identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
8A6B87AD595CF403A8DA952FFEACB9B2.text	8A6B87AD595CF403A8DA952FFEACB9B2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pareurythoe Gustafson 1930	<div><p>Pareurythoe Gustafson</p><p>Pareurythoe Gustafson, 1930: 309 (species list), 319, 391–393 (diagn.); Hartman 1940: 203 (comp.);</p><p>1948: 45 (type species: P. californica (Johnson, 1897)); Hartman, 1959: 137 (type species: P. Gustafson, 1930); Fauchald 1977: 102 (diagn.); Hartmann-Schröder 1996: 28; Bleeker et al. 2023: 438 genera).</p><p>Type species</p><p>Pareurythoe japonica Gustafson (by subsequent designation, Hartman 1959, 137).</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Tovar-Hernández et al. (2024). Amphinominae with body with parallel sides, usually abruptly anteriorly and posteriorly; caruncle narrow, without lateral lobes, sinuous, reaching chaetigers 1–4, longer than median antenna; branchiae dendritically branched present from chaetiger 2–3, extended body; parapodial cirri smooth.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>As indicated elsewhere (Tovar-Hernández et al. 2024), Pareurythoe resembles Cryptonome Borda, Bienhold and Rouse by having chaetiger 1 dorsally incomplete, a small caruncle, and branchiae along body chaetigers. However, they differ mostly because in Pareurythoe the caruncle is longer than wide median antenna is shorter than the caruncle, whereas in Cryptonome the caruncle is cushion-shaped, median antenna is as long as, or longer than caruncle. There could be an ecological difference between species of these two genera, because the species of Pareurythoe thrive in sediments, sometimes in pockets in rocky shores, and those of Cryptonome are apparently restricted to living in decaying wood</p><p>Composition</p><p>Pareurythoe includes P. japonica Gustafson, the type species, and six others: P. borealis (Sars) from P. californica (Johnson) from California, P. chilensis (Kinberg) from Chile, P. paupera (Grube and Grube) from Chile; P. gracilis Gustafson apparently based upon specimens from the Marshall and Islands, which was not formally described, and P. pitipanaensis de Silva. Further, there is no type material P. borealis or P. japonica (see below), and neotypes are needed to clarify their status.</p><p>In contrast, P. parvecarunculata (Horst) from Malaysia was transferred to the genus by Imajima (2003 was regarded as belonging in Cryptonome by Borda et al. (2012), and confirmed by Tovar-Hernández (2024).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A6B87AD595CF403A8DA952FFEACB9B2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I.;Jimi, Naoto	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I., Jimi, Naoto (2025): Revision of Pareurythoe Gustafson (Annelida: Amphinomidae. Journal of Natural History 60 (1 - 4): 21-62, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2583949, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2583949
8A6B87AD595CF403AA8A922CFAF0BB0B.text	8A6B87AD595CF403AA8A922CFAF0BB0B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pareurythoe Gustafson 1930	<div><p>Key to species of Pareurythoe Gustafson, 1930</p><p>1 Branchiae from chaetiger 2; anterior eyes oval to circular, never reniform... ................................................</p><p>– Branchiae from chaetiger 3; anterior eyes reniform (semilunar or half-moon shaped in specimens)... .......................................................................................................................................................................</p><p>2(1) Caruncular depression deep.. .......................................................................................................................................</p><p>- Caruncular depression shallow.. ..................................................................................................................................</p><p>3(2) Median segments with spurred neurochaetae, largest tine smooth.. .........................................................</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A6B87AD595CF403AA8A922CFAF0BB0B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I.;Jimi, Naoto	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I., Jimi, Naoto (2025): Revision of Pareurythoe Gustafson (Annelida: Amphinomidae. Journal of Natural History 60 (1 - 4): 21-62, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2583949, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2583949
8A6B87AD5952F40CA83C94EAFA93BCAD.text	8A6B87AD5952F40CA83C94EAFA93BCAD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pareurythoe borealis (M. Sars 1862)	<div><p>Pareurythoe borealis (Sars)</p><p>Eurythoe borealis Sars, 1862: 58–59; McIntosh 1900: 224–226, pl. 27, fig. 16 (ant. end); George and Schröder 1985: 52–53, fig. 7.</p><p>Amphinome vagans ?: M’Intosh 1869: 406, pl. 15, fig. 1 (chaetae).</p><p>Pareurythoe borealis: Pettibone 1963: 60–61, fig. 13c; Hartmann-Schröder 1996: 28; Jirkov 2001: 239,</p><p>Type material</p><p>Norway. Holotype lost.</p><p>Additional material</p><p>Mediterranean Sea. One specimen (USNM 58944), between Riou and Gran Conglu, 55 m, 9 April H. Zibrowius, coll. (complete (4 mm long, fusiform), slightly bent ventrally; anterior eyes round, 5–6</p><p>large as posterior ones; caruncle sinuous, reaching almost posterior margin of chaetiger 3; branchiae chaetiger 2 with 4–5 filaments, median and posterior chaetigers with 4 filaments; anus terminal, anal entire, rounded, not notched).</p><p>Northweastern Atlantic. Thirty specimens (USNM 27347), off Cheseapeake Bay, Virginia, United States Commission Albatross, Sta . 2421 (37.11 N, 74.57W), 115 m, 3 June 1885 (very small (2–5 mm long parallel), bent ventrally; anterior eyes reniform, rarely oval, 4–5 times as large as posterior ones; sinuous, almost reaching posterior margin of chaetiger 2; branchiae from chaetiger 2; larger specimens</p><p>2 filaments, up to 3 in median segments, decreasing to 1 in posterior segments (smaller specimens</p><p>1 filaments per region); anus subterminal, anal cirri fused in anal plate, medially notched.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Pareurythoe with caruncle extended along chaetigers 1–3, reaching posterior part of chaetiger 3; depression deep. Anterior eyes reniform, 6–8 times larger than posterior round eyes. Branchiae chaetiger 2 with 1–2 filaments. Median segments with spurred neurochaetae, largest tine denticulate</p><p>Description</p><p>Abridged after McIntosh (1900, 225–226). Body 25–38 mm long, 41–67 segments. Eyes red, anterior twice as large as posterior ones. Caruncle reaches anterior border of chaetiger 3. Branchiae from with 4 filaments, continue almost to the last segment. Parapodia with two types of notochaetae,</p><p>with longer tine serrated and harpoon chaetae; neurochaetae include coarser furcates with less</p><p>Anal plate with margin crenulate.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Pareurythoe borealis (Sars) was described with a specimen collected of Manger, Norway, in sediments 109–126 m water depth, but it was lost (Sars 1862, 58; Oug et al. 2014, 224), such that besides diagnosis, no topotype specimens have been illustrated or redescribed, and a neotype needed to delineate the species and evaluate whether it may be present in Northern European and Atlantic coasts. The anterior end was illustrated by Pettibone (1963, 58, fig. 13</p><p>one specimen collected off Chesapeake Bay, in sediments at 115–126 m water depth, and her was reproduced by Jirkov (2001, 239, fig. 1). Pettibone (1963, 60) indicated that the caruncle along the first three chaetigers, and that branchiae start in chaetiger 2 with a few filaments (3–</p><p>her figure confirms this.</p><p>The record by Fauvel (1923, 129) follows Racovitza (1896), but the anterior end does not Pareurythoe species but rather resembles a typical Eurythoe because the caruncle is cushion-shaped a median and two lateral lobes. McIntosh (1900), in contrast, included an illustration of the anterior end shows a thin, sigmoid caruncle, typical of Pareurythoe .</p><p>JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Originally described from Norway, it has also been recorded from the northeastern United States transatlantic distribution needs confirmation once the neotype and additional specimens are studied</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A6B87AD5952F40CA83C94EAFA93BCAD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I.;Jimi, Naoto	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I., Jimi, Naoto (2025): Revision of Pareurythoe Gustafson (Annelida: Amphinomidae. Journal of Natural History 60 (1 - 4): 21-62, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2583949, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2583949
8A6B87AD5953F408A807954AFBF4BDA1.text	8A6B87AD5953F408A807954AFBF4BDA1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pareurythoe californica (Johnson 1897)	<div><p>Pareurythoe californica (Johnson)</p><p>(Figures 2 (C), 3 and 4)</p><p>Eurythoe californica Johnson, 1897: 159–161, pl. 5, figs 8–14; Moore 1909: 242.</p><p>Eurythoe paupera: Chamberlin 1918: 173 (non Grube and Kröyer in Grube, 1856).</p><p>Eurythoe dubia: Monro 1933: 5-6, Text-fig. 1 (non Horst, 1912).</p><p>Pareurythoe californica: Hartman 1940: 203–204, pl. 31, figs 5–9 (syn.).</p><p>Eurtythoe complanata: Fauvel 1943: 5–7 (partim, non (Pallas, 1766)).</p><p>? Eurythoe dubia: Fauvel 1943: 7 (non Horst, 1912).</p><p>Type material. California, USA</p><p>Two syntypes (LACM 94), Monterey, Pacific Grove, rocky shores (36.62°N, 121.91°W), near low water 17 December 1896, H .P . Johnson, coll. (one without anterior region, the another one complete chaetae longer than in other syntypes, but most without tips, right parapodia of chaetigers 10, removed for observing chaetae; body 22 mm long, 3 mm wide, 58 chaetigers).</p><p>One syntype (LACM 95), San Pedro, sand flats (33.73°N, 118.28°W), intertidal, 26 June 1895, H .P. coll. (used for redescription).</p><p>Two syntypes (LACM 96), San Pedro, sand flats (33.73°N, 118.28°W), intertidal, 28 December 1895 Johnson, coll . (one complete, mature female, bent ventrally, pharynx exposed, broken, two left chaetigers previously removed; body 89 mm long, 4.8 mm wide, 93 chaetigers; the other specimen have been used for illustrating the parapodia, but most have broken chaetae, oocytes about 100 diameter) .</p><p>Two syntypes (LACM 97), San Pedro, sand flats (33.73°N, 118.28°W), intertidal, 28 December 1895 Johnson, coll . (both complete, bent ventrally, smallest one with pharynx exposed; body 73–84 mm 4.5–5.0 mm wide, 93–106 chaetigers) .