identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
FA2432BD2C1757C08109DEFE8474FC65.text	FA2432BD2C1757C08109DEFE8474FC65.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Abudefduf caudobimaculatus Okada et Ikeda 1939	<div><p>Abudefduf caudobimaculatus Okada et Ikeda, 1939</p><p>English common name: spotted-tail sergeant Fig. 2 C</p><p>Abudefduf caudobimaculatus Okada et Ikeda, 1939 . — Okada and Ikeda (1939): 169, fig. 6 (type locality: Ishigaki Island, Yaeyama Islands, southern Ryukyu Islands, Japan). — Aoyagi (1941): 240 (Ishigaki Island). — Wibowo et al. (2017): 79, figs. 1, 2 a (Ie Island, Okinawa Islands, Kikai Island, Amami Islands, Japan; Pari Island, Seribu Islands, Indonesia). — Wibowo et al. (2018 a): 2, figs. 1, 2 (Kenting, Taiwan; Yaku-shima Island, Osumi Islands, Japan). — Allen and Erdmann (2024): 614, unnumbered fig. (Rowley Shoals, Western Australia). — Myers et al. (2025): 59, fig. 17 D (Guam).</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>MZB 28909 (INA 2235), 85.1 mm SL, MZB 28910 (INA 2236), 85.5 mm SL, off Maileppet, South Siberut, Siberut Island, Mentawai Islands, Indonesia, collected using a fine-mesh barrier net, Team of Indonesia Mantap, 18 Nov. 2025.</p><p>Identification.</p><p>The Mentawai Islands specimens (Fig. 2 C) agreed closely with the diagnostic characters of A. caudobimaculatus given by Wibowo et al. (2017), viz.: dorsal fin with 13 spines and 12 rays; 17–18 pectoral-fin rays; 20–21 tubed lateral-line scales; 4 ½ scale rows above lateral line; 2 ½ scale rows between middle of spinous portion of dorsal-fin base and lateral line; 4 scale rows on cheek; scales present on anteroventral region of head; no scales on lacrimal; small scales on suborbital region reaching anteriorly to level with middle of eye; lengths of the 11 th and 13 th dorsal-fin spines and pectoral fin 16.0 %, 18.4 %, and 33.8 % – 34.3 % of SL, respectively. In MZB 28909 (INA 2235), the lengths of the 11 th and 13 th dorsal-fin spines were 15.0 % and 16.5 % of SL, respectively, each 0.5 % lower than the range reported by Wibowo et al. (2017); this minor difference is considered to represent intraspecific variation. Additionally, five blackish bars were present on the lateral surface of the body, with or without one tubed lateral-line scale on the fourth bar.</p><p>Abudefduf caudobimaculatus is very similar to an Indo-Pacific species Abudefduf vaigiensis (Quoy et Gaimard, 1825), a northwestern Pacific species Abudefduf nigrimargo Wibowo, Koeda, Muto et Motomura, 2018, an eastern Pacific species Abudefduf troschelii (Gill, 1862) and an Atlantic species Abudefduf saxatilis (Linnaeus, 1758), in having five relatively wide dark bands on the lateral surface of the body, with yellowish interspaces dorsally (see Allen 1991; Wibowo et al. 2017, 2018 b). Abudefduf caudobimaculatus is distinct from the latter species in several aspects, including some meristics, morphometrics and coloration. A detailed comparison between A. caudobimaculatus and the related species was given by Wibowo et al. (2018 b).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Wibowo et al. (2018 b) reported that the presence of two black spots at the base of the caudal fin in Abudefduf caudobimaculatus is variable, with the spots either present or absent. In the presently reported study, this character was clearly recognizable in live specimens; however, the spots became less distinct or completely disappeared after death.</p><p>The specimens examined in the presently reported study were collected from a coral reef ecosystem at depths of 2– 3 m. Individuals were observed forming aggregations in the mid-water column and typically sought refuge in crevices or beneath boulder-shaped corals when divers approached.</p><p>Abudefduf caudobimaculatus has previously been reported from the Ryukyu Islands (Japan), off Kenting (Taiwan), the Seribu Islands (Indonesia), and Rowley Shoals (Australia). The specimens collected from the Mentawai Islands extend the known distribution range of the species westward within Indonesian waters.