identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
8A017A56FFD5FFE6FE6BFE0DFC93FCDF.text	8A017A56FFD5FFE6FE6BFE0DFC93FCDF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bufotes latastii (Boulenger 1882)	<div><p>S1. Bufotes latastii (Boulenger, 1882) (fig. 4‒5)</p><p>Larval series examined. WT 036.9409 (stream near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=75.96922&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.36552" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 75.96922/lat 34.36552)">Kachan village</a>, near Saku village, Kargil, India; 34.36552 N, 75.96922 E). Tadpoles were collected from a slow flowing stream at a depth of five centimeters. Substratum in the stream was gravel with no vegetation.</p><p>Notes. The taxonomic identity of the tadpoles was confirmed based on the partial 16S rRNA sequence (OQ079489) generated from a tadpole of the above vouchered collection. It showed no divergence to the published Genbank sequence (FJ 861313) from taxonomically identified specimens of Bufotes latastii . Tadpoles of this species were described by Smith (1924) and Khan (2006).</p><p>External morphology. Description of a tadpole at Gosner stage 38. Body ovoid and globular in dorsal and lateral perspectives (fig. 4a‒b). Body length 43.1 % of total length; maximum body diameter attained at mid-length of body. Snout rounded in dorsal and lateral perspectives. Eyes large, located and oriented dorsolaterally; distance between eye and nostril 34.7 % of distance between eye and snout. Opening of nostril reniform, closer to eyes than to snout, placed parallel to eye in dorsal perspective; inter-narial distance 57.6% of inter-orbital distance; distance between nostril and snout 17.4 % of body length. Spiracle sinistral and short; inner wall of tube formed but attached to body wall; tube orientation posterolateral, its opening located just below the middle and above the venter on lateral side of body. Distance between spiracle and snout 74.6 % of body length. Vent tube opening median with a broad opening. Tip of tail broadly rounded; musculature linear till mid-length of tail, after which it starts to taper. Dorsal fin originating at body-tail junction, ventral fin originating at ventral terminus; dorsal and ventral fins of equal height throughout length of tail tip. Maximum tail height at about mid-length. Height of tail muscle 1.45 times width of muscle at body-tail junction. Tail (caudal) musculature accounting for 44.8 % of height of tail. Lateral line visible along snout and lateral sides of body and tail fin. Glands absent on outer integument.</p><p>Oral disc anteroventral in location (fig. 4c). Rostral width of oral disc 42 % of maximum body width, emarginated, not visible dorsally; single row of marginal papillae spread on lateral commissures of oral disc; two to three submarginal papillae at lateral commissures; both labia of equal size. Labial tooth row formula A2(2)/P3. Order of lengths of labial tooth rows A1&gt; P1&gt; P2&gt; A2&gt; P3. Pigmentation of jaw sheaths present only on borders. Both jaw sheath margins with small uniform serrations; supra-rostrodont longer than wide, convex, with median region protruding towards posterior; infra-rostrodont U-shaped, convex laterally and concave medially.</p><p>Measurements of 12 tadpoles at various Gosner stages (26‒29, 31‒32, 38) are given in tab. 1.</p><p>Coloration. In life, dorsal body olive-brown with large melanophores. Ventral integument opaque and dirty white with some iridescence on gular region. Muscle region of tail brownish-black, both fins transparent, with few melanophores on dorsal and on posterior region of ventral fin. Oral disc and vent tube translucent, dotted with few melanophores. Spiracle pigmented.</p><p>Buccopharyngeal morphology. Buccal roof (fig. 5a). Prenarial arena of roof with two pustules located laterally. Internal nares transverse, oriented 45° anteromedially; gap between nares narrow and about half length of nare; anterior narial wall pustulose with few tiny pustules spread evenly; posterior wall smooth and valvular. Postnarial arena with two papillae arranged linearly in an inverted ‘V’ oriented anteromedially; papillae of medium height, with papilla closer to medial plane longer than papilla at lateral corners. Median ridge papilla triangular with a pustulated trifid tip. A single bifid lateral ridge papilla present on each side of lateral wall perpendicular to medial papilla; surface of papillae rugose. BRA demarcated with three pairs of conical papillae on lateral border of roof; pustules absent in BRA. Glandular zone thick and prominent, with secretory pits spread uniformly. Dorsal velum low and continuous, with few tiny projections medially.</p><p>Buccal floor (fig. 5b). Prelingual arena smooth and comprising one palp on each side of posterior lateral corners of jaw sheath; palp broad and dilated with rugose surface along with a long dorsal projection. Tongue anlage broad and low; one pair of pustulated conical lingual papillae. BFA well defined by six pairs of long conical papillae beginning from middle of BFA and converging posterolateral; anterior BFA papillae taller with second papilla taller than posterior; three-four papillae present in lateral region between BFA papillae and ventral velum; BFA composed of about eight to ten pustules. Buccal pocket opening broad and obtuse; three to four pustules in region between tongue anlage and buccal pockets; pre-pocket papillae absent. Ventral velum margin almost smooth with few tiny projections; median notch prominent. Glottis exposed slightly posterior to ventral velum.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A017A56FFD5FFE6FE6BFE0DFC93FCDF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Raj, Prudhvi;Vasudevan, Karthikeyan;Dutta, Sushil Kumar;Sahoo, Gunanidhi;Mahapatra, Susmita;Sharma, Richa	Raj, Prudhvi, Vasudevan, Karthikeyan, Dutta, Sushil Kumar, Sahoo, Gunanidhi, Mahapatra, Susmita, Sharma, Richa (2023): Larval morphology of selected anuran species from India. Alytes 39 - 40: 1-140, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16896351
8A017A56FFD8FFE2FE2FFB8BFA99FD40.text	8A017A56FFD8FFE2FE2FFB8BFA99FD40.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Duttaphrynus himalayanus (Gunther 1864)	<div><p>S2. Duttaphrynus himalayanus (Günther, 1864) (fig. 6‒7)</p><p>Larval series examined. WT 004.27608 (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.85088&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.09218" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.85088/lat 32.09218)">Barot forest</a> guest house, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India; 32.09218 N, 76.85088 E); WT 028.041009 (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=80.37192&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.86873" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 80.37192/lat 29.86873)">Baran</a> nala, Askot WLS, Uttarakhand, India; 29.86873 N, 80.37192 E); WT 035.29608 (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.71197&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.05299" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.71197/lat 32.05299)">Ghar</a> nala, Bir, Palampur Himachal Pradesh, India; 32.05299 N, 76.71197 E); and WT 160.2208 (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=80.37192&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.86873" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 80.37192/lat 29.86873)">Jolib</a>, Askot WLS, Uttarakhand, India; 29.86873 N, 80.37192 E). Tadpoles of this species were collected in shallow side pools, water puddles and side streams with little or no water current. The substratum of the pools was sandy with little or no emergent vegetation. Algal growth was very minimal.</p><p>Notes. The taxonomic identity of the tadpoles was confirmed by partial sequence of 16S rRNA (OQ079485) generated from tadpoles of the series WT 160. The sequence showed about 1 % sequence divergence compared to the published Genbank sequence (KT991345) from taxonomically identified Duttaphrynus himalayanus . Tadpoles of this species were described by Annandale (1906, 1912), Bhaduri (1944 b), Ray (1999) and Khan (2001, 2006).</p><p>External morphology. Description of a tadpole at Gosner stage 38. Body ovoid and globular in dorsal and lateral perspectives (fig. 6a‒b). Body length 37.5 % of total length; maximum body diameter at centre of abdomen. Snout rounded in dorsal and lateral perspectives. Eyes large, located and oriented dorsolaterally; distance between eye and nostril 35 % of distance between eye and snout. Nostril opening elliptical, closer to eye than to snout; placed parallel to eye in dorsal view; inter-narial distance 43.2 % of inter-orbital distance, distance between nostril and snout 20.3 % of body length. Spiracle sinistral and short; inner wall of tube not formed; tube orientation posterolateral, its opening located below the medial and above the lateral side of venter. Distance between spiracle and snout 56.2 % of body length. Opening of vent tube medial with a wide aperture. Tail tip broadly rounded; musculature linear on first third length of tail, tapering beyond. Dorsal fin originating at junction between body tail, ventral fin originating at ventral terminus; maximum height of caudal fin at distal end of tail, dorsal and ventral fins of equal heights. Height of tail muscle 1.33 times width of tail muscle at body-tail junction. Tail (caudal) musculature accounting for 43.6 % of height of tail. Lateral line visible. Glands absent on outer integument.</p><p>Oral disc anteroventral in location (fig. 6c). Rostral width of oral disc 42.5 % of maximum body width, emarginated, not visible dorsally; single row of marginal papillae on labia and lateral commissures; marginal papillae broadly interrupted on both labia medially; two rows of submarginal papillae at lateral commissures; both labia of equal size. Labial tooth row formula A2(2)/P3; A1 longest, A2 divided medially; P1 slightly shorter than P2, P3 the smallest labial tooth row on posterior labium. Order of lengths of labial tooth rows A1&gt; P2&gt; A2&gt; P1&gt; P3. Jaw sheaths well developed, both jaw sheaths moderately keratinized. Jaw sheath margins uniformly serrated with small fine serrations; supra-rostrodont longer than wide, with thin and convex extended lateral process; infra-rostrodont U-shaped, convex laterally and concave medially.</p><p>Measurements of 15 tadpoles of various Gosner stages (33‒34, 36‒40) are given in tab. 2.</p><p>Coloration. In life, dorsal body and flanks black with numerous dark spots. In lateral perspective, flanks iridescent black. Ventral integument translucent with gut coils visible. Musculature of caudal fin black with tiny melanophores; dorsal and ventral fins translucid black mottled with tiny melanophores evenly along its surface. Gular and belly regions translucent with gut coils visible; vent tube dark grey.</p><p>Buccopharyngeal morphology. Buccal roof (fig. 7a‒b). Prenarial arena of roof with a single pustulated ridge located medially. Internal nares transverse, oriented anteromedially; gap between nares narrow, about half the length of nare; anterior narial wall pustulose with few tiny pustules spread evenly; posterior wall tall, smooth and valvular, without pustules. Postnarial arena with five pairs of papillae arranged in two rows in an inverted ‘V’ oriented anteromedially; first row consisting of three stubby papillae on each side and two long conical papillae on second row behind; first papilla in second row located towards medial plane longest. Median ridge papilla triangular with a pustulated margin and bifid tip. Lateral ridge papillae bifid, pustulose and located perpendicular to median ridge papilla. Buccal roof arena (BRA) demarcated with three pairs of long conical papillae on lateral border of roof; about 20 tiny pustules spread across BRA. Glandular zone thick and prominent, with secretory pits distributed throughout the zone. Dorsal velum smooth and continuous converging posteriorly, its margin at posterior end with few tiny projections.</p><p>Buccal floor (fig. 7c‒d). Prelingual arena smooth, with a dilated palp on each side of posterior lateral corners of jaw sheath. Many pustules on margin of each dilated palp. Tongue anlage low; broader at anterior end and tapering towards posterior end; two pairs of long conical lingual papillae. BFA well defined; 14‒16 short conical papillae beginning from middle of BFA and converging posterior-laterally; all BFA papillae of equal size; a few papillae present in lateral region between BFA papillae and ventral velum; BFA with about 15 pustules. Buccal pocket opening narrow; few pustules between tongue anlage and buccal pockets; pre-pocket papillae absent. Ventral velum margin with many spicules bearing about 14 projections. Outer two projections on either side widely placed, and five projections on either side concentrated at the centre. Median notch prominent. Glottis exposed posterior to ventral velum.</p><p>Denticles (fig. 7e) closely packed and strongly curved towards mouth at the apex. Oral angle obtuse with head curved; sheath narrow followed by body, which is slightly broader; tip of head broadly curved; 8‒12 short and moderately rounded cusps on each denticle.</p><p>Each serration (fig. 7f) on jaw sheath with a wide base and a rounded head.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A017A56FFD8FFE2FE2FFB8BFA99FD40	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Raj, Prudhvi;Vasudevan, Karthikeyan;Dutta, Sushil Kumar;Sahoo, Gunanidhi;Mahapatra, Susmita;Sharma, Richa	Raj, Prudhvi, Vasudevan, Karthikeyan, Dutta, Sushil Kumar, Sahoo, Gunanidhi, Mahapatra, Susmita, Sharma, Richa (2023): Larval morphology of selected anuran species from India. Alytes 39 - 40: 1-140, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16896351
8A017A56FFDCFFFCFE1FFCAAFC7EF83A.text	8A017A56FFDCFFFCFE1FFCAAFC7EF83A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Schneider 1799)	<div><p>S3. Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Schneider, 1799) (fig. 8‒9)</p><p>Larval series examined. WT 159.11411(Wildlife Institute of India (WII), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.97547&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.28414" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.97547/lat 30.28414)">Dehradun</a>, Uttarakhand, India; 30.28414 N, 77.97547 E). Tadpoles of this species were collected along the shallow banks of a lake in WII campus. In other locations, tadpoles of this species were found to inhabit water puddles, streams (first-order) with little or no water current. The substratum of the pools was sandy with a good proportion of gravel and with little emergent vegetation.</p><p>Notes. The taxonomic identity of the tadpoles was confirmed by rearing them from eggs collected from taxonomically identified adults of Duttaphrynus melanostictus at Wildlife Institute of India campus. Tadpole descriptions for this species were made by number of authors. However, further taxonomic validation that this species was involved in all cases is needed, given the wide geographical distribution currently credited to this species.</p><p>External morphology. Description of a tadpole at Gosner stage 33. Body ovoid and globular in dorsal and lateral perspectives (fig. 8a‒b). Body length 40.3 % of total length; maximum body diameter at the middle of body. Snout rounded in dorsal and lateral perspectives. Eyes large, located and oriented dorsolaterally; distance between eye and nostril 31.8 % of distance between eye and snout. Nostril opening reniform with elevated rim, closer to eye than to snout, placed parallel to eye in dorsal view; inter-narial distance 52 % of inter-orbital distance; distance between nostril and snout 20 % of body length. Spiracle sinistral; inner wall of tube not completely formed; tube orientation posterolateral, its opening located below the medial and above the venter of lateral side. Distance between spiracle and snout 70.8 % of body length. Vent tube opening median, short. Tail tip round; height of tail musculature greatest at body tail junction, after which it tapers to tail tip. Dorsal fin originating at body tail junction, ventral fin originating at ventral terminus; both tail fins of equal height for most of their length. Maximum tail height at mid length. Height of tail muscle about 1.27 times that of width of muscle at tail-body junction. Tail (caudal) musculature accounting for 37 % of height of tail. Dermal pores of lateral lines on body faintly visible. Glands absent on outer integument.</p><p>Oral disc anteroventral in location (fig. 8c). Rostral width of oral disc 62 % of maximum body diameter, emarginated, not visible dorsally; single row of marginal papillae spread on lateral commissures of oral disc but none seen on both labia; two to three submarginal papillae at lateral commissures; both labia of equal size. Labial tooth row formula A2(1)/P3. Order of lengths of labial tooth rows A1&gt; P1&gt; P2&gt; P3&gt; A2. Jaw sheaths very feeble, both moderately keratinized. Jaw sheath margins with small uniform serrations; supra-rostrodont convex, longer than wide, with median region slightly broad and protruding posteriorly, moderately keratinized and tapering to a long thin lateral process; infra-rostrodont V-shaped with a concave median region.</p><p>Measurements of 14 tadpoles at various Gosner stages (27‒29, 31‒32, 34) are given in tab. 3.</p><p>Coloration. In life, dorsal body black with many closely spaced tiny melanophores on both inner and outer integuments. In lateral perspective, flanks spotted with several tiny melanophores. Ventral integument olive colored, transparent with gut coils visible; ventral side spotted with several tiny melanophores. Both fins transparent and dorsal fin spotted in its anterior portion. Entire tail muscle spotted with several tiny melanophores, mostly along posterior region of tail. Spiracle, oral disc and vent tube translucent, dotted with few melanophores.</p><p>Buccopharyngeal morphology. Buccal roof (fig. 9a). Prenarial arena of roof with a triangular transverse ridge bearing tiny papillae on lateral corners. Internal nares transverse; oriented anteromedially; gap between nares narrow, about half length of nare; anterior narial wall pustulose with few tiny pustules and no papilla; posterior wall tall, smooth and valvular, without pustules. Postnarial arena with three pairs of papillae arranged in an inverted ‘V’ oriented anteromedially. Second and third postnarial papillae conical and pustulose, second papilla being the longest; first papilla stubby. Median ridge papilla triangular with a smooth margin and bifid tip. A single trifid pustulose lateral ridge papilla perpendicular to median ridge. BRA demarcated with three pairs of long conical papillae on lateral border of the roof; about 30 tiny pustules spread across BRA. Glandular zone thick and prominent. Dorsal velum slightly raised and continuous, with a few tiny projections medially.</p><p>Buccal floor (fig. 9b). Prelingual arena composed of a single dilated palp on each side of posterior lateral corners of jaw sheath. Each palp divided into two equal wide projections with many pustules on the margin. Tongue anlage round and low; two pairs of smooth lingual papillae, one at centre projecting inwards and other on lateral corners of tongue anlage, projecting outwards. BFA well defined; anterior region of BFA smooth; six long conical papillae beginning from middle of BFA and passing posterolateral; second BFA papilla largest and bifid; posterior region of BFA with about 20 pustules. Buccal pocket opening narrow and transversely arranged; few pustules in region between tongue anlage and buccal pockets; pre-pocket papillae absent. Ventral velum smooth with about 10 projections. Outer two projections on either side widely placed, all others concentrated at the centre. Median notch not prominent. Glottis exposed way behind ventral velum.</p><p>Each serration (fig. 9c) on jaw sheath with a wide base and a rounded head.</p><p>Denticles (fig. 9d) closely packed and strongly curved towards mouth at apex. Oral angle slightly obtuse; sheath narrow; body slightly broader. Tip of head broad with 10‒12 long and moderately rounded cusps on each denticle.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A017A56FFDCFFFCFE1FFCAAFC7EF83A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Raj, Prudhvi;Vasudevan, Karthikeyan;Dutta, Sushil Kumar;Sahoo, Gunanidhi;Mahapatra, Susmita;Sharma, Richa	Raj, Prudhvi, Vasudevan, Karthikeyan, Dutta, Sushil Kumar, Sahoo, Gunanidhi, Mahapatra, Susmita, Sharma, Richa (2023): Larval morphology of selected anuran species from India. Alytes 39 - 40: 1-140, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16896351
8A017A56FFC0FFF9FE19FE10FAB6F831.text	8A017A56FFC0FFF9FE19FE10FAB6F831.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis (Schneider 1799)	<div><p>S4. Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis (Schneider, 1799) (fig. 10‒11)</p><p>Larval series examined. WT 017.2109 (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=78.91183&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.06495" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 78.91183/lat 16.06495)">Mamidi Sala</a>, Narjunasagar Srisailam Tiger Reserve, Andhra Pradesh, India; 16.06495 N, 78.91183 E); WT 026 and 031.10609 (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=78.86891&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.60535" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 78.86891/lat 12.60535)">Beman</a> waterfalls, Javadi Hills, Vellore Tamil Nadu, India; 12.60535 N, 78.86891 E); W T029.10609 (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=78.86893&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.60533" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 78.86893/lat 12.60533)">Beman</a> waterfalls, Javadi Hills, Vellore Tamil Nadu, India; 12.60533 N, 78.86893 E). Tadpoles of this species were collected in small streams with little or no water current. The substratum of the stream was muddy or with gravel.</p><p>Notes. The taxonomic identity of the tadpoles was based on a partial sequence of 16S rRNA (OQ079486) generated from the tadpole voucher WT 017. The sequence showed a 1 % sequence divergence compared to the published Genbank sequence (AB290419) from a taxonomically identified specimen of Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis . Larval descriptions of morphology for tadpoles of this species were made by Mohanty-Hejmadi &amp; Dutta (1979), Das (1994), Khan &amp; Mufti (1995), Khan (1997, 2003 d) and Ray (1999). However, taxonomic uncertainty exists regarding these descriptions due to the wide distribution of the species.</p><p>External morphology. Description of a tadpole at Gosner stage 36. Body ovoid and globular in dorsal and lateral perspectives (fig. 10a‒b). Body length 38.4 % of total length; maximum body diameter attained at posterior end of body. Snout pointed in dorsal and rounded in lateral perspectives. Eyes large, located dorsolaterally and oriented laterally; distance between eye and nostril 42.8 % of distance between eye and snout. Opening of nostril reniform, closer to eyes than to snout, placed wide apart and parallel to eye in dorsal perspective; inter-narial distance 48.8 % of inter-orbital distance; distance between nostril and snout 26.2 % of body length. Spiracle sinistral and short; inner wall of tube formed but attached to body wall; tube orientation posterolateral, its opening located below the median and above the venter on lateral side of body. Distance between spiracle and snout 63.1% of body length. Vent tube opening dextral, with aperture not connected to ventral fin. Tail tip acute; musculature linear till 1/3 rd length of tail, after which it starts to taper. Dorsal fin originating at body-tail junction, ventral fin originating at ventral terminus; dorsal fin wider and more concave than ventral fin. Maximum tail height at about mid-length. Height of tail muscle 1.37 times of width at body-tail junction. Tail (caudal) musculature accounting for 61 % of height of tail. Lateral line along snout and lateral sides of body and tail fin. Glands absent on outer integument.</p><p>Oral disc nearly ventral in location (fig. 10c). Rostral width of oral disc 24.3 % of maximum body width, emarginated, not visible dorsally; single row of marginal papillae spread on lateral commissures of oral disc; gaps in distribution of marginal papillae seen medially on both labia; submarginal papillae none; both labia of equal size. Labial tooth row formula A1/P2. Order of lengths of labial tooth rows P1 = P2&gt; A1. Jaw sheaths well developed with heavy pigmentation. Both jaw sheath margins with medium sized uniform serrations; supra-rostrodont longer than wide, convex with median region protruding towards posterior; infra-rostrodont U-shaped, convex laterally and concave medially.</p><p>Measurements of 22 tadpoles of various Gosner stages (28, 31, 34‒36, 38‒40, 42) are given in tab. 4.</p><p>Coloration. In life, dorsal body olive with many melanophores. Flanks comparatively darker than dorsum. Ventral integument opaque and silvery white. Muscle region of tail dirty yellow with tiny melanophores extending from body-tail margin to tail tip. Both fins transparent with tiny melanophores dotted evenly. Spiracle was pigmented. Oral disc and vent tube devoid of melanophores.</p><p>Buccopharyngeal morphology. Buccal roof (fig. 11a‒b). Prenarial arena of roof smooth with no pustules. Internal nares transverse, oriented posteromedially; gap between nares narrow and about half the length of nare; anterior narial wall pustulose with few tiny pustules and a pustulose papilla at lateral corner; posterior wall smooth and valvular with region near to medial taller. Postnarial arena with three conical papillae arranged linearly immediately posterior to narial wall; papillae of medium height, with papillae closer to medial plane longer than papillae at lateral corners. Papilla on anterior narial wall and anterior papilla of postnarial arena of equal height. Median ridge papilla triangular with a papillated tip. Two lateral ridge papillae present on each side of lateral wall perpendicular to medial papilla; anterior lateral ridge papilla conical and short; posterior papilla broad with an uneven margin. BRA demarcated with five pairs of long conical papillae on lateral border of roof; about 40 tiny pustules spread in BRA. Glandular zone thick and prominent with secretory pits spread uniformly. Dorsal velum moderately tall, with many tiny projections present on velum.</p><p>Buccal floor (fig. 11c‒d). A single bifid palp on each side of the posterior lateral corners of the prelingual arena. Each palp divided into two equal long flattened projections with a smooth margin. No pustules in prelingual arena. Tongue anlage broad and elevated; a pair of smooth lingual papillae present; each lingual papilla tubular and papillated at the tip. BFA well defined; entire BFA smooth; 10 long conical papillae beginning parallel to mesad of BFA and passing posterolateral, converging posteriorly; most posterior BFA papilla largest; no pustules or papillae recorded on BFA. Buccal pocket opening broad and transversely arranged; one pre or one post pocket papilla present. Ventral velum margin composed of spicules with about four projections on each side; all projections on either side widely placed and of equal size. Median notch absent. Glottis exposed behind velum.</p><p>Denticles (fig. 11e) widely spaced and strongly curved at apex. Oral angle straight except for curved apex; sheath broad; head deeply curved and not cusped.</p><p>Each serration (fig. 11f) on jaw sheath with a short base and a triangular head.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A017A56FFC0FFF9FE19FE10FAB6F831	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Raj, Prudhvi;Vasudevan, Karthikeyan;Dutta, Sushil Kumar;Sahoo, Gunanidhi;Mahapatra, Susmita;Sharma, Richa	Raj, Prudhvi, Vasudevan, Karthikeyan, Dutta, Sushil Kumar, Sahoo, Gunanidhi, Mahapatra, Susmita, Sharma, Richa (2023): Larval morphology of selected anuran species from India. Alytes 39 - 40: 1-140, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16896351
