identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
861AF86EFFDBC235FF38FD68B7C3FDB8.text	861AF86EFFDBC235FF38FD68B7C3FDB8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon Duftschmid 1825	<div><p>Genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825: 85 .</p><p>Trypocladus Guérin-Méneville, 1845:17 syn. by Mulsant 1851: 208</p><p>Apatodes Blackburn 1889: 1429 syn. by Lesne 1902: 110</p><p>Type species of Sinoxylon: Bostrichus sexdentatus Olivier, 1790: 110 . Nomen protectum: Ivie 2010: 41.</p><p>Type species of Trypocladus: Bostrichus sexdentatus Olivier, 1790: 110 . Subsequent designation Fisher 1950: 57.</p><p>Type species of Apatodes: Apatodes macleayi Blackburn, 1889: 1429 . Original designation.</p><p>Diagnosis: Antennal club usually with flabellate or strongly transverse antennomeres. Pachygnathous mandibles short and blunt, each with two fine longitudinal striae on the external face near the tips and directly opposable cutting inner edge that meeting each other along midline. Intercoxal process of first abdominal sternite broad with a ventral face; metepisternum broadly truncate behind with metepimeron widely separated from metasternum. Elytral declivity with a pair of juxtasutural spines close to or on declivital suture; 3 pairs of marginal tubercles sometimes absent, sometimes more than 3 pairs (Liu &amp; Schönitzer. 2011).</p><p>There are 7 genera of the tribe Sinoxylini, Sinocalon Lesne and Sinoxylodes Lesne are confined to the Neotropical region, Calodectes Lesne and Calodrypta Lesne to eastern and southern Africa, Calopertha Lesne, Sinoxylon Duftschmid and Xyloperthodes Lesne mainly distributed in Africa, the Middle East and Oriental areas. It is not clear whether the latter three genera originate from Africa and have been introduced to Oriental areas or vice versa. Compared with the genera which occur in the same geographical area as Sinoxylon, the genera Calodectes, Calodrypta and Calopertha can be distinguished by the elytral declivity simple without marginal tubercles and juxtasutural spines; Xyloperthodes can be distinguished by elongated body, the antennal club similar to those of tribe Xyloperthini, and the elytral declivity with 2 pairs of marginal tubercles.</p><p>Description</p><p>BODY sometimes very short, sometimes quite elongated; parallel-sided, sometimes slightly widened or narrowly posteriorly, abruptly truncated both anteriorly and posteriorly.</p><p>HEAD frons variable, granulate, quadridentate or with a series of 2–8 dentiform granules, setae variable. Anterior margin of clypeus variable with three states (Figs 8–10) with a pointed or rounded tooth on each side of the base of the labrum. Eyes slightly raised at the posterior edge. Antennal club variable with four states (Figs 4–7), club antennomeres more or less transversely developed, often flabelliform.</p><p>PRONOTUM anterior angles of pronotum with a curved tooth, posterior angle often rounded.Anterior declivity granulate with sparse, inclined backwardly setae; middle area with teeth inclined toward summit, larger on sides and gradually smaller toward summit and anteriorly, with sparse, appressed setae. Middle part of the posterior area of the pronotum sometimes impunctate, sometimes with flattened, rough granules, stimulating imbricate, sometimes with scales or granules transformed into longitudinal carinules.</p><p>ELYTRA sculpture often clear and strongly developed toward posterior of the dorsal area with variable setae. Elytral declivity often with 3 pairs of marginal tubercles more or less developed, and with one pair of juxtasutural spines, the shape of the juxtasutural spines variable and inserted on or at a variable distance from the declivital suture. Post-epipleura almost always gutter-shaped, sometimes horizontally widened.</p><p>LEGS posterior calcar of the middle and posterior tibiae long, reaching or exceeding the middle of the 2 nd tarsus. Posterior tibiae with more or less abundant setae on external side. Underside of tarsi with fine, unequal, non-brushlike bristles.</p><p>ABDOMEN with 5 visible segments, ventral side covered by more or less dense, medium sized or long, appressed setae. Intercoxal process of first abdominal sternite broad with a ventral face; metepisternum broadly truncate behind with metepimeron widely separated from metasternum. Apart from the female of S. circuitum, S. oleare and S. indicum, posterior margin of last abdominal segment simple. Hence, the description of ‘ABDOMEN’ has been removed out from each species’ description. The description of last abdominal segment of S. circuitum, S. oleare and S. indicum has been organized into the section of ‘Female’.