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA2432BD2C1757C08109DEFE8474FC65	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wibowo, Kunto;Tjiptadi, Djohan;Tarmini, Wiwi;Kusumah, Ruby V.;Priyadi, Agus;Larashati, Sekar;Widoretno, Mey R.;Febrianti, Dwi;Oktaviyani, Selvia;Oktaviani, Dian;Wahyudewantoro, Gema;Wijaya, Rizki A.;Pratiwi, Hilda M.;Peristiwady, Teguh	Wibowo, Kunto, Tjiptadi, Djohan, Tarmini, Wiwi, Kusumah, Ruby V., Priyadi, Agus, Larashati, Sekar, Widoretno, Mey R., Febrianti, Dwi, Oktaviyani, Selvia, Oktaviani, Dian, Wahyudewantoro, Gema, Wijaya, Rizki A., Pratiwi, Hilda M., Peristiwady, Teguh (2026): First voucher-based distributional records of marine ornamental reef fishes (Actinopterygii) from western Sumatra, Indonesia, with notes on xanthochromism. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 56: 275-285, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.56.194913
228124111892519AB6E3B283B2FEAAF0.text	228124111892519AB6E3B283B2FEAAF0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apolemichthys xanthurus (Bennett 1833)	<div><p>Apolemichthys xanthurus (Bennett, 1833)</p><p>English common name: yellowtail angelfish Fig. 2 A</p><p>Holacanthus xanthurus Bennett, 1833 . — Bennett (1833): 183 (type locality: Sri Lanka, northern Indian Ocean).</p><p>Apolemichthys xanthurus (Bennett, 1833) . — Allen (1980): 258, figs. 355, 356 (Maldives). — Senou (2001): 5, fig. 3 (Suruga Bay, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan). — Fricke et al. (2009): 74 (Réunion). — Satapoomin (2009): 193 (Andaman Sea). — Allen and Erdmann (2012): 544, unnumbered fig. (Sri Lanka and Maldives to Andaman Sea). — Roy et al. (2019): 824, fig. 1 (Andhra Pradesh, India). — Psomadakis et al. (2020): 513, unnumbered fig. (Myanmar). — Heemstra (2022): 434, unnumbered fig. (Mauritius, Maldives, India and Sri Lanka). — Allen and Erdmann (2024): 544, unnumbered fig. (Sri Lanka and Maldives to Andaman Sea).</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>MZB 28904 (INA 1498), 84.8 mm SL, Weh Island, Aceh Province, northern tip of Sumatra, Indonesia, collected using a fine-mesh barrier net, obtained from CV Cahaya Baru, 3 Sep. 2025; MZB 28905 (INA 1994), 132.0 mm SL, same locality, 8 Oct. 2025; MZB 28906 (INA 2001), 90.5 mm SL, same locality, 8 Oct. 2025.</p><p>Identification.</p><p>The overall morphological features and coloration of the fresh specimens reported here (Fig. 2 A) closely matched the photographs of A. xanthurus provided by Allen (1980: 258), Allen and Erdmann (2012: 544, 2024: 933), Taquet and Diringer (2012: 393). The species is most similar to the Red Sea and northwestern Indian Ocean species Apolemichthys xanthotis (Fraser-Brunner, 1950) in having the same general color pattern. Apolemichthys xanthurus can be distinguished from A. xanthotis in having the dark coloration on the head restricted posteriorly to the preopercular margin, whereas in A. xanthotis the dark coloration extends posteriorly to the pectoral-fin base (Heemstra 2022; this study). In addition, the two species also differ in some body proportions and meristics. Apolemichthys xanthurus has a deeper body and tail base, a shorter snout, a larger eye diameter, and a relatively higher number of lateral line scales (Klausewitz and Wongratana 1970).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Apolemichthys xanthurus was previously reported from the Indian Ocean, ranging from the Mascarene Islands, India, the Maldives, Sri Lanka, and the Andaman Islands. The specimens from off Aceh represent the first confirmed records of the species from Indonesian waters, extending its known distribution eastward within the eastern Indian Ocean.