8A017A56FFC4FFF4FF6AFE9BFEA7FCAC.text	8A017A56FFC4FFF4FF6AFE9BFEA7FCAC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Minervarya kalinga (Raj, Dinesh, Das, Dutta, Kar & Mohapatra 2018)	<div><p>S5. Minervarya kalinga (Raj, Dinesh, Das, Dutta, Kar &amp; Mohapatra, 2018) (fig. 12‒13)</p><p>Larval series examined. WT 040/17809 (near Sileru AP Zenco Office, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India; 18.05321 N, 82.03538 E). Tadpoles of this species were collected in a small stream with little water current. The substratum of the stream was gravelled and rocky.</p><p>Notes. The taxonomic identity of the tadpoles was confirmed by a partial sequence of 16S rRNA (OQ079492) generated from the tadpole voucher WT 040. The sequence matches the published sequence from taxonomically identified frogs of Minervarya kalinga (MG 870107). Morphological description of tadpoles of M. kalinga is unavailable.</p><p>External morphology. Description of a tadpole at Gosner stage 37. Body elliptical and globular in dorsal and lateral perspectives (fig. 12a‒b). Body length 38 % of total length; maximum body diameter at posterior end of body. Snout rounded in dorsal and lateral perspectives. Eyes large, located and oriented dorsolaterally; distance between eye and nostril 41.3 % of distance between eye and snout. Nostril opening spherically, slightly elevated at rim, closer to eye than to snout, placed wide apart and parallel to eye in dorsal view; inter-narial distance 57.6 % of inter-orbital distance; distance between nostril and snout 26.8 % of body length. Spiracle sinistral and short; inner wall of tube formed but attached to body wall; tube orientation posterolateral, its opening located just below the middle of the lateral side of venter. Distance between spiracle and snout 62 % of body length. Opening of vent tube dextral with both walls attaching at the same location. Tail length 62 % of total length; tail tip acute; musculature linear on first quarter length of tail tapering beyond. Dorsal fin originating at junction between body tail, ventral fin originating at ventral terminus; dorsal fin wider than ventral fin; maximum tail height at mid-length. Height of tail muscle 91 % width of tail muscle at tail-body junction. Tail (caudal) musculature accounting for 44 % of height of tail. Lateral line not visible. Glands absent on outer integument.</p><p>Oral disc anteroventral in location (fig. 12c). Rostral width of oral disc 40 % of maximum body width, emarginated; not visible dorsally; single row of marginal papillae on labia and lateral commissures; marginal papillae broadly interrupted on both labia; two rows of submarginal papillae at lateral commissures; both labia of equal size. Labial tooth row formula A2(2)/P3. Order of lengths of labial tooth rows A1&gt; P1&gt; A2&gt; P2&gt; P3. Pigmentation of jaw sheaths present only on borders. Both jaw sheath margins with small uniform serrations; supra-rostrodont longer than wide, convex, with median region protruding towards posterior; infra-rostrodont U-shaped, convex laterally and concave medially.</p><p>Measurements of 15 tadpoles of various Gosner stages (28, 36‒38, 40, 42‒43) are given in tab. 5.</p><p>Coloration. In life, dorsal body and flanks brown with dark spots. In lateral perspective, flanks comparatively lighter than dorsum. Ventral integument translucent with gut coils visible. Caudal musculature light brown with dark brown bands in some places. Anterior region of tail fin adorned with a conspicuous light beige stripe having a dark brown rim, which extends from base to proximal one-third of tail; dorsal and ventral tail fins translucent. Oral disc and vent tube translucent with no pigmentation; spiracle dotted with few melanophores.</p><p>Buccopharyngeal morphology. Buccal roof (fig. 13a). Prenarial arena of roof with a pustulated ridge arranged in an arch. Internal nares transverse directed medially; gap between nares wide, about the length of a nare; anterior narial wall pustulose with few pustules and a short, pustulated papilla at lateral corner of the wall; posterior wall tall, smooth and valvular. Postnarial arena with a pair of tall-pustulated papilla each located immediately behind narial wall oriented medially; papillae largest on roof; two to three pustules present in front of median ridge papilla. Median ridge papilla triangular with a pustulated margin. Two lateral ridge papillae on each side of lateral walls, a long pustulated lateral ridge papilla followed by a short pustulated papilla present perpendicular to median ridge. BRA defined with four pairs of long conical pustulated papillae present on lateral border of roof; about 40 tiny pustules spread across BRA. Glandular zone broad and prominent secretory pits. Dorsal velum raised with few projections and discontinuous.</p><p>Buccal floor (fig. 13b). Prelingual arena with two pairs of broad short pustulated palps located along posterolateral corner of jaw sheath; first pair of palps situated slightly anterior to posterolateral margin of jaw sheath; second broad pustulated palps located at posterolateral corners of jaw sheath; a pair of papillae located posteromedially between the two posterior palps on prelingual arena. Tongue anlage broad and raised; two pustulated lingual papillae with no pustules present medially. BFA well defined by BFA papillae; about 10 pairs of conical papillae spread on BFA along with 24‒30 pustules; these papillae begin anteromedially to buccal pocket and continue parallel to mesad plane, converging posteriorly. Space between tongue anlage and buccal pockets with about 10 pustules. Buccal pockets wide and transverse, oriented at 45 degrees to mesad; pre-pocket papillae absent. Region between BFA and margin of velum smooth and granular. Ventral velum wide and sinuate. Ventral velum margin smooth with 10 projections; outer three projections on each side placed wide apart and rest concentrated around center. Median notch not prominent. Glottis exposed posteriorly to ventral velum.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A017A56FFC4FFF4FF6AFE9BFEA7FCAC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Raj, Prudhvi;Vasudevan, Karthikeyan;Dutta, Sushil Kumar;Sahoo, Gunanidhi;Mahapatra, Susmita;Sharma, Richa	Raj, Prudhvi, Vasudevan, Karthikeyan, Dutta, Sushil Kumar, Sahoo, Gunanidhi, Mahapatra, Susmita, Sharma, Richa (2023): Larval morphology of selected anuran species from India. Alytes 39 - 40: 1-140, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16896351
8A017A56FFC8FFF0FE40FF5EFAB6FED0.text	8A017A56FFC8FFF0FE40FF5EFAB6FED0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Minervarya pierrei (Dubois 1975)	<div><p>S6. Minervarya pierrei (Dubois, 1975) (fig. 14‒15)</p><p>Larval series examined. WT 038‒039.81209 (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=86.76539&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.92939" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 86.76539/lat 21.92939)">North</a> Orissa University (NOU), Baripda, Odisha, India; 21.929389 N, 86.765389 E). Tadpoles of this species were collected in a pond with standing water of about two feet. The pond was without canopy cover and with muddy substratum.</p><p>Notes. A partial sequence of 16S rRNA (OQ079490) generated from the tadpole voucher WT 038 matches published sequences from taxonomically identified frogs of Minervarya pierrei (KP 849816). No descriptions of larvae of this species are available.</p><p>External morphology. Description of a tadpole at Gosner stage 38. Body elliptical and globular in dorsal and lateral perspectives (fig. 14a‒b). Body length 35.6 % of total length; maximum body diameter at the centre of abdomen. Snout rounded in both dorsal and lateral perspectives. Eyes large, located and oriented dorsolaterally; distance between eye and nostril 50 % of distance between eye and snout. Nostril opening spherical with rim elevated, closer to eye than to snout, placed wide apart and parallel to eye in dorsal view; inter-narial distance 47.8 % of inter-orbital distance, distance between nostril and snout 13.7 % of body length. Spiracle sinistral and short; inner wall of tube completely formed but attached to body wall with aperture free; tube orientation posterolateral, its opening located below the medial and above the lateral side of venter. Distance between spiracle and snout 68.9 % of body length. Opening of vent tube dextral with right wall attached posterior to left wall. Tail tip pointed; musculature linear on first third length of tail, tapering beyond. Dorsal fin originating at junction between body tail; ventral fin originating at ventral terminus; maximum height of caudal fin at mid-length; dorsal fin wider than ventral fin. Height of tail muscle 94.7 % width of tail muscle at body-tail junction. Tail (caudal) musculature accounting for 47.3 % of height of tail. Lateral line not visible. Glands absent on outer integument.</p><p>Oral disc nearly ventral in location (fig. 14c). Rostral width of oral disc 27.3 % of maximum body width, emarginated; not visible dorsally; single row of marginal papillae spread on lateral commissures of oral disc; wide gaps on both labia; two to three submarginal papillae seen at lateral commissures; both labia of equal size. Labial tooth row formula A2(2)/P3(1); gaps on labia in A1 and P3 labial tooth rows. Order of lengths of labial tooth rows A1&gt; P1&gt; P2&gt; P3&gt; A2. Jaw sheaths well developed, both jaw sheaths delicately keratinized. Jaw sheath margins uniformly serrated with small fine serrations; supra-rostrodont wide and convex with trapezoidal outline; infra-rostrodont U-shaped, convex laterally and concave medially.</p><p>Measurements of 15 tadpoles of various Gosner stages (35‒43) are given in tab. 6.</p><p>Coloration. In life, dorsal body dirty yellow with many medium-sized blotches spread uniformly. Abdomen silvery white with no melanophores and opaque. Caudal fin musculature with yellow background and mottled with melanophores; dorsal and ventral tail fins white and translucent with many blotches mostly at posterior end. Oral disc and vent tube translucent; spiracle dotted with few melanophores.</p><p>Buccopharyngeal morphology. Buccal roof (fig. 15a‒b). Prenarial arena of roof with nine pustules arranged in an arch; pustule present medially largest, and those at lateral corners smaller. Internal nares transverse, directed medially; gap between nares narrow, about half the length of each nare; anterior narial wall with few pustules and a short, pustulated papilla originating at lateral corner of the wall; posterior wall tall, smooth and valvular. Postnarial arena with a pair of tall-pustulated papillae present immediately behind posterior narial wall oriented medially; largest papillae on the roof; few pustules present in front of median ridge papilla. Median ridge papilla triangular with a pustulated margin. Two lateral ridge papillae, a short pustulated anterior papilla followed by a long and bifid pustulated papillae on each side, perpendicular to median ridge papilla; both projections of posterior papilla unequal. BRA well defined with four pairs of long conical pustulated papillae on lateral border of roof; about 50 tiny pustules spread across entire BRA. Glandular zone broad and prominent. Dorsal velum raised and discontinuous with a pustulated margin.</p><p>Buccal floor (fig. 15c‒d). Prelingual arena with two pairs of palps located at posterolateral corners of jaw sheath; first pair of short pustulated papillae situated slightly anterior to posterolateral margin of jaw sheath; second laterally dilated pustulated palps at posterolateral corners of jaw sheath; a pair of papillae located posteromedially between the two posterior palps on jaw sheath. Tongue anlage broad and raised; two pustulated lingual papillae present medially. BFA defined by four pairs of BFA papillae beginning anteromedially to buccal pocket,continuing parallel to mesad plane but do not converging posteriorly; all papillae conical, tall and pustulated; first papilla tallest; BFA with14 to 16 pustules; space between tongue anlage and buccal pockets with 18 to 20 pustules on each side. Buccal pockets wide and transverse, oriented at 45 degrees to mesad; pre-pocket papillae absent. Region behind BFA and margin of ventral velum smooth and granular. Ventral velum wide and sinuate. Ventral velum margin with 14 projections on each side; Outer three projections on each side longer and widely spaced, and the remaining smaller and concentrated around the centre. Median notch not prominent; outer margin smooth with no spicules. Glottis exposed slightly posterior to ventral velum.</p><p>Observation on denticles could not be made.</p><p>Each serration (fig. 15e‒f) on jaw sheath with a wide base and a pointed head.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A017A56FFC8FFF0FE40FF5EFAB6FED0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Raj, Prudhvi;Vasudevan, Karthikeyan;Dutta, Sushil Kumar;Sahoo, Gunanidhi;Mahapatra, Susmita;Sharma, Richa	Raj, Prudhvi, Vasudevan, Karthikeyan, Dutta, Sushil Kumar, Sahoo, Gunanidhi, Mahapatra, Susmita, Sharma, Richa (2023): Larval morphology of selected anuran species from India. Alytes 39 - 40: 1-140, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16896351
8A017A56FFCCFFCEFEEEFF5FFA92F815.text	8A017A56FFCCFFCEFEEEFF5FFA92F815.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Minervarya sengupti (Purkayastha & Matsui 2012)	<div><p>S7. Minervarya sengupti (Purkayastha &amp; Matsui, 2012) (fig. 16‒17)</p><p>Larval series examined. WT 132.5611(<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=91.7423&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.35453" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 91.7423/lat 25.35453)">Mawblang</a>, Cheerapunji, Meghalaya, India; 25.35453 N, 91.74230 E). Tadpoles were collected in a pool one foot deep. The location of the pool was on a hill plateau at an elevation of more than 1000 m.a.s.l. The substratum in the pool was sandy with algal growth and emergent vegetation. Tadpoles of Hyla annectans were also found inhabiting the same pool .</p><p>Notes. A partial sequence of 16S rRNA (OQ079502) generated from the above tadpole voucher did match with unpublished sequences of Minervarya sengupti generated by us. The species was reported to occur from the locality from where the tadpoles were collected (Purkayastha &amp; Matsui, 2012).</p><p>External morphology. Description of a tadpole at Gosner stage 38. Body elliptical and globular in dorsal and lateral perspectives (fig. 16a‒b). Body length 40.1 % of total length; maximum body diameter at the centre of abdomen. Snout rounded in dorsal and lateral perspectives. Eyes large, located and oriented dorsolaterally; distance between eye and nostril 44.4 % of distance between eye and snout. Nostril opening rounded and elevated, closer to eyes than to snout, placed wide apart and parallel to eye in dorsal view; inter-narial distance 61.5 % of inter-orbital distance, distance between nostril and snout 13.5 % of body length. Spiracle sinistral and short; inner wall of tube completely formed and attached to body wall with aperture free; tube orientation posterolateral, its opening located below the medial and above the lateral side of venter. Distance between spiracle and snout 63.9 % of body length. Opening of vent tube dextral and attached to ventral fin; both aperture walls having their origin at same location. Tail length 59.4 % of total length; tail tip rounded; musculature linear on first third length of tail, tapering beyond. Dorsal fin originating at junction between body and tail, ventral fin originating at ventral terminus; maximum height of caudal fin at mid-length of tail. Dorsal fin wider than ventral fin. Height of tail muscle equal to width of tail muscle at body-tail junction. Tail (caudal) musculature accounting for 40.3 % of height of tail. Lateral line visible. Glands absent on outer integument.</p><p>Oral disc anteroventral in location (fig. 16c). Rostral width of oral disc 27.9 % of maximum body width, emarginated; not visible dorsally; single row of marginal papillae on lateral commissures; marginal papillae broadly interrupted on both labia medially; four to five submarginal papillae at lateral commissures; both labia of equal size. Labial tooth row formula A2(2)/P3. Order of lengths of labial tooth rows A1&gt; P1&gt; P2&gt; A2&gt; P3. Jaw sheaths well developed, both jaw sheaths moderately keratinized. Jaw sheath margins uniformly serrated with small fine serrations; supra-rostrodont longer than wide, broadly convex with extended lateral process; infra-rostrodont Ushaped, convex laterally and concave medially.</p><p>Measurements of 46 tadpoles at various Gosner stages (27‒ 43, 46) are given in tab. 7.</p><p>Coloration. In life, dorsal body light brown; outer integument transparent, with few large blotches at anterior end. In lateral perspective, flanks comparatively darker than dorsum due to dark pigmentation of inner integument. Ventral integument transparent with gut coils visible; anterior region of ventral integument spotted. Both fins transparent; fins spotted with several moderate-sized melanophores and few blotches along margins of the fins; caudal musculature dirty yellow and mottled with tiny melanophores. Oral disc and vent tube translucent with no pigmentation; spiracle dotted with few melanophores.</p><p>Buccopharyngeal morphology. Buccal roof (fig. 17a‒b). Prenarial arena with eight pustules arranged in an arch; four medial pustules larger than other pustules. Internal nares transverse, oriented posteriomedially; gap between nares moderate, about 60 % length of each nare; anterior narial wall pustulose with few pustules and a tall, flattened papilla with a pustulated margin originating near lateral corner of the wall; posterior wall smooth and valvular with a tiny narial valve projection near to medial region of roof. Postnarial arena with two tall, broad papillae immediately behind posterior narial wall oriented medially; anterior margin of papillae irregular; three pustules present in front of median ridge papilla. Median ridge papilla triangular with pustulated margin. Two flattened lateral ridge papillae pustulated on anterior margin present on each side of roof perpendicular to median ridge; anterior papilla short; posterior papilla longer, broader and pointed at tip. BRA defined with three pairs of long conical pustulated papillae present on lateral border of the roof; about 50 tiny pustules spread across BRA. Glandular zone broad distinctive with anterior margin consisting of pustules; secretory pits present medially. Dorsal velum margin raised and discontinuous with margin pustulated.</p><p>Buccal floor (fig. 17c‒d). Prelingual arena composed of two pairs of palps located along anterolateral and posterolateral corners on each side of jaw sheath; anterior palp short with many tiny attenuate projections, situated anterior to posterolateral corners of jaw sheaths; posterior palps longer, broader and rugose, located at posterolateral corners of jaw sheath, oriented towards medial; three pustules located below and anterior to anterior palp; a pair of papillae located posteromedially between the two posterior palps on prelingual arena. Tongue anlage broad and raised; two pairs of long conical lingual papillae located medially; medial papillae longer than outer papillae. BFA defined by six pairs of BFA papillae; papillae beginning anteromedial to buccal pocket, continue parallel to mesad plane converging at posterior region of floor; all papillae conical, tall, rugose and of unequal size; second BFA papilla comparatively broader and taller than other papillae; BFA smooth with 12‒14 pustules. Space between tongue anlage and buccal pockets composed of six to eight pustules. Buccal pockets wide and transverse, oriented at 45 degrees to mesad; pre-pocket papillae absent. Region between BFA and margin of ventral velum broad and smooth. Ventral velum wide and sinuate; margin with 10 projections. Outer two projections on each side larger and widely spaced with rest of projections concentrated at centre. Median notch not prominent; outer margin smooth with no spicules. Glottis exposed immediately posterior to ventral velum.</p><p>Denticles (fig. 17e) closely packed and moderately curved towards mouth at apex. Sheath broad; body narrow with concave depression dorsally; head curved at tip with six long and sharply curved cusps; two cusps at apex longer than other sub apical cusps</p><p>Each serration (fig. 17f) on jaw sheath with a short base and a pointed head.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A017A56FFCCFFCEFEEEFF5FFA92F815	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Raj, Prudhvi;Vasudevan, Karthikeyan;Dutta, Sushil Kumar;Sahoo, Gunanidhi;Mahapatra, Susmita;Sharma, Richa	Raj, Prudhvi, Vasudevan, Karthikeyan, Dutta, Sushil Kumar, Sahoo, Gunanidhi, Mahapatra, Susmita, Sharma, Richa (2023): Larval morphology of selected anuran species from India. Alytes 39 - 40: 1-140, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16896351