</p><p>Remarks: External sexual differences often absent, and when they exist, they are almost always very inconspicuous and affecting either the vestiture of the posterior tarsi or the configuration of the posterior edge of the last abdominal segment. It is very rare that the sutural angle of the elytra ( S. oleare), the posterior margin of the last abdominal segment ( S. circuitum, S. oleare and S. indicum) and the sculpture of the same organs ( S. senegalense) shows sexual difference.</p><p>Variation</p><p>All these reasons causing the variation of individuals following should be considered when doing identification. The variation told us that we should have a comprehensive consideration of all characters to determine the name of a specimen.</p><p>As all taxonomists knew, species characteristics change continuously and the boundaries between species are artificially defined and based on type specimens. In the genus Sinoxylon, body size and coloration could change with environmental climate and altitude as other beetles and insects (Tseng et al. 2018; Clusella-Trullas &amp; Nielsen 2020; Stanbrook et al. 2021; Alcântara et al. 2023) and surface darker as the cuticle sclerotic more (Liu et al. 2008b).</p><p>The significance characters of Sinoxylon, frontal teeth and antennal club, are also continuous variation. More than half members of Sinoxylon with armed frons that can be variety from a series of small toothlike granulate (such as S. atratum in Fig.11a) into strong toothlike spine with accessories small granulose at the base of each tooth mainly in the median 2 or 4 teeth (Figs 11f&amp;i). Although the quadridentate are most common of armed frons (i.e. Figs 11e&amp;f), the development of the quadridentate is still various from small to large (Figs 11b–e). The sort of continuous variation can also happen intraspecies, especially when come across a long series of specimens (Figs 11g –i, S . capillatum). The antennal club developed variously intraspecies, although the range of development of antennal club in each species should fall in one state of antennal club. Therefore, the species with the Basic Sinoxyline or Sinoxyline type antennal club sometime has the individual with Sinoxyline type or Flabellate Sinoxlyine type antennal club respectively.</p><p>The state of pubescence has been mentioned in the description of each species, but the dense and length of pubescence could be changed as the beetles activated in the gallery longer, its hairs could be wear and tear more. During the emergence period, beetles could damage themselves in big or small part (Fig.12) for various reasons. The sort of damage usually affect the appearance of the juxtasutural spines, another important character in Sinoxylon spp. (Wang et al. 2024), particularly the one with long juxtasutural spines (figs 12d&amp;e, g–h).</p><p>In total, 48 species of the genus Sinoxylon can be distinguished with the following key. The descriptions of the species follow the key.</p><p>The key to species of Sinoxylon worldwide:</p><p>1. Frons unarmed or armed but not quadridentate above or both below and above fronto-clypeal suture................. 2</p><p>- Frons clearly quadridentate above fronto-clypeal suture................................................... 22</p><p>2. Frons with more or less developed dentiform granules above or both below and above fronto-clypeal suture.......... 3 Frons unarmed above fronto-clypeal suture.............................................................. 7</p><p>3. Frons with a series of 4–8 developed dentiform granules (often 6–8), the median pair sometimes with smaller accessory dentiform granules attached at base.................................................................... 4</p><p>- Frons with various numbers of more or less developed dentiform granules..................................... 5</p><p>4. Body size 3.5~ 6mm. Juxtasutural spines divergent, inserted on the outer side of the raised declivital suture, almost always compressed laterally, and excavate on the inner side with a pointed tip sometimes slightly downwardly directed; sometimes the tip obtuse.............................................. Sinoxylon transvaalense Lesne, 1895 (Figs 17I&amp;J).