</p><p>Senou (2001) reported a short-term occurrence of A. xanthurus from Suruga Bay, Japan, and suggested that the record most likely resulted from release by aquarists rather than natural dispersal. Marine angelfishes are extensively traded in the ornamental fish industry, which involves large-scale international transport of reef fishes beyond their native ranges (Rhyne et al. 2012). Such anthropogenic translocations are recognized as a pathway for extralimital occurrences of coral reef species.</p><p>Hybridization between Apolemichthys trimaculatus (Cuvier, 1831) and A. xanthurus has been documented, with individuals previously identified as Apolemichthys armitagei Smith, 1955, now regarded as hybrids between the two species (see Pyle and Randall 1994). This hybrid exhibits a general body coloration closer to A. trimaculatus but retains the distinct black band on the posterior part of the dorsal fin typical of A. xanthurus, and appears to be restricted to the Maldives and Seychelles, where A. xanthurus is relatively rare (Taquet and Diringer 2012). Although uncommon, the occurrence of this hybrid indicates incomplete reproductive isolation and may complicate color-based identification in regions of sympatry.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/228124111892519AB6E3B283B2FEAAF0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wibowo, Kunto;Tjiptadi, Djohan;Tarmini, Wiwi;Kusumah, Ruby V.;Priyadi, Agus;Larashati, Sekar;Widoretno, Mey R.;Febrianti, Dwi;Oktaviyani, Selvia;Oktaviani, Dian;Wahyudewantoro, Gema;Wijaya, Rizki A.;Pratiwi, Hilda M.;Peristiwady, Teguh	Wibowo, Kunto, Tjiptadi, Djohan, Tarmini, Wiwi, Kusumah, Ruby V., Priyadi, Agus, Larashati, Sekar, Widoretno, Mey R., Febrianti, Dwi, Oktaviyani, Selvia, Oktaviani, Dian, Wahyudewantoro, Gema, Wijaya, Rizki A., Pratiwi, Hilda M., Peristiwady, Teguh (2026): First voucher-based distributional records of marine ornamental reef fishes (Actinopterygii) from western Sumatra, Indonesia, with notes on xanthochromism. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 56: 275-285, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.56.194913
29FEEB2DF1ED5A3FB6A6192C3D46C674.text	29FEEB2DF1ED5A3FB6A6192C3D46C674.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Centropyge flavipectoralis Randall et Klausewitz 1977	<div><p>Centropyge flavipectoralis Randall et Klausewitz, 1977</p><p>English common name: yellowfin angelfish Fig. 2 B</p><p>Centropyge flavipectoralis Randall et Klausewitz, 1977 . — Randall and Klausewitz (1977): 236 (type locality: Sri Lanka, northern Indian Ocean). — Allen (1980): 265, figs. 367, 368 (Sri Lanka). — Allen and Adrim (2002): 42 (off northern Sumatra, Indonesia). — Allen and Erdmann (2012): 547, unnumbered fig. (Sri Lanka and Maldives to Andaman Sea). — Kuiter and Debelius (1994): 192, unnumbered fig. (Sri Lanka to Andaman Sea). — Kuiter and Debelius (2007): 513, unnumbered fig. (Maldives to Andaman Sea). — Psomadakis et al. (2020): 514, unnumbered fig. (Myanmar). — Heemstra (2022): 436, unnumbered fig. (Maldives and Sri Lanka to Thailand and Indonesia). — Allen and Erdmann (2024): 581, unnumbered fig. (Sri Lanka and Maldives to Andaman Sea).</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>MZB 28907 (INA 2363), 78.0 mm SL, MZB 28908 (INA 2366), 76.7 mm SL, Weh Island, Aceh Province, northern tip of Sumatra, Indonesia, collected using a fine-mesh barrier net, obtained from CV Cahaya Baru, 6 Feb. 2026.</p><p>Identification.</p><p>The overall morphological features and coloration of the northern Sumatra specimen reported here (Fig. 2 B) agreed with the original description of C. flavipectoralis by Randall and Klausewitz (1977) and closely matched the photographs of the species provided by Allen (1980), Kuiter and Debelius (2007), Allen and Erdmann (2012, 2024), and Taquet and Diringer (2012). Centropyge flavipectoralis is closely related to Centropyge multispinis (Playfair, 1867) in morphological appearances. However, the two species can be separated on the basis of pectoral fin coloration, e. g., pectoral fin yellow in C. flavipectoralis (vs. pectoral fin less transparent in C. multispinis (see Randall and Klausewitz 1977; Allen 1980; Allen and Erdmann 2012, 2024).