8A017A56FFF1FFC9FD8FFE9BFC19F839.text	8A017A56FFF1FFC9FD8FFE9BFC19F839.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paa minica (Dubois 1975)	<div><p>S8. Paa minica (Dubois, 1975) (fig. 18‒19)</p><p>Larval series examined. WT 008, WT 011‒012 and WT 015 (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=80.37192&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.86873" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 80.37192/lat 29.86873)">Dal Lake</a>, Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh, India; 32.24769 N, 76.30944 E; 1836 m a.s.l.); WT 041‒043 and WT 045 (Askot Wildlife Sanctuary, Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand, India; 29.86873 N, 80.37192 E; 1347 m a.s.l.). Tadpoles were collected in streams with moderate water current. They were seen in areas of the stream which had considerably less water current. Substratum was mostly gravelled and stony. Canopy covering was less than 20 %.</p><p>Notes. The taxonomic identity of the tadpoles was confirmed by a partial sequence of 16S rRNA (OQ079488) generated from the tadpole voucher and matching with sequences of taxonomically verified P. minica (unpublished data). Ontogeny and morphological description of the larvae were known, but with many ambiguities (Dubois 1976; Mehta 1983; Tilak &amp; Ray 1985; Ray 1999).</p><p>External morphology. Description of a tadpole at Gosner stage 38. Body ovoid and globular in dorsal and lateral perspectives (fig. 18a‒b); snout obtuse both in dorsal and lateral perspectives; body length 34.3 % of total length; maximum body diameter at posterior end of abdomen. Eyes large, located and oriented dorsolaterally; distance between eye and nostril 58.5 % of distance between eye and snout. Nostril opening reniform with fringe elevated, located and opening dorsolaterally, closer to eye than to snout; inter-narial distance 77.2 % of inter-orbital distance; distance between nostril and snout 16.7 % of body length. Spiracle sinistral and short; inner wall of tube formed, opening laterally with two-thirds of tube attached to body wall. Distance between spiracle and snout 60 % of body length. Vent tube opening dextral; wall of vent tube attached to ventral fin anterior to place of its origin. Tail tip rounded; musculature thick. Dorsal fin originating at junction between body tail, ventral fin originating at ventral terminus; dorsal fin wider than ventral fin; maximum height of caudal fin at midway of tail. Height of tail muscle 1.34 times of width at body-tail junction. Tail (caudal) musculature accounting for 48.4 % of height of tail. Lateral line visible. Glands absent on outer integument.</p><p>Oral disc anteroventral in location (fig. 18c). Rostral width of oral disc 40.6 % of maximum body width; oral disc not emarginated with no indents seen at lateral commissures of labia. Single row of marginal papillae in a single row and restricted to lateral commissures on upper labium and entire along lower labium in a double row; 8‒10 submarginal papillae visible on lateral commissures of labia and a few below P3 labial tooth row. LTRF A5(4)/P3(1); A1 labial tooth row formed along the gap on the margin of upper labium and longest among labial tooth rows of upper labium followed by other rows (A1&gt; A2&gt; A3&gt; A4&gt; A5&gt; A6); both P2 and P3 labial tooth rows of posterior labium of equal length with P1 divided. Both jaw sheath margins uniformly serrated with large serrations and strongly keratinized.</p><p>Measurements of 58 tadpoles at various Gosner stages (25‒30, 35‒36, 38‒45) are given in tab. 8.</p><p>Coloration. In life, outer integument of dorsal body brown; few blotches of melanophores scattered randomly on dorsum. Ventral integument white and opaque; circular gut coils faintly visible. Caudal musculature brown with blotches of melanophores present on tail muscle and fins through the length; blotches on dorsal fin larger than those on ventral fin; anterior region of dorsal fin has fewer and larger blotches than at posterior end; anterior region of ventral fin without any pigmentation.</p><p>Buccopharyngeal morphology. Buccal roof (fig. 19a‒b). Prenarial arena of roof with crested ridge bearing large papillae medially and four small pustules on either side oriented posteriorly. Internal nares transverse with opening wide and oval, oriented medially; gap between nares narrow, about half the length of nare; anterior narial wall pustulose with two pustules; posterior wall smooth with no pustules. Postnarial arena with three pairs of papillae; a long pustulated papilla behind posterior narial wall oriented medially and pair of short papillae present on either side immediately before median ridge and oriented anteriorly. Median ridge papilla triangular with a pustulated margin and a bifid tip. Three long lateral ridge papillae of equal length on lateral walls of roof perpendicular to median ridge papilla on each side. BRA defined with four to six long BRA papillae on lateral border of roof; BRA with about 60 pustules spread evenly. Glandular zone thick and prominent. Dorsal velum low and discontinuous, with few tiny projections medially.</p><p>Buccal floor (fig. 19c‒d). Buccal floor triangular. Prelingual arena composed of two pairs of papillae with irregular surfaces and numerous pustules at posterolateral corners of jaw sheath; anterior pair of papillae comparatively shorter than posterior pair. Tongue anlage broad and raised; two long lingual papillae with pustulated tips pointing posteriorly. BFA well defined with 15‒20 long BFA papillae present around BFA on either side; papillae beginning from anterolateral corners of BFA and converging posteromedially, these papillae filling region between BFA and buccal pockets laterally and to ventral velum posteriorly; BFA free from any papillatory structures; numerous tiny pustules present on posterior region of floor between BFA and velum. Buccal pockets long and transverse, oriented anteriorly; a pair of post pocket papillae present. Ventral velum rough with undulating margins; four projections on margin of velum. Median notch prominent. Glottis exposed posterior to ventral velum.</p><p>Each serration (fig. 19e) on jaw sheath conical and hypertrophied.</p><p>Denticles (fig. 19f) feebly curved with an obtuse oral angle; sheath narrow; head broad and curved with six to eight short ovate cusps.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A017A56FFF1FFC9FD8FFE9BFC19F839	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Raj, Prudhvi;Vasudevan, Karthikeyan;Dutta, Sushil Kumar;Sahoo, Gunanidhi;Mahapatra, Susmita;Sharma, Richa	Raj, Prudhvi, Vasudevan, Karthikeyan, Dutta, Sushil Kumar, Sahoo, Gunanidhi, Mahapatra, Susmita, Sharma, Richa (2023): Larval morphology of selected anuran species from India. Alytes 39 - 40: 1-140, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16896351
8A017A56FFF5FFC7FE77F989FCA1FBAA.text	8A017A56FFF5FFC7FE77F989FCA1FBAA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paa vicina (Stoliczka 1872)	<div><p>S9. Paa vicina (Stoliczka, 1872) (fig. 20‒21)</p><p>Larval series examined. WT 003, WT 005, WT 013 and WT 016 (Rupi Bhaba Wildlife Sanctuary, Himachal Pradesh, India; 31.57307 N, 77.90182 E; 2360 m a.s.l.) and WT 007 (Biling Khad, Bir, Himachal Pradesh, India; 32.05935 N, 76.74644 E; 2184 m a.s.l.). The habitat preference for tadpoles of P. vicina was similar to that of P. minica . No algal growth in habitat. The tadpoles were found to feed on detritus material.</p><p>Notes. The taxonomic identity of tadpoles was confirmed by a partial sequence sequence of 16S rRNA (OQ079484) generated from the tadpole voucher after matching with sequences of taxonomically verified P. vicina (unpublished data). The larval description for this species made by Annandale (1908) does not fit with the current specimens.</p><p>External morphology. Description of a tadpole at Gosner stage 37 (fig. 20a‒b). Body ovoid and globular in dorsal and lateral perspectives. Body length 34 % of total length; maximum body diameter at the centre of abdomen. Large bulging eyes dorsolateral in orientation. Distance between eye and nostril 41.5 % of distance between eye and snout. Nostril opening bean shaped with rim elevated, located and oriented dorsolaterally, closer to eye than to snout. Inter-narial distance 75.5 % of inter-orbital distance; distance between nostril and snout 19.4 % of body length. Spiracle sinistral; inner wall of tube formed but attached to body wall; tube orientation dorsolateral. Distance between spiracle and snout 66.1% of body length. Dorsal fin originating at junction between body tail, ventral fin originating at ventral terminus; dorsal fin taller than ventral fin; maximum height of caudal fin at distal end of tail; musculature linear till mid-length of tail, after which it starts to taper; posterior end of tail broadly rounded. Height of tail muscle 114.2 % of width at body-tail junction. Tail (caudal) musculature accounting for 72.8 % of height of tail. Opening of vent tube dextral. Lateral line visible. Glands absent on outer integument.</p><p>Oral disc anteroventral in location (fig. 20c). Rostral width of oral disc 46.9 % of maximum body width, not emarginated with no indentation at lateral commissures; marginal papillae single rowed on upper labium and double rowed on lower labium; lower labium with continuous rows of marginal papillae, upper labium with discontinuous rows with a gap; submarginal papillae (5‒7) mainly concentrated at lateral commissures of upper labium, extending till A2 labial tooth row. LTRF A6(4)/P3(1); on upper labium, A2 row longest, followed by A1 being margin of upper labial lip and rest of labial tooth rows below A2 row decreasing in length (A3&gt; A4&gt; A5&gt; A6); on lower labium, P2 longest and P3, smallest. Jaw sheaths heavily keratinized and uniformly serrated with large horny serrations.</p><p>Measurements of 44 tadpoles at various Gosner stages (25‒29, 31‒32, 36‒38, 45) are given in tab. 9.</p><p>Coloration. In life, dorsal body dark brown, mottled with few large patches of melanophores. Ventral integument pale yellow with few melanophores on gular region. Ventral integument opaque; coiled gut coils faintly visible. Caudal fin spotted sparsely, mainly at anterior end. Both fins sparsely mottled, with dorsal fin more spotted than ventral fin.</p><p>Buccopharyngeal morphology. Buccal roof (fig. 21a‒b). Buccal roof elongated and broad. Prenarial arena of roof with 12 large pustules arranged in an arch. Internal nares transverse, oriented anteromedially; gap between nares wide and almost the length of an individual nare; anterior wall pustulated, posterior wall smooth with no pustulation. Postnarial arena with three pairs of papillae; a long, smooth papilla present behind posterior wall of each nare oriented medially and a pair of pustulated papillae present on either side immediately before median ridge papillae oriented anteriorly. Median ridge triangular with bifid tip. Two pairs of lateral ridge papillae of equal length present perpendicular to median ridge papillae. BRA well defined with four pairs on lateral border of roof; about 60 pustules of variable sizes spread evenly in the BRA. Glandular zone broad and glandular. Dorsal velum margin discontinuous with few tiny projections.</p><p>Buccal floor (fig. 21c‒d). Buccal floor triangular. Prelingual arena with two pustules and a papilla at posterolateral corners of jaw sheath; papilla with an irregular surface and pustules. Tongue anlage broad; two long lingual papillae present on tongue anlage; surface of lingual papillae smooth. BFA defined with 26‒30 long papillae beginning from buccal pockets and converging posteromedially; BFA composed of about 14‒16 pustules and papillae distributed randomly on the BFA. About 10 long papillae present anterior to buccal pockets laterally. Buccal pockets long, wide and obtuse; a buccal pocket papilla present on posterior margin of each buccal pocket. Ventral velum smooth with few undulating margins; four projections present on velum margin; median notch not prominent. Glottis exposed posterior to ventral velum.</p><p>Serrations (fig. 21e) on both jaw sheaths conical, pointed and hypertrophied.</p><p>Oral angle of denticle (fig. 21f) obtuse; sheath robust with a weak body; head broad and curved with six to eight ovate cusps.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A017A56FFF5FFC7FE77F989FCA1FBAA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Raj, Prudhvi;Vasudevan, Karthikeyan;Dutta, Sushil Kumar;Sahoo, Gunanidhi;Mahapatra, Susmita;Sharma, Richa	Raj, Prudhvi, Vasudevan, Karthikeyan, Dutta, Sushil Kumar, Sahoo, Gunanidhi, Mahapatra, Susmita, Sharma, Richa (2023): Larval morphology of selected anuran species from India. Alytes 39 - 40: 1-140, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16896351
8A017A56FFF9FFC3FE19FB3DFB64FED0.text	8A017A56FFF9FFC3FE19FB3DFB64FED0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphaerotheca breviceps (Schneider 1799)	<div><p>S10. Sphaerotheca breviceps (Schneider, 1799) (fig. 22‒23)</p><p>Larval series examined. WT 102, WT 114 and WT 123 (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=86.76539&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.92939" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 86.76539/lat 21.92939)">North</a> Orissa University (NOU), Baripada, Odisha, India; 21.929389 N, 86.765389 E). Tadpoles of this species were reared from eggs of taxonomically identified Sphaerotheca breviceps collected on the university campus. In nature, tadpoles were found in small temporary pools and water ditches during early monsoon rains .</p><p>Notes. The tadpole specimens were preserved in 10 % buffered formalin, and therefore molecular data could not be obtained. Detailed descriptions of external tadpoles for this species were given by Rao (1915) and Mohanty-Hejmadi et al. (1979).</p><p>External morphology. Description of a tadpole at Gosner stage 37. Body ovoid and globular in dorsal and lateral perspectives (fig. 22a‒b). Body length 35.2 % of total length; maximum body diameter at the centre of abdomen. Snout acutely rounded in dorsal and lateral perspectives. Eyes large, located and oriented dorsolaterally; distance between eye and nostril 40.7 % of distance between eye and snout. Nostril opening spherical, closer to eyes than to snout, placed parallel to eye in dorsal view; inter-narial distance 63.1 % of inter-orbital distance, distance between nostril and snout 16.6 % of body length. Spiracle sinistral; inner wall of tube completely formed and attached to body wall; tube orientation posterolateral, its opening located above the medial of the lateral side of body. Distance between spiracle and snout 67.7 % of body length. Opening of vent tube dextral. Tail tip pointed; musculature linear on first third length of tail, tapering beyond junction between body tail; ventral fin originating at ventral terminus; dorsal fin wider than ventral fin; maximum height of caudal fin at about mid-length. Height of tail muscle 1.05 times width of tail muscle at body-tail junction. Tail (caudal) musculature accounting for 57.5 % of height of tail. Lateral line faintly visible. Glands absent on outer integument.</p><p>Oral disc nearly ventral in location (fig. 22c). Rostral width of oral disc 39.6 % of maximum body width, emarginated, not visible dorsally; single row of marginal papillae on labia and lateral commissures; marginal papillae broadly interrupted on both labia medially; two to three submarginal papillae seen at lateral commissures; both labia of equal size. Labial tooth row formula A2(2)/P3. Order of lengths of labial tooth rows A1&gt; P1&gt; P2&gt; A2&gt; P3. Jaw sheaths well developed, and delicately keratinized; pigmentation of jaw sheaths present only on borders. Serrations on lower jaw sheath larger than serrations on upper jaw sheath; supra-rostrodont longer than wide, convex, with median protruding towards posterior; infra-rostrodont U-shaped, convex laterally and concave medially.</p><p>Measurements of 20 tadpoles at various Gosner stages (34, 37‒43, 45) are given in tab. 10.</p><p>Coloration. In life, dorsal body and flanks dirty yellow with dark spots. In lateral perspective, flanks comparatively lighter than dorsum. Ventral integument transparent with gut coils visible. Both fins transparent with tiny melanophores mostly on dorsal fin. Laterally, Caudal fin bicolored with dirty yellow background and brown spots extending across tail. Spiracle and vent tube translucent and devoid of pigmentation; oral disc dotted with few melanophores.</p><p>Buccopharyngeal morphology. Buccal roof (fig. 23a). Prenarial arena of roof with a few pustules anteriorly and a pustulose transverse medial ridge; single pustule present at lateral corners of the ridge. Internal nares transverse, oriented anteromedially; gap between both nares wide, about the length of each nare; anterior narial wall pustulose with a few pustules and a tall, flattened papilla with a pustulated margin at lateral corners of wall; posterior wall smooth and valvular. Postnarial arena with two pairs of papillae; a tall, broad papilla with an irregular anterior margin present immediately behind posterior narial wall and oriented medially; second small conical papilla present at lateral corners of postnarial arena; region before median ridge with about eight pustules. Median ridge papilla triangular with a broad pustulated margin. Two lateral ridge papillae perpendicular to median ridge papilla; a short conical anterior papilla and a broad bifid papilla with a rugose anterior margin. BRA well defined with five pairs of long conical pustulated papillae of varied sizes present on lateral border of the roof; about 40 tiny pustules spread across entire BRA. Glandular zone broad and prominent; secretory pits evenly distributed. Dorsal velum margin raised and continuous with many projections, laterally tall and medially very low.</p><p>Buccal floor (fig. 23b). Prelingual arena composed of 5‒6 pustules at anterolateral corner and a pair of palps at posterolateral corner on each side of jaw sheath; anterior palp short and stubby with a rugose margin; posterior palp long, broad and rugose located at posterolateral corners of jaw sheath oriented towards medial of prelingual arena; a pair of papillae with pustulsted tips located posteromedially between the two posterior palps. Tongue anlage broad; two pair of long, conical and pustulated lingual papillae located medially; papillae tubular with medial pair longer. BFA defined by six pairs of BFA papillae; papillae beginning from anteromedial of buccal pocket continue parallel to mesad plane converging at posterior region of the floor; all papillae conical, tall, rugose and of unequal size; BFA smooth with 14-16 pustules. Space between tongue anlage and buccal pockets with four to five pustules. Buccal pockets wide and transverse, orienting 45 degrees to mesad; pre-pocket papillae absent. Region behind BFA and margin of ventral velum broad and smooth. Ventral velum wide and sinuate. Ventral velum margin smooth with eight projections; Median notch not prominent. Glottis exposed posterior to ventral velum.</p><p>Denticles (fig. 23c) spaced moderately and strongly curved towards mouth at apex. Oral angle straight with head slightly curved; sheath thin with body slightly broader; broad head with 12‒14 short and strongly curved cusps.</p><p>Serrations (fig. 23d) on jaw sheath with a wide base and a triangular head.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A017A56FFF9FFC3FE19FB3DFB64FED0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Raj, Prudhvi;Vasudevan, Karthikeyan;Dutta, Sushil Kumar;Sahoo, Gunanidhi;Mahapatra, Susmita;Sharma, Richa	Raj, Prudhvi, Vasudevan, Karthikeyan, Dutta, Sushil Kumar, Sahoo, Gunanidhi, Mahapatra, Susmita, Sharma, Richa (2023): Larval morphology of selected anuran species from India. Alytes 39 - 40: 1-140, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16896351
8A017A56FFFDFFD8FE6FFD83FEBBFDAF.text	8A017A56FFFDFFD8FE6FFD83FEBBFDAF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hyla annectans (Jerdon 1870)	<div><p>S11. Hyla annectans (Jerdon, 1870) (fig. 24‒25)</p><p>Larval series examined. WT 133.5611(<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=91.7423&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.35453" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 91.7423/lat 25.35453)">Mawblang</a>, Cheerapunji, Meghalaya, India; 25.35453 N, 91.74230 E). Tadpoles were collected in a large perennial pond of one foot deep. The location of the pond was on a hill plateau at an elevation of more than 1000 m.a.s.l. The substratum in the pond was sandy .</p><p>Notes. Taxonomic identity of tadpoles was confirmed by partial sequence of 16S rRNA (OQ079503) generated from the tadpole voucher that showed no sequence divergence compared to the published Genbank sequence (JQ 621934) from taxonomically identified specimens of Hyla annectans . External morphological descriptions for tadpoles of this species were given by Liu (1950), Ao &amp; Khare (1986), Fei et al. (1999), Ao &amp; Bordoloi (2001) and Fei &amp; Ye (2003). The current external morphological description goes along with these earlier descriptions.</p><p>External morphology. Description of a tadpole at Gosner stage 37. Body elliptical and globular in dorsal and lateral perspectives (fig. 24a‒b). Body length 41 % of total length; maximum body diameter at the centre of body. Snout rounded in dorsal and lateral perspectives. Eyes large; located near lateral and oriented laterally; distance between eye and nostril 45.5 % of distance between eye and snout. Nostril opening rounded, closer to eyes than to snout; widely spaced in dorsal view; inter-narial distance is 51.8 % of inter-orbital distance, distance between nostril and snout 15.7 % of body length. Spiracle sinistral and moderate in length; inner wall of the tube formed but attached to body wall; tube opening located and above the lateral side of venter. Distance between spiracle and snout 65.7 % of body length. Opening of vent tube medial. Tail tip acutely rounded; musculature tallest at body tail junction and musculature linear till mid-length of tail, tapering beyond. Dorsal fin originating anterior to junction between body tail, ventral fin originating at ventral terminus; dorsal and ventral fins of equal heights and ovate; maximum height of caudal fin at mid length. Height of tail muscle 1.46 times width of tail muscle at body-tail junction. Tail (caudal) musculature accounting for 34.9 % of height of tail. Lateral line visible. Glands absent on outer integument.</p><p>Oral disc nearly ventral in location (fig. 24c). Rostral width of oral disc 41.7 % of maximum body width, not emarginated, not visible dorsally; single row of marginal papillae spread on margin of lower labium and two-thirds of lateral sides of upper labium; 10‒15 submarginal papillae at lateral commissures; both labia of equal size. Labial tooth row formula A2(2)/P3(1). Order of lengths of labial tooth rows A1&gt; P1&gt; P2&gt; A2&gt; P3. Jaw sheaths well developed and keratinized delicately. Both jaw sheath margins with small uniform serrations; supra-rostrodont with broad median region and thin convex extended lateral process; infra-rostrodont U-shaped, convex laterally and concave medially.</p><p>Measurements of the 56 tadpoles at various Gosner stages (25‒28, 30‒41) are given in tab. 11.</p><p>Coloration. In life, dorsal body olive; inner and outer integuments spotted with tiny melanophores. In lateral perspective, flanks comparatively darker than dorsum. Ventral integument transparent with dark gut coils visible; neck speckled with melanophores. Both fins transparent and spotted with numerous tiny melanophores uniformly spread and with few large blotches along margins of fins. Caudal fin musculature dirty yellow and spotted with tiny melanophores. Spiracle, oral disc and vent tube translucent; oral disc dotted with few melanophores.</p><p>Buccopharyngeal morphology. Buccal roof (fig. 25a‒b). Prenarial arena of roof with no pustules. Internal nares transverse; oriented medially; gap between nares narrow, about half the length of each nare; anterior narial wall smooth with few pustules towards medial and no papillae; posterior wall smooth and valvular with a tiny narial valve projection near medial. Postnarial arena with two pairs of papillae situated midway between posterior narial wall and median ridge; papillae arranged in an inverted ‘V’; anterior papillae shorter, and posterior papillae longer; surface of papillae rugose. Median ridge papilla broad flap with a rugose margin and a broad flattened tip. Moderately elongated broad bifid lateral ridge papillae with rugose margin perpendicular to median ridge. BRA well defined with five pairs of long conical pustulated papillae present along lateral border of the roof; some BRA papillae bifid; about 20 tiny pustules spread across BRA. Glandular zone wide and prominent; secretory pits spread medially. Dorsal velum margin smooth and discontinuous.</p><p>Buccal floor (fig. 25c‒d). Prelingual arena with a pair of short dilated palps located along posterolateral corners on each side of jaw sheath; palps margin rugose with many tiny projections. Tongue anlage broad; pair of short conical lingual papillae located medially and pointing outwards. BFA well defined by four pairs of BFA papillae; papillae beginning anteromedial to buccal pocket continue along posterolateral commissure of BFA; papillae short, broad, rugose and of unequal size; few papillae branched; BFA smooth with about 15–20 pustules; space between tongue anlage and buccal pockets with about eight pustules. Buccal pockets wide and transversely arranged; a pair of pre-pocket papillae present. Region behind BFA and margin of ventral velum broad and smooth; few papillae present between BFA and margin of velum. Ventral velum wide and sinuate. Ventral velum margin smooth with five to six projections on each side; three outer projections large and widely spaced; two to three closely spaced medial projections; median notch prominent and deep. Glottis exposed posterior to ventral velum.</p><p>Denticles (fig. 25e) closely packed and moderately curved towards mouth at apex. Oral angle obtuse; sheath and body of equal width; head broad and curved with 10‒12 short and moderately rounded cusps.</p><p>Each serration (fig. 25f) on jaw sheath with a wide base and a broad rounded head.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A017A56FFFDFFD8FE6FFD83FEBBFDAF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Raj, Prudhvi;Vasudevan, Karthikeyan;Dutta, Sushil Kumar;Sahoo, Gunanidhi;Mahapatra, Susmita;Sharma, Richa	Raj, Prudhvi, Vasudevan, Karthikeyan, Dutta, Sushil Kumar, Sahoo, Gunanidhi, Mahapatra, Susmita, Sharma, Richa (2023): Larval morphology of selected anuran species from India. Alytes 39 - 40: 1-140, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16896351