</p><p>- Body size 5~ 7.5mm. Juxtasutural spines inserted next to the raised declivital suture, thick, compressed laterally, excavate on the inner side, and outer side slightly convex, subparallel at the base and sharply attenuate or rounded at the apex with a pointed tip, a little like the shape of spoons...................... Sinoxylon spathiferum Lesne, 1906 (Figs 17G&amp;H).</p><p>5. Frons with a series of small teeth in various number, sometimes the teeth are too small to tell. Elytral disc coarse, punctation small anteriorly, becoming somewhat coarser posteriorly, spaces between punctures longitudinally vermiculate with sparse, recurved, reddish or whitish setae. Without marginal tubercles on elytral declivity. Juxtasutural spines short, inserted in the middle of the declivity and on the raised declivital suture, compressed laterally, triangular, not as tall as width at base, tip pointed....................................................... Sinoxylon atratum Lesne, 1897 (Figs 17A&amp;B).</p><p>- Frons with a series of teeth in various number and size. Elytral disc with striae 3, 5, 7, 9 raised..................... 6</p><p>6. Elytral disc coarse, punctures large with striae 3, 5, 7, 9 raised and striae 5 and 9 ending in tubercles, declivity with 3 pairs of marginal tubercles as the rounded tip of the carinae on elytral disc. Juxtasutural spines inserted in middle of declivity and on the declivital suture, slightly elongated triangular with downwardly directed sharp tips..................................................................................... Sinoxylon crassum Lesne, 1897 (Figs 17C&amp;D).</p><p>- Elytral disc shiny, punctation variable with striae 3, 5, 7, 9 distinctly raised and striae 5 and 9 ending in spines, declivity with 3 pairs of marginal tubercles as the spines tip of the carinae on elytral disc of the first 2 pairs and the 3 rd pair under the largest pair as rounded tubercles or indistinct pointed tip. Juxtasutural spines inserted in middle of declivity and on the declivital suture, triangular with rounded tip......................... Sinoxylon pugnax Lesne, 1904 (Figs 17E&amp;F).</p><p>7. Antennal club of Bostrichine type (Fig. 4)............................................................... 8</p><p>- Antennal club not of Bostrichine type (Fig. 5 or 6)....................................................... 11</p><p>8. Elytral declivity strongly truncate from disc with at least 2/3 of upper margin carinate to form a clear declivital rim..... 9</p><p>- Elytral declivity gradually truncate from disc without distinctly carinate upper margin........................... 10</p><p>9. Elytral vestiture short and sparse on disc, longer and denser on both sides. Apical declivity glabrous, declivital margin raised, carinate upper 2/3 of the margin with finely rugose and not sharp. Juxtasutural spines short, pointed, inserted on middle of declivital suture. Female: posterior margin of last abdominal segment with two small emarginations separated from each other by a triangular, pointed tooth (check the very end of the abdomen, otherwise it just shows a distinctly thicker part in the middle of the posterior margin); vestiture on pronotum and elytra denser and longer........................................................................... Sinoxylon circuitum Lesne 1897 (Figs 13A&amp;B).</p><p>- Elytral vestiture dense, appressed; pubescence long and dense on disc and both sides. Apical declivity with golden, short, moderately dense, appressed pubescence. Declivital margined on upper 2/3 by a thickened and irregular carina, a moderately projecting ridge on lower 1/3. Juxtasutural spines inserted on middle of declivital suture, forming moderately long pointed spines. Female: Marginal carina of elytral declivity less prominent than in male, sometimes replaced by irregular ridges as if eroded, the apex of declivity with a pair of upwardly directed spines; posterior margin of last apparent abdominal segment with a deep emargination filled by a tooth, appearing tridentate in the middle (check the very end of the abdomen, otherwise it just shows a distinctly thicker part in the middle of the posterior margin)................................................................................................... Sinoxylon oleare Lesne 1932b (Figs 13E&amp;F).