</p><p>Nine syntypes (LACM 98), San Pedro, sand flats (33.73°N, 118.28°W), intertidal, 29 December 1895 Johnson, coll . (two complete specimens, bent ventrally; body 48–57 mm long, 3.0– 3.5 mm wide chaetiger; an anterior fragment used for original illustration) .</p><p>Additional material. California, USA</p><p>Two specimens (LACM 13536), Morro Bay, 1 February 1931, G.E. MacGinitie, coll. (no further data tapered at both body ends, colourless, midventrally with a thin brown thin band running throughout shortest specimen with pharynx exposed, opaque; left parapodia of chaetiger 18 removed for largest specimen with body wall broken in chaetigers 87–88; eyes distinct, of similar size; caruncle along chaetigers 1–2, not reaching anterior margin of chaetiger 3; body 225–271 mm long, 5–6 mm without chaetae, 7 mm with chaetae, 166–202 chaetigers).</p><p>Six specimens (LACM 13537), Catalina Island, Big Fishermen’s Cove, north of USC pier, intertidal rocks in gravel, covered by silt, 28 August 1973 (no further data; five not markedly contracted, one much contracted, shortest and longest included in variation of branchial filaments along body 33–50 mm long, 2.5–5.0 mm wide, 76–80 chaetigers) .</p><p>Two specimens (LACM 13539), Mission Bay, near northeastern end of bridge, 29 May 1938 (no data; markedly contracted, twisted; body 70–80 mm long, 6–7 mm wide, chaetigers not counted) .</p><p>Western Mexico</p><p>Four specimens (LACM 13540), Research Vessel Velero IV, Sta. 2063 (28.37°N, 115.19°W), north end Isla shore, reef near lighthouse, rock bottom, 30 October 1951 (pale, variably twisted; anterior eyes 2 large as posterior ones; 3 smaller ones with caruncle reaching posterior margin of chaetiger 2, largest caruncle reaching anterior fourth of chaetiger 3; largest mature female, oocytes about 100 µm in body 20–40 mm long, 4.0– 4.3 mm wide, 61–87 chaetigers).</p><p>Nine specimens (LACM 13541), RV Velero IV, Sta . 1956 (Pta. Abreojos to northeastern point), shore and conglomerate bottom, 30 April 1950 (red, variably twisted; shortest and longest included in branchial filaments along body; body 42–67 mm long, 4.0– 4.5 mm wide, 76–86 chaetigers).</p><p>JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY fig. 8), anterior end, dorsal view. (B) Another syntype (LACM 98), 3.0 mm wide, anterior end, dorsal view. (C) syntype (LACM 96), 4.8 mm wide, anterior end, dorsal view. (D) Non-type specimen (LACM 13536), chaetiger parapodium. (E) Section of notopodium and notochaetae (c, capillary; h, harpoon: s, spurred; sd, spurred denticulate acicula). (F) Neurochaetae (fs, furcate straight; ff, furcate falcate; sd, spurred denticulate; a, acicula). Scale</p><p>C = 0.5 mm; B = 0.6 mm; D = 130 µm; E, F = 50 µm (authors’ work).</p><p>chaetigers 25 and 66 removed for observation (kept in container); chaetae damaged after formalin, notochaetae damaged, tips eroded; no more dissected for avoiding further damage; body 50 mm long wide, 91 chaetigers).</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Pareurythoe with caruncle extended along chaetigers 1–2, sometimes reaching anterior part of caruncular depression deep. Anterior eyes reniform, 4–6 times as large as posterior round eyes.</p><p>from chaetiger 2 with 1–3 filaments. Median segments with furcate and spurred neurochaetae, largest smooth.</p><p>Description</p><p>Best syntype (LACM 95) pale, mature female, without posterior end; most chaetae broken; body ventrally, tapered at both ends, with dorsum and venter convex, body sides rather rectilinear, long, 6 mm wide, 90 chaetigers.</p><p>Anterior region tapered (Figure 3 (A)); prostomium round; anterior lobe with lateral antennae laterally, palps directed ventrally, of similar size to lateral antennae, posterior lobe with eyes barely median antenna central in posterior lobe, slightly longer than laterals, shorter than caruncle (Figure</p><p>Caruncle sinuous, tapered, blunt, as long as first two chaetigers, reaching anterior margin of partially included in middorsal furrow running along chaetigers 3–5, indistinct in following chaetigers</p><p>Pharynx exposed (Figure 3 (C)), globose, with a median deep depression driving to mouth,</p><p>without macroscopic distinctions between basal and distal rings. Anterior oral lobe fused anteriorly a median furrow along chaetigers 1–2; mouth between chaetigers 3–4.</p><p>Branchiae from chaetiger 2, with 1–3 short stems and long filaments, looking pectinate; larger arranged in three series, looking palmate. First branchiae with 2–3 filaments, progressively increasing number and size up to chaetigers 25–35, decreasing in number and size of filaments posteriorly.</p><p>Parapodia biramous. Notopodia with short low conical lobes; dorsal and ventral cirri biarticulate cirri longer than ventral ones throughout body. Anterior chaetigers with branchiae with up to 22 (Figure 3 (A)); median chaetigers with about 20 branchial filaments (Figure 3 (B,C)); posterior chaetigers about 14 filaments (Figure 3 (D)).</p><p>Chaetae mostly broken in most syntypes.</p><p>Posterior region tapered, pygidium conical, anus dorsal or terminal, sometimes prolapsed plate minute. Oocytes about 100 µm in diameter.</p><p>Variation</p><p>Six complete syntypes were 22–84 mm long, 3.0–5.0 mm wide, 58–106 chaetigers. The caruncle is better defined in smaller specimens (Figure 4 (A,B)), constricted irregularly in larger specimens (Figure The caruncle consistently extends to the posterior margin of chaetiger 2, or to anterior margin of</p><p>(Figure 4 (A–C)), even in larger or wider specimens (LACM 13539), and there is no size-dependent Depending on body contraction, the antero-dorsal furrow including the caruncle, or as a posterior sion, is variably defined. In very contracted specimens (LACM 13539), the caruncle is inside a deeper and its sinuosity is barely defined, but still visible.</p><p>Some specimens with better preserved chaetae, including notochaetae (Figure 4 (D)); notochaetae capillaries, harpoon chaetae, furcate and spurred chaetae, and aciculae were tapered (Figure Neurochaetae include furcate and spurred neurochaetae, and spurred denticulate capillaries, and were subdistally swollen (Figure 4 (F)).</p><p>Eyes are no longer distinct in syntypes. They were originally shown as present in posterior prostomial anterior eyes slightly larger than posterior ones, posterior eyes at the level of insertion of median (Johnson 1897, pl. 5, fig. 8).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Pareurythoe californica (Johnson) was described with several syntypes, mostly collected in soft bottoms a few from sediment pockets in rocky shores. Based on the condition of the syntypes, it seems the were sieved, and most chaetae were broken. Johnson further made dissections to observe or illustrate body ends, such that most specimens are incomplete, and although most pieces are kept in the trying to match the separate parts was too difficult.</p><p>Chamberlin (1918) indicated that P. californica was a junior synonym of P. paupera (Grube and Grube), but he gave no reasons for his conclusion. The synonymy was reiterated by Rioja (1941), and following Ehlers (1901b), although Hartman (1940) rejected the synonymy by comparing it with regarded as E. complanata (Pallas, 1766) . Augener (1922) modified the perspective and regarded P.</p><p>as a variety of E. complanata . It is interesting that despite rejecting the shape of the caruncle as a</p><p>JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY</p><p>California specimen was 50 mm long and had a long vermiform body, caruncle cylindrical, branchiae long spread filaments, and very long capillaries.</p><p>Pareurythoe californica resembles P. paupera, as indicated in the key above, by having branchiae chaetiger 2, deep caruncular depression and median segments with spurred neurochaetae with largest smooth. Their main differences are in the size of eyes and caruncle; in P. californica anterior eyes are larger than posterior ones, and the caruncle reaches anterior margin of chaetiger 3, whereas in P. paupera anterior eyes are 2 times as large as posterior ones, and the caruncle can reach chaetiger 4.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>From central California to Western Mexico, especially along the Gulf of California.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A6B87AD5953F408A807954AFBF4BDA1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I.;Jimi, Naoto	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I., Jimi, Naoto (2025): Revision of Pareurythoe Gustafson (Annelida: Amphinomidae. Journal of Natural History 60 (1 - 4): 21-62, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2583949, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2583949
8A6B87AD5957F408A8079036FEA0BABA.text	8A6B87AD5957F408A8079036FEA0BABA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pareurythoe chilensis Day	<div><p>Pareurythoe chilensis sensu Day</p><p>Eurythoe chilensis: Day 1967: 130, fig. 3.2 m –o (non Kinberg, 1858).</p><p>Material. No specimens were available for this study.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Pareurythoe with caruncle reaching chaetiger 4, covering anterior half of chaetiger 4. Branchiae chaetiger 2.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Day (1967, 128, key) indicated that his specimens were small (up to 25 mm long), and that he spurred furcate neurochaetae had 4–6 denticles each. His illustration (Day 1967, 129, fig. 3.2 m) indicates specimens had a sinuous caruncle reaching the middle of chaetiger 4, and branchiae start in</p><p>Because of its size, his specimen might be a juvenile; additional adult specimens are needed to size of caruncle.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>This record needs confirmation. If it turns out to be a different species, then it might be restricted to Africa.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A6B87AD5957F408A8079036FEA0BABA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I.;Jimi, Naoto	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I., Jimi, Naoto (2025): Revision of Pareurythoe Gustafson (Annelida: Amphinomidae. Journal of Natural History 60 (1 - 4): 21-62, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2583949, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2583949
