tibiae and metatarsi chardonnay (pantone 1355 c), with some lateral wafer setae; tarsi proximally Backer’s chocolate (pantone 732 c) and distally coffee bean (Fig. 37 E – H). Distribution and habitat: Brachypelma boehmei is the species with the most restricted distribution being only known from the Sierra de Cumbres region, an area characterized by low complex and rolling hills with plains, belonging to the subprovince Costas del Sur in south-western Guerrero (Figs 2, 38). It occurs in thorn and deciduous forests (Fig. 22 D). It is a fossorial species whose burrows can be found under large angular rocks and large tree roots amongst thorny brush. Burrows do not have any silk around the entrance.	en	Mendoza, Jorge, Francke, Oscar (2020): Systematic revision of Mexican threatened tarantulas Brachypelma (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae), with a description of a new genus, and implications on the conservation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 82-147
8E0487BDFF82C661FEBFFAC9FA17EC44.taxon	description	(FIGS 2, 23 – 26, 36 E – H, 38)	en	Mendoza, Jorge, Francke, Oscar (2020): Systematic revision of Mexican threatened tarantulas Brachypelma (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae), with a description of a new genus, and implications on the conservation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 82-147
8E0487BDFF82C661FEBFFAC9FA17EC44.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Neotype of Brachypelma emilia: MEXICO: Durango: ♂, Ciudad, leg Mr. Forrer (BMNH- 1898 - 12 - 24 - 32). 1 ♂ (labelled as paratype), Ciudad, leg. Forrer (OUNMH Jar 106). Note: Both specimens mentioned as neotype and paratype were designated by Smith (1994: 166). Other material: MEXICO: Nayarit: 1 ♂ 4 ♀, Mpio. Compostela, 9. xii. 2012, E. Goyer, E. Hijmensen, D. Ortiz (CNAN-Ar 003599, CNAN-Ar 007153, CNAN-Ar 007173, CNAN-Ar 007178, CNAN-Ar 007875); 1 ♂, Mpio. Estación Ruíz, 1. xii. 1989, A. Cadena (CNAN-Ar 003436); 4 ♂, Mpio. Estación Ruíz, 5. xii. 2014, J. Mendoza, G. Contreras (CNAN-Ar 007146, CNAN-Ar 007894, CNAN-Ar 007895, CNAN-Ar 007899); Sinaloa: 1 ♂, Mpio. Mazatlán, vii. 1959, without more data (CNAN-Ar 003427); 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Mpio. Mazatlán, 3. xii. 2014, J. Mendoza, G. Contreras (CNAN-Ar 007898, CNAN-Ar 010602); 1 ♂, Mpio. Mazatlán, without more data, Collection E. Simon (MP Ar 4871 A); 1 ♂, Mpio. Sinaloa de Leyva, 30. i. 1965, without more data (CNAN-Ar 003590); Sonora: 1 ♂, Mpio. Altar, 9. i. 1970, W. Lopez Forment (CNAN-Ar 003578); Jalisco: 1 ♀, Norte del Río Santiago, Godman, Salvin, without more data (BMNH- 1962 - 2 - 28 - 1); 1 ♂, donation received from private collection of J. Mendoza (CNAN-Ar 003631). Diagnosis Brachypelma emilia can be distinguished from all other known Brachypelma species by the coloration of the carapace and legs, with carapace orange except in the caput, which is black in colour (Fig. 26 A – C). The legs have black femora and patellae, orange tibiae and metatarsi I – III are black and IV is orange (Fig. 36 E – H). It also differs in the shape of genitalia in both sexes with palpal bulb slightly curved to dorsal having a small and narrow spoon-shape (Fig. 24 C – D). The prolateral superior keel is slightly developed, thin and directed retrolaterally (Fig. 24 A, C). The prolateral inferior keel is absent, the apical keel normally developed, wide but not shorter than prolateral superior keel (Fig. 24 B). It also differs by the spermatheca ventral face smooth, with a single receptacle strongly sclerotized slightly notched in the middle, spermathecal baseplate oblanceolate (Fig. 25 E, F).	en	Mendoza, Jorge, Francke, Oscar (2020): Systematic revision of Mexican threatened tarantulas Brachypelma (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae), with a description of a new genus, and implications on the conservation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 82-147