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The geographic distribution of Centropyge flavipectoralis has been interpreted inconsistently in the literature. Kuiter and Debelius (1994) reported the species from the Andaman Sea to Java; Kuiter and Debelius (2007) from the Maldives to the Andaman Sea; and Heemstra (2022) from the Maldives and Sri Lanka to the Andaman Sea and Indonesia. In contrast, more recent treatments (e. g., Allen and Erdmann 2012, 2024) restricted its range to the central and eastern Indian Ocean, from Sri Lanka and the Maldives to the Andaman Sea, excluding Indonesian waters. Many of these distributional accounts were based primarily on underwater photographic observations rather than voucher specimens. The present record, supported by voucher material collected from northwestern Sumatra, Indonesia, provides the first specimen-based confirmation of the occurrence of C. flavipectoralis in Indonesian waters and supports a wider distribution of the species in the eastern Indian Ocean.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/29FEEB2DF1ED5A3FB6A6192C3D46C674	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wibowo, Kunto;Tjiptadi, Djohan;Tarmini, Wiwi;Kusumah, Ruby V.;Priyadi, Agus;Larashati, Sekar;Widoretno, Mey R.;Febrianti, Dwi;Oktaviyani, Selvia;Oktaviani, Dian;Wahyudewantoro, Gema;Wijaya, Rizki A.;Pratiwi, Hilda M.;Peristiwady, Teguh	Wibowo, Kunto, Tjiptadi, Djohan, Tarmini, Wiwi, Kusumah, Ruby V., Priyadi, Agus, Larashati, Sekar, Widoretno, Mey R., Febrianti, Dwi, Oktaviyani, Selvia, Oktaviani, Dian, Wahyudewantoro, Gema, Wijaya, Rizki A., Pratiwi, Hilda M., Peristiwady, Teguh (2026): First voucher-based distributional records of marine ornamental reef fishes (Actinopterygii) from western Sumatra, Indonesia, with notes on xanthochromism. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 56: 275-285, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.56.194913
5DC4195C316753D0B192290E52591ACD.text	5DC4195C316753D0B192290E52591ACD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Epinephelus quoyanus (Valenciennes 1830)	<div><p>Epinephelus quoyanus (Valenciennes, 1830)</p><p>English common name: longfin grouper Fig. 3 A</p><p>Serranus quoyanus Valenciennes, 1830 . — Cuvier and Valenciennes (1830): 519 (type locality: New Guinea).</p><p>Epinephelus quoyanus (Valenciennes, 1830) . — Allen and Swainston (1988): 56 (northwestern Australia. — Randall and Heemstra (1991): 240 (Japan, Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia, New Guinea, Australia). — Kuiter (1993): 130 (south-eastern Australia). — Krishnan and Mishra (1994): 280 (Andaman Sea). — Randall et al. (1997): 113 (Great Barrier Reef, Coral Sea). — Randall (2000): 610 (South China Sea). — Sadovy and Cornish (2000): 87 (Hong Kong). — Senou (2002): 723 (Japan). — Motomura and Satapoomin (2009): 89 (Andaman Sea). — Hata et al. (2016): 47 (Okinawa, Japan). — Satapoomin (2018): 104 (Vietnam). — Habib and Islam (2020): supp. table p. 21 (Bangladesh). — Psomadakis et al. (2020): 393 (Myanmar). — Nakamura (2021): 20 (Bidong Island, Malaysia). — Allen and Erdmann (2024): 297 (East Indian Region).</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>MZB 27592, 160.5 mm SL, off Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia (probably around Mentawai and Nias islands), collected using a fine-mesh barrier net, obtained from CV Cahaya Baru, 9 Oct. 2024.</p><p>Identification.