8A6B87AD5957F408A8769590FB96B878.text	8A6B87AD5957F408A8769590FB96B878.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pareurythoe chilensis Monro	<div><p>Pareurythoe chilensis sensu Monro</p><p>Eurythoe chilensis: Monro 1939: 94 (non Kinberg, 1858).</p><p>Material. SW Australia. One specimen (BMNH 1941.3.3.467), BANZARE Sta . 76 (35.30°S, 118.25°E),</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The specimen is 9 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, 31 chaetigers. The body shape is swollen anteriorly, medially and posteriorly. The caruncle is sinuous and reaches the anterior margin of chaetiger 4, P. chilensis (Kinberg, 1858) . However, the general body shape, and especially the scarce development branchiae, having 1–3 filaments only, indicates this is a different, undescribed species. Further, include furcates, together with a few spurred capillaries which were not observed by Kudenov (</p><p>fig. 5), However, the specimen is a juvenile, and was in poor condition since Monro studied it, such that and better specimens are needed to fully describe it.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Only known from one locality in Southwestern Australia, in 62 m water depth.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A6B87AD5957F408A8769590FB96B878	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I.;Jimi, Naoto	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I., Jimi, Naoto (2025): Revision of Pareurythoe Gustafson (Annelida: Amphinomidae. Journal of Natural History 60 (1 - 4): 21-62, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2583949, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2583949
8A6B87AD5957F417A874935BFBD3B8A6.text	8A6B87AD5957F417A874935BFBD3B8A6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pareurythoe dubia (Horst 1912) Salazar-Vallejo & Jimi 2025	<div><p>Pareurythoe dubia (Horst) comb. n.</p><p>or 59), right parapodium, posterior view (insets: notochaetae, spurred neurochaeta, and acicular neurochaeta). (F) region, dorsal view. Scale bars: A = 13.3 mm; B = 1.9 mm; C, D = 0.4 mm; E = 1.2 mm; F = 2.4 mm (authors’ work</p><p>Eurythoe chilensis: Horst 1912: 36, pl. 9, figs 21–23 (partim, non Kinberg, 1858).</p><p>Pareurythoe pitipanaensis de Silva, 1965: 540–542, fig. 3; Gibbs 1971: 132.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Indonesia. Holotype of E. dubia (ZMA V.Pol 293), Irian Jaya, RV Siboga Exped., Sta. 272 (Aru Island, pelagic, 21–23 December 1899.</p><p>Sri Lanka. Holotype of P. pitipanaensis de Silva, 1965 (BMNH 1963.14.1), Pitipana, Negombo sticks immersed in water as fish traps, in Teredo tunnels, December 1962, April 1963.</p><p>Additional material. Madagascar</p><p>One specimen (UF 761), Nosy Be, E of Hellville, at CNRO complex, intertidal, sandy mudflat with rocks</p><p>S, 48.29°E), 18 May 2008, A. Anker, coll. (body tapered at both ends, medially wider, regenerating region; 112 mm long, 8 mm wide, 124 chaetigers; right parapodia of chaetigers 13 and 83 removed observation (kept in container); other data in ‘Variation’ section).</p><p>One specimen (USNM 58945), Tulear, B . Thomassin, coll . (no further data; mature female, 90–100 µm; pale; several parapodia previously removed (kept in container); caruncle reaches margin of chaetiger 2; branchiae from chaetiger 3, with 6 filaments; eyes colourless; anus terminal plate minute, round, entire; body 24 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, 61 chaetigers).</p><p>JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY parapodia removed (some in container); branchiae from chaetiger 3 with 5 filaments, continued end of body; body 30 mm long, 2 mm wide, 77 chaetigers).</p><p>One specimen (ZMA V.Pol 292.4), Lesser Sunda Islands, RV Siboga Exped ., Sta. 315 ( Paternoster anchorage E of Sailus Besar), 36 m, dredge, coral, 17–18 February 1900 (contracted; brown parapodia previously removed (not in container); caruncle in a furrow, sinuous, reaching anterior of chaetiger 3; median antenna as long as laterals; branchiae from chaetiger 3 with 2 filaments filaments in median chaetigers, continued to last chaetiger with fewer filaments; body 11.5 mm 2 mm wide, 41 chaetigers) .</p><p>Vietnam. One specimen (USNM 58943), Tonkin, M . Lichtenfelder, coll . (no further data; body pale, several parapodia previously removed, including the right ones of chaetigers 1–4 (some in</p><p>39.5 mm long, 4.5 mm wide, 81 chaetigers; caruncle reaching posterior margin of chaetiger 2;</p><p>from chaetiger 3, with 10 filaments, up to 22 in median chaetigers, down to 10 in posterior ones; anterior posterior eyes large, of similar size; median notopodia with aciculars, harpoon chaetae, and capillaries; neuropodia with abundant capillaries, thin spurred, and furcate with small to distinct tine; anus terminal, anal plate minute).</p><p>Solomon Islands. One specimen (USNM 58942), Graham Point, Guadalcanal, 21 September 1965, P .E coll. (markedly bent ventrally; pale, with a brown spot where it was fixed with a pin; several left from first, anterior, median and posterior chaetigers previously removed (many in container); reaching chaetiger 2; branchiae from chaetiger 3 with seven filaments; anus dorsoterminal, anal round, margin entire; body 21 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, 60 chaetigers).</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Pareurythoe with caruncle extended along chaetigers 1–2, reaching anterior area of chaetiger 3; furrow deep. Anterior eyes round, anterior and posterior eyes of similar size. Branchiae from chaetiger 1–3 stems. Median segments with spurred neurochaetae.</p><p>Description</p><p>Holotype of E. dubia (ZMA V.Pol 293), complete, pale, mature female; body depressed, bent laterally,</p><p>at both ends (Figure 5 (A)), both body sides almost rectilinear; left parapodia of chaetigers 1–2, and parapodia of chaetigers 4–5, 58–59, 104–105 previously removed (some in container), body wall chaetigers 76–77; body 260 mm long, 13 mm wide, 131 chaetigers.</p><p>Anterior region tapered (Figure 5 (B)); prostomium round, anterior lobe bent ventrally, with antennae and palps directed laterally; palps and lateral antennae of similar size. Posterior lobe with Black (Figure 5 (C)), anterior eyes not visible dorsally, directed frontally, about two times as large as eyes (Figure 5 (D)). Median antenna lost, scar visible ahead of caruncle (illustrated as slightly larger laterals).</p><p>Caruncle sinuous, tapered, blunt, as long as first chaetiger, reaching anterior portion of chaetiger 2 included in middorsal furrow running along chaetigers 1–2, indistinct in following chaetigers. Pharynx exposed. Mouth between chaetigers 3 and 4.</p><p>Branchiae from chaetiger 3, with 8 filaments; dorsal and ventral cirri biarticulate, cirrostyles Anterior chaetigers with branchiae with up to 26 filaments; median and posterior chaetigers with filaments; prepygidial chaetigers with up to 5 filaments.</p><p>Parapodia biramous (Figure 5 (E)). Notopodia with short conical lobes; dorsal and ventral cirri dorsal cirri longer than ventral ones throughout body. Chaetae observed in a median segment;</p><p>include abundant thin capillaries, often finely denticulate, and white harpoon chaetae with many (Figure 5 (E), insets); neurochaetae mostly capillaries, some finely denticulate, and a few spurred Description of atoke</p><p>Syntype of P. pitipanaensis (BMNH 1963.14.1) pale, atoke, several parapodia previously removed (4</p><p>in BMNH); body depressed, tapered at both ends, body sides roughly rectilinear (Figure 6 (A)), 86 mm 4.5 mm wide, about 110 chaetigers.</p><p>Anterior region tapered (Figure 6 (B)); prostomium round; anterior lobe with lateral antennae</p><p>JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY</p><p>Caruncle sinuous, tapered, blunt, as long as first chaetiger, reaching half of chaetiger 2, partially in a middorsal furrow running along chaetigers 1–3, slightly damaged after dissection of right parapodia chaetigers 1–3, and branchiae and dorsal cirrus of chaetiger 4.</p><p>Branchiae from chaetiger 3, with 1–3 short stems and long filaments, looking pectinate. Second branchia with 6–8 filaments, progressively increasing in number and size up to chaetigers 20–25, in number and size of filaments posteriorly.</p><p>Parapodia biramous, notopodia with short conical lobes; dorsal and ventral cirri biarticulate, dorsal longer than ventral ones throughout body. Anterior chaetigers (Figure 6 (C)) with about 20 filaments, up to 40 filaments by chaetiger 20, posterior chaetigers with 6–8 filaments (Figure 6 (D)).</p><p>Chaetae damaged (after long time in formalin); notochaetae originally described as harpoon chaetae furcates with long tine denticulate (a few of the latter still visible in median chaetigers); described as furcates, some with denticles along longer tine, others with smooth longer tine and tine minute (Figure 6 (F,G)); neuraciculae distally expanded, expanded region about twice longer than (Figure 6 (E)).</p><p>Posterior region tapered; pygidium described as round, without anal cirri.</p><p>Variation</p><p>A prenatatory female epitoke (UF 761) shows some features no longer visible in the holotype of P Body wall brown, convoluted. Prostomium oval, as long as wide; eyes Black, round, anterior and eyes of similar size (Figure 7 (H)); median antenna about as long as caruncle, 2 times as large as caruncle reaching about half of chaetiger two; branchiae from chaetiger 3 with 10 filaments, about chaetiger 10, progressively smaller and less abundant along posterior chaetigers; notopodia and of similar size, neurochaetae longer and more abundant than notochaetae in anterior (Figure 6 posterior segments (Figure 6 (J)). Chaetae variably damaged after being fixed with formalin;</p><p>include long spurred capillaries finely denticulate and harpoon chaetae (Figure 6 (I), inset), whereas chaetae include long capillaries, spurred shorter chaetae, and acicular chaetae (Figure 6 (J), inset). 90–100 µm in diameter.</p><p>Remarks Fauvel (1953, 16–17) compiled the chaetal modifications in amphinomid epitokes, after details recorded by Augener (1918), and his own observations (Fauvel 1927). Fauvel indicated that the differences between atokes and epitokes were chaetae type and abundance. He noted that appear first in neuropodia, becoming abundant and very long, whereas typical furcates can be some species, or be completely replaced in other ones. In later stages, Fauvel noted that capillaries present also in notopodia, and they can be even more numerous than in neuropodia, and can be smooth, replacing some spurred chaetae. Fauvel added that E. dubia Horst was an epitoke whose podia has numerous smooth capillaries, and a few furcates with very small shortest tines’ (Fauvel Despite the long distance between the type localities of E. dubia and E. pitipanaensis, herein both belonging in Pareurythoe, they are regarded as conspecific, the former as the epitoke, the latter atoke.</p><p>Eurythoe dubia Horst belongs in Pareurythoe, and hence the new combination. Horst (1912, 37) noted the epitoke he described had a caruncle resembling the one present in P. californica; his illustration fig. 1) also shows that branchiae start in chaetiger 3 with 4–5 filaments. It might be possible specimens of what he identified as E. chilensis are conspecific with P. dubia (Horst, 1912) comb. n so, this would be the name available for the Indonesian species.