8E0487BDFF82C661FEBFFAC9FA17EC44.taxon	description	Brachypelma emilia is identified by possesing the following character combination: male palpal bulb with narrow spoon-shape embolus curving slightly to dorsal through its length, prolateral superior keel slightly developed; apical keel normally developed, wide but not shorter than the prolateral superior keel tip. Embolus tip directed to retrolateral. Embolus similar in length than tegulum (Fig. 24 A – D). Spermatheca fused with single semitrapezoidal receptacle. Spermathecal baseplate divided, oblanceolate; one and half wider than its height (Fig. 25 E, F). Carapace of both sexes carapace orange with black triangle in the ocular area (Fig. 26 A – C). Redescription Male (CNAN-Ar 003599) (Figs 23, 24, 26 A): Body length 40.16 (not including chelicerae and spinnerets), carapace 20.23 length, 18.85 width. Caput not markedly elevated; fovea procurved, 3.80 wide (Fig. 23 A). Eyes: anterior eye row procurved, posterior eye row recurved. Eye sizes and interocular distances: AME 0.43; ALE 0.60; PME 0.33; PLE 0.37; AME – AME 0.70; AME – ALE 0.20; PME – PME 1.23; PME – PLE 0.13; ALE – PLE 0.37. Ocular tubercle width 2.47, length 2.27; clypeus 0.23 (Fig. 23 D). Labium length 2.60, width 3.40; with 109 cuspules. Maxilla inner corner with approximately 205 (left) and 179 (right) cuspules. Cheliceral promargin with ten (left) and nine (right) teeth (proximal to distal: first – third large, fourth small, fifth – seventh medium, eighth – tenth large; first – third large, fourth small, fifth – seventh medium, eighth – ninth large). Sternum length 10.10, width 9.38. Sigilla oval, fourth pair hardly visible, posterior pair one and half its length from the margin (Fig. 23 B). Leg formula: IV, I, II, III. Length of legs and palpal segments (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 17.25, 9.39, 11.67, 12.22, 9.28, 59.81; II: 15.93, 9.20, 10.96, 11.89, 8.21, 56.19; III: 14.35, 8.11, 10.00, 12.08, 8.15, 52.69; IV: 16.86, 8.63, 12.81, 16.13, 9.92, 64.35. Palp: 11.83, 7.23, 9.61, -, 4.14, 32.81. Spinnerets: PMS, 2.20 long, 1.00 apart; PLS, 3.10 basal, 2.20 middle, 3.20 distal. Tarsi I – IV entirely scopulated. Metatarsus I entirely scopulated, II scopulated 75 %, III scopulated 50 % distally, IV scopulated 30 % distally. Tibia I with two tibial apophyses normally developed, which originate from a common base. Prolateral apophysis with inner spine third its length; retrolateral apophysis wider in basal half, apex almost straight (Fig. 23 F, G). Metatarsus I curved (Fig. 23 E). Stridulatory setae: with claviform stridulating setae on palp trochanter retrolateral face; leg I trochanter and femur prolateral face. Chaetotaxy (left side): femora I 1 p; II 1 p; palp 1 p; patellae none; tibiae I 1 p, 2 v; II 2 p, 3 v; III 2 p, 5 v, 1 r; IV 1 p, 4 v, 1 p; palp 2 p, 1 v; metatarsi I 1 v; II 2 v; III 3 p, 7 v, 1 r; IV 1 p, 18 v, 1 r. Palp: embolus slightly curved to dorsal having a small and narrow spoon-shape, prolateral superior keel slightly developed, thin and directed retrolaterally; prolateral inferior keel absent; apical keel normally developed, wide but not shorter than prolateral superior keel. Opening of the embolus is on the prolateral side, just behind the opening is located a concavity which delimits the apical keel boundary from the remaining part of the embolus. Embolus apex slightly curved to retrolateral (Fig. 24 A – D). Urticating setae: types I and III arranged in one dorsoposterior patch, black in colour. Type III are located in an oval dorsomedial area extended to posterior. Type I surround the type III area, with intermediates between type III and I in transition areas (Fig. 23 C). Female (CNAN-Ar 010602) (Fig. 25 A – E): Body length 61.31 (not including chelicerae and spinnerets), carapace 26.34 length, 24.33 width. Caput not markedly elevated; fovea straight, 6.40 wide (Fig. 25 A). Eyes: anterior eye row procurved, posterior eye row recurved. Eye sizes and interocular distances: AME 0.65; ALE 0.70; PME 0.50; PLE 0.70; AME – AME 0.63; AME – ALE 0.33; PME – PME 1.57; PME – PLE 0.07; ALE – PLE 0.40. Ocular tubercle width 3.25, length 2.83; clypeus 0.27 (Fig. 25 D). Labium length 3.05, width 3.85; with 94 cuspules. Maxilla inner corner with approximately 187 (left) – 208 (right) cuspules. Cheliceral promargin with nine (left) – nine (right) teeth. Sternum length 11.60, width 10.90. Sigilla oval, fourth pair hardly visible; posterior pair twice its