</p><p>The western Sumatra specimen (Fig. 3 A) was identified as E. quoyanus based on meristic and morphometric characters that closely match the diagnostic features provided by Randall and Heemstra (1991) and Heemstra and Randall (1993, 1999). The specimen possesses 18 dorsal-fin soft rays; pectoral-fin length 1.3 times in head length; serration at the angle of the preopercle enlarged; two oblique bands extending from the lower margin of the opercle to the thorax; ventral margin of the maxilla smooth, without a step-like projection; and the body covered with rough ctenoid scales.</p><p>The diagnostic spotted pattern, consisting of numerous large, close-set hexagonal to roundish spots on the head, body, and fins, is retained. However, the typical dark brown to blackish pigmentation is replaced by bright orange spots on a yellowish-white background, indicating full xanthochromism.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The specimen of E. quoyanus from western Sumatra exhibits full xanthochromism. The typical coloration of the species consists of a whitish ground color with numerous large, close-set hexagonal to roundish dark brown to blackish spots on the head, body, and fins (Randall and Heemstra 1991: pl. 20; Hata et al. 2016: 48, fig. 1; Allen and Erdmann 2024: 297, unnumbered fig.). This pattern is consistently observed across its broad distribution in the eastern Indian and western Pacific oceans (Randall and Heemstra 1991; Motomura and Satapoomin 2009; Hata et al. 2016; Allen and Erdmann 2012, 2024).</p><p>In contrast, the present specimen displays a yellowish-white ground coloration, with the spots on the head, body, and fins appearing bright orange. This condition represents full xanthochromism affecting the entire body pattern. Individuals exhibiting this coloration have thus far only been encountered from the islands of western Sumatra, with no comparable records from elsewhere in the species’ range. Notably, even records from the geographically proximate Andaman Sea document normally colored individuals (Motomura and Satapoomin 2009: 89, unnumbered fig.).</p><p>Xanthochromic individuals of E. quoyanus from western Sumatra are rare, as indicated by the difficulty local ornamental fishers experience in obtaining such specimens. Reports of abnormal coloration within Epinephelus are likewise scarce and have been documented only for E. marginatus (Lowe, 1834), Epinephelus morio (Valenciennes, 1828), Epinephelus areolatus (Forsskål, 1775), and Epinephelus drummondhayi (Goode et Bean, 1878) (see Bañón et al. 2023; Schwartz 1978). The present record adds to the limited documentation of xanthochromism in the genus and suggests that this condition may be geographically restricted to western Sumatra.</p><p>Epinephelus quoyanus is widely distributed from the Andaman Sea to Papua New Guinea and from Japan to Australia (Allen and Erdmann 2024). The occurrence of E. quoyanus in Indian waters remains uncertain. Although the species has been listed from the Arabian Sea (west coast of India) and the Lakshadweep Islands in recent checklists (e. g., Akhilesh et al. 2021; Noushad et al. 2024), these records were not supported by voucher specimens or detailed photographic documentation. Earlier, Randall and Heemstra (1991) noted that records of E. quoyanus from the Indian region were likely based on misidentifications. Therefore, specimen-based verification is required to confirm its presence in India.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5DC4195C316753D0B192290E52591ACD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wibowo, Kunto;Tjiptadi, Djohan;Tarmini, Wiwi;Kusumah, Ruby V.;Priyadi, Agus;Larashati, Sekar;Widoretno, Mey R.;Febrianti, Dwi;Oktaviyani, Selvia;Oktaviani, Dian;Wahyudewantoro, Gema;Wijaya, Rizki A.;Pratiwi, Hilda M.;Peristiwady, Teguh	Wibowo, Kunto, Tjiptadi, Djohan, Tarmini, Wiwi, Kusumah, Ruby V., Priyadi, Agus, Larashati, Sekar, Widoretno, Mey R., Febrianti, Dwi, Oktaviyani, Selvia, Oktaviani, Dian, Wahyudewantoro, Gema, Wijaya, Rizki A., Pratiwi, Hilda M., Peristiwady, Teguh (2026): First voucher-based distributional records of marine ornamental reef fishes (Actinopterygii) from western Sumatra, Indonesia, with notes on xanthochromism. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 56: 275-285, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.56.194913