</p><p>Other specimens included by Horst in E. chilensis do not match Eurtythoe or Pareurythoe; one (ZMA V.Pol 292.2) matches Linopherus de Quatrefages by having a minute caruncle and branchiae to the anterior region, whereas these two other genera have them along the body.</p><p>Horst (1912) indicated that in what he regarded as E. chilensis, there was some variation in the</p><p>Kudenov (1993, 103) remarked that Hartman (1948, 46) noted that Indonesian specimens had furcate neurochaetae instead of being completely denticulate, harpoon chaetae had small denticles of well developed ones, and that smooth acicular notochaetae were missing.</p><p>Pareurythoe pitipanaensis de Silva, 1965 was described with 11 specimens, but it seems that only deposited in London. The other specimens were not deposited and can be presumed lost, such that available specimen is the holotype, although it was referred to as the lectotype (de Silva 1965, holotype was 60 mm long, 3.5 mm wide, 65 segments. It was found together with specimens ‘ E. complanata ’.</p><p>Pareurythoe dubia resembles P. heterotricha (Potts) comb. n., described from the Maldives, as the key above, because both species have branchiae from chaetiger 3, and median antenna at least long as caruncle. Their main difference is in the size of eyes and the type of neurochaetae in segments; in P. dubia anterior eyes are slightly larger than posterior ones, and neurochaetae are whereas in P. heterotricha anterior eyes are 2–4 times as large as posterior ones, and neurochaetae furcate.</p><p>Some amphinomid species have been regarded as widely distributed. Bhaud (1972) studied larvae collected in Madagascar. These larvae have been regarded as belonging to amphinomids, and (1972, 204) noted they were common across the Atlantic Ocean, and he identified his larvae amphinomid described from Indonesia (Bhaud 1972, 208). Ahrens et al. (2013) noted that there was homogeneity throughout the Atlantic Ocean for one of the largest amphinomid species ( Hermodice unculata), whereas for another large-sized amphinomid species described from the Caribbean Sea ( complanata), at least three cryptic species were documented, two of them for the Atlantic (Barroso 2010). Surprisingly, this same species was regarded as cosmopolitan by some of the authors involved in the recognition of cryptic species; further, they included as junior synonyms 10 other described from different localities in the Indian and Pacific oceans (Arias et al. 2013) but no type material examined. Further, the analysis of specimens of Amphinome rostrata from Australia, the Mariana Islands Caribbean Sea resulted in a single group (Borda et al. 2012), and this was later confirmed with specimens of other genera (Wang et al. 2025). However, deep-water species can also have very distributions, and one species, Archinome jasoni, has been found in Atlantic, Indian and Pacific (Borda et al. 2013).</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Indonesia to the Solomon Islands, in shallow-water sediments, or in decaying wood.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A6B87AD5957F417A874935BFBD3B8A6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I.;Jimi, Naoto	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I., Jimi, Naoto (2025): Revision of Pareurythoe Gustafson (Annelida: Amphinomidae. Journal of Natural History 60 (1 - 4): 21-62, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2583949, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2583949
8A6B87AD5948F416A8499168FCD1BB42.text	8A6B87AD5948F416A8499168FCD1BB42.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pareurythoe gracilis Gustafson 1930	<div><p>Pareurythoe gracilis Gustafson nomen nudum</p><p>Pareurythoe gracilis Gustafson, 1930: 308, 391, 393; Hartman 1959: 137, nomen nudum.</p><p>Remarks. Pareurythoe gracilis Gustafson, 1930 was referred to as being based on specimens collected Marshall and Gilbert Islands, but it was not described or illustrated. This is a nomen nudum (Hartman 137).</p><p>Pareurythoe heterotricha (Potts) comb. n.</p><p>(Figure 7)</p><p>Eurythoe heterotricha Potts, 1909: 369–370, pl. 45, figs 16, 17, pl. 46, figs 18, 19.</p><p>Type material. Maldives. Holotype of E. heterotricha (BMNH 1924.3.1.84), Percy Sladen Trust Expedition the Indian Ocean, 1905, Mahlos Atoll, among Eurythoe specimens.</p><p>Additional material. Oman. One specimen (UF 9535), Muscat Governorate, Oamanyat Islands, Three</p><p>JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY</p><p>Three specimens (UF 10521), Muscat Governorate, Qurum Beach (22.63°N, 58.48°E), sand,</p><p>30 January 2022, R. Laslely et al., coll. (juveniles; white; much contracted; branchiae from chaetiger 5–6 filaments; body 20–33 mm long, 1.5–2.0 mm wide, 52–61 chaetigers).</p><p>One specimen (UF 10608), Muscat Governorate, E Bandar Khayran, around boat ramp facing small (23.52°N, 58.74°E), no depth data, 11 February 2022, M . Cherneva, A . Anker and N . Budaeva, coll. (pale ventrally, without posterior region; branchiae from chaetiger 3, with 4 filaments, continued to fragment; body 24 mm long, 2 mm wide, 41 chaetigers).</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Pareurythoe with caruncle extended along chaetigers 1–2, reaching anterior area of chaetiger 3, furrow deep. Anterior eyes reniform, 3–6 times as large as posterior round ones. Branchiae from with 1–3 stems. Median segments with furcate neurochaetae.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A6B87AD5948F416A8499168FCD1BB42	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I.;Jimi, Naoto	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I., Jimi, Naoto (2025): Revision of Pareurythoe Gustafson (Annelida: Amphinomidae. Journal of Natural History 60 (1 - 4): 21-62, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2583949, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2583949
8A6B87AD594EF412A81D926AFAB7BA8C.text	8A6B87AD594EF412A81D926AFAB7BA8C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pareurythoe japonica Gustafson 1930	<div><p>Pareurythoe japonica Gustafson</p><p>(Figures 8 and 9)</p><p>Eurythoe borealis: Fauvel 1936: 53–54 (non Sars, 1862).</p><p>Pareurythoe borealis: Okuda 1938: 78–80, textfigs 1–2 (non Sars, 1862).</p><p>Pareurythoe japonica Gustafson, 1930: 308, 349, 391–393, pl. 1, fig. 5, pl. 2, figs 6–7, pl. 6, pl. 26, figs 3–</p><p>figs 4–7, pl. 29, figs 1–3; Imajima and Hartman 1964: 52–53.</p><p>Type material. Japan. Neotype (NSMT-Pol N-1001), in front of Sugashima Marine Biological (34.4845°N, 136.8756°E), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=136.8756&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.4845" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 136.8756/lat 34.4845)">Sugashima Island</a>, Mie, intertidal, 11 April 2024, S. Shimooka and N. Jimi,</p><p>JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY</p><p>36, left parapodium, posterior view. (G) Same, notochaetae. (H) Same, neurochaetae. Scale bars: A–B = 10 mm; C–E</p><p>F = 0.2 mm; G = 80 µm; H = 60 µm (authors’ work).</p><p>(complete; body 24–55 mm long, 2–4 mm wide, 59–75 chaetigers). Hong Kong. One specimen (UF <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.44&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.54" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.44/lat 25.54)">Tung Ping Chau</a> (25,54°N, 114.44°E), 1 m, patchy coral, rocks, sand, 25 October 2017, G. Paulay and J. coll. (without posterior end; right parapodia of chaetigers 12 and 47 removed for observation (container); 30 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, 52 chaetigers; some features included in variation).</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Pareurythoe with caruncle extended along chaetigers 1–2, reaching posterior area of chaetiger 2;</p><p>furrow deep. Anterior eyes reniform, 2–5 times as large as posterior round ones. Median antenna ¼ long as caruncle. Branchiae from chaetiger 3 with a few filaments. Median segments with neurochaetae.</p><p>rectilinear; left parapodia of chaetigers 27, and right parapodia of chaetigers 32–36 removed for</p><p>(some in container), 41 mm long, 4 mm wide, 70 chaetigers.</p><p>Anterior region tapered (Figure 5 (B)); prostomium round, anterior lobe bent ventrally, with antennae and palps directed laterally; palps and lateral antennae of similar size. Posterior lobe with red (Figure 8 (C)), anterior eyes not visible dorsally, directed frontally, about 2–5 times as large as eyes (Figure 5 (D)). Median antenna bulbous, slightly shorter than anterior lobe, 1/5 as long as caruncle</p><p>Caruncle sinuous, tapered, blunt, as long as chaetigers 1–2, reaching posterior portion of barely included in middorsal furrow running along chaetigers 1–6, indistinct in following chaetigers. partially exposed. Mouth between chaetigers 1 and 3.</p><p>Branchiae from chaetiger 3, with three filaments; anterior chaetigers with branchiae with up filaments; median and posterior chaetigers with up to 5 filaments; prepygidial chaetigers with filaments.</p><p>Parapodia biramous (Figure 8 (E)). Notopodia with short conical lobes; dorsal and ventral cirri biarticulate, cirrostyles constricted, dorsal cirri longer than ventral ones throughout body.</p><p>Chaetae observed in a median segment; notochaetae include abundant thin capillaries, often denticulate, and transparent harpoon chaetae with some denticles; neurochaetae mostly capillaries finely denticulate, and a few spurred chaetae. Acicular chaetae with tips oval, slightly widened.</p><p>Posterior region tapered (Figure 8 (F)); pygidium conical, anus terminal, anal plate minute. Oocytes 100 µm in diameter.</p><p>Variation</p><p>An additional specimen from Hong Kong (Figure 9 (A)), posteriorly incomplete, has a terete prostomium is bent dorsally (Figure 9 (B)), the lateral antennae are slightly shorter and thinner than median antenna minute, about ¼ as long as caruncle. The caruncle is sinuous, bent dorsally,</p><p>a depression reaching the anterior margin of chaetiger 3. Anterior eyes Black, posterior ones brown;</p><p>eyes about 8 times as large as posterior ones. Branchiae from chaetiger 3 with 4 filaments, up to 14</p><p>by chaetiger 15 (Figure 9 (C)), decreasing in number and size posteriorly (Figure 9 (G)), 3–4 in last Notochaetae include long thin capillaries, and furcate ones, some finely denticulate, medium-sized and harpoon chaetae, and aciculae with tapered tips (Figure 9 (D,E)); neurochaetae include furcate of two different sizes, some denticulate, and furcate chaetae (Figure 9 (F)), with shortest tine shorter notochaetae; neuraciculae are subdistally wider.