length from the margin (Fig. 25 B). Leg formula: IV, I, II, III. Length of legs and palpal segments (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 17.87, 10.79, 13.69, 13.40, 8.75, 64.50; II: 16.35, 10.18, 12.05, 11.77, 8.94, 59.29; III: 15.69, 9.40, 10.97, 12.79, 8.50, 57.35; IV: 18.34, 10.20, 14.20, 17.91, 9.98, 70.63. Palp: 13.20, 8.35, 10.12, -, 9.92, 41.59. Spinnerets: PMS, 2.90 long, 3.00 apart; PLS, 4.30 basal, 2.90 middle, 4.35 distal. Tarsi I – IV entirely scopulated. Metatarsus I entirely scopulated, II scopulated 90 %, III scopulated 50 % distally, IV scopulated 40 % distally. Stridulatory setae: with claviform stridulating setae on palp trochanter and femur retrolateral face; leg I trochanter and femur prolateral face. Chaetotaxy (left side): femora I 1 p; palp 1 p; patellae none; tibiae I 1 p, 3 v; II 1 p, 4 v; III 1 p, 5 v, 1 r; IV 1 p, 6 v, 1 r; palp 2 p, 5 v; metatarsi I 4 v; II 4 v; III 1 p, 8 v, 2 r; IV 2 p, 14 v, 1 r. Genitalia: fused semicircular spermatheca, with a single receptacle strongly sclerotized slightly notched in the middle, four times wider than its height. Spermatheca baseplate divided, widely separated above, each baseplate oblanceolate 3.5 wider than high, inner side smaller than the outer (Fig. 25 E). Variation: some specimens have a wider base up to five times greater than height, young or juveniles can present the superior edge slightly inward in middle. Ventral face smooth. Baseplate division can vary in length (Fig. 25 F). Urticating setae: types I and III arranged in one dorsoposterior patch, black in colour. Type III are located in an oval dorsomedial area extended to posterior. Type I surround the type III area, with intermediates between type III and I in transition areas (Fig. 25 C). Colour pattern: In live specimens, adults of both sexes have the carapace orange (pantone 7412 c) on almost all the carapace except in the caput, which is pantone process black in colour, and also has a longitudinal line of beaver colour (pantone 4715 c) that goes from back of the eyes to the fovea (Figs. 26 A – C); chelicerae dorsally blue whale colour (pantone 533 c); ventral coxae, labium, maxillae and sternum black pearl colour (pantone black 6 c); abdomen dorsally black with Christine colour setae (pantone 7583 c), ventrally black pearl colour. Legs and palpi: femora and patellae black pearl; tibiae orange (pantone 157 c); metatarsi I – III black (pantone black 7 c) with proximal third rope colour (pantone 876 c), IV black (pantone black 7 c) with large brandy punch colour (pantone 722 c) covering it almost completely; tarsi black (pantone black c) (Fig. 36 E – H). With juveniles of same pattern but paler in colour. Distribution and habitat: Brachypelma emilia is known from the northern Pacific Coast region on the western side of Sierra Madre Occidental, being found in southern Sonora, Sinaloa, Nayarit and a small area in north-western Jalisco, just on the border of Jalisco with Nayarit. It could also be possibly found in Durango, but there is no evidence for that yet (Figs 2, 38). It occurs in drier, coastal thorn scrub, grasslands, palm transition to deciduous forest, and into higher elevations of oak forest (Fig. 26 D). It is a fossorial species whose modified or self-excavated burrows can be found under large rocks, under dense thorny thickets, large tree roots or burrows in leafy ground cover, in both forested and moderately disturbed areas. Some can be also found close to houses or human structures, but this is most likely because the spiders lived there before these buildings were constructed. Burrows do not have any silk around the entrance to indicate there is a spider inside. This species is sympatric (overlapping distributions) with a small population of Brachypelma klaasi in south-western Nayarit (Mendoza, personal observation).	en	Mendoza, Jorge, Francke, Oscar (2020): Systematic revision of Mexican threatened tarantulas Brachypelma (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae), with a description of a new genus, and implications on the conservation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 82-147