27493268EAA054859F66064468608073.text	27493268EAA054859F66064468608073.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paracanthurus hepatus (Linnaeus 1766)	<div><p>Paracanthurus hepatus (Linnaeus, 1766)</p><p>English common name: palette surgeonfish Fig. 3 B</p><p>Teuthis hepatus Linnaeus, 1766 . — Linnaeus (1766): 507 (Ambon Island, Molucca Islands, Indonesia).</p><p>Paracanthurus hepatus (Linnaeus, 1766) . — Kishimoto (1984): 230 (Kochi Prefecture, Japan). — Randall (1986): 817 (South Africa). — Kuiter (1993): 371 (south eastern Australia). — Kuiter (1997): 368 (northeastern Australia). — Randall et al. (1997): 428 (Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea). — Fricke (1999): 550 (Mascarene Islands). — Allen (2000): 94 (Christmas Island). — Randall (2000): 642 (South China Sea). — Randall (2001): 3681 (western central Pacific Ocean). — Shimada (2002): 1324 (Ryukyu Islands, Japan). — Allen and Adrim (2003): 63 (Indonesia). — Matsuura et al. (2003): 206 (Bitung, Sulawesi, Indonesia). — Randall et al. (2004): 30 (Tonga). — Randall (2005): 587 (South Pacific). — Mundy (2005): 496 (Hawaiian Islands). — Fricke et al. (2009): 109 (Réunion). — Motomura et al. (2010): 228 (Yaku-shima Island, Japan). — Allen and Erdmann (2012): 1035 (East Indian Region). — Fricke et al. (2013): 271 (Europe Island). — Fricke et al. (2014): 185 (Madang, Papua New Guinea). — Koeda et al. (2016): 104 (Yonaguni Island, Japan). — Fricke et al. (2018): 356 (Madagascar). — Fricke et al. (2019): 305 (New Ireland, Papua New Guinea). — Kovačić et al. (2021): 59 (Mediterranean Sea). — Randall (2022): 241 (western Indian Ocean). — Allen and Erdmann (2024): 1194 (East Indian Region).</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>MZB 27591, 149.4 mm SL, Weh Island, Aceh Province, northern tip of Sumatra, Indonesia, collected using a fine-mesh barrier net, obtained from CV Cahaya Baru, 9 Oct. 2024; MZB 28913 (INA 1995), 129.5 mm SL, same locality, 28 Oct. 2025.</p><p>Identification.</p><p>The northern Sumatra specimens (Fig. 3 B) examined herein agreed well with published taxonomic descriptions of P. hepatus (e. g., Randall et al. 1997; Shimada 2002; Allen and Erdmann 2012, 2024; Randall 2022). They are characterized by dorsal fin with 9 spines, 19 rays; anal fin with 3 spines, 19 rays; pectoral fin 16 rays; pelvic fin with 1 spine, 3 rays. Scales on the head between the eyes and mouth are enlarged into tuberculate plates, particularly on the cheeks and snout. A single folding spine is present on each side of the caudal peduncle, with an indistinct socket. The caudal fin is slightly rounded in MZB 27951 and relatively truncated in MZB 28913 (INA 1995). No meristic or morphometric deviations from the typical condition of the species were observed.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The off Weh Island specimens generally conformed to previously published accounts (Randall et al. 1997; Shimada 2002; Allen and Erdmann 2012, 2024; Randall 2022). However, the ventral portion of the head and body is distinctly yellowish in the present material, whereas typical individuals are uniformly bright blue. The yellow pigmentation is confined to the ventral region, while the diagnostic dark lateral band and dorsal blue coloration remain unchanged.</p><p>Individuals exhibiting this partial yellow ventral coloration appear to be restricted to the Indian Ocean portion of the species’ distribution. Photographic evidence of similarly colored individuals is available from the western Indian Ocean (Randall 2022; see also the image section in Froese and Pauly 2026). However, normally colored individuals are also documented from the same region (e. g., Taquet and Diringer 2012), indicating that the condition is not universal within Indian Ocean populations. In Indonesia, despite extensive ornamental fish harvesting across both the eastern (Pacific) and western (Indian Ocean) regions, individuals with this partial yellow coloration have only been recorded from the Indian Ocean side of Sumatra, including the Mentawai, Nias, and Weh islands.