</p><p>Remarks Pareurythoe japonica Gustafson, 1930 is the type species of Pareurythoe Gustafson, 1930 . The indicated that the specimen was collected in Japan, but no further details were given (Gustafson 308). A neotype is needed to clarify the status and propose a type locality (ICZN 1999, Art. 75.3.1), Sugashima Island, Mie, Japan. The differences from other species in the genus were incorporated in (ICZN 1999, Art. 75.3.2), and a complete description and illustrations are included to ensure the of the specimen designated as neotype (ICZN 1999, Art. 75.3.3). There is no type material in Stockholm Uppsala (L. Gustavson and P. Cardenas, email, November 2023); we think that the specimen Gustafson was used for histology, and must be regarded as destroyed (ICZN 1999, Art. 75.3.4). We think neotype matches what is known of the original specimen (ICZN 1999, Art. 5.3.5), although because specific locality was given in the original description, we cannot be sure the locality for the neotype to the original locality (ICZN 1999, Art. 75.3.6). The neotype has been deposited in the collections National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Japan (ICZN 1999, Art. 75.3.7).</p><p>Pareurythoe japonica belongs in the group with branchiae from chaetiger 3, and it can be from other species in the group by having a short median antenna, being 1/5–1/3 as long as whereas the other species have median antenna at least half as long as caruncle.</p><p>The species was well characterised and illustrated by Okuda (1938, 78–80) although he used the P. borealis; P. japonica is a species commonly found in the intertidal zone and shallow subtidal areas</p><p>JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY tae. (E) Same, neuracicular chaetae and acicular one. (F) Same, furcate neurochaetae. (G) Chaetiger 47, right posterior view. Scale bars: A = 1.4 mm; B, C = 0.2 mm, D, E = 30 µm; F = 15 µm; G = 0.3 mm (authors’ work).</p><p>Pareurythoe japonica Gustafson, 1930 belongs in the group of species having branchiae from but it differs from all other species in the group because it has a short median antenna, 1/5–1/3 as caruncle, whereas the other species have them at least half as long as caruncle.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>South China Sea to Central Japan, in shallow-water mixed bottoms (intertidal to shallow subtidal).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A6B87AD594EF412A81D926AFAB7BA8C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I.;Jimi, Naoto	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I., Jimi, Naoto (2025): Revision of Pareurythoe Gustafson (Annelida: Amphinomidae. Journal of Natural History 60 (1 - 4): 21-62, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2583949, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2583949
8A6B87AD594DF41CABAA9345FD10B882.text	8A6B87AD594DF41CABAA9345FD10B882.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pareurythoe mooreae Salazar-Vallejo and Jimi 2025	<div><p>Pareurythoe mooreae Salazar-Vallejo and Jimi sp. n.</p><p>posterior view, neurochaetae (insets: lower and upper neurochaetal tips). (G) Posterior region, dorsal view, after A. Scale bars: A = 1.5 mm; B = 0.5 mm; C = 0.2 mm; D = 30 µm; E, F = 0.1 mm; G = 0.7 mm (authors’ work).</p><p>Type material. French Polynesia. Holotype (UF 1381), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-149.84&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.48" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -149.84/lat -17.48)">Society Islands</a>: Moorea Island, in front of (17.48°S, 149.84°W), sand and rubble, digging and fanning, 5 December 2009, S. McPherson, coll.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Pareurythoe with caruncle extended along chaetigers 1–2, caruncular furrow shallow. Anterior and eyes minute, of similar size. Branchiae from chaetiger 2 with four filaments. Median segments with chaetae spurred.</p><p>Description</p><p>Holotype (UF 1381) complete, pale pink, bent laterally after lateral dissection along left parapodia chaetigers 18–21 (Figure 10 (A)); left parapodium of chaetiger 16, and right parapodium of chaetiger removed for observation (kept in container); body 23.5 mm long, 2 mm wide (dorsal and ventral elongate), 45 chaetigers.</p><p>Anterior region tapered, blunt, prostomium round (Figure 10 (B)), margin continuous, anterior</p><p>JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY</p><p>Caruncle sinuous, tapered, blunt, as long as first two chaetigers, reaching median area of caruncular furrow shallow. Pharynx not exposed.</p><p>Branchiae from chatiger 2; first branchiae with 2 stems and 4 filaments, following segments with number of branchial filaments to posterior chaetigers, chaetigers 42–43 with 3 filaments, 44–45 filaments only.</p><p>Parapodia biramous (Figure 10 (C)), dorsal and ventral cirri filiform, dorsal cirri markedly longer branchiae, about as long as body width, about 4 times longer than ventral cirri. Median segments notopodia protruded as a truncate cone, neuropodia round, smaller than notopodia.</p><p>Chaetae slightly damaged by fixative. Notochaetae include short tapered aciculars, medium-sized poon chaetae, and long spurred capillaries (Figure 10 (D)); neurochaetae include 5–6 spurred long and about 10 spurred chaetae with longest tine slightly falcate, pointed, rugose (Figure 10 (E)); parapodia with fewer spurred capillaries and a similar number of spurred chaetae (Figure 8 (M,F)), tines straight, slightly denticulate, especially smaller chaetae.</p><p>Posterior region tapered (Figure 10 (G)); pygidium truncate, anus terminal, anal plate minute, margin entire.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>This species is named after Dr Jenna Moore, Curator/Head of Section Annelida, Museum of Nature Germany, in recognition of her sampling efforts during many expeditions resulting in extremely preserved specimens, and for her long-term support of our research activities.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Pareurythoe mooreae sp. n. resembles P. paulayi sp. n. because both are separated from other species branchiae from chaetiger 2 by having a very shallow caruncular furrow. These two species can be guished from each other because in P. mooreae eyes are minute, dorsal and ventral cirri are filiform neurochaetae are spurred, whereas in P. paulayi eyes are large, dorsal and ventral cirri are tapered neurochaetae are furcate.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>French Polynesia, in subtidal sandy bottoms.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A6B87AD594DF41CABAA9345FD10B882	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I.;Jimi, Naoto	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I., Jimi, Naoto (2025): Revision of Pareurythoe Gustafson (Annelida: Amphinomidae. Journal of Natural History 60 (1 - 4): 21-62, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2583949, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2583949
8A6B87AD5943F41EABA3917FFD1DBFE7.text	8A6B87AD5943F41EABA3917FFD1DBFE7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pareurythoe paulayi Salazar-Vallejo and Jimi 2025	<div><p>Pareurythoe paulayi Salazar-Vallejo and Jimi sp. n.</p><p>(Figure 11)</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 15896BF1-8ED7-4957-B1B4-53E29DC80E91</p><p>Type material. French Polynesia. Holotype (UF 3268), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-134.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.13" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -134.9/lat -23.13)">Gambier Islands</a>, Aukena Island, lagoon (23.13°S, 134.90°W), 21 m, 1 February 2013, J. Moore, coll.</p><p>Additional material. French Polynesia. One specimen (UF 1528), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-149.8&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.57" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -149.8/lat -17.57)">Society Islands</a>, Moorea Island, SE of island, near Maatea, just off road (17.57°S, 149.80°W), sand flat with small rocks and fringing</p><p>0–3 m, 11 November 2009, S. McPherson, T. Lotufo and N. Gravier-Bonnet, coll. (juvenile, markedly ventrally, regenerating posterior region, not measured to avoid further damage; caruncle tapered, anterior region of chaetiger 4, caruncular furrow shallow; branchiae from chaetiger 2 with 4 continued to last chaetiger).</p><p>One specimen (UF 1973) . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-149.88&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.49" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -149.88/lat -17.49)">Society Islands</a>, Moorea Island, Papetoai (17.49°S, 149.88°W), 0.3 sandflat with coral bommies, 28 October 2010, C . Watson, coll . (twisted juvenile, not measured to</p><p>(E) Same, neurochaetae (insets: furcate capillary and tip of furcate chaetae on the left, tip of neuracicula). (F) Chaetiger right parapodium, posterior view (inset: furcate capillary). Scale bars: A = 0.9 mm; B, C, F = 0.2 mm; D, E = 120 µm (work).</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Pareurythoe with caruncle extended along chaetigers 1–3; caruncular furrow shallow. Anterior eyes anterior and posterior eyes of similar size. Branchiae from chaetiger 2 with 4 filaments. Median with neurochaetae furcate.</p><p>Description</p><p>Holotype (UF 3268) complete, pink, slightly sinuous (Figure 11 (A)); right parapodia of chaetigers 15,</p><p>29 removed for observation (kept in container); body 19 mm long, 2 mm wide, 37 chaetigers.</p><p>Anterior region tapered, blunt, prostomium round (Figure 11 (B)), margin barely notched; anterior with lateral antennae tapered, directed laterally; posterior lobe with median antenna and eyes, antenna tapered, about 1/6 as long as caruncle, slightly shorter than laterals; eyes brown, anterior slightly larger than posterior ones.</p><p>Caruncle sinuous, tapered, blunt, as long as first three chaetigers, reaching anterior area of caruncular furrow shallow. Pharynx not exposed.</p><p>JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY</p><p>Parapodia biramous (Figure 11 (C,F)), dorsal and ventral cirri tapered; dorsal cirri markedly longer branchiae along body, 3–4 times as large as ventral cirri. Median segments with notopodia Neuropodia larger, lobate.</p><p>Chaetae slightly damaged by fixative. Notochaetae include long, abundant spurred capillaries smaller, wider harpoon and acicular chaetae (Figure 11 (D)); tips of notaciculae tapered. include a few (1–2) long furcate capillaries and furcate chaetae with longest tine smooth or barely (Figure 11 (E), inset left), tips of neuraciculae subdistally wider (Figure 11 (E), inset right). Posterior with similar abundance and type of chaetae, including a few furcate long capillaries (Figure 11 (F),</p><p>Posterior region tapered; pygidium truncate, anus terminal, anal plate globose, margin entire.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific epithet is derived from Dr Gustav Paulay, Curator of Molluscs in the Florida Museum of History, University of Florida, Gainesville, in recognition of his sampling efforts in many different and for his long-term support of our research activities.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Pareurythoe paulayi sp. n. resembles P. mooreae sp. n. Both differ from other species having branchiae chaetiger 2 because its caruncular furrow is very shallow. These two species differ from each other P. paulayi eyes are large, dorsal and ventral cirri are tapered, and neurochaetae are furcate, P. mooreae eyes are minute, dorsal and ventral cirri are filiform, and neurochaetae are spurred.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>French Polynesia, in subtidal mixed bottoms.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A6B87AD5943F41EABA3917FFD1DBFE7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I.;Jimi, Naoto	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I., Jimi, Naoto (2025): Revision of Pareurythoe Gustafson (Annelida: Amphinomidae. Journal of Natural History 60 (1 - 4): 21-62, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2583949, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2583949