8A017A56FFE6FFD4FE95FD7FFE00FCF2.text	8A017A56FFE6FFD4FE95FD7FFE00FCF2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leptobrachium smithi (Matsui, Nabhitabhata & Panha 1999)	<div><p>S12. Leptobrachium smithi (Matsui, Nabhitabhata &amp; Panha, 1999) (fig. 26‒27)</p><p>Larval series examined. WT 053‒055.231109 (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=92.64905&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.79973" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 92.64905/lat 23.79973)">Kwanpui</a> stream, Aizwal, Mizoram, India; 23.97097 N, 92.69192 E); WT 057‒058.231109 (Sihhmui stream, Aizwal, Mizoram, India; 23.79973 N, 92.64905 E). Tadpoles were collected in first-order streams with moderate water current. Substratum of the stream was sandy with no vegetative growth .</p><p>Notes. The collected tadpoles were reared ex-situ until metamorphosis for taxonomic verification. External morphological description for tadpoles of this species from specimens collected from India was made by Sahu (1994) and currently fits in the current description. However, the species is known to occur from a wide geographical area and species identity of tadpoles described by Matsui et al. (1999) and Inthara et al. (2005) must be verified.</p><p>External morphology. Description of a tadpole at Gosner stage 37. Body ovoid and globular in dorsal and lateral perspectives (fig. 26a‒b). Body length 38.2 % of total length maximum body diameter at the centre of abdomen. Snout rounded in dorsal and lateral perspectives. Eyes large; located and oriented dorsolaterally; distance between eye and nostril 43.3 % of distance between eye and snout. Nostril opening reniform, closer to eye than to snout; placed parallel to eye in dorsal view; inter-narial distance is 56 % of inter-orbital distance. Spiracle sinistral; inner wall of tube completely formed but attached to body wall; tube orientation posterolateral, its opening located below the medial and above the lateral side of venter. Distance between spiracle and snout 61.4 % of body length. Opening of vent tube dextral with right wall displaced dorsally and anteriorly. Tail tip rounded; musculature greatest at body-tail junction tapering beyond. Dorsal fin originating at junction between body tail, ventral fin originating at ventral terminus; dorsal and ventral fins of equal height. Maximum height of caudal fin at mid length of tail. Height of tail muscle 84 % width of tail muscle at body-tail junction. Tail (caudal) musculature accounting for 58.7 % of height of tail. Lateral line not conspicuous. Glands absent on outer integument.</p><p>Oral disc near-ventral in location (fig. 26c). Rostral width of oral disc 35.8 % of maximum body width, not emarginated at lateral commissures; single row of marginal papillae spread on both labia and at lateral commissures with a narrow dorsal gap; ventral labium lobed medially; five to six submarginal papillae at lateral commissures; both labia of equal size. Labial tooth row formula A5(2‒5)/P6(1‒6); about six to eight small labial tooth rows oriented laterally at lateral commissures; A1 smallest and A5 longest tooth rows on anterior labium; P1, P2, and P3 labial tooth rows of equal size with P4 and P5 decreasing in size on posterior labium; lateral commissures of P6 labial tooth rows curved inwards. Jaw sheaths well developed, both jaw sheaths heavily keratinized. Jaw sheath margins uniformly serrated with large serrations; supra-rostrodont inverted ‘V’ shape with long lateral arms; infra-rostrodont U-shaped, concave medially.</p><p>Measurements of 34 tadpoles at various Gosner stages (25‒35, 37) are given in tab. 12.</p><p>Coloration. In life, dorsal body and tail dirty yellow speckled with few medium-sized blotches of melanophores on dorsum. Ventral integument dirty yellow and transparent with gut coils visible; Caudal fin musculature with two large dark spots at anterior end. Dorsal and ventral fins translucent. Spiracle, oral disc and vent tube translucent with no melanophores.</p><p>Buccopharyngeal morphology. Buccal roof (fig. 27a). Prenarial arena of roof smooth with no pustules. Internal nares transverse; directed medially; gap between nares narrow; about less than half the length of a nare; anterior narial wall pustulose with a few pustules; posterior wall tall, smooth and valvular with a tall narial projection near medial end. Postnarial arena with seven papillae; three pairs present directly behind nares; other papilla present medially; papillae arranged in an inverted ‘V’; shortest papilla medially at anterior end, and longest papillae at lateral corners; surface of papillae rugose. Median ridge papilla triangular with a trifid tip. A long, bifid lateral ridge papilla present on each side perpendicular to median ridge. BRA well defined with eight to nine pairs of long conical papillae present on lateral border of roof; about 50 tiny pustules uniformly spread across BRA. Glandular zone narrow and prominent with numerous secretory pits medially. Dorsal velum margin raised and discontinuous with many tall projections.</p><p>Buccal floor (fig. 27b). Prelingual arena composed of three pairs of palps; tiny anterior palp situated slightly anterior to posterolateral margin of jaw sheath; two laterally dilated pustulated palps located dorsally and ventrally at posterolateral margin of jaw sheath; dorsal palp broadly dilated; ventral palp with five long finger projections; a pair of papillae located posteromedially between the two posterior palps on jaw sheath. Tongue anlage broad; lingual papillae absent. BFA well defined by 25 pairs of BFA papillae; BFA papillae beginning posterior to tongue anlage run parallel to mesad plane of floor; papillae not converging at posterior end; BFA papillae conical, tall and pointed with a few branched; BFA composed of 70‒80 pustules spread across arena mainly concentrated at posterior end. Buccal pockets narrow and transverse, oriented 45 degrees to mesad; pocket papillae absent. Region lateral to BFA free of any pustules. Ventral velum wide and sinuate; margin with 14 projections; on each side, outer four projections smaller and widely spaced, and inner three projections longer and concentrated around centre; median notch prominent. Glottis exposed posterior to ventral velum.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A017A56FFE6FFD4FE95FD7FFE00FCF2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Raj, Prudhvi;Vasudevan, Karthikeyan;Dutta, Sushil Kumar;Sahoo, Gunanidhi;Mahapatra, Susmita;Sharma, Richa	Raj, Prudhvi, Vasudevan, Karthikeyan, Dutta, Sushil Kumar, Sahoo, Gunanidhi, Mahapatra, Susmita, Sharma, Richa (2023): Larval morphology of selected anuran species from India. Alytes 39 - 40: 1-140, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16896351
8A017A56FFEAFFD0FE4DFBA2FDD1FE8A.text	8A017A56FFEAFFD0FE4DFBA2FDD1FE8A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microhyla berdmorei (Blyth 1856)	<div><p>S13. Microhyla berdmorei (Blyth, 1856) (fig. 28‒29)</p><p>Larval series examined. WT 052.19709 (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=92.64905&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.79973" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 92.64905/lat 23.79973)">Durlui</a> bridge, Aizwal, Mizoram, India; 23.89839 N, 92.65204 E); WT 056.19709 (Sihhmui stream, Aizwal, Mizoram, India; 23.79973 N, 92.64905 E). Tadpoles of this species were collected in water puddles and side pools along streams. Substratum in the water bodies was sandy to gravel .</p><p>Notes. Taxonomic identity of tadpoles was confirmed by partial sequence of 16S rRNA (OQ079495) generated from the tadpole voucher (WT 056). It showed 1 % sequence divergence compared to the published Genbank sequence (KC 179981) from taxonomically identified specimen of Microhyla berdmorei . Descriptions made on external morphology on tadpoles of the species by Smith (1924), Leong (2004) and by Inthara et al. (2005) fits with the current description.</p><p>External morphology. Description of a tadpole at Gosner stage 37. Body rounded with a truncated anterior in dorsal perspective; body triangular and depressed with a rounded anterior and a broadly rounded posterior in lateral perspective (fig. 28a‒b). Body length 37 % of total length; maximum body diameter at the centre of abdomen. Snout broad and truncate in dorsal perspective and acutely rounded in lateral perspective. Eyes moderate, located and oriented laterally; distance between eye and nostril 69 % of distance between eye and snout. Nostril opening imperforate with several melanophores diffused around the location of nares, closer to snout than to eye; placed on either side along medial of dorsum; inter-narial distance is 32 % of inter-orbital distance. Naso-lacrimal gland visible between eye and nostril. Large spiracle located medially on ventral side; inner wall of tube not formed. Distance between spiracle and snout 83 % of body length. Opening of vent tube medial and embedded into ventral fin. Tail tip sharply pointed (flagellated); musculature broad at body tail junction, tapering beyond. Dorsal fin originating anterior to junction between body tail, ventral fin originating at ventral terminus; ventral fin wider than dorsal fin; maximum height of caudal fin at mid-length. Height of tail muscle 1.4 times width of tail muscle at body-tail junction. Tail (caudal) musculature accounting for 40 % of height of tail. Lateral line not visible. Glands absent on outer integument.</p><p>Oral opening anterior in location (fig. 28c). Margin of oral opening not emarginated; and visible dorsally; marginal and submarginal papillae absent; upper margin smooth, with no pustules or papillae; lower margin with a medial cleft. Keratinized structures absent.</p><p>Measurements of 20 tadpoles of various Gosner stages (34, 37‒39) are summarized in tab. 13.</p><p>Coloration. In life, dorsal integument translucent and white with numerous tiny melanophores; clusters of melanophores present around imperforate openings of nares; jar shaped patch condensed with numerous tiny melanophores present medially parallel to eye on dorsum; small tiny melanophores uniformly distributed on dorsum. Melanophores on outer integument smaller than those on inner integument. Lateral and posterior regions of body darker due to pigmentation of inner integument. Ventral integument milky white and transparent with gut coils visible; few tiny melanophores present on gular region. Larger melanophores seen on both fins; smaller melanophores present on tail musculature.</p><p>Buccopharyngeal morphology. Buccal roof (fig. 29a‒b). Prenarial arena of roof with one large papilla medially and two pustules arranged linearly along median axis; anterior region of arena smooth. Internal nares broad; gap between nares narrow; walls of nares tall towards medial and with a gap at lateral corner anteriorly; margin of wall rugose; two broad papillae on posterior narial wall; papilla at lateral corner short and papilla at medial end tall. Post-narial arena poorly defined due to absence of lateral and medial ridge papillae. BRA defined by two pairs of papillae along posterolateral corner of BRA; about four to five tiny papillae spread along lateral wall linear to BRA papillae demarcating border between BRA and glandular zone. Glandular zone prominent with secretory pits. Dorsal velum smooth, tall and continuous with no projections.</p><p>Buccal floor (fig. 29c‒d). Prelingual arena smooth and composed of a pair of papillae on the lateral sides medially and a pair of dilated palps on each side at posterolateral corners of prelingual arena; anterior papillae short; posterior palps dilated and oriented anteromedially. Tongue anlage broad; lingual papillae absent. BFA well defined; five pairs of conical papillae beginning posteriorly to buccal pockets converge posteromedially; BFA papillae smooth and unbranched; BFA with about 30 pustules mainly concentrated at posterior region of BFA. Buccal pocket opening broad; five to six pustules occur in region between tongue anlage and buccal pockets; two pre-pocket and two post-pocket papillae present along margins of each buccal pocket. Ventral velum margin smooth without any projections. Median notch prominent. Glottis exposed over ventral velum.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A017A56FFEAFFD0FE4DFBA2FDD1FE8A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Raj, Prudhvi;Vasudevan, Karthikeyan;Dutta, Sushil Kumar;Sahoo, Gunanidhi;Mahapatra, Susmita;Sharma, Richa	Raj, Prudhvi, Vasudevan, Karthikeyan, Dutta, Sushil Kumar, Sahoo, Gunanidhi, Mahapatra, Susmita, Sharma, Richa (2023): Larval morphology of selected anuran species from India. Alytes 39 - 40: 1-140, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16896351
8A017A56FFEEFFACFEA1FED0FEA7FDD1.text	8A017A56FFEEFFACFEA1FED0FEA7FDD1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microhyla nilphamariensis (Howlader, Nair, Gopalan & Merila 2015)	<div><p>S14. Microhyla nilphamariensis (Howlader, Nair, Gopalan &amp; Merilä, 2015)</p><p>(fig. 30‒31)</p><p>Larval series examined. WT 046‒050.31709 (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.97547&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.28414" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.97547/lat 30.28414)">Wildlife Institute</a> of India (WII), Dehradun, Uttrakhand, India; 30.28414 N, 77.97547 E). Tadpoles of this species were collected in small water pools. The substratum in the pool was sandy with emergent vegetation .</p><p>Notes. Taxonomic identity of tadpoles was confirmed by a partial sequence of 16S rRNA (OQ079493) generated from the tadpole voucher (WT 046). The sequence showed 1 % sequence divergence compared to the published Genbank sequence (KP 072793) from a taxonomically identified specimen of Microhyla nilphamariensis . Currently, there is no known larval descriptions for M. nilphamariensis . However, numerous authors made tadpole descriptions for Microhyla ornata . Given the recent taxonomic revision of this group by Howlader et al. (2015), taxonomic studies are needed to ascertain the taxonomic identity of these larval descriptions.</p><p>External morphology. Description of a tadpole at Gosner stage 38. Body rounded with a truncated anterior in dorsal perspective; body triangular and depressed with a rounded anterior and a broadly rounded posterior in lateral perspective (fig. 30a‒b). Body length 38.4 % of total length; maximum body diameter just behind eye margin, with body tapering beyond. Eyes large, located and oriented laterally; can be seen ventrally; distance between eye and nostril 66.6 % of distance between eye and snout. Nostril opening imperforate with several melanophores diffused around the location of nostrils; closer to snot than to eye; placed on either side along the medial of dorsum; inter-narial distance 16.3 % of inter-orbital distance. Naso-lacrimal gland visible between eye and nostril. Spiracle medial; opening located at posterior end of body on ventral side; internal wall of tube not formed; distance between spiracle and snout 96.7 % of body length. Opening of vent tube medial; embedded into ventral fin. Tail tip sharply pointed; musculature broad at body tail junction tapering beyond; ventral fin broader than dorsal fin. Dorsal fin originating at junction between body and tail, ventral fin originating at ventral terminus. Height of tail muscle 1.3 times width of tail muscle at body-tail junction. Tail (caudal) musculature accounting for 39.5 % of height of tail. Lateral line not visible. Glands absent on outer integument.</p><p>Oral opening anterior in location, visible dorsally and not emarginated (fig. 30c). Lower labium folded into a U-shaped depression medially. Papillae (both marginal and submarginal) absent. Keratinized jaw sheath and labial tooth rows absent.</p><p>Measurements of 54 tadpoles at various Gosner stages (25‒44) are given in tab. 14.</p><p>Coloration. In life, dorsal body white and translucent; lateral and ventral side transparent. Anterior region of dorsum uniformly speckled with tiny melanophores concentrated along mid-dorsal line. Ventral integument devoid of melanophores. Caudal fin musculature uniformly speckled with melanophores till tail tip; anterior half of both fins transparent; thin line of pigmentation on ventral fin margin. Posterior region of caudal fin dotted with tiny melanophores.</p><p>Buccopharyngeal morphology. Buccal roof (fig. 31a‒b). Prenarial arena of roof with one long and broad papilla along median axis; anterior portion of arena smooth. Internal nares rounded; gap between nares narrow, about half the length of each nare; anterior narial wall smooth and low (almost non-existent); two broad papillae on posterior narial wall; short papillae at lateral corner and a tall papilla near to medial. Lateral and medial ridge papillae absent. BRA defined by two pairs of BRA papillae posterolateral corner of BRA; border between BRA and glandular zone poorly defined. Secretory pits present along entire glandular zone. Margin of dorsal velum smooth, tall and continuous with no projections.</p><p>Buccal floor (fig. 31c‒d). Prelingual arena smooth and composed of a pair of small palps on each side at posterior lateral corners of prelingual arena; papillae dilated with a smooth margin and oriented anteromedially. Tongue anlage broad and raised; lingual papillae absent. BFA well defined; four to five pairs conical papillae beginning anterior to buccal pockets and converging posterolateral; BFA papillae smooth and unbranched with posterior papilla being longest; BFA smooth. Buccal pocket opening broad; few pustules in region between tongue anlage and buccal pockets; pocket papillae. Ventral velum margin smooth with no projections. Glottis exposed on ventral velum.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A017A56FFEEFFACFEA1FED0FEA7FDD1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Raj, Prudhvi;Vasudevan, Karthikeyan;Dutta, Sushil Kumar;Sahoo, Gunanidhi;Mahapatra, Susmita;Sharma, Richa	Raj, Prudhvi, Vasudevan, Karthikeyan, Dutta, Sushil Kumar, Sahoo, Gunanidhi, Mahapatra, Susmita, Sharma, Richa (2023): Larval morphology of selected anuran species from India. Alytes 39 - 40: 1-140, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16896351
8A017A56FF92FFAEFE37FD40FC14FA3A.text	8A017A56FF92FFAEFE37FD40FC14FA3A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Uperodon systoma (Schneider 1799)	<div><p>S15. Uperodon systoma (Schneider, 1799) (fig. 32‒33)</p><p>Larval series examined. WT 097 and WT 116 (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=86.76539&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.92939" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 86.76539/lat 21.92939)">North</a> Orissa University (NOU), Baripada, Odisha, India; 21.929389 N, 86.765389 E). Tadpoles were reared from eggs collected on the university campus. In nature, tadpoles were found in small temporary pools and water ditches during early monsoon rains .</p><p>Notes. The taxonomic identity of the tadpoles was confirmed by rearing the tadpoles in ex-situ conditions. Detailed descriptions of external morphology for tadpoles of this species were published by Mohanty-Hejmadi et al. (1979) and Ray (1999), and the current description fits these descriptions.</p><p>External morphology. Description of a tadpole at Gosner stage 32. Body rounded with a truncated anterior and a tapering posterior end in dorsal perspective; body triangular and depressed with a rounded anterior and a broadly rounded posterior in lateral perspective (fig. 32a‒b). Body length 36.5 % of total length; maximum body diameter at the centre of abdomen. Snout broad and truncate in dorsal perspective and acutely rounded and flattened in lateral perspective. Eyes moderate; located, and oriented laterally; distance between eye and nostril 64 % of distance between eye and snout. Nostril opening (imperforate) depressed; closer to snout than to eye; placed on either side along the medial of dorsum; inter-narial distance 21.1 % of inter-orbital distance. Large spiracle located medially on ventral side; inner wall of tube not formed. Vent tube opening medial and imbedded into ventral fin. Tail tip sharply pointed (flagellated); musculature broad at body tail junction and linear till mid-length of tail, tapering beyond. Dorsal fin originating anterior to junction between body tail, ventral fin originating at ventral terminus; ventral fin wider than dorsal fin; maximum tail height at mid-length. Height of tail muscle 1.21 times width of tail muscle at body-tail junction. Tail (caudal) musculature accounting for 43 % of height of tail. Lateral line not visible. Glands absent on outer integument.</p><p>Oral opening anterior in location (fig. 32c); opening not emarginated; and visible dorsally; marginal or submarginal papillae absent; upper labial margin smooth with slight convexity medially and lateral commissures having a bulge; lower labium with a medial cleft. Keratinized structures absent.</p><p>Measurements of 25 tadpoles at various Gosner stages (27‒28, 30, 32, 40‒45) are given in tab. 15.</p><p>Coloration. Tadpoles fixed in 4 % formalin and preserved in 30 % ethanol. Dorsal body brown with numerous tiny brown melanophores. Ventral integument dirty yellow, translucent and rarely spotted; gut coils visible. Tail musculature brown and spotted; dorsal and ventral fins transparent and spotted with tiny melanophores at anterior end; ventral fin sparsely spotted. Vent tube translucent and dotted with few melanophores.</p><p>Buccopharyngeal morphology. Buccal roof (fig. 33a‒b). Prenarial arena of roof smooth with one broad papilla located medially. Internal nares round; gap between nares narrow, about half the length of a nare; anterior narial wall low; three broad papillae on posterior wall, two short papillae at lateral corner and a tall papilla near to medial. Postnarial arena with a tall papilla located medially. Medial ridge papilla tall with a bifurcate tip; margin of papilla rugose. Lateral ridge papillae absent. BRA defined by three BRA papillae on posterior lateral corner of the roof; 20 pustules spread across anterior region of BRA. Glandular zone wide and prominent; secretory pits present at posterior corner. Dorsal velum margin tall and continuous.</p><p>Buccal floor (fig. 33c‒d). Prelingual arena smooth and composed of a dilated palp on each posterior lateral corner of the prelingual arena; palps dilated and broad with rugose margin, and oriented anteromedially. Tongue anlage broad; lingual papillae absent. BFA well defined; 10 pairs of conical papillae beginning posterior to buccal pockets converging posteromedially; BFA papillae long and conical; few papillae bifid with a rugose surface; BFA smooth with no pustules. Buccal pocket opening broad, deep and obtuse; a large, broad pre-pocket papilla; few pustules below posterior margin of buccal pockets. Ventral velum margin smooth, with about eight projections spaced far apart. Glottis exposed medially on ventral velum.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A017A56FF92FFAEFE37FD40FC14FA3A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Raj, Prudhvi;Vasudevan, Karthikeyan;Dutta, Sushil Kumar;Sahoo, Gunanidhi;Mahapatra, Susmita;Sharma, Richa	Raj, Prudhvi, Vasudevan, Karthikeyan, Dutta, Sushil Kumar, Sahoo, Gunanidhi, Mahapatra, Susmita, Sharma, Richa (2023): Larval morphology of selected anuran species from India. Alytes 39 - 40: 1-140, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16896351
8A017A56FF96FFAAFED2FA49FD3AFC89.text	8A017A56FF96FFAAFED2FA49FD3AFC89.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis (Biju & Bossuyt 2003)	<div><p>S16. Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis (Biju &amp; Bossuyt, 2003) (fig. 34)</p><p>Larval series examined. WT 001A1.22707 (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.83297&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.97095" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.83297/lat 10.97095)">Karean Shola</a>, Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamilnadu, India; 10.97095 N, 76.83297 E). Tadpoles of this species inhabit torrential streams where they were found moving over rocks and feeding on filamentous algae .</p><p>Notes. The tadpoles used in the current study belong to those used in Raj et al. (2012). External morphological descriptions for tadpoles of the species were given in detail by Annandale (1918), Dutta et al. (2004) and Raj et al. (2012). Detailed chondrocranial descriptions for tadpoles of this species were made by Ramaswami (1944) and Senevirathne et al. (2016 b).</p><p>External morphology. External morphological description for this species was provided by Raj et al. (2012).</p><p>Buccopharyngeal morphology. Buccal roof (fig. 34a‒b). Prenarial arena of roof with a broad and elevated ridge; a tiny pustule present medially. Internal nares opening parallel to one another and near to lateral walls of buccal roof; oriented anteromedially; gap between nares broad, about length of an individual nare; anterior and posterior narial walls low with anterior wall slightly more raised than posterior; both narial walls free of pustules or papillae. Postnarial arena with two short pustulose papillae on each side angled medially along with a short pustule medially. Median ridge papilla tall and conical; bifid lateral ridge papillae with a rugose anterior margin perpendicular to median ridge papilla. BRA smooth and defined with four long conical BRA papillae. Few tiny pustules spread evenly on BRA. Glandular zone wide. Dorsal velum low and continuous with no projections.</p><p>Buccal floor (fig. 34c‒d). Prelingual arena composed of three diminutive papillae at anterolateral corners and a broadly flattened, medially depressed palp at posterolateral corners of the jaw sheath; margin of palp with six pustulated projections. Tongue anlage prominent and ovoid; lingual papillae absent. BFA not well defined and smooth with few pustules; three to four short branched papillae present along lateral corners of the arena but not meeting posteriorly; posterior region of BFA smooth. Buccal pocket opening transverse and wide; region between tongue anlage and buccal pockets smooth, comprising only few tiny postulations. Ventral velum smooth with about six projections spread widely; medial notch absent. Margin of velum smooth. Glottis exposed posterior to velum.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A017A56FF96FFAAFED2FA49FD3AFC89	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Raj, Prudhvi;Vasudevan, Karthikeyan;Dutta, Sushil Kumar;Sahoo, Gunanidhi;Mahapatra, Susmita;Sharma, Richa	Raj, Prudhvi, Vasudevan, Karthikeyan, Dutta, Sushil Kumar, Sahoo, Gunanidhi, Mahapatra, Susmita, Sharma, Richa (2023): Larval morphology of selected anuran species from India. Alytes 39 - 40: 1-140, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16896351