</p><p>Moreover, all examined individuals smaller than approximately 8 cm SL exhibit the typical blue ventral coloration, as also indicated by local ornamental fishers in western Sumatra (pers. comm. 2025). The yellow pigmentation develops progressively in larger individuals, suggesting an ontogenetic component to the expression of this trait. The stability of the coloration and its geographically structured occurrence indicate that this condition may not represent a purely sporadic pigment anomaly. Instead, it may reflect a regionally expressed partial xanthic morph within Indian Ocean populations of P. hepatus . Further population-level morphological and molecular comparisons would be necessary to determine whether this pattern reflects intraspecific variation or incipient population differentiation.</p><p>Xanthochromism has been reported in various marine fishes (e. g., Bañón et al. 2023; Wakida-Kusunoki et al. 2024), typically as isolated pigment anomalies, but to our knowledge has not previously been documented in acanthurid fishes. The present specimens show a consistent ventral yellow pigmentation in larger individuals from western Sumatra, contrasting with the normally blue-bellied specimens from both the Indian Ocean and Pacific localities. This therefore represents the first documented case of partial xanthochromism in P. hepatus .</p><p>To determine whether this phenomenon represents a stable polymorph or incipient population differentiation, a multifaceted genomic and environmental approach is recommended. Future research should employ comparative transcriptomics to analyze differential gene expression between blue and yellow skin tissues, focusing on biological pathways regulating xanthophore development and pigment synthesis. Furthermore, population genomic analyses using high-throughput sequencing would allow the quantification of genetic divergence between these yellow-bellied West Sumatran populations and normal, blue-bellied populations from the Indian and / or Pacific Ocean (e. g., Liu et al. 2025; Zou et al. 2015). Beyond genetics, the role of dietary carotenoids must be considered. The nutrient-rich upwelling zones of western Sumatra may provide an environment rich in beta-carotene or other pigments that trigger this xanthic expression during the ontogenetic transition of larger individuals (Liao et al. 2025). Together, these methodologies will clarify if this trait is a plastic response to local environmental chemistry or a genetically fixed signature of a diverging lineage.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/27493268EAA054859F66064468608073	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wibowo, Kunto;Tjiptadi, Djohan;Tarmini, Wiwi;Kusumah, Ruby V.;Priyadi, Agus;Larashati, Sekar;Widoretno, Mey R.;Febrianti, Dwi;Oktaviyani, Selvia;Oktaviani, Dian;Wahyudewantoro, Gema;Wijaya, Rizki A.;Pratiwi, Hilda M.;Peristiwady, Teguh	Wibowo, Kunto, Tjiptadi, Djohan, Tarmini, Wiwi, Kusumah, Ruby V., Priyadi, Agus, Larashati, Sekar, Widoretno, Mey R., Febrianti, Dwi, Oktaviyani, Selvia, Oktaviani, Dian, Wahyudewantoro, Gema, Wijaya, Rizki A., Pratiwi, Hilda M., Peristiwady, Teguh (2026): First voucher-based distributional records of marine ornamental reef fishes (Actinopterygii) from western Sumatra, Indonesia, with notes on xanthochromism. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 56: 275-285, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.56.194913