8E0487BDFFBEC666FCE0FA4AFBF3E8C4.taxon	description	(FIGS 2, 27 – 28, 35 B, D, 37 I – L, 38)	en	Mendoza, Jorge, Francke, Oscar (2020): Systematic revision of Mexican threatened tarantulas Brachypelma (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae), with a description of a new genus, and implications on the conservation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 82-147
8E0487BDFFBEC666FCE0FA4AFBF3E8C4.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Neotype of Brachypelma hamorii: MEXICO: Colima: ♂, Mpio. Tecoman, 5 / XII / 2013, D. Barrales, G. Contreras, D. Ortiz (CNAN-T 0900). Designated as neotype by Mendoza & Francke (2017: 167). Other material: MEXICO: Colima: 1 ♂, Mpio. Tecoman, 1 / XII / 2012, E. Goyer, E. Hijmensen, D. Ortiz (CNAN-Ar 003614); 1 ♀, Mpio. Colima, 30 / XI / 2012, E. Goyer, E. Hijmensen, D. Ortiz (CNAN-Ar 004779); 2 ♂, Mpio. Tecoman, 5 / XII / 2013, D. Ortíz, D. Barrales, G. Contreras (CNAN-Ar 007163, CNAN-Ar 007826); 1 ♂, Mpio. Tecoman, 3 / XII / 2013, D. Ortíz, D. Barrales, G. Contreras (CNAN-Ar 007168); 1 ♂, Mpio. Manzanillo, IV / 2004, IBT (CNAN-Ar 010278); 1 ♂, Mpio. Manzanillo, 4 / XII / 2013, D. Ortíz, D. Barrales, G. Contreras (CNAN-Ar 010277); 1 ♂, donation received from private collection of J. Mendoza (CNAN-Ar 003616); 1 ♂, Mpio. 3 / XII / 2013, D. Ortíz, D. Barrales, G. Contreras (CNAN-Ar 007827); 1 ♂, Mpio. Manzanillo, 4 / XII / 2013, D. Ortiz, D. Barrales, G. Contreras (CNAN-Ar 007171); 3 ♀, Mpio. 11 km al SE. de Colima (CNAN-Ar 007870, CNAN-Ar 007872, CNAN-Ar 007873); 1 ♀, Mpio. Tecoman, 2 / XII / 2012, E. Goyer, E. Hijmensen, D. Ortiz (CNAN-Ar 007871); Jalisco: 2 ♀, Mpio. Pihuamo, 30 / XI / 2012, E. Goyer, E. Hijmensen, D. Ortiz (CNAN-Ar 007874, CNAN-Ar 010279); 1 ♂, Carretera entre Colima y Jalisco, carretera Colima-Cd. Victoria, 8 / VIII / 2008, A. Cervantes, M. E. Olsen (CNAN-Ar 003425); Michoacán: 1 ♂, Mpio. Lázaro Cardenás, 8 / XI / 2011, G. Vila (CNAN-Ar 003340); 1 ♂, Michoacán, Mpio. Aquila, G. Vila (CNAN-Ar 003659). Diagnosis Brachypelma hamorii can be distinguished from all other known Brachypelma species (except B. smithi) by the coloration of the legs with yellow-orange coloration on patellae, tibiae and metatarsi (Figs 28, 37 I – L). It also differs in the shape of genitalia in both sexes with palpal bulb curved upward and short (Fig. 27 C – D) and spermatheca trapezoid rounded in shape (Fig. 27 E – F). It differs from B. smithi by the narrow curved upward embolus (Fig. 27 C – D), the prolateral superior keel shorter and dorsally wider (Fig. 27 C) and the apical keel slightly developed (Fig. 27 B). It also differs in the spermatheca ventral face smooth, with spermathecal baseplate elliptic (Fig. 27 E – F). Although similar in coloration, B. hamorii differs from B. smithi in the patellae flame pattern not as brightly coloured as the one exhibited by B. smithi (Fig. 37 I – L). The sides of the patellae are typically black rather than the yellowish-orange as is typical in B. smithi (Fig. 35 C – D). The lateral setae are whitish throughout the length of legs, while in B. smithi, the same are yellowish (Fig. 37 I – L). In addition, B. hamorii typically have longitudinal cheliceral lines of lighting setae, which are not exhibited by B. smithi (Fig. 35 A – B). The carapace of B. hamorii is typically black, bordered with pink or orange in both sexes (Fig. 28 A – B, E – F). Rare variants of females can have a black radiating pattern, bordered with pale yellow (Fig. 28 D), and rare variants of males may have a carapace that is almost yellowish (Fig. 28 C).	en	Mendoza, Jorge, Francke, Oscar (2020): Systematic revision of Mexican threatened tarantulas Brachypelma (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae), with a description of a new genus, and implications on the conservation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 82-147