</p><p>10. Elytral disc and declivity shiny and almost smooth, punctures tiny. Juxtasutural spines inserted on declivital suture, compressed at the base, blunt at the apex, slightly outwardly-directed, suture below the spines not raised at all.................................................................... Sinoxylon lycturum Lesne, 1936 (Figs 13C&amp;D).</p><p>- Elytral disc and declivity not smooth, punctures confluent on disc, larger posteriorly. Juxtasutural spines inserted on declivital suture, triangular with sharp tip, suture below the spines raised, compressed with triangular rugose surface.............................................................. Sinoxylon parviclava Lesne, 1918 (Figs 13G&amp;H).</p><p>11. Antennal club of Sinoxyline type (Fig.6)............................................................... 12</p><p>- Antennal club of Basic Sinoxyline type (Fig.5).......................................................... 14</p><p>12. Elytral declivity without marginal tubercles apart from elytral disc with the declivital rim formed by cariniform upper and lateral margin and a pair of apical carinae. Juxtasutural spines inserted above the middle of declivital disc and just on the outer side of the raised declivital suture, strongly compressed laterally, large triangular with a very pointed tip, slightly excavated on the internal side, shiny and almost smooth on the outside................................................................................................... Sinoxylon pygmaeum Lesne, 1897 (Figs 16C&amp;D)</p><p>- Elytral declivity with 3 or 4 pairs of marginal tubercles. Elytral declivity not forming a complete circular rim......... 13</p><p>13. Elytral declivity not angularly apart from disc, but curved and with small, pustuliform calluses on the upper margin, 1 or 2 pairs of calluses on the lateral margin below the level of juxtasutural spines. Juxtasutural spines inserted above the middle of declivital disc and apart from the declivital suture in a distance about the width of the base of a spine, strongly compressed laterally, large triangular with a slightly downwardly pointed tip, slightly excavated on the internal side, shiny and sparse punctured on the outside............................... Sinoxylon pubens Lesne, 1906 (Figs 16A&amp;B).</p><p>- Elytral declivity slightly angularly separated from disc, 3 or 4 pairs of marginal tubercles of elytral declivity, the lowest pair most prominent. Juxtasutural spines inserted about the middle of the declivital disc and apart from the declivital suture in a distance longer than the width of the base of a spine, broadly triangular, compressed laterally, with a more or less downwardly pointed tip....................................... Sinoxylon tignarium Lesne, 1902 (Figs 16E&amp;F).</p><p>14. Frons without glabrous area in middle................................................................. 15</p><p>- Frons with glabrous area in middle.................................................................... 19</p><p>15. Anterior margin of clypeus double V form (Fig.8). Fronto-clypeal suture not distinct or with a series of tiny granules.... ............................................................................................... 16</p><p>- Anterior margin of clypeus not double V form (Fig. 9 or 10). Fronto-clypeal suture more or less distinct, not granulate... ............................................................................................... 17</p><p>16. Fronto-clypeal suture indistinct. Setae of elytra appressed, not distinct. 4 pairs of marginal tubercles, the uppermost largest, gradually smaller to the fourth pair. Juxtasutural spines long, narrow, subcylindrical, aparte from the declivital suture by a distance about equal to their width.............................. Sinoxylon verrugerum Lesne, 1906 (Figs 14E&amp;F).</p><p>- Fronto-clypeal suture with a series of tiny granules. Upper margin of declivity with a pair of calluses at the level of the juxtasutural spines, lateral margin with a pair of distinct, costiform, shining calluses, the two joining to form a slightly oblique ridge descending from the level of the juxtasutural spines, the lower part of the callus rather prominent in dorsal view. Juxtasutural spines conical, straight, pointed, the flattened inner face with a small cavity at the inner base, strongly punctured on the outer side..................................... Sinoxylon lesnei Vrydagh, 1955b (Figs 14A&amp;B).