08FBD1A607825FEF86053125B71E2CE9.text	08FBD1A607825FEF86053125B71E2CE9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Siganus magnificus (Burgess 1977)	<div><p>Siganus magnificus (Burgess, 1977)</p><p>English common name: magnificent rabbitfish Fig. 2 D</p><p>Lo magnificus Burgess, 1977 . — Burgess (1977): 11, figs. 1–3 (type locality: Andaman Sea).</p><p>Siganus magnificus (Burgess, 1977) . — Woodland (1990): 107 (Andaman Sea). — Myers (1999): 268 (Micronesia). — Allen and Adrim (2003): 62 (Java and West Sumatra). — Kuiter and Debelius (2007): 679 (East Indian Ocean: Singapore). — Allen and Erdmann (2012): 581, unnumbered fig. (East Indian Sea off Thailand and Myanmar). — Kimura and Matsuura (2009): 298 (Andaman Sea). — Allen and Erdmann (2024): 581, unnumbered fig. (East Indian Sea off Thailand and Myanmar).</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>MZB 28911 (INA 29327), 72.7 mm SL, off Maileppet, South Siberut, Siberut Island, Mentawai Islands, Indonesia, collected using a fine-mesh barrier net, obtained from CV Cahaya Baru, 17 Apr. 2025; MZB 28912 (INA 29551), 84.8 mm SL, same locality, 6 Aug. 2025.</p><p>Identification.</p><p>The Mentawai Islands specimens (Fig. 2 D) agreed closely with the description of S. magnificus provided by Woodland (1990). Siganus magnificus closely resembles Siganus unimaculatus (Evermann et Seale, 1907) and Siganus vulpinus (Schlegel et Müller, 1845) in general morphology, including meristic counts and body proportions. However, S. magnificus can be readily distinguished from the latter two species by its body coloration. In S. magnificus, approximately three-quarters of the posterior lateral surface of the body is dark dorsally and white to pale ventrally, without a blotch (vs. body uniformly yellow with a distinctly large black blotch below the posterior part of the spinous dorsal fin in S. unimaculatus, and body uniformly yellow in S. vulpinus); the thorax and dorsal fin are white or pale and grayish-brown, respectively (vs. uniformly yellow and black, respectively, in S. unimaculatus and S. vulpinus); and the two upper rays of the pectoral fin are pale (vs. usually black in S. unimaculatus and S. vulpinus) (Woodland 1990).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The geographic distribution of S. magnificus has been interpreted inconsistently in the literature. Kuiter and Debelius (1994) reported the species from the Andaman Sea to Java; Kuiter and Debelius (2007) included Singapore in its range; and Myers (1999) recorded the species from Micronesia. In contrast, Allen and Erdmann (2012, 2024) restricted its distribution to the eastern Andaman Sea off Thailand and Myanmar. Many of these distributional accounts were based primarily on underwater photographic observations rather than voucher specimens. The present record, supported by voucher material collected from the Mentawai Islands, Indonesia, provides the first specimen-based confirmation of the occurrence of S. magnificus in Indonesian waters and supports a wider distribution of the species in the eastern Indian Ocean.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/08FBD1A607825FEF86053125B71E2CE9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wibowo, Kunto;Tjiptadi, Djohan;Tarmini, Wiwi;Kusumah, Ruby V.;Priyadi, Agus;Larashati, Sekar;Widoretno, Mey R.;Febrianti, Dwi;Oktaviyani, Selvia;Oktaviani, Dian;Wahyudewantoro, Gema;Wijaya, Rizki A.;Pratiwi, Hilda M.;Peristiwady, Teguh	Wibowo, Kunto, Tjiptadi, Djohan, Tarmini, Wiwi, Kusumah, Ruby V., Priyadi, Agus, Larashati, Sekar, Widoretno, Mey R., Febrianti, Dwi, Oktaviyani, Selvia, Oktaviani, Dian, Wahyudewantoro, Gema, Wijaya, Rizki A., Pratiwi, Hilda M., Peristiwady, Teguh (2026): First voucher-based distributional records of marine ornamental reef fishes (Actinopterygii) from western Sumatra, Indonesia, with notes on xanthochromism. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 56: 275-285, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.56.194913