8E0487BDFFBEC666FCE0FA4AFBF3E8C4.taxon	description	Brachypelma hamorii is identified by the following character combination: male palpal bulb with narrow spoon-like embolus, prolateral superior keel shorter than in other species, thin and directed retrolaterally, prolateral inferior keel weakly developed directed from dorsal to ventral, better seen dorsally, apical keel smaller than in other species, short and thin (Fig. 27 A – D). Embolus tapered throughout its length but turning wide at apex, and slightly curved dorsally (Fig. 27 C – D). Spermatheca trapezoid rounded; ventral face is almost smooth; Spermathecal baseplate divided, elliptic; five times wider than its height (Fig. 27 E – F). Carapace in general black with orange setae on border, with cheliceral longitudinal line of lighting setae (Fig. 35 B). Legs and palpi with deep orange and pale orange in patellae, tibiae and metatarsi with orange yellow / white setae on distal (Fig. 37 I – L). Note: Redescription of this species was done by Mendoza & Francke (2017).	en	Mendoza, Jorge, Francke, Oscar (2020): Systematic revision of Mexican threatened tarantulas Brachypelma (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae), with a description of a new genus, and implications on the conservation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 82-147
8E0487BDFFB9C66BFC88FDD8FA33EE5B.taxon	description	(FIGS 2, 29 – 32, 36 I – L, 38)	en	Mendoza, Jorge, Francke, Oscar (2020): Systematic revision of Mexican threatened tarantulas Brachypelma (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae), with a description of a new genus, and implications on the conservation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 82-147
8E0487BDFFB9C66BFC88FDD8FA33EE5B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype of Brachypelmides klaasi (by original designation): MEXICO: Nayarit: ♀, close to Tepic, K. Böhme (SMF 40599) (only microscope slide with spermatheca). Other material: MEXICO: 1 ♀, without more data (SMF 58101 – 84) (only microscope slide with spermatheca); 1 ♂, without more data, Böhme (SMF 38044); Jalisco: 2 ♂, 1 ♀, Mpio. Tomatlán, 6 / XII / 2012, D. Ortiz, E. Goyer, E. Hijmensen (CNAN-Ar 003333, CNAN-Ar 003341, CNAN-Ar 007831); 1 ♂, Mpio. Cihuatlán, 4 / XII / 2013, D. Ortiz, D. Barrales, G. Contreras (CNAN-Ar 007160); 1 ♀, Mpio. La Huerta, Reserva Chamela, 6 / XII / 2013, D. Ortíz, E. Goyer, E. Hijmensen (CNAN-Ar 007879); 1 ♂, Mpio. La Huerta, Reserva Chamela, 8 – 20 / XI / 2014, W. Maddison (CNAN-Ar 007857); 1 ♂, Mpio. La Huerta, Reserva Chamela, 18 / V / 1981, A. Pescador (CNAN-Ar 003432); 1 ♂, donation received from private collection of J. Mendoza (CNAN-Ar 003344); Colima: 1 ♂, Mpio. Manzanillo, 4 / XII / 2013, D. Ortiz, D. Barrales, G. Contreras (CNAN-Ar 007162); 1 ♂, Mpio. Colima, 30 / XI / 2012, D. Ortiz, E. Goyer, E. Hijmensen (CNAN-Ar 007845). Diagnosis Brachypelma klaasi can be distinguished from all other known Brachypelma species in the coloration of the legs with pinkish colour on the tibiae and metatarsi (Fig. 36 I – L). It also differs in the shape of the genitalia in both sexes with palpal bulb almost straight, tapering and lacking the typical spoon-shape (Fig. 30 C – D). The prolateral superior keel reduced, directed retrolaterally and slightly extended to backward (Fig. 30 C). Apical keel thin and reduced, shorter than prolateral superior keel (Fig. 30 B). Lacking prolateral inferior keel. Also differs by the divided spermatheca widely separated, with spermathecal baseplate oblong. Ventral face smooth (Fig. 31 D – F).	en	Mendoza, Jorge, Francke, Oscar (2020): Systematic revision of Mexican threatened tarantulas Brachypelma (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae), with a description of a new genus, and implications on the conservation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 82-147
8E0487BDFFB9C66BFC88FDD8FA33EE5B.taxon	description	Brachypelma klaasi is identified by possesing the following character combination: male palpal bulb with embolus almost straight, tapering and without typycal spoon-shape due to the reduced apical keel. Prolateral superior keel reduced, apical keel thin and reduced, shorter than prolateral superior keel. Embolus tip directed to retrolateral. Embolus similar in length to tegulum (Fig. 30 A – D). Spermatheca separated with semitriangular receptacles. Spermathecal baseplate divided, oblong; twice wider than its height (Fig. 31 D – F). Carapace of both sexes black (Fig. 32 A – C). Redescription Male (CNAN-Ar 003333) (Figs 29, 30, 32 A): Body length 48.60 (not including chelicerae and spinnerets), carapace 22.82 