8A6B87AD5941F425AB829782FDD9B946.text	8A6B87AD5941F425AB829782FDD9B946.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pareurythoe paupera	<div><p>Pareurythoe paupera (Grube and Kröyer in Grube, 1857)</p><p>(Figures 12–14)</p><p>Amphinome paupera Grube and Kröyer in Grube, 1857: 52–53; Salazar-Vallejo and Eibye-Jacobsen 2012</p><p>(wrong date; it must be 1857). Eurythoe chilensis Kinberg, 1858: 13; Kinberg 1867: 90 (species list); Kinberg 1910: 35–36, pl. 12, fig. 9</p><p>1930: 28–30, fig. 1. Eurythoe paupera: Ehlers 1901a: 253 (syn.); Ehlers 1901b: 33–34 (syn.). Eurythoe complanata var. paupera: Augener 1922: 172–173. Pareurythoe paupera: Rioja 1941: 682 (comb. n.); Wesenberg-Lund 1962: 38. Pareurythoe chilensis: Hartman 1948: 45–46, pl. 5, fig. 11; Wesenberg-Lund 1962: 38 (several</p><p>Kudenov 1993: 103–104, figs 5, 6 (syn.); Rozbaczylo et al. 2006: 46, fig. 1a–h.</p><p>Type material. Southeastern Pacific, Chile. Three syntypes of A. paupera (ZMB 2785), Valparaíso 1841, H. Kröyer, coll. (date after data in other parts of Annulata Örstediana) (one complete, breaking three fragments used for redescription; two anterior fragments; brown, variably contracted; caruncle ing median part of chaetiger 3; branchial filaments per chaetiger: 2(6–7), 10 (8–12), 30 (4–6); right podium of chaetiger 19 removed for observation (kept in container); anterior fragments 9.5–21.0 mm 2.5–3.0 mm wide, 30–40 chaetigers).</p><p>Syntypes of E. chilensis (SMNH Type 1265), Valparaíso, Kongliga Svenska Fregatten Eugenies 1851–1853, Sta . 496–505, 8–15 m, mud (most syntypes are fragments; complete specimens measured in ‘Variation’ section).</p><p>Additional material. Southeastern Pacific, Chile. Three specimens (SMNH 178801), Estero Reloncavi Ralún, E off Punta Dirección, Lund University Chile Expedition 1948–49, Sta . M29D (41.47°S, 72.32°W</p><p>One specimen (SMNH 178802), Canal Chacao, Peninsula Laqui, N off Punta Corona, Lund University Expedition 1948–49, Sta . M56 (41.47°S, 73.32°W), rocky shore, intertidal sediments, 28 <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.32&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.47" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.32/lat -41.47)">February</a> E . Wesenberg-Lund, leg . (twisted, brown, mature female, four parapodia previously dissected in body 19 mm long, 3.8 mm wide, 56 chaetigers; caruncle reaches posterior margin of chaetiger 3; eyes 10 times as large as posterior ones).</p><p>One specimen (SMNH 178803), Seno Reloncavi, bay south of Isla Tenglo, Lund University Chile 1948–49, Sta . M60 (41.50°S, 72.97°W, sandy beach, 25 March 1949, E. Wesenberg-Lund, leg. (broken pieces, very bent and damaged, not measured).</p><p>Four specimens (SMNH 178807), Canal Chacao, SE off Punta Lenqui, Lund University Chile 1948–49, Sta . M101 (41.77°S, 73.65°W), 60–70 m, 5 May 1949, E . Wesenberg-Lund, leg . (brown, contracted; body 15–24 mm long, 2–3 mm wide, 53–54 chaetigers; caruncle reaches half of anterior eyes 3–5 times as large as posterior ones).</p><p>Three specimens (SMNH 178808), Canal Chacao, SE off Punta Lenqui, Lund University Chile 1948–49, Sta . M101 (41.77°S, 73.65°W), 60–70 m, 5 May 1949, E . Wesenberg-Lund, leg . (complete ventrally, pale, one with pharynx exposed; body 21–28 mm long, 3.5–4.0 mm wide, 53–74 caruncle reaching half or posterior margin of chaetiger 3; anterior eyes 3–4 times as large as</p><p>JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY ventrally, markedly contracted; body 8–9 mm long, 2 mm wide, 40–45 chaetigers; caruncle bent reaching anterior margin of chaetiger 3; eyes indistinct).</p><p>Two specimens (SMNH 178811), Golfo de Ancud, Isla Abtao, N off Punta Barranco, Lund</p><p>Chile Expedition 1948–49, Sta. M107A (41.78°S, 73.33°W), 60 m, 6 May 1949, E. Wesenberg-Lund (brown; an anterior fragment, and larger specimen without posterior end; the latter with</p><p>37 mm long, 3 mm wide, 92 chaetigers; caruncle reaches half of chaetiger 3; posterior seen).</p><p>One specimen (SMNH 178812), Seno Reloncavi, W off Punta Metri, Lund University Chile</p><p>1948–49, Sta. M141 (41.60°S, 72.80°W), 260 m, polychaete tubes, clay, 14 July 1949, E. Wesenberg-Lund leg. (14 mm long, 2 mm wide, 34 chaetigers; caruncle with tip bent upwards, reaching anterior chaetiger 4).</p><p>Seventy-seven specimens (USNM 139202), United States Navy Survey Eltanin, Sta . 960 (52.67°S</p><p>W to 52.60°S, 74.97°W), 64 m, Blake Trawl, 6 February 1964 (some of different sizes assessed variation).</p><p>Six specimens (ZMB 3642), Chile, Calbuco, Tabón Bajo, H . Plate, coll . (one dried–out, another convoluted; other four specimens complete, variably bent ventrally, chaetae damaged, two with pigmentation; chaetiger and branchial filaments: 2(2–4), 10 (5–24), 30 (2–12), 50 (3–10); body 10.5–</p><p>long, 1–4 mm wide, 38–74 chaetigers).</p><p>One specimen (ZMH ANN Vo3237), Tumbes, Talcahuano (no further data; complete, pale, bent left parapodium of chaetiger 24 previously removed (not in container), caruncle reaches median chaetiger 3; body 27 mm long, 3.5 mm wide, 53 chaetigers).</p><p>Central South Atlantic, Tristan da Cunha. One specimen (BMNH 1930.10.8.229), complete, Royal Ship Discovery, Sta . 4 (36.92°S, 12.20°W), 40–46 m, rocks, 30 January 1926 (bent ventrally, several previously removed; left parapodia of chaetigers 12 and 32 removed for observation (kept in body 10.5 mm long, 2 mm wide, 45 chaetigers; caruncle reaching anterior margin of chaetiger 4).</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Pareurythoe with caruncle extended along chaetigers 1–3, caruncular depression deep. Anterior eyes</p><p>2 times as large as posterior ones. Branchiae from chaetiger 2 with 2–3 filaments. Median segments spurred neurochaetae, largest tine smooth.</p><p>Description</p><p>Syntype of A. paupera (ZMB 2785) complete, brown, bent ventrally, breaking into three fragments parapodia of chaetigers 1–2, 12, 13 previously removed (not in container); body 28 mm long, 2.5 mm</p><p>52 chaetigers.</p><p>Anterior region tapered (Figure 12 (A)), blunt, prostomium round (Figure 12 (B)) with a copepod its apex, other syntypes with prostomium smooth (Figure 12 (A,C)); anterior lobe with lateral directed laterally (dorsally in other syntypes), posterior lobe with median antennae; eyes indistinct. antenna central, slightly thinner and longer than laterals, about 1/3 as long as caruncle.</p><p>Caruncle sinuous, tapered, blunt, as long as first three chaetigers, reaching median part of chaetiger all syntypes), partially included in a middorsal furrow running along chaetigers 1–3. Pharynx not</p><p>Branchiae from chaetiger 2; first branchiae with 2 stems and 4 filaments (6–7 in other syntypes), pectinate, progressively increasing in number and size to chaetigers 7–10, thereafter decreasing in number of filaments, with 2 filaments in last chaetigers.</p><p>Parapodia biramous (Figure 12 (D)). Notopodia reduced, with short low conical lobes; dorsal and cirri tapered, no constricted; dorsal cirri slightly longer than branchiae and ventral cirri.</p><p>Chaetae variably damaged, many broken, harpoon notochaetae not seen, probably denticles resulting in acicular chaetae (Figure 12 (E)), and spurred notochaetae. Neurochaetae spurred in upper lower bundle portions, longer tines smooth (Figure 10 (F)), not denticulate (probably eroded). Additional features</p><p>Complete syntype of E. chilensis (SMNH Type 1265), pale (Figure 14 (A)), mature female, regenerating parapodium from mid body; body bent ventrally, tapered at both ends, medially wider, tapered</p><p>12.5 mm long, 2.3 mm wide, 41 chaetigers.</p><p>Anterior region tapered, prostomium round (Figure 13 (B)), anterior lobe with lateral antennae upwards, palps slightly longer, directed laterally, posterior lobe with eyes barely visible (distinct in smaller syntype, Figure 14 (A), anterior eyes 4–5 times as large as posterior ones), median antenna slightly longer than laterals, shorter than caruncle.</p><p>Caruncle sinuous, tapered, blunt, as long as first three chaetigers, reaching anterior margin of</p><p>(Figure 14 (B)), partially included in a middorsal furrow running along chaetigers 1–4, less defined in 5. Pharynx not exposed (in a non-type specimen (SMNH 178808), barrel-shaped, smooth, ventrally ent, dorsally with a thick opaque lobe, pharyngeal organ paired).</p><p>Branchiae from chaetiger 2, with 2–3 stems and long filaments, looking pectinate; larger arranged in two series, looking pectinate. First branchiae with 2–3 filaments, progressively increasing number and size up to chaetigers 7–10, decreasing in number and size of filaments posteriorly, filaments in far posterior segments.</p><p>Parapodia biramous (observed in other syntypes). Notopodia with short low conical lobes; dorsal ventral cirri tapered, irregularly constricted; dorsal cirri slightly longer than branchiae and ventral</p><p>Chaetae slightly damaged, many broken, harpoon notochaetae not seen (in SMNH 178802 chaetae, harpoon chaetae with denticles probably eroded); most notochaetae spurred in (Figure 14 (D)), and posterior chaetigers (Figure 12 (G)). Neurochaetae thicker, spurred in anterior (</p><p>(E)) and posterior chaetigers, some with 3–4 denticles along inner surface of longest tine (Figure Acicular chaetae barely expanded along exposed portion.