8A017A56FF94FFA6FEDFFC45FC74FE42.text	8A017A56FF94FFA6FEDFFC45FC74FE42.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nyctibatrachus poocha (Biju, Van Bocxlaer, Mahony, Dinesh, Radhakrishnan, Zachariah, Giri & Bossuyt 2011)	<div><p>S17. Nyctibatrachus cf. poocha (Biju, Van Bocxlaer, Mahony, Dinesh, Radhakrishnan, Zachariah, Giri &amp; Bossuyt, 2011) (fig. 35‒36)</p><p>Larval series examined. WT 155.151011 (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.90549&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.68266" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.90549/lat 9.68266)">Tea</a> plantation near Wagman town, Kotayam, India; 9.68266 N, 76.90549 E). Tadpoles of this species were collected in a small stream with muddy substratum .</p><p>Notes. Genetic data could not be generated from the tadpole vouchers. Nyctibatrachus cf. poocha was recorded from the area where the tadpoles were collected.</p><p>External morphology. Description of a tadpole at Gosner stage 38. Body elliptical and globular in dorsal and lateral perspectives (fig. 35a‒b). Body length 33.2 % of total length; maximum body diameter at the centre of abdomen. Snout rounded in dorsal perspective and rounded in lateral perspective. Eyes large; located and oriented dorsolaterally; distance between eye and nostril 38.7 % of distance between eye and snout. Nostril opening oval with rim elevated; small protuberance present on the rim; closer to eyes than to snout, placed wide apart and parallel to eye in dorsal view; inter-narial distance 57.1 % of inter-orbital distance. Spiracle sinistral and short; inner wall of tube completely formed and free from body wall; tube oriented posterolateral, its opening located below medial of the lateral side of venter. Distance between spiracle and snout 54 % of body length. Opening of vent tube dextral; both walls meet each other at the same point. Tail tip pointed; musculature linear on first third length of tail, tapering beyond. Dorsal fin originating behind body tail junction, ventral fin originating at ventral terminus; dorsal fin wider than ventral fin; maximum height of caudal fin at about mid length. Height of tail muscle 1.09 times width of tail muscle at body-tail junction. Tail (caudal) musculature accounting for 61.9 % of height of tail. Lateral line visible. Glands absent on outer integument.</p><p>Moderately large oral disc and located ventrally (fig. 35c). Rostral width of oral disc 33.6 % of maximum body width, emarginated; not visible dorsally; oral disc multi-lobed with about eight lobes; anterior lobe largest followed by lobes on lateral sides and posterior; posteriorly, labium divided into four lobes. Single row of large marginal papillae on margin of oral disc; conical submarginal papillae seen above upper jaw sheath and on lobes, both laterally and ventrally; submarginal papillae above upper jaw sheath arranged in two rows and smaller; submarginal papillae on lateral and ventral lobes larger, fewer and widely placed; about four to five submarginal papillae on each lateral and ventral lobes. Labial tooth rows absent. Jaw sheaths well developed, and both jaw sheaths massively keratinized; supra-rostrodont longer than wide and convex; infra-rostrodont U-shaped, convex laterally and concave medially. Serrations on infra-rostrodont slightly larger than serrations on supra-rostrodont.</p><p>Measurements of 17 tadpoles at various Gosner stages (25‒28, 31, 38, 40) are given in tab. 16.</p><p>Coloration. In life, dorsal body beige brown with few tiny melanophores on dorsal body and flanks; flanks darker than dorsal body. Integument on lateral sides dotted with numerous melanophores. Ventral integument translucent and dirty white with gut coils visible. Caudal fin musculature white, mottled with medium-sized irregular blotches; larger blotches present at anterior end and smaller ones at posterior end. Dorsal and ventral fins white and translucent with many melanophore bands; dorsal fin was more spotted than ventral fin. Spiracle, oral disc and vent tube translucent with no melanophores.</p><p>Buccopharyngeal morphology. Buccal roof (fig. 36a‒b). Prenarial arena with eight papillae arranged in an inverted ‘V’; median papilla largest, followed by three pairs papillae located linearly to medial papilla; a papilla present on the medial axis posterior to medial papilla; posterior papilla smaller compared to other papillae. Internal nares transverse, oriented medially; gap between nares wide, separated by length of a nare; a short papilla present medially between nares; anterior narial wall pustulose with many tiny pustules and a stubby projection originating near to mesad plane; posterior wall tall, smooth and valvular; two projections seen on posterior narial wall; projection near to mesad plane smaller and stubby; projection near to lateral corner broader and taller. Postnarial arena with two pairs of papillae with rugose surface behind narial wall; arranged linearly from mesad plane; papillae at lateral corners longer than papillae near to mesad plane. Median ridge papilla conical and tiny. A long bifid pustulose lateral ridge papilla perpendicular to median ridge papilla. BRA well defined with about 30 pairs of closely arranged short BRA papillae; BRA dotted by more than 300 pustules. Observations on glandular zone could not be made. Dorsal velum tall and discontinuous; a deep grove in front of the margin of the velum; margin with about 20 long projections.</p><p>Buccal floor (fig. 36c‒d). Prelingual arena with 10 pairs of long palps located anteromedially and five pairs of pustules located anterolaterally on jaw sheath; papillae conical and pustulated. Tongue anlage absent. Numerous pustules bordered anterolaterally by eight to 10 long conical papillae of unequal size spread in region between lingual region and lateral corners of the floor; more than 400 pustules spread across the entire floor; BFA defined by about 10‒12 BFA papillae; BFA papillae dilated at tips forming multiple projections; anterior papillae larger than posterior papillae. Buccal pockets narrow and oriented anteromedially; pocket papillae absent. Region between BFA and margin of velum smooth. Ventral velum margin smooth; 10 long projections mainly concentrated around medial region. Glottis exposed posterior to velum.</p><p>Labial tooth rows absent (fig. 36e). Serrations (fig. 36f) on jaw sheaths large. Each serration with a wide base and triangular pointed head.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A017A56FF94FFA6FEDFFC45FC74FE42	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Raj, Prudhvi;Vasudevan, Karthikeyan;Dutta, Sushil Kumar;Sahoo, Gunanidhi;Mahapatra, Susmita;Sharma, Richa	Raj, Prudhvi, Vasudevan, Karthikeyan, Dutta, Sushil Kumar, Sahoo, Gunanidhi, Mahapatra, Susmita, Sharma, Richa (2023): Larval morphology of selected anuran species from India. Alytes 39 - 40: 1-140, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16896351
8A017A56FF98FFA0FE12FD12FE17FDAF.text	8A017A56FF98FFA0FE12FD12FE17FDAF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amolops assamensis (Sengupta, Hussain, Choudhury, Gogoi, Ahmed & Chaudhury 2008)	<div><p>S18. Amolops assamensis (Sengupta, Hussain, Choudhury, Gogoi, Ahmed &amp; Chaudhury, 2008) (fig. 37‒38)</p><p>Larval series examined. WT 161.1510 ( Mayeng Hill Reserve Forest, Kamrup District, Assam, India). Tadpoles of this species were collected from a torrent stream at the type locality of the species. Tadpoles were found clinging to the rocky boulders in the stream using their abdominal suckers .</p><p>Notes. Tadpoles were preserved in 10 % buffered formalin, and no molecular data from the specimens was available. Tadpoles were collected in the type locality of this species and reared ex-situ for taxonomic verification.</p><p>External morphology. Description of a tadpole at Gosner stage 37. Body shape oblong (tubular), broad in its anterior part, depressed in dorsal and lateral perspectives (fig. 37a‒b). Body length 38 % of total length; maximum body diameter at axis of eye. Snout broadly rounded in dorsal perspective and rounded in lateral perspective. Eyes large, located dorsally and oriented dorsolaterally; distance between eye and nostril 38.9 % of distance between eye and snout. Nostril opening oblong with rim elevated, closer to eye than to snout, placed parallel to eye in dorsal view; inter-narial distance 60.7 % of inter-orbital distance; distance between nostril and snout 24.1 % of body length. Spiracle sinistral; inner wall of tube completely formed and free; tube orientation posterolateral, its opening located below the medial and above the lateral side of venter. Distance between spiracle and snout 73 % of body length. Opening of vent tube medial with a small aperture. Tail tip rounded; musculature linear until first half length of tail, tapering beyond. Dorsal fin originating at junction between body and tail, ventral fin originating at middle of tail; dorsal fin wider than ventral fin; maximum height of caudal fin at mid-length. Height of tail muscle 96 % width at tail-body junction. Tail (caudal) musculature accounting for 67 % width of tail muscle at body-tail junction. Lateral lines present but not conspicuous. Pair of glands present behind eyes on dorsal side and gular region on ventral side.</p><p>Oral disc ventrally located (fig. 37c). Rostral width of oral disc 66 % of maximum body width, not emarginated; not visible dorsally; single row of marginal papillae spread on lateral commissures; submarginal papillae absent; upper labium larger of both labia; ventrally, gastrozymous muscles behind oral disc transformed into a suction apparatus. Labial tooth row formula A8(4‒8)/P3(1). Order of lengths of labial tooth rows A1&gt; A2&gt; A3&gt; P1&gt; P2&gt; P3&gt; A4&gt; A5&gt; A6&gt; A7&gt; A8. Jaw sheaths well developed, both jaw sheaths strongly keratinized. Jaw sheath margins uniformly serrated with large serrations; supra-rostrodont longer than wide, with an indentation medially, not divided; infra-rostrodont V-shaped, with slight concavity medially.</p><p>Measurements of 15 tadpoles at various Gosner stages (25‒26, 35, 37‒38, 40) are given in tab. 17.</p><p>Coloration. In preservation, dorsal body olive-brown. In lateral perspective, flanks comparatively darker than dorsum. Ventral integument opaque and dirty white with no melanophores. Dorsal and ventral fins transparent and spotted with tiny melanophores; tail musculature olive-brown spotted with numerous melanophores. Spiracle, oral disc and vent tube milky white with no melanophores.</p><p>Buccopharyngeal morphology. Buccal roof (fig. 38a‒b). Prenarial arena of roof smooth with no pustules or ridge. Internal nares parallel to one other; oriented anteromedially; gap between nares narrow, less than half the length of nare; anterior and posterior narial walls low with anterior wall slightly raised than posterior wall; both narial walls free of pustules or papillae. Postnarial arena with a pair of short pustulose papillae oriented medially. Median ridge papilla and lateral ridge papillae absent. BRA not defined and smooth; a smooth conical papilla present on lateral border on each side of roof; pustules absent in BRA. Glandular zone prominent. Dorsal velum low and discontinuous with few tiny projections on margin.</p><p>Buccal floor (fig. 38c‒d). Prelingual arena with three diminutive papillae at anterolateral corner and a flattened palp at posterolateral corner of jaw sheath on each side; margin of palps with few dilations. Tongue anlage prominent and oval; pair of small lingual papillae at lateral corners of tongue anlage projecting outwards. BFA not well defined and smooth; three to four short conical papillae present at posterolateral corners of the arena. Buccal pocket opening wide and transverse; region between tongue anlage and buccal pockets with two to three stubby papillae and few tiny postulations; a pustulated pre-pocket papilla oriented anteriorly. Ventral velum smooth with about eight projections concentrated at the centre. Median notch prominent; margin of velum smooth. Glottis exposed posterior to ventral velum.</p><p>Denticles (fig. 38e) closely packed and moderately curved towards mouth at apex. Oral angle straight with apex slightly curved; sheath and body of equal width; head uniformly broad with 28‒32 short and moderately curved cusps.</p><p>Each serration (fig. 38f) on jaw sheath with a wide base and a rounded head, and a pointed tip.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A017A56FF98FFA0FE12FD12FE17FDAF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Raj, Prudhvi;Vasudevan, Karthikeyan;Dutta, Sushil Kumar;Sahoo, Gunanidhi;Mahapatra, Susmita;Sharma, Richa	Raj, Prudhvi, Vasudevan, Karthikeyan, Dutta, Sushil Kumar, Sahoo, Gunanidhi, Mahapatra, Susmita, Sharma, Richa (2023): Larval morphology of selected anuran species from India. Alytes 39 - 40: 1-140, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16896351
8A017A56FF9FFFBDFE21F959FA89FB39.text	8A017A56FF9FFFBDFE21F959FA89FB39.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clinotarsus alticola (Boulenger 1882)	<div><p>S19. Clinotarsus alticola (Boulenger, 1882) (fig. 39‒40)</p><p>Larval series examined. WT 129.211109 (North-Eastern Hill University Campus (NEHU), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=91.90028&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.60948" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 91.90028/lat 25.60948)">Shillong</a>, Meghalaya, India; 25.60948 N; 91.90028 E). Tadpoles were collected in a large lake of about three feet in depth. The substratum in the lake was muddy with emergent vegetation .</p><p>Notes. Tadpoles of this species were preserved in 10 % buffered formalin. Tadpoles were reared ex-situ till metamorphosis for taxonomic verification. Larval description for this species was earlier made by Grosjean et al. (2003).</p><p>External morphology. Description of a tadpole at Gosner stage 36. Body large and robust, elliptical and globular in dorsal and lateral perspectives (fig. 39a‒b). Body length 34.3 % of total length; maximum body diameter at centre of abdomen. Snout broadly rounded and rounded in dorsal and lateral perspectives. Eyes large, located and oriented dorsolaterally; distance between eye and nostril 48.5 % of distance between eye and snout. Nostril opening oval with rim elevated, closer to eye than to snout, placed parallel to eye in dorsal view; inter-narial distance 67.3 % of inter-orbital distance, distance between nostril and snout 20.4 % of body length. Spiracle sinistral with inner wall of tube completely formed and aperture of tube free from body; tube oriented posterolateral, its opening located above the middle of the lateral side of body. Distance between spiracle and snout 76.6 % of body length. Opening of vent tube dextral, with right wall attaching dorsally parallel to left wall. Tail tip rounded; musculature widest at body-tail junction, tapering beyond. Dorsal fin originating at junction between body and tail, ventral fin originating at ventral terminus; dorsal fin wider than ventral fin; maximum height of caudal fin at mid-length of tail. Height of tail muscle 1.10 times width of tail muscle at body-tail junction. Tail (caudal) musculature accounting for 65.6 % of height of tail. Lateral line faintly visible. Several glands present on body; a pair of large glands behind eyes on dorsolateral side of body; few glands present on anterior region of dorsal fin margin.</p><p>Oral disc near-ventral in location (fig. 39c). Rostral width of oral disc 45.3 % of maximum body width, not emarginated; not visible dorsally; single row of marginal papillae at lateral commissures and entire lower labium; two to three rows of submarginal papillae at lateral commissures; both labia of equal size. Labial tooth row formula A6(3‒6)/P7(1). Jaw sheaths well developed; both jaw sheaths keratinized delicately. Jaw sheath margins uniformly serrated with small fine serrations; supra-rostrodont longer than wide, and convex with medial protruding along with thin and extended lateral process; infra-rostrodont broad V-shaped, convex laterally and concave medially.</p><p>Measurements of 35 tadpoles at various Gosner stages (26‒34, 36, 45) are given in tab. 18.</p><p>Coloration. In preservation, dorsal body dirty yellow with many brownish melanophores spread evenly. Ventral integument milky white with and opaque. Caudal fin musculature yellow with two to three medium-sized blotches; dorsal and ventral tail fins translucent. Oral disc and vent tube translucent with no pigmentation.</p><p>Buccopharyngeal morphology. Buccal roof (fig. 40a‒b). Prenarial arena of roof composed of a transversely arched pustulated ridge with many tiny uniformly sized pustules. Internal nares transverse, oriented medially; gap between nares moderate, about two-third length of each nare; anterior narial wall smooth with very few tiny pustules and with a short, stubby papilla present medially; posterior wall tall, smooth and valvular. Postnarial arena with a tall and tubular papilla having a blunt apex located immediately posterior to medial of each nare oriented medially; a tiny blunt papilla present in-front of median ridge papilla. Median ridge papilla triangular with a blunt tip. Lateral ridge papillae absent. BRA not properly defined; two pairs of short, stubby papillae on lateral border of the roof; about 15 to 20 tiny pustules spread on anterior region of BRA. Glandular zone prominent; demarcated from BRA by a glandular fold; secretory pits prominent along lateral sides of the glandular zone. Dorsal velum raised and discontinuous; few marginal projections present medially.</p><p>Buccal floor (fig. 40c‒d). Prelingual arena with a broad palp located at posterolateral corner on each side of jaw sheath; margin of palp flattened and broken at regular intervals with few tiny projections. Tongue anlage low; lingual papillae absent. BFA not properly defined; anterior region of BFA smooth; posterior region of BFA suffused with about 30 long conical papillae spread across evenly; lateral corners of BFA bounded by 10 papillae beginning diagonally anterior to buccal pocket and continuing along posterior-lateral region of the floor on each side; BFA papillae of equal size; pustules absent. Region between BFA and margin of velum with numerous tiny papillae and pustules spread across evenly. Few pustules between tongue anlage and buccal pocket. Buccal pockets opening wide and transversely arranged; three pre-pocket papillae present on anterior margin and four papillae on posterior margin of buccal pocket. Ventral velum wide and sinuate; margin with 12 projections with outer three projections on each side widely placed apart and rest concentrated around the centre. Median notch not prominent. Glottis exposed behind ventral velum.</p><p>Denticles (fig. 40e) closely packed and strongly curved towards mouth at apex. Oral angle obtuse; sheath and body narrow; head long and broad; tip of head curved with 18 long and strongly curved cusps.</p><p>Each serration (fig. 40f) on jaw sheath with a wide base and a rounded head.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A017A56FF9FFFBDFE21F959FA89FB39	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Raj, Prudhvi;Vasudevan, Karthikeyan;Dutta, Sushil Kumar;Sahoo, Gunanidhi;Mahapatra, Susmita;Sharma, Richa	Raj, Prudhvi, Vasudevan, Karthikeyan, Dutta, Sushil Kumar, Sahoo, Gunanidhi, Mahapatra, Susmita, Sharma, Richa (2023): Larval morphology of selected anuran species from India. Alytes 39 - 40: 1-140, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16896351
8A017A56FF83FFB9FE4DFB63FEBBFCAC.text	8A017A56FF83FFB9FE4DFB63FEBBFCAC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clinotarsus curtipes (Jerdon 1853)	<div><p>S20. Clinotarsus curtipes (Jerdon, 1853) (fig. 41‒42)</p><p>Larval series examined. WT 020 and WT 022.22309, (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.40364&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.7035" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.40364/lat 11.7035)">Karean Shola</a>, Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamilnadu, India; 10.97095 N, 76.83297 E); WT 071.101210 (Wyanad Wildlife Scantury, Sulthan Bathery, Kerala, India; 11.70350 N, 76.40364 E). Tadpoles were collected in small streams from a depth of about two feet. The flow of the stream was moderate. Substratum of the stream was with gravel. In many other places, tadpoles were also found in large pond. The tadpoles were benthic .</p><p>Notes. Taxonomic verification was done using the partial sequence of 16S rRNA (OQ079496) generated from the tadpole voucher WT 071. It showed no sequence divergence compared to the published Genbank sequence (AF 249058) from a taxonomically identified specimen of Clinotarsus curtipes . Tadpole descriptions of this species were earlier made by Rao (1914), Lobo (1961), Sekar (1990 b), James et al. (2000) and Hiragond et al. (2001).</p><p>External morphology. Description of a tadpole at Gosner stage 37. Body large and robust; elliptical and globular in dorsal and lateral perspectives (fig. 41a‒b). Body length 34.5 % of total length; maximum body diameter at the centre of abdomen. Snout rounded in dorsal and lateral perspectives. Eyes large, located and oriented dorsolaterally; distance between eye and nostril 44.6 % of distance between eye and snout. Nostril opening oblong and spaced moderately apart, closer to eye than to snout, placed parallel to eye in dorsal view; inter-narial distance is 46.2 % of inter-orbital distance; distance between nostril and snout 31.8 % of body length. Spiracle sinistral with inner wall completely formed and posterior end free from body; tube orientation posterolateral, its opening located below the medial and above the lateral side of venter. Distance between spiracle and snout 62.5 % of body length. Opening of vent tube dextral with right wall attached to tail fin parallel and slightly dorsal to left wall. Tail tip rounded; musculature tallest at body tail-junction, tapering beyond. Dorsal fin originating at junction between body and tail, ventral fin originating at ventral terminus; dorsal fin wider than ventral fin. maximum height of caudal fin at mid-length. Height of tail muscle 97 % width of tail muscle at tail-body junction. Tail (caudal) musculature accounting for 66.1 % of height of tail. Lateral line visible. Several glands present on body; a pair of large glands present behind eyes; few glands present along anterior portion of dorsal fin margin.</p><p>Oral disc nearly ventral in location (fig. 41c). Rostral width of oral disc 42.9 % of maximum body width, not emarginated; not visible dorsally; single row of marginal papillae at lateral commissures and lower labium; two rows of submarginal papillae at lateral commissures and on lower labium; both labia of equal size. Labial tooth row formula A8(3‒8)/P7(1). Order of lengths of labial tooth rows A1 = A2&gt; P2 = P3 = P4 = P5&gt; P1&gt; A3&gt; P6&gt; A4&gt; A5&gt; A6&gt; P7&gt;A7. Jaw sheaths well developed, and both jaw sheaths moderately keratinized. Jaw sheath margins uniformly serrated with large serrations; supra-rostrodont longer than wide and convex, with median region protruding towards posterior; infra-rostrodont U-shaped, convex laterally and concave medially.</p><p>Measurements of 51 tadpoles at various Gosner stages (26‒28, 35‒37) are given in tab. 19.</p><p>Coloration. In life, dorsal body smoky black with many dark spots. Ventral integument smoky black and opaque. Caudal fin musculature smoky black, however lighter than dorsal body, spotted with small to medium sized melanophores; dorsal and ventral fins translucent. Spiracle, oral disc and vent tube translucent, dotted with few melanophores.</p><p>Buccopharyngeal morphology. Buccal roof (fig. 42a‒b). Prenarial arena of roof with a smooth transverse ridge. Internal nares transverse, oriented medially; gap between nares narrow, less than half the length of each nare; anterior narial wall smooth and with a long, pustulose papilla at lateral corner; posterior wall smooth and valvular. Postnarial arena with a tall pustulose papilla located immediately behind nare oriented medially. Tiny papillae (~ four to five) present in front of median ridge papilla. Median ridge papilla triangular with a pustulated tip. Lateral ridge papillae absent. BRA loosely defined without any BRA papillae; about 30 to 40 tiny pustules spread uniformly across BRA. Glandular zone thick, prominent and smooth. Dorsal velum raised and discontinuous; few marginal projections present medially.</p><p>Buccal floor (fig. 42c‒d). Prelingual arena composed of a long, dilated and flapped palp located at posterolateral corner on each side of jaw sheath; many tiny pustules on margin of the palp. Tongue anlage low; lingual papillae absent. BFA poorly defined; anterior region of BFA smooth; posterior region of BFA suffused with about 60 unequally sized conical papillae spread across evenly; lateral corners of BFA bounded by six papillae beginning diagonally anterior to buccal pocket and continuing along posterior-lateral region of floor on each side. About 10 tiny papillae spread across evenly between BFA and margin of velum; space between tongue anlage and buccal pockets with about 10 pustules; buccal pockets opening wide and transversely arranged; pocket papillae absent. Ventral velum wide and sinuate; margin with ten projections; two outer projections on each side longer and widely placed apart, other papillae concentrated around centre; median notch not prominent; outer margin smooth with no spicules. Glottis exposed behind ventral velum.</p><p>Denticles (fig. 42e) closely packed and strongly curved towards mouth at apex. Oral angle straight with a slight curvature anteriorly; sheath narrow with body slightly broad; head of denticle uniformly broad throughout with 12‒16 long and feebly curved cusps.</p><p>Each serration (fig. 42f) on jaw sheath with a wide base and a broadly rounded head.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A017A56FF83FFB9FE4DFB63FEBBFCAC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Raj, Prudhvi;Vasudevan, Karthikeyan;Dutta, Sushil Kumar;Sahoo, Gunanidhi;Mahapatra, Susmita;Sharma, Richa	Raj, Prudhvi, Vasudevan, Karthikeyan, Dutta, Sushil Kumar, Sahoo, Gunanidhi, Mahapatra, Susmita, Sharma, Richa (2023): Larval morphology of selected anuran species from India. Alytes 39 - 40: 1-140, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16896351