length, 22.17 width. Caput not markedly elevated; fovea straight, 4.15 wide (Fig. 29 A). Eyes: anterior eye row procurved, posterior eye row recurved. Eye sizes and interocular distances: AME 0.55; ALE 0.80; PME 0.40; PLE 0.70; AME – AME 0.55; AME – ALE 0.20; PME – PME 1.20; PME – PLE 0.05; ALE – PLE 0.23. Ocular tubercle width 2.80, length 2.55; clypeus 0.25 (Fig. 29 D). Labium length 3.05, width 3.55; with 98 cuspules. Maxilla inner corner with approximately 175 (left) and 171 (right) cuspules. Cheliceral promargin with 11 (left) and 12 (right) teeth (proximal to distal: first – second large, third medium, fourth large, fifth small, sixth – 11 th large; first large, second small, third large, fourth small, fifth large, sixth small, seventh – 12 th large). Sternum length 10.80, width 10.04. Sigilla oval, second to third pairs hardly visible, posterior pair once its length from the margin (Fig 29 B). Leg formula: IV, I, II, III. Length of legs and palpal segments (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 18.95, 10.29, 14.84, 15.15, 10.72, 69.95; II: 17.25, 9.79, 13.15, 14.09, 10.07, 64.35; III: 16.11, 8.27, 11.83, 15.10, 10.28, 61.59; IV: 18.89, 9.38, 15.53, 18.32, 10.63, 72.75. Palp: 12.28, 7.47, 11.92, -, 5.71, 37.38. Spinnerets: PMS, 2.40 long, 1.15 apart; PLS, 4.05 basal, 2.35 middle, 3.60 distal. Tarsi I – IV entirely scopulated. Metatarsus I entirely scopulated, II scopulated 90 %, III scopulated 60 % distally, IV scopulated 40 % distally. Tibia I with two tibial apophyses normally developed, which originate from a common base. Prolateral apophysis with inner spine half its length; retrolateral apophysis tapering throughout its length, apex slightly curved to prolateral (Fig. 29 F, G). Metatarsus I curved (Fig. 29 E). Stridulatory setae: with claviform stridulating setae on palp trochanter and femur retrolateral face; leg I trochanter and femur prolateral face. Chaetotaxy (left side): femora none; patellae none; tibiae II 1 v; III 3 v; IV 2 v; palp 1 v; metatarsi I 1 v; II 3 v; III 1 p, 5 v; IV 9 v. Palp: embolus almost straight, tapering and lacking the typical spoon-shape due to the reduced apical keel. Prolateral superior keel reduced, directed retrolaterally and slightly extended to backward; prolateral inferior keel absent. Apical keel thin and reduce, shorter than prolateral superior keel. Opening of the embolus is on the prolateral side, just behind the opening is located a concavity which delimits the apical keel boundary from the remaining part of the embolus. Embolus apex slightly curved to retrolateral. Embolus similar in length as tegulum (Fig. 30 A – D). Urticating setae: types I and III arranged in one dorsoposterior patch, black in colour. Type III are located in an oval dorsomedial area extended to posterior. Type I surround the type III area, with intermediates between type III and I in transition areas (Fig. 29 C). Female (CNAN-Ar 007831) (Figs 31, 32 B): Body length 63.26 (not including chelicerae and spinnerets), carapace 27.65 length, 24.27 width. Caput not markedly elevated; fovea straight, 6.40 wide (Figs 31 A). Eyes: anterior eye row procurved, posterior eye row recurved. Eye sizes and interocular distances: AME 0.57; ALE 0.63; PME 0.43; PLE 0.67; AME – AME 0.50; AME – ALE 0.33; PME – PME 1.33; PME – PLE 0.07; ALE – PLE 0.07. Ocular tubercle width 2.80, length 2.33; clypeus 0.47. Labium length 3.65, width 5.25; with 94 cuspules. Maxilla inner corner with approximately 68 (left) – 58 (right) cuspules. Cheliceral promargin with 10 (left) – 11 (right) teeth. Sternum length 11.60, width 10.63. Sigilla oval, first to third pairs hardly visible; posterior pair once its length from the margin (Fig. 31 B). Leg formula: IV, I, II, III. Length of legs and palpal segments (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 16.86, 10.39, 12.94, 12.74, 8.92, 61.85; II: 15.61, 10.06, 11.28, 12.49, 9.04, 58.48; III: 14.82, 9.59, 10.07, 13.65, 9.09, 57.22; IV: 17.26, 9.68, 12.32, 18.29, 9.53, 67.08. Palp: 12.55, 8.02, 9.09, -, 9.29, 38.95. Spinnerets: PMS, 2.80 long, 3.65 apart; PLS, 5.50 basal, 4.15 middle, 4.75 distal. Tarsi I – IV entirely scopulated. Metatarsus I entirely scopulated, II scopulated 80 %, III