</p><p>Posterior region tapered (Figure 13 (C)), pygidium blunt conical, anus dorsal or terminal, anal globose, transparent. Oocytes about 80 µm in diameter (also in non– type specimen SMNH 178802)</p><p>Variation</p><p>The E. chilensis syntypes include two lots and only six complete specimens. They were bent</p><p>JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY</p><p>(C) Same, chaetiger 10, right parapodium, anterior view. (D) Same, notochaetae. (E) Same, neurochaetae. (F) Chaetiger right parapodium, anterior view. (G) Same, notochaetae. (H) Same, neurochaetae. Scale bars: A, C, F = 0.2 mm; B =</p><p>D, E, G, H = 60 µm (authors’ work).</p><p>anterior margin of chaetiger 3; in a few from a poorly preserved specimen, the tip of caruncle forwards, and it looks like it is shorter, but once it is bent backwards, it reaches chaetiger 3. Eyes are colourless.</p><p>An additional lot (USNM 139202) included specimens 9–22 mm long, 1.5–3.0 mm wide, chaetigers. The caruncle reaches chaetiger 3, at least reaching the anterior region, mostly reaching posterior margin of chaetiger 3. Branchiae were small and showed little variation; there filaments in chaetiger 2, 3–6 in chaetiger 10, 2–3 in chaetiger 30, and 1–2 in chaetiger 50. Eyes mostly colourless.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The original description of A. paupera indicates that the caruncle was narrow, entire (angusta, extending along three segments, and that branchiae start in second segment (in segment 1mo</p><p>These details were confirmed after the study of the syntypes (ZMB 2785). Further, after the study syntypes of P. chilensis (SMNH Type 1265), we confirm they are conspecific.</p><p>Amphinome paupera Grube and Kröyer in Grube, 1857 was transferred to Pareurythoe by Wesenberg-Lund (1962, 38) and newly combined as P. paupera . This species was described from Valparaíso, Chile P. chilensis (Kinberg, 1858) was also described from the same locality. They are herein regarded as and P. paupera has priority over P. chilensis .</p><p>Augener (1922) made some additional comments and regarded the Juan Fernandez specimens a variety of E. complanata . However, it is remarkable that none of the records for E. (or P.) paupera any morphological details about why they were identical (Ehlers 1901a; Chamberlin 1918; Augener Rioja 1941).</p><p>Hartman (1948) redescribed the syntypes of P. chilensis and characterised the largest syntype (long, 51 segments). She noted that the posterior eyes were smaller than the anterior ones, that were of similar size, and slightly smaller than palps; its caruncle ‘extends to the posterior end of the setiger; it has a short free lobe that reaches partly over the third setiger’. Branchiae were present chaetiger 2 with 4 filaments, then with 12 filaments in chaetiger 3.</p><p>Hartman also noted some differences between P. chilensis and P. californica in the shape of (quadrate in the former, circular in the latter), and in the shape of aciculae (she called them hastate because they are rounded in P. chilensis, truncate in P. californica . However, for this latter feature, (1993, 104) illustrated the different types of chaetae and aciculae for P. chilensis and indicated that</p><p>‘are similar in form to those described for other Pareurythoe species’.</p><p>Pareurythoe paupera (incl. P. chilensis) differs from P. californica especially regarding the shape and of the caruncle. In P. paupera it is wider anteriorly, tapering posteriorly, and reaching the anterior chaetiger 4, whereas in P. californica it has a similar width along its length, and reaches the anterior chaetiger 3. There are no differences in prostomial shape or in acicular chaetae.</p><p>Pareurythoe chilensis (Kinberg, 1858) has been recorded from several localities and the records belong to other different species, as suggested by Hartman (1948, 46). Monro (1930, 28) had a specimen, 10 mm long, and he noted caruncle reached anterior third of chaetiger 4, and branchiae chaetiger 2, matching P. chilensis . Some differences in chaetae were pointed out by Monro, such presence of acicular notochaetae and furcate neurochaetae, but he decided to retain the name, about a distribution from southern Chile to Tristan da Cunha. The specimen, however, does not have neurochaetae, and its spurred chaetae match what is shown in P. chilensis specimens, such that this regarded as conspecific with P. chilensis . He also illustrated furcate neurochaetae, but all that was two parapodia included spurred ones. Other records requiring confirmation are those by Horst (Indonesia, and Day (1967) for South Africa.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>This species has been recorded from California to Chile, but these records might include more than species; it was originally described from the Magellan Strait, and it is also present in the Central shallow-water sandy or mixed bottoms.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A6B87AD5941F425AB829782FDD9B946	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I.;Jimi, Naoto	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I., Jimi, Naoto (2025): Revision of Pareurythoe Gustafson (Annelida: Amphinomidae. Journal of Natural History 60 (1 - 4): 21-62, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2583949, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2583949
8A6B87AD597AF424A84E914AFD32B9AE.text	8A6B87AD597AF424A84E914AFD32B9AE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kudenovythoe Salazar-Vallejo and Jimi 2025	<div><p>Kudenovythoe Salazar-Vallejo and Jimi gen. n.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 17E5507A-E9BB-47A8-90B6-D28821672545</p><p>Type species. Eurythoe rullieri Fauvel, 1953 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Amphinominae with body tetragonal, tapered. Caruncle terete, mostly detached from body wall,</p><p>to chaetiger 4–5. Branchiae branched, present from chaetiger 3 or 4, extended along anterior and regions, missing in posterior region.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The proposed new genus group name is made by combining the last name of Dr Jerry Kudenov, and part of Eurythoe (to emphasise its affinities to this genus), in recognition of the important contributions has made on amphinomid systematics.</p><p>JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Kudenovythoe gen. n. resembles Eurythoe Kinberg, 1858 as revised by Bindra (1927), by having bodies provided with long chaetae, and branched branchiae. There are two main differences between two genera. First, in Kudenovythoe the caruncle is terete, mostly detached from body wall,</p><p>Eurythoe it is cushion-shaped, up to twice longer than wide, and mostly fixed to body wall. Kudenovythoe branchiae are present along anterior and median body regions, whereas in Eurythoe present along the body.</p><p>Eurythoe rullieri Fauvel, 1953 was included in this study because it apparently did not</p><p>Eurythoe but in Pareurythoe based on its long, tapered caruncle, mostly detached from dorsal body However, E. rullieri has a caruncle with thin lateral lobes, which are not present among species; because of this it approaches Eurythoe . However, E. rullieri also differs from all other species, as indicated above.</p><p>There are no alternative genus-group names resembling Eurythoe for species having terete</p><p>Kinberg (1867) proposed two additional genera. The first is Blenda, with B. armata Kinberg, 1867 Panama as its only species, and having smooth arched, obtuse notochaetae, and bifid</p><p>Hartman (1948, 43) studied the type and found its caruncle reaches chaetiger 3, branchiae from</p><p>2 with 5–6 filaments, and notochaetae include ‘smooth, coarser setae that appear bulbous distally they have not lost the investing sheath’. This matches Eurythoe complanata mexicana Berkeley and</p><p>1960 from Western Mexico. Hartman regarded B. armata as a junior synonym of E. complanata (Pallas described from the Lesser Antilles.</p><p>The other genus proposed by Kinberg (1867) was Lycaretus, with L. mocephalicus Kinberg, 1867</p><p>Antilles as its only species, and Kinberg also included Amphinome abhortoni de Quatrefages, 1866 in genus. Hartman (1948, 42) noted that the type material of L. mocephalicus (listed as neocephalicus caruncles with median ridge flat and wrinkled lateral margins reaching chaetiger 4, and that branchiae ‘present from the second chaetigerm at first 5-lobed. On the third setiger there are 10 lobes, arranged’. She regarded this species as a junior synonym of E. complanata .</p><p>Eurythoe is a complex grouping of similar species that must be revised, and there are some collective moving in that direction. However, because of the unique combination of main morphological regarding the shape of caruncle and the extent of branchiae along body, we prefer to propose a new with the understanding that as currently known, Eurythoe does not include species having terete mostly detached from body wall, and branchiae restricted to the anterior and median regions;</p><p>species included in Eurythoe have cushion-shaped caruncles, mostly fixed to the body wall, and branchiae present along most chaetigers.</p><p>Kudenovythoe gen. n. resembles Alleurythoe Sun and Li, 2017, as indicated in the key to Amphinominae below, by having caruncle straight to barely sinuous, instead of having it sigmoid, as in Pareurythoe . The differences between Kudenovythoe and Alleurythoe are in the extent of branchiae along body, and in the neurochaetae; in Kudenovythoe branchiae are present along anterior and median regions, missing in region, and neurochaetae are bifurcated with shortest tine 1/12–1/4 as long as handle width,</p><p>Alleurythoe branchiae are present along most body segments, and neurochaetae are bifurcated with tine 10–15 times longer than handle width.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A6B87AD597AF424A84E914AFD32B9AE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I.;Jimi, Naoto	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I., Jimi, Naoto (2025): Revision of Pareurythoe Gustafson (Annelida: Amphinomidae. Journal of Natural History 60 (1 - 4): 21-62, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2583949, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2583949