</p><p>17. Body elongated, parallel-sided, slightly widened posteriorly. Elytral disc rather coarse, granulate, punctures small, covered by dense, short, recumbent setae. Juxtasutural spines more or less compressed dorso-ventrally, rugose with blunt tips.............................................................. Sinoxylon rejectum (Hope, 1845) (Figs 14G&amp;H).</p><p>- Body stout, sub-elongate, parallel-sided, not widened posteriorly. Elytral disc more or less shiny, punctures medium-sized or large, covered by medium or long, appressed setae..................................................... 18</p><p>18. Elytra stout, parallel-sided. Elytral disc shiny with medium to long, appressed setae. 3 pairs of marginal tubercles of elytral declivity, the 1 st pair large, 2 nd small and 3 rd pair costiform with pointed tip. Juxtasutural spines long, conical, acute tip slightly pointed outwardly, the base of the juxtasutural spines connect to declivital suture with a carina...................................................................... Sinoxylon sexdentatum (Olivier, 1790) (Figs 15E&amp;F).</p><p>- Elytra prarllel-sided or slightly narrowed posteriorly. Elytral disc rather coarsely punctured with long, appressed setae. Marginal tubercles of elytral declivity absent, except sometimes the lateral pair, which are moderately sized and placed at a level slightly below the juxtasutural spines. Juxtasutural spines divergent, long, conical, pointed outwardly directed................................................................ Sinoxylon villosum Lesne 1895 (Figs 15C&amp;D).</p><p>19. Elytral disc shiny, punctures shallow, fine, rather smooth.................................................. 20</p><p>- Elytral disc shiny or coarse, punctures deep............................................................. 21</p><p>20. Elytral disc shiny, punctures shallow, fine, rather smooth. Frons with a moderately wide glabrous median line. Declivital margin evenly curved to form a complete circle of elytral declivity as a blur rim, without marginal tubercles. Juxtasutural spines divergent, compressed laterally with the tip pointed downwardly................................................................................................ Sinoxylon philippinense Lesne, 1938 (Figs 14C&amp;D).</p><p>- Frons with a wide glabrous median line extending to the fronto-clypeal suture. Upper 2 pairs of marginal tubercles very small, scarcely visible, the 3 rd and lowest pairs projecting a little and placed a little below the juxtasutural spines. Juxtasutural spines long, pointed, slightly downwardly curved at the apex, strongly compressed laterally and slightly divergent outwardly............................................. Sinoxylon dichroum Lesne, 1906 (Figs 14I&amp;J).</p><p>21. Elytral disc covered by distinct, recurved whitish setae. Elytra with striae 5 and 9 slightly raised and ending in tubercles. Juxtasutural spines inserted at a distance from declivital suture, the base of the spine broadly to form a carina between the base and the suture, the spines triangular, compressed dorsoventrally with the tips directed outwardly........................................................................ Sinoxylon perforans (Schrank, 1798) (Figs 15G&amp;H).</p><p>- Elytral disc almost glabrous or with sparse, very short setae. Elytral disc shiny, punctures dense, rounded, well-separated, becoming larger posteriorly on elytral disc, with sparse, short recumbent setae. 3 pairs of compressed, costiform marginal tubercles on lateral margin placed one below another to form an uneven carina; the expanded carina connects to the wide, flat post-epipleuron apically. Juxtasutural spines long, straight, slightly divergent, not compressed, evenly narrowed to the pointed apex, apart from the declivital suture by about the width of the base of a spine........................................................................................ Sinoxylon indicum Lesne, 1897 (Figs 15A&amp;B).</p><p>22. Submarginal carina along epipleural sulcus of elytra curving dorsally at its posterior end to join the carina forming the lower margin of elytral declivity (Fig. 2). Upper and lateral margin of elytral declivity well marked with continuous coarse, broadly tubercles, with the apical margin to form a complete declivital rim from the back view. Juxtasutural spines of elytral declivity inserted next to the raised declivital suture, smooth, conical, acute, straight or slightly curved upwardly at apices, basal half of the juxtasutural spines rugose........................... Sinoxylon anale Lesne, 1897 (Figs 21A&amp;B).