scopulated 70 % distally, IV scopulated 50 % distally. Stridulatory setae: with claviform stridulating setae on palp trochanter and femur retrolateral face; leg I trochanter and femur prolateral face. Chaetotaxy (left side): femora none; patellae none; tibiae I 2 v; II 2 v; III 3 v; IV 2 v; palp 1 p, 5 v; metatarsi I 3 v; II 4 v; III 5 v; IV 1 p, 14 v, 1 r. Genitalia: spermatheca separated with subtriangular receptacles strongly sclerotized, each receptacle almost the same height as width. Spermatheca baseplate divided and widely separated, each baseplate oblong twice wider than high (Fig. 31 D). Baseplate division can vary in length (Fig. 31 E, F). Urticating setae: types I and III arranged in one dorsoposterior patch, black in colour. Type III are located in an oval dorsomedial area extended to posterior. Type I surround the type III area, with intermediates between type III and I in transition areas (Fig. 31 C). Colour pattern: In live specimens, adults of both sexes have the carapace black (pantone process black c) with zinnwaldite colour (pantone 489 c) around the border; despite the black carapace, the radiating thoracic sulci are clearly seen (Fig. 32 A – C); chelicerae dorsally brown colour (pantone 7533 c) with some large setae French beige colour (pantone 4715 c); ventral coxae, labium, maxillae and sternum	en	Mendoza, Jorge, Francke, Oscar (2020): Systematic revision of Mexican threatened tarantulas Brachypelma (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae), with a description of a new genus, and implications on the conservation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 82-147
8E0487BDFFADC677FF09FCDEFC41E854.taxon	description	(FIGS 39 – 44) u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. o r g: a c t: E E E C 0 9 E E - B 6 4 B - 4 F 7 E- 83 A 0 - D 174637009 AC Type species: Eurypelma vagans Ausserer, 1875, herein designated. Species included: Tliltocatl albopilosum (Valerio, 1980), comb. nov., Tliltocatl epicureanum (Chamberlin, 1925), comb. nov., Tliltocatl kahlenbergi (Rudloff, 2008), comb. nov., Tliltocatl sabulosum (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897), comb. nov., Tliltocatl schroederi (Rudloff, 2003), comb. nov., Tliltocatl vagans (Ausserer, 1875), comb. nov., Tliltocatl verdezi (Schmidt, 2003), comb. nov. Diagnosis The new genus Tliltocatl can be distinguished from all other known theraphosinae genera (except Brachypelma) by the following character combination: (1) having just claviform stridulating setae on the prolateral face of leg I trochanter / femur and retrolateral face trochanter of the palp; (2) both sexes possess always urticating setae types I and III – type III are located in the dorsoposterior area and type I surrounding these; (3) the male palpal bulb distally wide and flattened (spoon-shaped) and has prolateral superior and apical keels united at the apex (Figs 39 C, D, 40 C – F), prolateral superior and prolateral inferior keels are at similar height, joined at their distal end and widely separating towards the embolus base (better seen in dorsal position) (Fig. 39 F), the prolateral inferior keel is similar in length or longer than the prolateral superior (Fig 39 E), the apical keel can extend widely to backwards just as the prolateral inferior keel and usually is broader on its distal half (Figs 39 D, E; 40 B, D – F); (4) females have a single fused spermatheca, apically narrowed (Figs 39 G – H, 41 A); (5) spermathecal baseplate absent or slightly developed, poorly sclerotized (Fig. 39 H); (6) both sexes lack a plumose pad of setae on leg IV femur; and (7) all tarsi scopulae are undivided. It differs from Brachypelma by the coloration of legs, which are black (Figs 42, 43 B – D) or have long, whitish setae (as T. albopilosum, Fig. 43 A) in combination with a dark carapace and long red / yellowish setae on abdomen (Figs 42, 43 B – D). The shape of genitalia also differs in both sexes with the male palpal bulb apex larger than in Brachypelma and by the presence of prolateral inferior keel well developed and posteriorly extended (Figs 39 A, D – F, 40 A, D, E). The apical keel is also larger than in Brachypelma (Figs 30 D, 33 D) and wider on distal half (Figs 