8A017A56FF87FFB5FE4FFC33FAABFC89.text	8A017A56FF87FFB5FE4FFC33FAABFC89.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hylarana flavescens (Jerdon 1853)	<div><p>S21. Hylarana flavescens (Jerdon, 1853) (fig. 43‒44)</p><p>Larval series examined. WT 073 and WT 158.2109 ( Meppada, Sulthan bathery, Kerala, India; 11.70350 N, 76.40364). Tadpoles of the species were collected in side streams with little or no water current. The substratum of the stream was rocky with a high proportion of gravel .</p><p>Notes. A partial sequence of 16S rRNA (OQ079497) generated from the tadpole voucher WT 073 showed a 1 % sequence divergence compared to the published Genbank sequence (M 068930) from a taxonomically identified specimen of Indosylvirana flavescens . Morphological descriptions of tadpoles of Indosylvirana temporalis were made by and Inger et al. (1984, 1985) and Hiragond &amp; Saidapur (1999). However, currently, it is difficult to ascertain the taxonomic identity of these descriptions given the recent systematic work on this group by Biju et al. (2014).</p><p>External morphology. Description of a tadpole at Gosner stage 35. Body ovoid and globular in dorsal and lateral perspectives (fig. 43a‒b). Body length 32.6 % of total length; maximum body diameter at the centre of abdomen. Snout rounded in dorsal and lateral perspectives. Eyes large, located and oriented dorsolaterally; distance between eye and nostril 41.6 % of distance between eye and snout. Nostril opening elliptical, closer to eye than to snout, placed wide apart and parallel to eye in dorsal view; inter-narial distance 67 % of inter-orbital distance; distance between nostril and snout 17.9 % of body length. Spiracle sinistral and short; inner wall of tube completely formed but attached to body wall; tube oriented posterolateral; its opening located above the middle of the lateral side of venter. Distance between spiracle and snout 64.1 % of body length. Opening of vent tube dextral with a broad aperture; origin of right wall anterior to origin of left wall. Tail tip acute and pointed; musculature linear on first third length of tail, tapering beyond. Dorsal fin originating at junction between body tail, ventral fin originating at ventral terminus; dorsal fin wider than ventral fin; maximum height of caudal fin at mid-length. Height of tail muscle 1.18 times width of tail muscle at body-tail junction. Tail (caudal) musculature accounting for 53 % of height of tail. Lateral line visible. Numerous glands present on body; pair of large glands present near each eye (a smaller anterior gland and a larger posterior gland); few tiny glands present laterally extending till vent; ventrally, pair of glands present immediately behind lateral commissures of oral disc, and a pair of glands located at posterior end of the body before the vent.</p><p>Oral disc anteroventral in location (fig. 43c). Rostral width of oral disc 38 % of maximum body width, emarginated, not visible dorsally; single row of marginal papillae on both labia, with an anterior gap on upper labium; three to four submarginal papillae at lateral commissures and few submarginal papillae below P3 labial tooth row; both labia of equal size. Labial tooth row formula A2(2)/P3(1). Order of lengths of labial tooth rows A1&gt; P1&gt; P2&gt; P3&gt; A2. Jaw sheaths well developed and thinly keratinized. Jaw sheath margins uniformly serrated with tiny serrations; supra-rostrodont wide and convex, with extended and thin lateral process; infra-rostrodont Vshaped, convex laterally and concave medially.</p><p>Measurements of 17 tadpoles at various Gosner stages (27, 31‒35) are given in tab. 20.</p><p>Coloration. In life, dorsal body and flanks dirty yellow; integument olive diffused with tiny melanophores randomly; flanks darker than dorsum. Ventral integument translucent and dirty white with gut coils visible; gular and breast regions spotted with numerous tiny melanophores. Caudal fin musculature spotted black for most part except tail region which is diffused. Both fins banded. Spiracle, oral disc and vent tube dotted with few melanophores.</p><p>Buccopharyngeal morphology. Buccal roof (fig. 44a‒b). Prenarial arena of roof with a flat pustulose ridge that branches medially towards posterior; pustules present along ridge on both sides and two to three medially. Internal nares transverse, oriented medially; gap between nares narrow; about less than half the length of nare; anterior narial wall pustulose with a papilla at lateral corner having rugose surface; posterior wall smooth, valvular and raised. Postnarial arena with a broad papilla immediately behind posterior narial wall oriented medially; surface of papilla rugose with many tiny pustules; two to three pustules present in front of median ridge papilla. Median ridge papilla triangular flap with a pustulated tip. Lateral ridge papillae absent. BRA demarcated with six pairs of stubby papillae present along lateral border of roof; about 60 tiny pustules spread across entire BRA. Glandular zone thick and prominent, with anterior margin as an elevated ridge; secretory pits sparse on lateral sides and abundant medially. Dorsal velum margin smooth and continuous; with few tiny projections medially.</p><p>Buccal floor (fig. 44c‒d). Prelingual arena composed of a large dilated palp located at posterolateral corner on each side of jaw sheath; palps dilated and oriented anteromedially with concavity and a rugose margin. Tongue anlage broad and raised; a pair of long conical lingual papillae located medially. BFA well defined; five pairs of long conical BFA papillae delineate BFA; BFA with 20 pustules. Region between tongue anlage and buccal pockets free of pustules. Buccal pockets opening narrow and transverse, oriented anteromedially; pocket papillae absent. region between BFA and margin of ventral velum broad and smooth. Ventral velum wide and sinuate; ventral velum margin consisting 10 projections; outer two projections on each side spaced wide apart with rest concentrated around the centre; median notch absent. Glottis exposed immediately behind ventral velum.</p><p>Denticles (fig. 44e) moderately spaced and strongly curved towards mouth at apex. Oral angle obtuse with tip of head slightly curved. Sheath and body of equal width and with a slight concavity and an aboral surface; head broad with eight long and moderately curved cusps.</p><p>Each serration (fig. 44f) on jaw sheath with a wide base and long pointed head.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A017A56FF87FFB5FE4FFC33FAABFC89	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Raj, Prudhvi;Vasudevan, Karthikeyan;Dutta, Sushil Kumar;Sahoo, Gunanidhi;Mahapatra, Susmita;Sharma, Richa	Raj, Prudhvi, Vasudevan, Karthikeyan, Dutta, Sushil Kumar, Sahoo, Gunanidhi, Mahapatra, Susmita, Sharma, Richa (2023): Larval morphology of selected anuran species from India. Alytes 39 - 40: 1-140, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16896351
8A017A56FF8BFFB1FE27FCD3FA90FE42.text	8A017A56FF8BFFB1FE27FCD3FA90FE42.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hylarana doni (Biju, Garg, Mahony, Wijayathilaka, Senevirathne & Meegasskumbura 2014)	<div><p>S22. Hylarana doni (Biju, Garg, Mahony, Wijayathilaka, Senevirathne &amp; Meegasskumbura, 2014) (fig. 45‒46)</p><p>Larval series examined. WT 076.141010 ( Wagman, Kottayam, Kerala, India; 11.70350 N, 76.40364). Tadpoles were collected in a small water pool in a tea plantation. The substratum of the pool was muddy with emergent vegetation .</p><p>Notes. A partial sequence of 16S rRNA (OQ079499) generated from the tadpole voucher WT 076 showed no sequence divergence when compared to the published Genbank sequence (KM 068920) from a taxonomically identified specimen of Indosylvirana doni . Morphological description for tadpoles of I. doni is not available.</p><p>External morphology. Description of a tadpole at Gosner stage 37. Body ovoid and globular in dorsal and lateral perspectives (fig. 45a‒b). Body length 34.1 % of total length; maximum body diameter at centre of abdomen. Snout rounded in dorsal and lateral perspectives. Eyes large, located and oriented dorsolaterally; distance between eye and nostril 44.8 % of distance between eye and snout. Nostril opening oval and depressed, closer to eye than to snout, placed parallel to eye in dorsal view; inter-narial distance 79.3 % of inter-orbital distance, distance between nostril and snout 12.5 % of body length. Spiracle sinistral and short; inner wall of tube completely formed with anterior end attached to body wall and posterior end free; tube oriented posterolateral and its opening located above the median on lateral side of the venter. Distance between spiracle and snout 71.6 % of body length. Opening of vent tube dextral with a broad aperture; origin of right wall exactly parallel to that of left wall. Tail tip acute and pointed; musculature linear on first third length of tail, tapering beyond. Dorsal fin originating at junction between body and tail, ventral fin originating at ventral terminus; dorsal fin wider than ventral fin; maximum height of caudal fin at about mid-length. Height of tail muscle 1.13 times width of tail muscle at body-tail junction. Tail (caudal) musculature accounting for 52.3 % of height of tail. Lateral line faintly visible. Numerous glands present on body; two pairs of large glands present near eyes (an anterior and a posterior); tiny glands visible laterally and seen till vent; ventrally, pair of glands immediately behind lateral commissures of oral disc, and two pairs of glands (one large and one small) at posterior end of body.</p><p>Oral disc anteroventral in location (fig. 45c). Rostral width of oral disc 36.9 % of maximum body width, emarginated; not visible dorsally; single row of marginal papillae at lateral commissures of upper labium and entire lower labium; marginal papillae broadly interrupted on upper labium; six to eight submarginal papillae on lateral commissures and few submarginal papillae below P3 tooth row; both labia of equal size. Labial tooth row formula A2(2)/P3(1); A2 labial tooth row short and restricted to lateral commissures. Order of lengths of labial tooth rows P1&gt; A1&gt; P2&gt; P3&gt; A2. Jaw sheaths well developed, both jaws keratinized thinly. Jaw sheath margins uniformly serrated with small fine serrations; supra-rostrodont wide and convex; infra-rostrodont V-shaped, convex laterally and concave medially.</p><p>Measurements of 29 tadpoles at various Gosner stages (28, 31‒32, 34, 36‒37, 39‒42) are given in tab. 21.</p><p>Coloration. In life, dorsal body dusky brown; flanks darker than dorsum; outer integument with many large melanophores; inner integument with numerous tiny melanophores. Ventral integument translucent and dirty yellow; gular region spotted with tiny melanophores. Caudal fin musculature mottled through its length; both tail fins banded; melanophores on both fins and musculature arranged in dendrite pattern. Spiracle, oral disc and vent tube translucent and dotted with melanophores.</p><p>Buccopharyngeal morphology. Buccal roof (fig. 46a‒b). Prenarial arena of roof with a flat pustulose ridge that branches medially towards the posterior; four pustules present along the ridge on both sides and three pustules medially. Internal nares transverse, oriented medially; gap between nares narrow, about half the length of nare; anterior narial wall pustulose and a papilla originating at lateral corner with a rugose surface; posterior wall smooth and valvular with a raised wall. Postnarial arena with a broad papilla, immediately behind each narial wall oriented medially; anterior margin of papillae rugose with tiny pustules; two tiny papillae at lateral corners along margins of the groove behind each narial wall; four to five papillae in front of median ridge papilla. Median ridge papilla triangular flap with a pustulated tip. Lateral ridge papillae absent. BRA demarcated with five pairs of short conical papillae on lateral borders of the roof; about 30 tiny pustules spread across BRA. Glandular zone thick and prominent with anterior margin as an elevated ridge. Dorsal velum margin raised and discontinuous; margin of velum smooth.</p><p>Buccal floor (fig. 46c‒d). Prelingual arena composed of four tiny pustules arranged from anterior to median, and a large dilated palp at posterolateral corner on each side of jaw sheath; posterior palp dilated with a concavity and a rugose margin, and directed anteromedially. Tongue anlage broad and raised; a pair of long conical lingual papillae located medially. BFA well defined with three pairs of conical BFA papillae; smooth with 20‒30 pustules. Space between tongue anlage and buccal pockets free of pustules. Buccal pocket opening narrow and anteromedially oriented; pocket papillae absent. Region between BFA and margin of ventral velum broad and smooth. Ventral velum wide and sinuate with about 10 projections. Outer three projections on each side wide apart with remaining concentrated around the centre. Median notch not prominent. Glottis exposed immediately posterior to ventral velum.</p><p>Denticles (fig. 46e) moderately spaced and feebly curved towards mouth at apex. Sheath and body of equal width with a slight concavity and an aboral surface; head broad with four to five long and sharply curved cusps; apical cusps longer than subapical cusps.</p><p>Each serration (fig. 46f) on jaw sheath with a wide base and a pointed head.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A017A56FF8BFFB1FE27FCD3FA90FE42	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Raj, Prudhvi;Vasudevan, Karthikeyan;Dutta, Sushil Kumar;Sahoo, Gunanidhi;Mahapatra, Susmita;Sharma, Richa	Raj, Prudhvi, Vasudevan, Karthikeyan, Dutta, Sushil Kumar, Sahoo, Gunanidhi, Mahapatra, Susmita, Sharma, Richa (2023): Larval morphology of selected anuran species from India. Alytes 39 - 40: 1-140, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16896351
8A017A56FF8FFF8EFE21FD12FB35FE42.text	8A017A56FF8FFF8EFE21FD12FB35FE42.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Indirana beddomii (Gunther 1876)	<div><p>S23. Indirana cf. beddomii (Günther, 1876) (fig. 47‒48)</p><p>Larval series examined. WT 135.20711 (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.13842&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.55386" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.13842/lat 11.55386)">Wyanad Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, Sulthan Bathery, India; 11.55386 N, 76.13842 E). Tadpoles were collected on rocky slopes that had a thin film of water running over. The tadpoles were found feeding on algal growth on the rocks .</p><p>Notes. Molecular data could not be generated from the tadpole vouchers. Indirana beddomii was recorded from the area where the tadpoles were collected. Tadpoles of I. beddomii were described by Annandale (1918), Boulenger (1920), Daniel &amp; Sekar (1989), Inger et al. (1984), Daniel (2002) and Kuramoto &amp; Joshy (2002). However, there is taxonomic uncertainty over the exact species identity for many of these descriptions.</p><p>External morphology. Description of a tadpole at Gosner stage 38. Body elliptical and depressed triangular in dorsal and lateral perspectives (fig. 47a‒b). Body length 25.1 % of total length; maximum body diameter at middle of abdomen. Snout acutely rounded in dorsal and rounded in lateral perspectives. Eyes large; located, and oriented dorsolaterally; distance between eye and nostril 38.8 % of the distance between eye and snout. Nostril opening rounded and elevated at the rim, closer to eyes than to snout; placed parallel to eye in dorsal view; inter-narial distance equal to inter-orbital distance; distance between nostril and snout 22 % of body length. Spiracle sinistral with inner wall of tube not formed; tube orientation posterolateral, its opening located below the medial and above the lateral side of venter. Distance between spiracle and snout 64 % of body length. Opening of vent tube medial with a wide aperture. Tail tip acute; musculature broad at body tail junction tapering beyond. Dorsal fin originating posterior to body tail junction, ventral fin originating at ventral terminus; both fins feeble and reduced; ventral tail taller than dorsal fin. maximum height of caudal fin at body tail junction. Height of tail muscle 1.18 times width of tail muscle at body-tail junction. Lateral line faintly visible. Glands absent on outer integument.</p><p>Oral disc ventral in location (fig. 47c). Rostral width of oral disc 46 % of maximum body width, emarginated; not visible dorsally; single row of marginal papillae at lateral commissures and on lower labium; marginal papillae at lateral commissures larger than papillae on lower labium; submarginal papillae absent; both labia of equal size. Labial tooth row formula A4(1‒4)/P4(1‒2). Order of lengths of labial tooth rows A1&gt; A2&gt; A3&gt; P3&gt; P4&gt; P2&gt; P1. Jaw sheaths well developed and heavily keratinized. Jaw sheath margins uniformly serrated with large serrations; supra-rostrodont tall medially with an inverted U-shaped convexity, with thin and extended lateral process; infra-rostrodont U-shaped with concave medial portion and thin lateral process.</p><p>Measurements of 38 tadpoles at various Gosner stages (28‒42, 45‒46) are given in tab. 22.</p><p>Coloration. In life, dorsal body and flanks black with few speckles of gold. In lateral perspective, flanks lighter in coloration than dorsum. Ventral integument white and translucent with gut coils faintly visible; few tiny melanophores on gular region. Caudal fin musculature unicolored with occasional bands present at regular intervals. Dorsal and ventral fins translucent and white. Spiracle, oral disc and vent tube translucent with no pigmentation.</p><p>Buccopharyngeal morphology. Buccal roof (fig. 48a‒b). Buccal roof long and narrow. Prenarial arena could not be studied. Internal nares transverse, oriented medially; gap between both nares narrow; gap less than half of the length of each nare; anterior narial wall pustulose with a few pustules and a tall, flattened papilla at lateral corner of the wall with pustulated surface; posterior wall smooth and valvular. Postnarial arena with three pairs of papillae arranged in an inverted ‘V’; anterior papilla smallest and posterior papilla tallest. Median ridge papilla triangular with a pustulated margin. Two flattened lateral ridge papillae with rugose surface perpendicular to median ridge; anterior papilla short and broader; posterior papilla longer with an attenuated tip. BRA demarcated with five pairs of long conical pustulated papillae on lateral border of the roof; some of the papillae bifid; about 15‒20 tiny pustules spread across BRA. Glandular zone broad and prominent with secretory pits. Dorsal velum margin raised and discontinuous with four to five long projections.</p><p>Buccal floor (fig. 48c‒d). Prelingual arena narrow and long; composed of dilated palp on each side of posterolateral corners of jaw sheath; palps broad with many tiny attenuate projections and a posteriorly oriented finger-like projection. Tongue anlage broad and raised; pair of long conical lingual papillae located medially projecting outwards. BFA well defined by 12 pairs of long conical BFA papillae; papillae beginning from lateral corners of BFA continue parallel to mesad plane of floor, converging at posterior region of floor; all papillae conical, tall, rugose and of unequal size; few papillae branched; posterior region of BFA with six to eight pustules. Three to four pustules in region between tongue anlage and buccal pockets. Buccal pockets opening wide near medial and transversely arranged; pre-pocket papillae absent. Region between BFA and margin of ventral velum broad and granular. Ventral velum wide and sinuate; margin with ten projections; one projection on each side seen outwards while others concentrated around centre. Median notch prominent. Glottis exposed behind ventral velum.</p><p>Denticles (fig. 48e) closely packed and feebly curved towards mouth at apex. Oral angle obtuse; head and body short and of equal height; head broadly rounded with 10‒12 short and moderately curved cusps.</p><p>Two rows of serrations on both jaw sheaths (fig. 48f); serrations few and widely spaced apart; each serration with a wide base and a triangular pointed head.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A017A56FF8FFF8EFE21FD12FB35FE42	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Raj, Prudhvi;Vasudevan, Karthikeyan;Dutta, Sushil Kumar;Sahoo, Gunanidhi;Mahapatra, Susmita;Sharma, Richa	Raj, Prudhvi, Vasudevan, Karthikeyan, Dutta, Sushil Kumar, Sahoo, Gunanidhi, Mahapatra, Susmita, Sharma, Richa (2023): Larval morphology of selected anuran species from India. Alytes 39 - 40: 1-140, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16896351
8A017A56FFB0FF8AFE37FD12FEBBF8FC.text	8A017A56FFB0FF8AFE37FD12FEBBF8FC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chirixalus dudhwaensis (Ray 1992)	<div><p>S24. Chirixalus dudhwaensis (Ray, 1992) (fig. 49‒50)</p><p>Larval series examined. WT 061‒070.10710 (Wildlife Institute of India (WII), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.97547&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.28414" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.97547/lat 30.28414)">Dehradun</a>, Uttarakhand, India; 30.28414 N, 77.97547 E). Tadpoles of this species were reared from eggs laid by taxonomically identified adults of Chiromantis dudwaensis collected on WII campus. About four clutches of eggs from foam nests were collected from leaves above water and artificially reared. In nature, tadpoles were found in pools during monsoon and feeding on benthic decaying vegetation .</p><p>Notes. No descriptions for tadpoles of this species are available.</p><p>External morphology. Description of a tadpole at Gosner stage 37. Body ovoid and globular in dorsal and lateral perspectives (fig. 49a‒b). Body length 53 % of total length; maximum body diameter at centre of abdomen. Snout rounded in dorsal and lateral perspectives. Large bulging eyes located and oriented dorsolaterally; distance between eye and nostril 77 % of distance between eye and snout. Opening of nostril spherical and depressed, closer to eye than to snout; placed wide apart of each other and parallel to eye in dorsal view; inter-narial distance 63.1 % of inter-orbital distance; distance between nostril and snout 32.3 % of body length. Spiracle sinistral with inner wall of tube attached to body wall; tube oriented posterolateral and its opening located below the median of the lateral side of body. Distance between spiracle and snout 56.6 % of body length. Vent tube opening dextral, with right wall displaced anteriorly and dorsally. Tail length 65.1 % of total length; tail tip acutely rounded; musculature of tail linear till one-fourth of length of tail after which it starts to taper. Dorsal fin originating anterior to body tail junction, ventral fin originating at ventral terminus; dorsal fin wider than ventral fin. Maximum tail height at about one-third of length from body-tail junction. Height of tail muscle 95.8 % width at tail-body junction. Tail (caudal) musculature accounting for 47.8 % of height of tail. Lateral line not conspicuous. Glands absent on outer integument.</p><p>Oral disc anteroventral in location (fig. 49c). Rostral width of oral disc 32 % of maximum body width, emarginated, not visible dorsally; marginal papillae of single row at lateral commissures and double row on lower labium; marginal papillae broadly interrupted on upper labium and narrowly interrupted on lower labium; four submarginal papillae at lateral commissures; both labia of equal size. Labial tooth row formula A3(2‒3)/P3(1). Order of lengths of labial tooth rows A1&gt; P1&gt; P2&gt; A2&gt; P3&gt; A3. Jaw sheaths keratinized thinly; jaw sheath margins uniformly serrated with small fine serrations; supra-rostrodont longer than wide and convex with median protruding towards posterior; infra-rostrodont U-shaped, convex laterally and concave medially.</p><p>Measurements of 102 tadpoles at various Gosner stages (26‒43) are given in tab. 23.</p><p>Coloration. In life, dorsal body dirty white with a light brown hue; few tiny dark brown spots scattered on dorsum and flanks. In lateral perspective, flanks comparatively darker than dorsum. Ventral integument dirty yellow and transparent, with gut coils visible. Musculature of caudal fin light brown and with many bands; dorsal and ventral fins translucent white; dorsal fin spotted with numerous tiny melanophores; anterior and posterior region of caudal fin had few melanophores. Spiracle, oral disc and vent tube translucent, and dotted with few melanophores.</p><p>Buccopharyngeal morphology. Buccal roof (fig. 50a‒b). Prenarial arena of roof with an arched pustulose ridge bearing four to five pustules; two pustules border the ridge on either side. Internal nares transverse, oriented medially; gap between nares narrow; about half the length of each nare; anterior narial wall pustulose with many tiny pustules and a tall, pustulated papilla present medially; posterior wall tall, smooth and valvular. Postnarial arena with a tall, conical and pustulated papilla present immediately behind each narial wall; oriented medially; papilla largest on buccal roof. Median ridge papilla triangular with a smooth margin. Short stubby pustulated lateral ridge papilla perpendicular to median ridge. BRA demarcated with two pairs of short, stubby and pustulated papillae on lateral border of roof; about 30 tiny pustules spread across BRA. Glandular zone prominent; separated from BRA by a margin of pustules continuing to lateral walls. Dorsal velum prominent, tall and continuous with tiny projections medially.</p><p>Buccal floor (fig. 50c‒d). Prelingual arena composed of two pairs of palps; a pair of stubby papillae located midway and a pair at posterolateral corners of jaw sheath; palps at posterolateral corners dilated and pustulate; pair of stubby papillae located posteromedially between the two posterior palps on the jaw sheath. Tongue anlage broad and raised; two smooth lingual papillae present medially on tongue anlage. BFA well defined and smooth anteriorly; four papillae beginning from lateral corners of roof continue linearly and converge posteriorly; all papillae stubby and short; BFA composed of 8 to 10 pustules; 12‒14 pustules on each side tongue anlage and buccal pockets. Buccal pockets opening wide and transverse; pre-pocket papillae absent. Ventral velum wide and sinuate; ventral velum margin with 10 projections on each side; outer three projections on either side widely placed apart; median notch not prominent; outer margin smooth; region between BFA and ventral velum with few pustules evenly spread. Glottis exposed immediately posterior to ventral velum.</p><p>Denticles (fig. 50e) moderately spaced and feebly curved towards mouth at apex. Oral angle straight; head broad and curved. Six long and curved cusps on each denticle; two apical cusps bigger than sub-epical cusps.</p><p>Each serration (fig. 50f) on jaw sheath with a wide base and a triangular pointed head.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A017A56FFB0FF8AFE37FD12FEBBF8FC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Raj, Prudhvi;Vasudevan, Karthikeyan;Dutta, Sushil Kumar;Sahoo, Gunanidhi;Mahapatra, Susmita;Sharma, Richa	Raj, Prudhvi, Vasudevan, Karthikeyan, Dutta, Sushil Kumar, Sahoo, Gunanidhi, Mahapatra, Susmita, Sharma, Richa (2023): Larval morphology of selected anuran species from India. Alytes 39 - 40: 1-140, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16896351