</p><p>- Submarginal carina along epipleural sulcus of elytra not curving dorsally at its posterior end and forming the upper margin of the post-epipleuron. Marginal tubercles and juxtasutural spines of elytral declivity variable..................... 23</p><p>23. Antennal club Basic Sinoxyline type (Fig.5). Elytral declivity with 3 or 4 pairs of marginal tubercles............... 24</p><p>- Antennal club Sinoxyline (Fig. 6) or Flabellate Sinoxlyine (Fig. 7) type. Elytral declivity without or with 3 to 7 pairs of marginal tubercles................................................................................. 30</p><p>24. Scutellum large, shiny. Elytral disc densely, strongly punctation, punctures larger posteriorly, spaces between punctures with vermiculate ridges on more than half posterior area. Elytral declivity granulate, with moderately dense semi-globose granules punctured at the apex, mixed with circular punctures. 3–4 pairs of carinulate marginal tubercles, equally raised, with rounded tips. Juxtasutural spines inserted on the raised declivital suture, small, compressed laterally, triangular with rugose outer face......................................................... Sinoxylon rugicauda Lesne, 1929</p><p>- Scutellum very small to medium sized. Elytral disc punctation variable. Elytral declivity without granules, with 3 pairs of marginal tubercles. Juxtasutural spines not inserted on the declivital suture. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 25</p><p>25. Posterior angle of pronotum distinct, obtuse, posterior area of pronotum covered by very densely, small, projecting, rounded granules. Juxtasutural spines inserted away some distance from the declivital suture, connected to the suture by a fine ridge, conical, pointed and upwardly and outwardly curved at the apex, broadly base with rugose surface, smooth and shining apically..................................................... Sinoxylon brazzai Lesne, 1895 (Figs 18C&amp;D).</p><p>- Posterior angle of pronotum rounded, posterior area of pronotum covered by circular, very dense appressed or scalelike granules. Bases of juxtasutural spines without a ridge connect to the declivital suture............................ 26</p><p>26. Body length 4.5~ 5mm, stout. Elytral disc reddish on anterior 1/3 to 1/2, black posteriorly. Elytral disc with coarse, shallow punctures, rapidly increasing in size and partially confluent posteriorly. 3 pairs of marginal tubercles costiform, smooth and shiny, the lowest pair callus-like. Juxtasutural spines compressed laterally, triangular, pointed, slightly curved downwardly; inserted above the middle of the declivity and apart from the declivital suture by about the width of the based of a spine, the dorsal margin of the spine forming a carina connected to the outer side of the raised suture...................................................................................... Sinoxylon cafrum Lesne, 1905 (Figs 18E&amp;F).</p><p>- Body length 4~ 9mm, sub-elongated to elongated, parallel-sided. Elytral disc reddish brown to black, sometimes lighter anteriorly. 3 pairs of marginal tubercles more or less projecting. Juxtasutural spines inserted next to the outer side of the raised declivital suture, without connection with the suture................................................. 27</p><p>27. Juxtasutural spines inserted on upper 1/3 of the elytral declivity. Post-epipleuron suddenly, strongly widened beneath the declivity toward apex of the elytra.................................................................... 28</p><p>- Juxtasutural spines inserted slightly above middle of declivital disc. Post-epipleuron gradually widened beneath the declivity......................................................................................... 29</p><p>28. Punctation of elytral disc moderately strong at the base, much larger but very clear and not confluent posteriorly. 3 pairs of marginal tubercles shiny, distinct, the 2 upper pairs strongly projecting, rounded at the apex, the lowest pair broad, less projecting. Juxtasutural spines divergent, compressed laterally, triangular, pointed downwardly, smooth and shining. Post-epipleuron widened beneath the declivity to apex of the elytra....... Sinoxylon bellicosum Lesne, 1906 (Figs 18A&amp;B).