39 B, D, E, 40 B, D, E). Embolus is regularly similar in length or longer than the tegulum (Figs 39 C – D, 40 C – F), whereas in Brachypelma it is shorter (Fig. 10 D). It also differs in having spination on the patellae of palps and legs. Females differs in the spermatheca apex inwardly curved and by lacking spermathecal baseplate (Fig. 39 G) or poorly sclerotized and widely separated when present (Fig. 39 H). Description Carapace regularly as long as wide, caput slightly elevated (Figs 42, 43). Cephalic striae inconspicuous (Fig. 43 A). Fovea deep, straight or recurve. Eye tubercle distinct and raised, wider than long. Anterior eye row procurved, posterior eye row recurved. Clypeus narrow or absent. Labium subtrapezoidal, wider than long, with 85 – 120 cuspules on anterior third centre. Maxilla subrectangular, anterior lobe distinctly produced into conical process, inner corner with 130 – 220 cuspules. Sternum longer than wide. Anterior pair of sigillae circular and slightly seen, second pair oval enlarged, posterior pair oval or rounded, generally once its length from the sternum margin. Leg formula: I, II, III, IV. Tarsi I – IV fully scopulated. All tarsi scopulae are undivided. Metatarsi I – II fully scopulated. Metatarsus III is 50 % distally scopulated and metatarsus IV is 20 – 40 % distally scopulated. The femur of leg III is slightly enlarged but not swollen as in other genera. Femora IV without retrolateralscopulae. Claviformstridulatingsetaeonpalp trochanter retrolateral face and in leg I trochanter and femur prolateral face. Patellae of the legs have at least one spine on prolateral or retrolateral side. Posterior lateral spinneret distally elongating, digitiform. Both sexes possess urticating setae type I and type III; Type III are located in the dorsoposterior area and type I surrounding these. Males possess two tibial apophysis, retrolateral apophysis slightly curved in apically. Globous bulb with small subtegulum longer than its height. Embolus flattened (Fig. 39 A, B), longer than tegulum (Fig. 39 C, D), with prolateral superior and apical keel large, joint at the embolus tip forming a typical spoon-shape (Figs 39 C – E, 40 C – F). Prolateral inferior keel well developed, parallel to prolateral superior and larger in general (Figs 39 D – F, 40 A, D, E). Females with a simple undivided / fused spermatheca apically narrowed and medially curved inwardly (Fig. 39 G, H). Spermathecal baseplate absent or slightly developed (Fig. 39 H). Spermatheca midwidth shorter than its base and well sclerotized (Fig. 39 G, H). Most of the species are black with long, red setae on the opisthosoma (except T. albopilosum, T. schroederi and T. verdezi) (Figs 42 – 43). Juveniles are similar in colour to the adults but paler. Remarks Tliltocatl can be confused by unexperienced people with Sericopelma spp. due to the similar coloration, but they can be easily differentiated from each other, because adult males of Sericopelma lack tibial apophysis, the female spermatheca of Sericopelma is strongly sclerotized (Fig. 41 B), also the spermatheca is distinctly swollen on the apex showing a P-shape (better seen laterally). In addition, Sericopelma has a distinct radiating sulcus on the carapace (Gabriel & Longhorn, 2015). Etymology The genus gender is masculine. The name is a noun in apposition comprising the Nahuatl words Tlil, which means ‘ black’, and tocatl, which means ‘ spider’, referring to the black coloration of species in the genus. Distribution Tliltocatl occurs in Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua and Costa Rica (Fig. 44). The species of the genus are found in deciduous forest, evergreen rain forest and grasslands along the Pacific coast, Mexican Gulf and Atlantic Coast. Specimens live inside burrows under flat rocks, fallen logs, sidehills, tree roots and even some species dig burrows in farmlands, gardens or close to flooded land.	en	Mendoza, Jorge, Francke, Oscar (2020): Systematic revision of Mexican threatened tarantulas Brachypelma (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae), with a description of a new genus, and implications on the conservation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 82-147
