identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
8F6F87AB3B714F6DFF6BFAC369CB3A59.text	8F6F87AB3B714F6DFF6BFAC369CB3A59.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Delia planipalpis	<div><p>Contact toxicity in adults</p><p>The two pyrethroid insecticides were the only products that caused knockdown of adult flies 1 hour after treatment. The median (interquartile range; IQR) percentage of knocked-down flies was similar for bifenthrin 100% (100–100%) and lambda-cyhalothrin 80% (73–88%). However, a large fraction of these flies subsequently recovered and were counted as alive in the 23-hour evaluation. The percentage of mortality of flies at 23 hours post-treatment differed markedly among the different products (Kruskal– Wallis: H = 46.2, df = 11, P &lt;0.001). Flies exposed to bifenthrin residues had the highest mortality, whereas all the other products resulted in mortalities of less than approximately 15%, similar to that of the control (Fig. 1).</p><p>Ovicidal effects and neonate mortality</p><p>The percentage of egg hatch differed significantly among insecticides (Kruskal– Wallis: H = 46.0, df = 13, P &lt;0.001). The only insecticide with significant ovicidal activity was the clothianidin-based product (Fig. 2), whereas egg hatch in all the other treatments was similar to that of the control.</p><p>The percentage of mortality observed in neonate larvae also differed significantly among the insecticides (Kruskal– Wallis: H = 117.0, df = 13, P &lt;0.001). Products based on bifenthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, clothianidin, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, spinetoram, and spinosad all resulted in neonate mortalities of 80–100%, which were significantly higher than that observed in the control (∼ 15%; Fig. 3). Neonate mortalities in the organic-approved insecticides ( Tagetes ( Asteraceae) extract, S. feltiae, and B. thuringiensis) and the systemic spirotetramat-based product were similar to that of the control, whereas the neem ( Meliaceae) oil- and pyriproxyfen-based products resulted in intermediate percentages of neonates mortality.</p><p>Mortality in larvae of the second- and third-instar stages</p><p>The percentage of larval mortality at the second- and third-instar stages varied significantly following spray application of products (Kruskal– Wallis: H = 65.0, df = 8, P &lt;0.001; Fig. 4A). The thiamethoxam- and spinetoram-based products resulted in the highest levels of larval mortality, followed by the clothianidin- and spinosad-based products (Fig. 4A). The imidacloprid-based product and the nematode S. feltiae generated intermediate levels of mortality that were similar to those observed in insects treated with the spirotetramat- and B. thuringiensis –based products and the control (Fig. 4A).</p><p>When insecticides were applied through root irrigation, the percentage of larval mortality also differed significantly among products (Kruskal– Wallis: H = 65.0, df = 8, P &lt;0.001), and only the systemic neonicotinoid-based products (thiamethoxam, clothianidin, and imidacloprid) resulted in high levels of mortality (75–100%) of second- and third-instar larvae (Fig. 4B).</p><p>Radishes were infested with a mean (± standard error) number of larvae that varied between 1.9 ± 0.3 and 3.9 ± 0.5 larvae per radish in the spray application experiment and between 1.3 ± 0.4 and 4.3 ± 1.0 larvae per radish in the root irrigation experiment. Upon inspection at the end of the experiments, 100% of the control radishes contained at least one living larva of D. planipalpis . However, the percentage of radishes that contained at least one living larva differed significantly among insecticides following a spray application (Χ 2 = 55.8, df = 8, P &lt;0.001; percentage values in the box at the top of Fig. 4A) or root irrigation (Χ 2 = 47.8, df = 6, P &lt;0.001; percentage values in the box at the top of Fig. 4B). The thiamethoxam-based product was the most effective in controlling larvae, with less than 10% of radishes containing a living larva irrespective of the application method.</p><p>Adult emergence of treated pupae and subsequent adult mortality</p><p>No adults emerged from pupae treated with 0.5 mL/L of the pyriproxyfen-based product, whereas all the other products resulted in adult emergence of 50–70%, similar to that of the control (Kruskal– Wallis: H = 41.1, df = 11, P &lt;0.001; Fig. 5).</p><p>In treatments in which adult flies emerged, a similar but low fly mortality (5–14%) was observed among products during the 12-day period after emergence, compared to 10% (10–10%; median, IQR) in the control (Kruskal– Wallis: H = 15.5, df = 11, P = 0.161; data not shown).</p><p>The percentage of adults that emerged from pupae treated with the pyriproxyfen-based product at different concentrations (0.1, 0.05, and 0.005 mL/L) was significantly lower than that observed for the control pupae (Kruskal– Wallis: H = 35.3, df = 3, P &lt;0.01; Fig. 6). Even at the lowest product concentration (0.005 mL/L), adult emergence was half that observed for the control.</p><p>The median (IQR) mortality of flies at 12 days after emergence also differed markedly between the control 10% (10–10%) and pyriproxyfen-treated insects, which varied from 100% (100–100%) mortality for 0.1 mL/L (n = 3) and 100% (88–100%) for 0.05 mL/L (n = 14), compared to 50% (46–100%) mortality for 0.005 mL/L (n = 22) treated insects (Kruskal– Wallis: H = 21.3, df = 3, P &lt;0.01).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8F6F87AB3B714F6DFF6BFAC369CB3A59	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lasa, Rodrigo;Córdova-García, Guadalupe;Williams, Trevor	Lasa, Rodrigo, Córdova-García, Guadalupe, Williams, Trevor (2025): Laboratory evaluation of insecticides for the control of Delia planipalpis (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), a nascent pest of broccoli (Brassicaceae) in Mexico. The Canadian Entomologist (e 2) 157: 1-14, DOI: 10.4039/tce.2024.43, URL: https://doi.org/10.4039/tce.2024.43