8A017A56FFB5FF85FE33FF5EFEBBF8DC.text	8A017A56FFB5FF85FE33FF5EFEBBF8DC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chirixalus simus (Annandale 1915)	<div><p>S25. Chirixalus simus (Annandale, 1915) (fig. 51‒52)</p><p>Larval series examined. WT 100, W T121 (Kolkata, West Bengal, India). Tadpoles of this species were reared in North Orissa University from eggs collected from taxonomically identified adults of Chirixalus simus from Kolkata, West Bengal .</p><p>Notes. No descriptions of tadpoles of this species are available.</p><p>External morphology. Description of a tadpole at Gosner stage 37. Body ovoid and globular in dorsal and lateral perspectives (fig. 51a‒b). Body length 34.5 % of total length; maximum body diameter at centre of abdomen. Snout rounded in dorsal and lateral perspectives. Eyes large, located and oriented dorsolaterally; distance between eye and nostril 50 % of distance between eye and snout. Nostril opening spherical and depressed, closer to eye than to snout, placed parallel to eye in dorsal view; inter-narial distance 50 % of inter-orbital distance; distance between nostril and snout 13.4 % of body length. Spiracle sinistral with inner wall attached to body wall; tube oriented posterolateral, its opening located below the middle of the lateral side of venter. Distance between spiracle and snout 62.2 % of body length. Opening of vent tube dextral. Tail tip pointed; musculature linear on first third length of tail, tapering beyond. Dorsal fin originating anterior to body tail junction; ventral fin originating at ventral terminus; dorsal fin wider than ventral fin; maximum height of caudal fin at one-third of tail length. Height of tail muscle 1.23 times width of tail muscle at tail-body junction. Tail (caudal) musculature accounting for 55.1 % of height of tail. Dermal pores conspicuous. Glands absent on outer integument.</p><p>Oral disc anteroventral in location (fig. 51c). Rostral width of oral disc 35.8 % of maximum body width, emarginated, not visible dorsally; marginal papillae in single row at lateral commissures and double row on lower labium; marginal papillae broadly interrupted on upper labium and with a narrow gap on lower labium; four to five submarginal papillae at lateral commissures; both labia of equal size. Labial tooth row formula A3(2‒3)/P3(1). Order of lengths of labial tooth rows P1&gt; P2&gt; A2&gt; A1&gt; P3&gt; A3. Jaw sheaths keratinized thinly and present in less than half the width of jaw sheath. Jaw sheath margins uniformly serrated with small fine serrations; supra-rostrodont longer than wide and convex with median region protruding towards posterior; infra-rostrodont U-shaped, convex laterally and concave medially.</p><p>Measurements of 70 tadpoles at various Gosner stages (27‒28, 30‒32, 34‒35, 37‒41, 45) are given in tab. 24.</p><p>Coloration. In preservation, dorsal body dirty yellow with numerous tiny melanophores dotted on dorsum and flanks. Inner integument more spotted than outer. In lateral view, flanks darker than dorsum. Ventral integument dirty white with no melanophores, and translucent with gut coils visible. Musculature of caudal fin light brown mottled with tiny melanophores. Dorsal and ventral fins translucent and white; numerous melanophores scattered on dorsal fin. Spiracle and oral disc translucent and dotted with few melanophores.</p><p>Buccopharyngeal morphology. Buccal roof (fig. 52a‒b). Prenarial arena of roof with an arched pustulose ridge bearing a pustule on either side lateral to median ridge. Internal nares transverse, oriented medially; gap between nares narrow, about half the length of nare; anterior narial wall pustulose with tiny pustules and a tall, pustulated papilla present medially; posterior wall tall, smooth and valvular. Postnarial arena with a tall conical papilla behind each narial wall oriented medially, pustulated on anterior margin; papillae largest on buccal roof. Median ridge papilla triangular with a pustulated margin. Short stubby pustulated lateral ridge papilla perpendicular to median ridge. BRA demarcated with three pairs of short, conical and pustulated papillae on lateral border of roof; about 30 tiny pustules spread across BRA. Glandular zone thick and prominent with secretory pits. Dorsal velum smooth and discontinuous.</p><p>Buccal floor (fig. 52c‒d). Prelingual arena composed of two pairs of palps; a pair of stubby papillae located midway and a pair at posterolateral corners of jaw sheath; palps at posterolateral corners long, conical and pustulated; pair of stubby papillae located posteromedially between two posterior palps of the jaw sheath. Tongue anlage broad and raised; two smooth lingual papillae with no pustules present medially on tongue anlage. BFA defined by BFA papillae; four papillae beginning from lateral corners of buccal floor and passing posterior-laterally; papillae conical and tall; second papilla tallest; BFA with 8 to 10 pustules arranged linearly to medial plane of floor. Buccal pockets opening wide and transversely arranged; pre-pocket papillae absent; space between tongue anlage and buccal pockets with about 10‒12 pustules on each side. Ventral velum wide and sinuate. Ventral velum margin with 10 projections on each side. with outer two projections on each side widely spaced; median notch not prominent; outer margin smooth; region between BFA and ventral velum with few pustules. Glottis exposed slightly posterior to ventral velum.</p><p>Denticles (fig. 52e) moderately spaced and feebly curved towards mouth at apex. Oral angle obtuse with head broadly curved; eight long and curved cusps on each denticle.</p><p>Each serration (fig. 52e) on jaw sheath with a wide base and a triangular pointed head.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A017A56FFB5FF85FE33FF5EFEBBF8DC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Raj, Prudhvi;Vasudevan, Karthikeyan;Dutta, Sushil Kumar;Sahoo, Gunanidhi;Mahapatra, Susmita;Sharma, Richa	Raj, Prudhvi, Vasudevan, Karthikeyan, Dutta, Sushil Kumar, Sahoo, Gunanidhi, Mahapatra, Susmita, Sharma, Richa (2023): Larval morphology of selected anuran species from India. Alytes 39 - 40: 1-140, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16896351
8A017A56FFB9FF83FE34F9CFFC06F8D8.text	8A017A56FFB9FF83FE34F9CFFC06F8D8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polypedates maculatus (Gray 1830)	<div><p>S26. Polypedates maculatus (Gray, 1830) (fig. 53‒54)</p><p>Larval series examined. WT 085-088.1707 (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=86.76539&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.92939" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 86.76539/lat 21.92939)">North</a> Orissa University, Baripada, Odisha, India; 21.929389 N, 86.765389 E). The tadpoles were collected from pools at a depth of three feet with emergent vegetation .</p><p>Notes. Tadpoles of this species were reared from eggs collected in and around Baripada district, India. Descriptions on external morphology for tadpoles of the species were published earlier by Ferguson (1904), Annandale (1912), Kirtisinghe (1957), Mohanty-Hejmadi &amp; Dutta (1988, 1989), Deuti &amp; Goswami (1995) and Ray (1999). The current description goes along with the above descriptions.</p><p>External morphology. Description of a tadpole at Gosner stage 37. Body elliptical and triangular in dorsal and lateral perspectives (fig. 53a‒b). Body length 45 % of total length; maximum body diameter at the centre of abdomen. Snout rounded in dorsal view. Eyes large; located and oriented dorsolaterally; distance between eye and nostril 63 % of distance between eye and snout. Nostril opening spherical, closer to snout than to eyes, placed parallel to eye in dorsal view; inter-narial distance 44 % of inter-orbital distance; distance between nostril and snout 12 % of body length. Spiracle sinistral; inner wall of the tube not completely formed; tube oriented posterolateral, its opening located below the lateral side of venter. Distance between spiracle and snout 73 % of body length. Opening of vent tube dextral and attached to ventral fin. Tail tip acute; musculature linear on first third length of tail, tapering beyond. Dorsal fin originating anterior to body tail junction, ventral fin originating at ventral terminus; dorsal fin wider than ventral fin. Maximum height of caudal fin at mid-length of tail. Tail (caudal) musculature accounting for 57 % of height of tail. Lateral line not visible. Glands absent on outer integument.Oral disc anteroventral in location (fig. 53c). Rostral width of oral disc 33 % of maximum body width, emarginated; not visible dorsally; single row of marginal papillae spread on both labia; two to three submarginal papillae at lateral commissures; both labia of equal size. Labial tooth row formula A4(2‒4)/P3(1). Order of lengths of labial tooth rows A2&gt; P1&gt; P2&gt; A1&gt; P3&gt; A3&gt; A4. Jaw sheaths well developed, and both jaw sheaths moderately keratinized. Jaw sheath margins uniformly serrated with moderate-sized serrations; supra-rostrodont arch-shaped with thin lateral process; infra-rostrodont U-shaped, convex laterally and concave medially.</p><p>Measurements of 30 tadpoles at various Gosner stages (27, 29‒38, 40, 46) are given in tab. 25.</p><p>Coloration. In life, dorsal side cream colored with few light brown blotches spread randomly. In lateral perspective, flanks lighter than dorsum. Ventrally, integument translucent with gut coils visible. Musculature of caudal fin cream colored with light brown blotches spread evenly across; dorsal and ventral tail fins white and translucent. Spiracle, oral disc and vent tube translucent with no melanophores.</p><p>Buccopharyngeal morphology. Buccal roof (fig. 54a). Prenarial arena of roof with an arched pustulose ridge; six pustules on either side posterolateral to the ridge. Internal nares transversely oriented posteromedially; gap between nares narrow, about half the length of nare; anterior narial wall pustulose with few pustules and a tall conical papilla originating at lateral corner of wall; posterior wall tall, smooth and valvular with section near medial raised like a flap. Postnarial arena with four papillae; two tall conical papillae located behind each narial wall arranged linearly and oriented medially; papillae near mesad larger with rugose surface on anterior margin, it being largest papillae on the roof; few (three to four) pustules present in front of median ridge. Median ridge papilla triangular with a pustulated margin and a pustulated tip. A single long lateral ridge papilla with rugose anterior margin perpendicular to median ridge. BRA demarcated with two pairs of long, conical papillae on lateral border of roof; about 30 tiny pustules spread across BRA. Glandular zone prominent; anterior margin of glandular zone demarcated by tiny pustules arranged linearly to posterior margin of BRA; secretory pits present. Dorsal velum raised and discontinuous with projections.</p><p>Buccal floor (fig. 54b). Prelingual arena composed of four pairs of pustules and an equal number of palps at dorsolateral corners and posterolateral corners of jaw sheath; size of palps follow an ascending order with posterior palp being longest having a dilated tip and rugose surface; palp immediately anterior to it comparatively smaller and retaining all morphological characters of the former; other two palps short and stub; pair of stubby papillae located posteromedial on jaw sheath between the two posterior palps. Tongue anlage broad and raised; pair of smooth long lingual papillae with a broad tip present medially. BFA well defined by 10 BFA papillae; BFA papillae beginning from lateral corners of BFA, converging at posteromedial region of floor; papillae short, stubby and unequal in size; some papillae with dilated tip; posterior region of BFA with about 20 pustules; few papillae and pustules beyond lateral sides of BFA. Buccal pocket opening wide and transversely arranged; pre-pocket papillae absent; region between tongue anlage and buccal pockets bearing 20 pustules. Few pustules present medially between BFA and ventral velum. Ventral velum wide and sinuate; margin with 12 projections; outer three projections on each side widely placed apart. Median notch prominent. Glottis exposed posterior to ventral velum.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A017A56FFB9FF83FE34F9CFFC06F8D8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Raj, Prudhvi;Vasudevan, Karthikeyan;Dutta, Sushil Kumar;Sahoo, Gunanidhi;Mahapatra, Susmita;Sharma, Richa	Raj, Prudhvi, Vasudevan, Karthikeyan, Dutta, Sushil Kumar, Sahoo, Gunanidhi, Mahapatra, Susmita, Sharma, Richa (2023): Larval morphology of selected anuran species from India. Alytes 39 - 40: 1-140, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16896351
8A017A56FFA2FF9FFEE1FF5FFEBBF914.text	8A017A56FFA2FF9FFEE1FF5FFEBBF914.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polypedates megacephalus (Hallowell 1861)	<div><p>S27. Polypedates cf. megacephalus (Hallowell, 1861) (fig. 55‒56)</p><p>Larval series examined. WT 131.5611(<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=91.7423&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.35453" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 91.7423/lat 25.35453)">Mawblang</a>, Cheerapunji, Meghalaya, India; 25.35453 N, 91.74230 E). Tadpoles were collected in a pool of one foot deep. The location of the pool was on a hill plateau. Substratum in the pool was both rocky and sandy with emergent vegetation and algal growth .</p><p>Notes. Sequence of 16S rRNA (OQ079501) generated from the tadpole voucher (WT 131) showed 1 % sequence divergence when compared to published Genbank sequence (EU 215553) from a taxonomically identified specimen of Polypedates megacephalus . P. megacephalus has a wide distribution, and further taxonomic studies are required to ascertain the taxonomic status of the species from Northeast India.</p><p>External morphology. Description of a tadpole at Gosner stage 36. Body elliptical and triangular in dorsal and lateral perspectives (fig. 55a‒b). Body length 41.2 % of total length; maximum body diameter at the centre of abdomen. Snout rounded and acutely curved in dorsal and lateral perspectives. Eyes large, located and oriented laterally; distance between eye and nostril 59.3 % of distance between eye and snout. Nostril opening oval with protuberance on dorsal tip of opening; placed parallel to eye in dorsal view; closer to snout than to eye; inter-narial distance 55 % of inter-orbital distance. Spiracle sinistral; tube orientation posterolateral, its opening located below the medial and above the lateral side of venter; inner wall of tube not completely formed and attached to body wall. Distance between spiracle and snout 56 % of body length. Opening of vent tube dextral. Tail tip acutely pointed; musculature broad at body tail junction tapering beyond. Dorsal fin originating anterior to body tail junction, ventral fin originating at ventral terminus; dorsal and ventral fins of equal height; maximum height of caudal fin at mid-length. Height of tail muscle 1.28 times width of tail muscle at tail-body junction. Tail (caudal) musculature accounting for 40 % of height of tail. Lateral line conspicuous. Glands absent on outer integument.</p><p>Oral disc located anteroventrally, not visible dorsally (fig. 55c). Rostral width of oral disc 37.7 % of maximum body width, emarginated; single row of marginal papillae at lateral commissures and double row on lower labium; marginal papillae broadly interrupted on upper labium and narrowly interrupted on lower labium; four to five large submarginal papillae at lateral commissures; both labia of equal size. Labial tooth row formula A5(2‒5)/P3(1). Order of lengths of labial tooth rows A1&gt; P1&gt; A2&gt; P2&gt; P3&gt; A3&gt; A4&gt; A5. Both jaw sheaths keratinized moderately. Jaw sheath margins uniformly serrated with small fine serrations; supra-rostrodont longer than wide and convex; infra-rostrodont U-shaped, convex laterally and concave medially.</p><p>Measurements of 30 tadpoles at various Gosner stages (25‒27, 29, 32‒36) are given in tab. 26.</p><p>Coloration. In life, dorsal body and flanks brownish-black with numerous tiny melanophores. Ventrally, background opaque and dirty white with many tiny melanophores speckled across. Dorsal and ventral fins transparent and brownish; fins spotted with several tiny melanophores; anterior region of fins and tail musculature heavily speckled by melanophores. Spiracle, oral disc and vent tube translucent and dotted with many tiny melanophores.</p><p>Buccopharyngeal morphology. Buccal roof (fig. 56a‒b). Prenarial arena of roof with pustules arranged in an arch shape; four medially large pustules followed by three smaller pustules on either side. Internal nares transverse, oriented posteromedially; gap between nares moderate, about the length of each nare; anterior narial wall pustulose with few pustules and a tall conical papilla originating at lateral corner of wall; posterior wall tall, smooth and valvular with section near to medial raised as a flap. Postnarial arena with four conical papillae, two papillae located behind each narial wall arranged linearly and oriented medially; papillae near to mesad of roof larger, having a rugose surface on anterior margin. Median ridge papilla triangular with pustulated margin and pustulated tip. A long and broad lateral ridge papilla, perpendicular to median ridge; rugose on both margins. BRA demarcated with four pairs of long conical papillae on lateral border of roof; second pair papillae branched; about 40 tiny pustules spread across BRA. Glandular zone thick and broad; secretory pits present. Dorsal velum raised and discontinuous with tiny projections.</p><p>Buccal floor (fig. 56c‒d). Prelingual arena composed of two pustules at anterolateral corner and three palps at posterolateral corner on each side of jaw sheath; size of palps at posterolateral corner following ascending order with posterior palp largest and dilated among three palps at posterolateral corner; surface of the two posterior palp rugose with many pustules; anterior palp of the three at posterolateral corner short and stubby; pair of stubby papillae located posteromedially between the two posterior palps. Tongue anlage broad and raised; pair of smooth long lingual papillae oriented outwards present medially on tongue anlage. BFA well defined by six pairs of BFA papillae; six long conical papillae beginning from middle of BFA, converging at posteromedial region of floor; papillae long, conical and unequal in size; third papilla largest and with a bifurcated tip; BFA with about 30 pustules concentrated at posterior end; few papillae and pustules beyond lateral sides of BFA. Buccal pockets opening narrow and transversely arranged and narrow; pre-pocket papillae absent. Few pustules in region between tongue anlage and buccal pockets. Ventral velum wide and sinuate; space between BFA and ventral velum with few pustules spread medially; ventral velum margin with 14 projections; outer three projections on either side widely placed with remaining concentrated at the centre. Median notch not prominent; outer margin granular with secretory pits. Glottis exposed way behind ventral velum.</p><p>Denticles (fig. 56e) moderately spaced between and strongly curved towards mouth at apex; sheath followed by body narrow; tip of head broadly curved; 14‒18 short and moderately curved cusps on each denticle.</p><p>Each serration (fig. 56f) on jaw sheath with a wide base and a triangular pointed head.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A017A56FFA2FF9FFEE1FF5FFEBBF914	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Raj, Prudhvi;Vasudevan, Karthikeyan;Dutta, Sushil Kumar;Sahoo, Gunanidhi;Mahapatra, Susmita;Sharma, Richa	Raj, Prudhvi, Vasudevan, Karthikeyan, Dutta, Sushil Kumar, Sahoo, Gunanidhi, Mahapatra, Susmita, Sharma, Richa (2023): Larval morphology of selected anuran species from India. Alytes 39 - 40: 1-140, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16896351
8A017A56FFA1FF9AFE3DF95FFB44F811.text	8A017A56FFA1FF9AFE3DF95FFB44F811.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polypedates teraiensis (Dubois 1987)	<div><p>S28. Polypedates teraiensis (Dubois, 1987) (fig. 57‒58)</p><p>Larval series examined. WT 084, WT 089, WT 093, WT 096, WT 098‒099, WT 101 and WT 107 (North Orissa University (NOU), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=86.76539&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.92939" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 86.76539/lat 21.92939)">Baripda</a>, Odisha, India; 21.929389 N, 86.765389 E). Tadpoles of this species were reared ex-situ at a lab in North Orissa University. Nothing is known about the natural history of this species .</p><p>Notes. The tadpoles were preserved in 10 % buffered formalin. Larval description for Polypedates teraiensis is not available.</p><p>External morphology. Description of a tadpole at Gosner stage 36. Body elliptical and triangular in dorsal and lateral perspectives (fig. 57a‒b). Body length 33 % of total length; maximum body diameter at centre of abdomen. Snout rounded and acutely curved in dorsal and lateral perspectives. Eyes large, located and oriented laterally; distance between eye and nostril 61 % of distance between eye and snout. Nostril opening oval with a protuberance on anterior tip, closer to snout than nostril, placed parallel to eye in dorsal view; inter-narial distance 47 % of inter-orbital distance. Spiracle sinistral and inner wall of tube not formed; tube oriented posterolateral, and its opening located below the medial and above the lateral side of venter. Distance between spiracle and snout 73 % of body length. Opening of vent tube dextral. Tail tip acute pointed; musculature linear on first third length of tail, tapering beyond. Dorsal fin originating at junction between body tail, ventral fin originating at ventral terminus; ventral fin wider than dorsal fin; maximum height of caudal fin at mid-length of tail. Height of tail muscle 1.22 times width of tail muscle at body-tail junction. Tail (caudal) musculature accounting for 43 % of height of tail. Lateral line visible. Glands absent on outer integument.</p><p>Oral disc located anteroventrally near snout (fig. 57c). Rostral width of oral disc 34.4 % of maximum body width, emarginated, not visible dorsally; single row of marginal papillae at lateral commissures and double rows on lower labium; marginal papillae broadly interrupted on upper labium and narrowly interrupted on lower labium; four to five large submarginal papillae at lateral commissures; both labia of equal size. Labial tooth row formula A4(2‒4)/P3. Order of lengths of labial tooth rows A1&gt; P1&gt; P2&gt; P3&gt; A2&gt; A3&gt; A4. Jaw sheaths well developed, and moderately keratinized. Jaw sheath margins uniformly serrated with small fine serrations; supra-rostrodont longer than wide and convex; infra-rostrodont U-shaped, convex laterally and concave medially.</p><p>Measurements of 41 tadpoles at various Gosner stages (26‒27, 29‒32, 34‒36) are given in tab. 27.</p><p>Coloration. Tadpoles were fixed in 10 % formalin and preserved in 50 % ethanol for 15 years. In due course of time, pigmentation was lost, exact coloration of tadpoles cannot be ascertained.</p><p>Buccopharyngeal morphology. Buccal roof (fig. 58a). Prenarial arena of roof with an arched transverse ridge bearing four smaller pustules on either side. Internal nares transverse, oriented medially; gap between nares narrow, about half the length of nare; anterior narial wall pustulose with few pustules; a conical papilla at lateral corner of anterior narial wall; posterior wall tall, smooth and valvular; region of wall near to medial raised. Postnarial arena with a pair of conical papillae; each located behind posterior narial wall and oriented medially; papillae with rugose surface; two to three tiny pustules present in front of median ridge. Median ridge papilla triangular with a pustulated margin. A long and broad lateral ridge papilla with rugose surface on anterior margin perpendicular to median ridge. BRA demarcated with six pairs of long, conical papillae of unequal size on lateral border of roof; about 50 tiny pustules spread across BRA. Glandular zone thick and prominent bordered on the anterior by pustules. Margin of dorsal velum raised, broken medially with pustules.</p><p>Buccal floor (fig. 58b). Prelingual arena smooth and comprising two palps on lateral and posterolateral corners of jaw sheath; pair of stubby papillae located posteromedially between the two posterior palps; anterior palp smaller and stubby but broad as posterior palp; posterior palp long and dilated with rugose surface consisting of pustules. Tongue anlage broad; two pairs of smooth long lingual papillae present medially. Inner papillae longer than outward papillae. BFA well defined by six pairs of BFA papillae, beginning from middle of BFA and converging posterior-laterally but not meeting; BFA papillae long, conical and unequal in size; second and fifth papillae tall; BFA with 20 pustules mainly concentrated at posterior end; three to four papillae with about 10 pustules on lateral corners of the floor. Buccal pocket opening transverse and narrow, oriented linear towards anterior; pocket papillae absent; few pustules between tongue anlage and buccal pockets. Region between BFA and ventral velum comprising few pustules concentrated medially; ventral velum wide and sinuate; ventral velum margin with 14 projections; eight projections closer and concentrated around centre; outer six projections widely placed apart. Median notch present but not prominent; outer margin granular with secretory pits. Glottis exposed posterior to ventral velum.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A017A56FFA1FF9AFE3DF95FFB44F811	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Raj, Prudhvi;Vasudevan, Karthikeyan;Dutta, Sushil Kumar;Sahoo, Gunanidhi;Mahapatra, Susmita;Sharma, Richa	Raj, Prudhvi, Vasudevan, Karthikeyan, Dutta, Sushil Kumar, Sahoo, Gunanidhi, Mahapatra, Susmita, Sharma, Richa (2023): Larval morphology of selected anuran species from India. Alytes 39 - 40: 1-140, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16896351