8A6B87AD5979F420A84F9097FABFBC1D.text	8A6B87AD5979F420A84F9097FABFBC1D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kudenovythoe rullieri (Fauvel 1953) Salazar-Vallejo & Jimi 2025	<div><p>Kudenovythoe rullieri (Fauvel, 1953) comb. n.</p><p>(Figure 15)</p><p>Eurythoe rullieri Fauvel, 1953: 13–15, fig. 1.6; Fauvel and Rullier 1959 a: 155; Fauvel and Rullier 1959b: Amoureux 1973: 52.</p><p>Type material. Democratic Republic of Congo. Holotype (IRSNB 309547) and one paratype 309548), Sta. 12 (05.93°S, 12.00°E), 37 km WNW off Point Banana, 34 m, 17–19 August 1948 (</p><p>a posterior fragment of a larger specimen; 27 mm long, 2.8 mm wide, 42 chaetigers, without branchiae paratype (IRSNB 309549), Sta. 20 (05.87°S, 12.00°E), 40 km WNW off Point Banana, 30 m, 25–26 August (body soft; right parapodia of chaetiger 20, and 34, and left parapodia of chaetiger 66 previously left parapodium of chaetige 31 removed for observation; pygidium damaged; 63 mm long, 4.5 mm chaetigers, last 35 without branchiae).</p><p>Additional material</p><p>São Tomé and Principe. One specimen (MNHN A367), RV Calypso, Campagne Golfe de Guinée, Sta . 90 (01.62°N, 07.37°E), 30 m, dredge, 26 June 1956 (anterior fragment, pale, bent ventrally; eyes anterior eyes about 2 times as large as posterior ones; lateral antennae and palps of similar length</p><p>Dahomey. One specimen (MNHN A475), Sta . 7 (06.22°N, 02.43°E), 17 m (after label, Sta. 117 in</p><p>1973), fine sand with traces of mud, 9 October 1963, A. Crosnier, coll. (anterior fragment, pale, bent pharynx fully exposed; right parapodia of chaetigers 19–20, and left parapodia of chaetigers 40– viously dissected (not in container); left parapodium of chaetiger 24 dissected for observation (container); eyes Black, anterior and posterior eyes of similar size; lateral antennae and palps of similar palps slightly wider; median antennae entire, 1/3–1/4 as long as caruncle; caruncle terete, reaching area of chaetiger 3; branchiae from chaetiger 3 to last segment of fragment; body 35 mm long, 4 mm 43 chaetigers).</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Kudenovythoe with ventral cirri of chaetiger 2 twice longer than following ones; spurred denticulate.</p><p>Description</p><p>Holotype (IRSNB 309547) complete, soft, apparently fixed in ethanol or in formalin after it decompose, pale, integument iridescent (Figure 15 (A)), swollen anteriorly, tapered along median posterior regions; left parapodium of chaetiger 27, and right parapodia of chaetigers 52 and 57 removed; body 56 mm long, 5 mm wide, 81 chaetigers (last 20 without branchiae).</p><p>Prostomium pale; anterior lobe with lateral antennae and palps, irregularly corrugated, antennae palps of similar size; posterior lobe slightly shorter than anterior one, with median antenna resembling ones, fixed towards posterior margin, about as long as posterior prostomial width. Eyes not seen.</p><p>Caruncle tapered posteriorly, mostly detached from body wall, reaching posterior margin of median ridge smooth, lateral lobes thin, slightly projected laterally (Figure 15 (B)).</p><p>First chaetiger with dorsal cirri about twice longer than ventral ones. Second chaetiger with dorsal ventral cirri of similar length, ventral cirri twice longer than following ventral cirri. Pharynx exposed, rugose.</p><p>Parapodia biramous; notopodia and neuropodia conical, collapsed in many parapodia and other mens (Figure 15 (D,E)), notopodia usually larger than neuropodia. Dorsal cirri usually longer than Branchiae pectinate, present from chaetiger 3 with about 10 filaments, larger with more filaments chaetigers 7–24, decreasing progressively, ending in chaetiger 61. Ventral cirri tapered, smaller than cirrus.</p><p>Most chaetae damaged. Notochaetae mostly smooth capillaries, some harpoon chaetae with distinct (Figure 15 (F)), denticles eroded in some chaetae; acicular chaetae barely swollen basally.</p><p>include spurred chaetae with longer tine denticulate along inner margin, aciculars distally denticulate denticulate (Figure 15 (G)) or smooth capillaries. Acicular chaetae slightly swollen distally.</p><p>Posterior region tapered; pygidium with anus terminal (Figure 15 (C)), one digitate, eccentric, anal</p><p>Variation</p><p>The holotype and the complete paratype (IRSNB 309548) have a swollen anterior region and tapered and posterior regions. Branchiae are present along anterior and median regions, extended (paratype ISRNB 309549) to ¾ (holotype) body length, leaving posterior region without branchiae paratype (309548) also had anus terminal with a single, digitate anal cirrus, whereas the other pygidium damaged.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Kudenovythoe rullieri (Fauvel, 1953) from Equatorial Western Africa differs from the two other species genus, as indicated in the key above, because it has ventral cirri of chaetiger 2 markedly larger than ones.</p><p>JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A6B87AD5979F420A84F9097FABFBC1D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I.;Jimi, Naoto	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I., Jimi, Naoto (2025): Revision of Pareurythoe Gustafson (Annelida: Amphinomidae. Journal of Natural History 60 (1 - 4): 21-62, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2583949, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2583949
8A6B87AD597FF422AB8594EAFABFBC1D.text	8A6B87AD597FF422AB8594EAFABFBC1D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kudenovythoe corbariae Salazar-Vallejo and Jimi 2025	<div><p>Kudenovythoe corbariae Salazar-Vallejo and Jimi sp. n.</p><p>(Figure 16)</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 959C4C72-88C2-43BF-A89C-96C8CF2A2FFF</p><p>Type material. Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Sea. Holotype (MNHN IA 2000-2119), and paratype</p><p>IA 2000-2120), West of Kairiru Island, RV Alis, Sta . CP4048 (03.34°S, 143.46°E), 325–345 m, 19 December (paratype complete, bent ventrally, body trapezoidal, dorsal surface half as large as ventral one; anterior markedly contracted, right lateral antenna and palp lost, left antenna slightly larger and wider than median antenna lost; caruncle compressed, reaching chaetiger 4; eyes not seen; branchiae from continued to chaetiger 65; chaetal bundles of anterior and posterior chaetigers removed for</p><p>(kept in container); body 53 mm long, 6 mm wide, 89 chaetigers.</p><p>Additional material. Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Sea. Two fragments (ECOSUR), West of Kairiru RV Alis, Sta . CP4048 (03.34S, 143.46°E), 325–345 m, 19 December 2012 (anterior and posterior probably from the same specimen; anterior fragment markedly bent ventrally, pharynx exposed by of dorsal body wall; median antenna ¼ as long as caruncle; caruncle distorted, reaching chaetiger lateral antenna on site, slightly larger than palps; eyes not seen; branchiae from chaetiger 3 to fragment; left parapodium of chaetiger 31 removed for observation (kept in container); notochaetae long capillaries and shorter harpoon notochaetae, and blunt aciculars; neurochaetae include capillaries smooth spurred chaetae: 34 mm long, 6 mm wide, 49 chaetigers. Posterior fragment sinuous, broken initially, posteriorly complete; dorsal width about half as long as ventral width; last 34 without branchiae; anus terminal, no anal cirri; 35 mm long, 6.5 mm wide, about 60 chaetigers).</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Kudenovythoe with ventral cirri of similar length along anterior region; spurred neurochaetae smooth</p><p>Description</p><p>Holotype (MNHN IA 2017–3732) complete, brown, integument iridescent (Figure 16 (A)), wider tapered along median and posterior regions; notopodia displaced dorsally (venter 2 times as dorsum); left parapodia of chaetigers 25 and 47 removed for observation (kept in container); body long, 5.5 mm wide, 79 chaetigers (last 22 without branchiae).</p><p>Prostomium pale, anterior lobe with lateral antennae and palps, smooth, antennae slightly larger palps; posterior lobe slightly shorter than anterior one, with median antenna resembling lateral ones towards posterior margin, about as long as both prostomial lobes, half as long as caruncle (Figure</p><p>Caruncle tapered posteriorly, irregularly contracted, mostly detached from body wall, reaching third of chaetiger 5, median ridge smooth, lateral lobes thin, barely projected laterally.</p><p>First chaetiger with dorsal cirri about twice longer than ventral ones. Second chaetiger with dorsal longer than ventral ones, ventral cirri of similar size as following ones. Pharynx not exposed.</p><p>Parapodia biramous; notopodia and neuropodia truncate conical (Figure 14 (C)); notopodia smaller neuropodia. Dorsal cirri usually longer than branchiae. Branchiae pectinate, present from chaetiger about eight filaments, larger with more filaments along chaetigers 8–22, progressively smaller, chaetiger 57. Ventral cirrus fusiform, smaller than dorsal cirrus.</p><p>Notochaetae mostly smooth capillaries, a few finely denticulate capillaries, and harpoon chaetae small denticles (Figure 16 (C), inset). Neurochaetae include smooth capillaries and spurred chaetae longer tine smooth along inner margin (Figure 16 (D)), aciculars; without denticulate aciculars or Posterior chaetigers with mostly smooth capillaries, spurred neurochaetae with longer tine lobate, non-denticulate (Figure 16 (E)).</p><p>Posterior region tapered (Figure 14 (F)); pygidium with anus terminal, anal cirri not seen.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The species name is derived from Dr Laure Corbari, Head of Marine Invertebrate collections in the National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, and leader of several expeditions, in recognition of her achievements to acknowledge her generous support for our research activities.</p><p>Variation</p><p>The trapezoidal body shape is present in all specimens. Notochaetae include only smooth and denticulate capillaries, whereas neurochaetae were only smooth capillaries and smooth to lobate chaetae. The abranchiate posterior region extends along 22–34 segments in complete specimens.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Kudenovythoe corbariae sp. n. resembles an undescribed species from Indonesia, as indicated in above, in having ventral cirri of chaetiger 2 as long as following ones. However, K. corbariae differs undescribed species by having dorsal cirri slightly longer than branchiae, and neurochaetae smooth lobate, whereas the undescribed species has dorsal cirri markedly longer than branchiae, and denticulate.</p><p>JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A6B87AD597FF422AB8594EAFABFBC1D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I.;Jimi, Naoto	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I., Jimi, Naoto (2025): Revision of Pareurythoe Gustafson (Annelida: Amphinomidae. Journal of Natural History 60 (1 - 4): 21-62, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2583949, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2583949