8A017A56FFA5FF96FE99FE9BFE7BFCDF.text	8A017A56FFA5FF96FE99FE9BFE7BFCDF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus (Vasudevan & Dutta 2000)	<div><p>S29. Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus (Vasudevan &amp; Dutta, 2000) (fig. 59‒60)</p><p>Larval series examined. WT 080 ( Andiparai Shola, Indira Gandhi WLS, Tamil Nadu, India). Eggs and tadpoles were collected in November 1998 in a water pool with complete canopy cover .</p><p>Notes. Taxonomic identity was confirmed by rearing the tadpoles till metamorphosis. No larval description for this species was made earlier.</p><p>External morphology. Description of a tadpole at Gosner stage 36. Body ovoid and globular in dorsal and lateral perspectives (fig. 59a‒c). Body length 31.3 % of total length; maximum body diameter attained at mid-length of body. Snout rounded and body elevated in dorsal profile. Eyes large; located and oriented dorsolaterally, near to lateral corners of dorsum; distance between eye and nostril 55.8 % of distance between eye and snout. Nostrils located dorsolaterally, midway between eye and nostril; inter-narial distance 43.1 % of inter-orbital distance; distance between nostril and snout 12.3 % of body length. Spiracle sinistral and short; inner wall of tube formed but attached to body wall, with small aperture and oriented dorsolaterally, its opening located just below the median and above the venter on lateral side of body. Distance between spiracle and snout 61.9 % of body length. Vent tube opening dextral. Tail tip rounded; musculature linear till mid-length of tail, tapering beyond. Dorsal fin taller than ventral fin; maximum height of tail at mid length; origin of dorsal tail fin at body-tail junction; ventral fin originating at ventral terminus. Height of tail muscle 1.28 times width of tail muscle at tail-body junction; tail (caudal) musculature accounting for 64.2 % of height of tail. Lateral line visible along snout and lateral sides of body and tail fin. Glands absent on dorsal side.</p><p>Oral disc anteroventral in location (fig. 59c). Rostral width of oral disc 35.5 % of maximum body width; labium entire (emarginated) and bifurcated at lateral commissures; one row of marginal papillae on lower labium and till quarter of upper labium; marginal papillae broadly interrupted on upper labium. Two rows of submarginal papillae at lateral commissures. Labial tooth row formula A6(3‒6)/P3(1); upper labium with six labial tooth rows including four divided (A3 to A6) and two undivided rows (A1 and A2); length of each row in descending order from A1 to A6; lower labium with three labial tooth rows; P1 divided; P3 smallest; labial tooth rows single. Both jaw sheath margins uniformly serrated with moderate sized serrations.</p><p>Measurements of 24 tadpoles at various Gosner stages (28‒29, 31‒32, 36‒37, 41‒42, 45) are given in tab. 28.</p><p>Coloration. In life, dorsal body was olive green. In preservation, dorsal body brown with tiny melanophores. Ventral integument dirty white and transparent, with gut coils visible. Body sparsely speckled with tiny melanophores. Gular region spotted with few melanophores. Both fins and tail muscle spotted with tiny melanophores spread uniformly. Anterior region darker than posterior region of tail fin.</p><p>Buccopharyngeal morphology. Buccal roof (fig. 60a). Prenarial arena with a transverse ridge bearing four pustules; median pair of pustules larger of four. Internal nares transverse, oriented medially; gap between nares narrow, about half the length of nare; anterior narial wall pustulose with very few tiny pustules and a tall, pustulated papilla present medially; posterior wall tall, smooth and valvular. Postnarial arena with five papillae arranged in an inverted ‘V’ oriented anteromedially; two pair of tall, conical and pustulated papillae present immediately behind posterior narial walls; all four papillae of equal height; a tiny papilla present adjacent to median ridge papilla. Median ridge papilla triangular with a pustulated margin and bifid tip. A single pustulated lateral ridge papilla perpendicular to median ridge; lateral ridge papillae longest of all papillae in buccal region. BRA demarcated with five pairs of long pustulated papillae on lateral border of the roof; about 50 tiny pustules spread across BRA.</p><p>Buccal floor (fig. 60b). Prelingual arena composed of five palps on posterolateral corners of jaw sheath. Size of palps follows an ascending order with anterior palp being smallest. All palps except posterior palp with smooth margin; posterior palp dilated with four projections placed equidistantly and posterior projection being longest. Pair of bifid papillae located posteromedially between the two posterior palps of prelingual arena. Tongue anlage round and raised; two smooth lingual papillae with no pustules at the centre. BFA well defined delineated by BFA papillae; anterior region of BFA smooth; five BFA papillae beginning from middle of BFA and passing posterolateral; anterior BFA papillae were longer, curved and pustulated; a second row of four papillae present laterally to BFA papillae; centre region of BFA composed of 6‒8 papillae and 40 postulations. Space between tongue anlage and buccal pockets comprising 12 postulations on each side. Buccal pockets opening wide transversely arranged; pair of pustulated pre-pocket papillae; long, pustulated, curved papillae present on posterior margin of buccal pocket. Space between BFA and ventral velum composed of about 16 pustules. Ventral velum wide and sinuate with 16 projections; 10 projections closer and concentrated around centre; outer three projections on each side widely placed apart; median notch not prominent; outer margin with many secretory pits and no spicules.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A017A56FFA5FF96FE99FE9BFE7BFCDF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Raj, Prudhvi;Vasudevan, Karthikeyan;Dutta, Sushil Kumar;Sahoo, Gunanidhi;Mahapatra, Susmita;Sharma, Richa	Raj, Prudhvi, Vasudevan, Karthikeyan, Dutta, Sushil Kumar, Sahoo, Gunanidhi, Mahapatra, Susmita, Sharma, Richa (2023): Larval morphology of selected anuran species from India. Alytes 39 - 40: 1-140, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16896351
8A017A56FFA8FF93FE2EFC42FA8EFDAF.text	8A017A56FFA8FF93FE2EFC42FA8EFDAF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zhangixalus smaragdinus (Blyth 1852)	<div><p>S30. Zhangixalus smaragdinus (Blyth, 1852) (fig. 61‒62)</p><p>Larval series examined. WT 130.5611(<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=91.7423&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.35453" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 91.7423/lat 25.35453)">Mawblang</a>, Cheerapunji, Meghalaya, India; 25.35453 N, 91.74230 E). Tadpoles of the species were collected in a pool that was one foot deep. The location of the pool was on a hill plateau at an elevation of more than 1000 m.a.s.l. Its substratum was sandy with emergent vegetation and algal growth .</p><p>Notes. Partial sequence of 16S rRNA (OQ079500) generated from the above tadpole voucher showed 2 % sequence divergence compared to the published Genbank sequence (JX 219411) from a taxonomically identified specimen of Rhacophorus maximus . However, following the recent taxonomic revision of the group, the species was synonymized with Zhangixalus smaragdinus . Morphological descriptions for larval forms of this species were made by McCann (1932), Anders (2002) and Khongwir et al. (2003). The current description of tadpoles is from specimens collected close to the type locality of the species. However, the taxonomic identities of tadpoles described earlier need verification.</p><p>External morphology. Description of a tadpole at Gosner stage 36. Body ovoid and globular in dorsal and lateral perspectives (fig. 61 a-b). Body length 37.3 % of total length; maximum body width at centre of the abdomen. Eyes large, located and oriented dorsolaterally; distance between eye and nostril 45.9 % of distance between eye and snout. Opening of nostril bean-shaped and placed dorsolaterally, closer to eye than to snout; rim of opening elevated; inter-narial distance 58.6 % of inter-orbital distance; distance between nostril and snout 13.6 % of body length. Spiracle sinistral; inner wall of tube completely formed but attached to body wall. Distance between spiracle and snout 67.1 % of body length. Vent tube dextral in opening. Tail tip rounded; musculature linear till mid length of tail, tapering beyond; dorsal fin and ventral fin of equal height; maximum tail height at about mid-length; dorsal fin originating at junction between body and tail, ventral fin originating at ventral terminus. Height of tail muscle 1.47 times width of tail muscle at tail-body junction. Tail (caudal) musculature accounting for 36.9 % of height of tail. Lateral line visible. Glands absent on outer integument.</p><p>Oral disc anteroventral in location (fig. 61c). Rostral width of oral disc 30.2 % of maximum body width. Labium not entire (emarginated) and bifurcated at lateral commissures. Labial tooth row formula A5(2‒5)/P3(1); one row of upper labium (A1) continuous and rest bifurcated (A2 to A5); length of each row in descending order from A1 to A5; lower labium comprising three labial tooth rows including P1 marginally divided; length of both P1 and P2 rows equal and P3 smallest; labial tooth rows single. Single row of marginal papillae on both labia; marginal papillae broadly interrupted on both labia medially; papillae on upper labium restricted to lateral commissures. Two to three rows of submarginal papillae at lateral commissures and a single row below P3 labial tooth row. Upper jaw sheath moderately keratinized while lower jaw sheath heavily keratinized; Jaw sheaths margins uniformly serrated with small fine serrations.</p><p>Measurements of 32 tadpoles at various Gosner stages (26‒31, 36‒42) are given in tab. 29.</p><p>Coloration. In life, dorsal body black and ventral side dirty white; both dorsal and ventral sides of body dotted with several tiny melanophores; Ventral integument transparent with gut coils visible. Both fins transparent and dotted evenly with several tiny melanophores.</p><p>Buccopharyngeal morphology. Buccal roof (fig. 62a‒b). Prenarial arena of roof with six pustules arranged in arched formation; median pair of pustules larger than other pustules. Internal nares transverse, oriented medially; gap between both nares wide, about 2/3 of length of nare; anterior narial wall pustulose with many tiny pustules; a tall, pustulated papilla located at lateral corner of wall, posterior wall tall, smooth and valvular without pustules. Postnarial arena with two tall, conical and pustulated papillae, present behind posterior narial wall and oriented medially; both papillae of equal height; a small pustule located in front of median ridge papilla. Median ridge papilla triangular and pustulated. A small pustulated lateral ridge papilla perpendicular to median ridge. BRA demarcated with five pairs of long pustulated papillae on lateral border of the roof; about 30 tiny pustules spread across BRA. Glandular zone thick and prominent with many secretory pits. Dorsal velum moderately tall and continuous with a rugose margin.</p><p>Buccal floor (fig. 62c‒d). Prelingual arena composed of three palps located on each side of posterolateral corner of jaw sheath; size of palps following an ascending order, with anterior palp being smallest; all palps pustulated; posterior palp bifid with anterior projection being larger; three tiny pustules located at anterolateral corners of jaw sheath; pair of pustulated papillae located posteromedially on the jaw sheath. Tongue anlage round and raised; two to three smooth lingual papillae with pustules present medially. BFA well defined with eight BFA papillae on each side; anterior region of BFA smooth; eight BFA beginning from middle of BFA and passing posterolateral; all papillae curved, pustulated and of equal size; BFA with about 14‒16 pustules; 12 pustules in region between tongue anlage and buccal pockets; buccal pockets opening narrow and transversely arranged; a small buccal pocket papilla present. Region between BFA and margin of ventral velum with about 12 postulations; ventral velum wide and sinuate with 12 projections; six projections concentrated at the centre; outer three projections on either side widely placed apart; median notch not prominent; outer margin smooth. Glottis exposed posterior to ventral velum.</p><p>Denticles (fig. 62e) moderately spaced between one another. Oral angle obtuse; sheath narrow followed by slightly broader body; tip of head broadly curved; 14‒18 moderately curved cusps on each denticle.</p><p>Each serration (fig. 62f) on jaw sheath with a wide base and triangular head.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A017A56FFA8FF93FE2EFC42FA8EFDAF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Raj, Prudhvi;Vasudevan, Karthikeyan;Dutta, Sushil Kumar;Sahoo, Gunanidhi;Mahapatra, Susmita;Sharma, Richa	Raj, Prudhvi, Vasudevan, Karthikeyan, Dutta, Sushil Kumar, Sahoo, Gunanidhi, Mahapatra, Susmita, Sharma, Richa (2023): Larval morphology of selected anuran species from India. Alytes 39 - 40: 1-140, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16896351
8A017A56FF52FF6EFEB0FA57FACDF92C.text	8A017A56FF52FF6EFEB0FA57FACDF92C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anura	<div><p>A KEY FOR IDENTIFICATION OF LARVAE OF 30 ANURAN SPECIES FROM INDIA</p><p>1. A. Without nostrils; without jaw sheath; spiracle ventral, oral disc with a fold on the lower labium with no keratinized structures and papillae ............................................................. 2 [ MICROHYLIDAE]</p><p>B. With nostrils; with jaw sheaths; spiracle sinistral, oral disc with keratinized structures and papillae ............................................................................................................................................................ 4</p><p>2. A. One medial vent and a medial spiracle; large lateral eyes with a transparent body ........................................................................................................................................ 3 [ Microhyla]</p><p>B. Dorsal side speckled with reddish-brown melanophores; small lateral eyes with a translucent body diffused with many melanophores ......................................................................... Uperodon systoma</p><p>3. A. Dorsal side with a diamond marking due to congregation at the centre of the abdomen; caudal fin with melanophores spread uniformly ................................................................. Microhyla berdmorei</p><p>B. Dorsum with uniformly spread tiny melanophores; caudal fin with melanophores concentrated at the distal end of the fin .............................................................................. Microhyla nilphamariensis</p><p>4. A. Oral disc multi-lobed and without labial tooth rows; dorsal fin originating posterior to body tail junction ...................................................................................................... Nyctibatrachus cf. poocha</p><p>B. Oral disc either emarginated or not emarginated with labial tooth rows .......................................... 5</p><p>5. A. Eyes lateral or near lateral; mouth anteroventral; origin of ventral fin anterior to body tail junction. ............................................................................................................................................................ 6</p><p>B. Eyes dorsal or dorsolateral; mouth ventral or anteroventral; origin of tail at body-tail junction or posterior to it ...................................................................................................................................... 9</p><p>6. A. Eyes near lateral; vent tube opening medial; both fins of equal height; marginal papillae on oral disc with wide dorsal gap; single row of marginal papillae; upper jaw sheath broadly rounded with a long trapezoidal lateral process ................................................................................... Hyla annectans</p><p>B. Eyes lateral; vent tube opening dextral; ventral fin taller than dorsal; marginal papillae on oral disc with wide dorsal gap and narrow ventral gap; marginal papillae in single row on anterior labium and double row on posterior labium; jaw sheath arch-shaped ........................................... 7 [ Polypedates]</p><p>7. A. Opening of nostril circular or oval with elevated or depressed rim; pre-narial arena with an arched medial ridge and many secondary lateral papillae or a simple arched medial ridge; infralabial papillae pointed with rugose margin; lingual papillae smooth ........................ Polypedates maculatus</p><p>B. Opening of nostril reniform with elevated rim; pre-narial arena with arched medial ridge and many secondary lateral papillae; infralabial papillae dilated; lingual papillae pustulated ........................... 8</p><p>8. A. two lingual papillae; LTRF A5(4)(1)/P3(1) ....................................... Polypedates cf. megacephalus</p><p>B. Four lingual papillae; A4(3)/P3 ...................................................................... Polypedates teraiensis</p><p>9. A. Eyes dorsal placed back on dorsum; oral disc large and ventral; tail muscle wide in dorsal view; origin of tail posterior to body-tail junction ..................................................................................... 10</p><p>B. Eyes dorsolateral placed on dorsum near anterior end of body; oral disc small to moderate and positioned ventrally or anteroventrally; tail muscle wide or narrow in dorsal view; origin of tail at body-tail junction or posterior to it .................................................................................................. 11</p><p>10. A. No cutaneous granular glands on body; no suction organ formed by gastrozymous muscle; vent tube opening medial; LTRF A2/P3(1) ................................................ Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis</p><p>B. Cutaneous granular glands on body; suction organ formed by gastrozymous muscle; vent tube opening dextral; LTRF A8(5)/P3(1) ................................................................... Amolops assamensis</p><p>11. A. Cutaneous granular glands on body ............................................................................................... 12</p><p>B. No cutaneous granular glands on body .......................................................................................... 15</p><p>12. A. Large tadpole; supracaudal gland present ................................................................ 13 [ Clinotarsus]</p><p>B. Moderate sized tadpole; no supracaudal gland; LTRF A2(1)/P3(1) ........................... 14 [ Hylarana]</p><p>13. A. Ocellus on caudal musculature; LTRF A6(4)/P7(1) .......................................... Clinotarsus alticola</p><p>B. No ocellus on caudal musculature; LTRF A8(6)/P7(1) ...................................... Clinotarsus curtipes</p><p>14. A. Nostrils located midway between eye and snout; internal nares narrowly separated; BRA papillae abundant; straw colored body with few melanophores ....................................... Hylarana flavescens</p><p>B. Nostrils located midway between eye and snout; internal nares moderately separated; BRA papillae not abundant; body straw colored but with many melanophores .................................. Hylarana doni</p><p>15. A. Vent tube opening medial .............................................................................................................. 16</p><p>B. Vent tube opening dextral .............................................................................................................. 19</p><p>16. A. Upper jaw sheath broadly rounded with long trapezoidal lateral process; caudal musculature strong with low dorsal and ventral fin ................................................................................... 17 [ BUFONIDAE]</p><p>B. Jaw sheath with elongated, thick middle portion and thin lateral processes; caudal musculature strong with low dorsal and ventral fin ............................................................... Indirana cf. beddomii</p><p>17. A. Centripetal wall of spiracle totally fused to body wall with distal end free; broadly rounded tail. 18</p><p>B. Centripetal wall of spiracle partly formed; rounded tail ........................ Duttaphrynus melanostictus</p><p>18. A. Shape of narial opening oval or round; both caudal fins of equal height; jaw sheath moderately keratinized; median ridge bifid; BRA pustules few .................................. Duttaphrynus himalayanus</p><p>B. Shape of narial opening reniform; dorsal fin taller; jaw sheath weakly keratinized; median ridge trifid; no BRA pustules ................................................................................................ Bufotes latastii</p><p>19. A. External naso-lacrimal groove present ........................................................................................... 20</p><p>B. No external naso-lacrimal groove .................................................................................................. 21</p><p>20. A. Narial opening elevated; nostrils close to eye; oral disc with wide dorsal gap and narrow ventral gap; few BRA and BFA pustules; LTRF A5(4)/A3(1) ............................... Zhangixalus smaragdinus</p><p>B. Nostrils midway between eye and snout; oral disc with wide dorsal gap; abundant BRA and numerous BFA pustules; LTRF A6(4)/3(1) .................................... Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus</p><p>21. A. Oral disc located ventrally ............................................................................................................. 22</p><p>B. Oral disc located anteroventrally .................................................................................................... 24</p><p>22. A. Nostril opening oval or round; both fins of equal height; marginal papillae on oral disc with narrow dorsal and ventral gaps; submarginal papillae on both labia; upper jaw sheath inverted ‘V’ shaped with a medial protrusion; no pre-narial medial ridge; LTRF A5(4)/P6(6) ........ Leptobrachium smithi</p><p>B. Nostril opening reniform; marginal papillae on oral disc with a wide gap on the upper labium; submarginal papillae at lateral commissures and lower labium of oral disc; jaw sheaths strongly keratinized; upper jaw sheath arch shaped ............................................................................. 23 [ Paa]</p><p>23. A. Snout broadly rounded; widest part of body at middle of abdomen; broadly rounded tail tip; simple arched pre-medial ridge; LTRF A6(4)/P3(1) ...................................................................... Paa vicina</p><p>B. Snout rounded; widest part of body at the back of abdomen; rounded tail tip; single Spre-medial ridge; LTRF 5(4)/3(1) ........................................................................................................ Paa minica</p><p>24. A. Nostril opening depressed; marginal papillae uniseriate on upper labium and biseriate on lower labium; shape of upper jaw sheath inverted ‘V’ shaped with a medial protrusion ....... 25 [ Chirixalus]</p><p>B. Opening of the nostril elevated ...................................................................................................... 26</p><p>25. A. Infra-labial papillae dilated ............................................................................ Chirixalus dudwaensis</p><p>B. Infra-labial papillae pointed .................................................................................... Chirixalus simus</p><p>26. A. Infra-labial papillae dilated ............................................................................................................ 27</p><p>B. Infra-labial papillae shape bifurcated or compressed ............................................... 28 [ Minervarya]</p><p>27. A. Widest part of body is at the back of abdomen; no submarginal papillae; jaw sheath strongly keratinized; jaw sheath arch-shaped with medial protrusion; LTRF A1/P2. Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis</p><p>B. Widest part of body at the middle of abdomen; submarginal papillae at lateral commissures of oral disc; jaw sheath weakly keratinized; jaw sheath arch-shaped with medial protrusion; LTRF A2(1)/P3 ........................................................................................................................ Sphaerotheca breviceps</p><p>28. A. Nostril midway between eye and snout; tail tip pointed; submarginal papillae on lateral commissures of oral disc; jaw sheath weakly keratinized; upper jaw sheath broadly rounded with a short lateral process and a medial protrusion; LTRF A2(1)/P3(1); internal nares narrowly separated; BRA pustules abundant; two lingual papillae ....................................................... Minervarya pierrei</p><p>B. Nostril close to eye ......................................................................................................................... 29</p><p>29. A. Nostril close to eye; tail tip pointed; submarginal papillae on lateral commissures of oral disc; jaw sheath weakly keratinized; upper jaw sheath arch-shaped with medial protrusion; LTRF A2(1)/P3; internal nares widely separated; BRA pustules few; two lingual papillae ........... Minervarya kalinga</p><p>B. Nostril close to eye; tail tip rounded; submarginal papillae on lateral commissures of oral disc; jaw sheath keratinization moderate; upper jaw sheath arch-shaped with medial protrusion; LTRF A2(1)/P3; internal nares moderately separated; BRA pustules abundant; four lingual papillae ........... ............................................................................................................................. Minervarya sengupti</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A017A56FF52FF6EFEB0FA57FACDF92C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Raj, Prudhvi;Vasudevan, Karthikeyan;Dutta, Sushil Kumar;Sahoo, Gunanidhi;Mahapatra, Susmita;Sharma, Richa	Raj, Prudhvi, Vasudevan, Karthikeyan, Dutta, Sushil Kumar, Sahoo, Gunanidhi, Mahapatra, Susmita, Sharma, Richa (2023): Larval morphology of selected anuran species from India. Alytes 39 - 40: 1-140, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16896351