</p><p>- Punctation of elytral disc well separated, moderately strong at the base and laterally, dense, very large and partially confluent over more than 2/3 posteriorly. 3 pairs of marginal tubercles smooth and shiny, costiform, the upper 2 pairs less projecting, the lowest pair more projecting. Juxtasutural spines almost parallel, compressed laterally, triangular, pointed with sharp tip, smooth and shining, the ventral margin of the juxtasutural spine straight or slightly concave. Post-epipleuron suddenly widened beneath the declivity and notably widened apically.......... Sinoxylon epipleurale Lesne, 1906 (Figs 18G&amp;H).</p><p>29. Punctation of the dorsal region more or less fine near the base, rapidly increasing in size posteriorly, coarse and partially confluent posteriorly. 3 pairs of marginal tubercles costiform, smooth and shiny, the lowest pair callus-like. Juxtasutural spines, compressed laterally, triangular, rounded tip slightly curved medially downwardly, base shiny and smooth, with uneven surface or finely grooved longitudinally, inner side of base excavated, external side of base convex.................................................................... Sinoxylon ruficorne (Fåhraeus, 1872) (Figs 18I&amp;J).</p><p>- Punctation of dorsal region strong, very variable, sometimes arranged in rows along the ridges and near the humeri, suture and posteriorly, leaving the remainder more or less impunctate in a wide radius around the scutellum and on the sides of the elytra posteriorly; sometimes with a uniform cover of the whole dorsal and dorso-lateral parts (except along the ridges). 3 pairs of marginal tubercles callus-like, shiny, often indistinct, the lowest pair broad, flat. Juxtasutural spines compressed laterally, triangular, pointed, smooth and shining, the ventral margin of the juxtasutural spine straight or slightly concave...................................................... Sinoxylon senegalense (Karsch, 1881) (Figs 18K&amp;L).</p><p>30. Antennal club of Sinoxyline form (Fig.6). Scutellum large to medium-sized. Elytral declivity without or with 3 to 7 pairs of marginal tubercles............................................................................... 31</p><p>- Antennal club of Flabellate Sinoxlyine form (Fig.7). Scutellum small to medium-sized. Elytral declivity without or with 3 pairs of marginal tubercles.......................................................................... 38</p><p>31. Elytral declivity without marginal tubercles............................................................ 32</p><p>- Elytral declivity with 3 to 7 pairs of marginal tubercles or at least traceable.................................... 33</p><p>32. Scutellum medium-sized. Elytral disc punctures quite strong, not very dense at the base, gradually becoming stronger posteriorly, often coarse. Vestiture of recurved setae. Juxtasutural spines compressed laterally, triangular, very pointed tip, slightly rough and unequal at the base, and each extended dorsally into a short carina along the suture, inner side slightly excavate.................................................. Sinoxylon sudanicum Lesne, 1895 (Figs 20E&amp;F).</p><p>- Scutellum large. Elytral disc shining, completely glabrous, densely and fairly strong punctured on more than the anterior half, the punctures well-separated; more coarsely punctured posteriorly. Juxtasutural spines compressed laterally, short rounded or lobiform, inserted below the middle of the declivity on the declivital sutural swelling with crenulate punctures on outer side............................................... Sinoxylon cucumella Lesne, 1906 (Figs 19C&amp;D).</p><p>33. Elytral disc completely glabrous. Elytral declivity granulate................................................ 34</p><p>- Elytral disc with more or less distinct setae. Elytral declivity punctuate....................................... 35</p><p>34. Elytral disc with very dense projecting granules (except for the humeral callus which is smooth and shining), partly confluent anteriorly near the suture and forming sub-vermiculate sculpture. Elytral declivity glabrous, granules smaller, less projecting and less dense than those on disc. 4 pairs of marginal tubercles not well-developed, the upper pair in the form of short and shining raised carinae, the 2 middle pairs in the form of large shining ‘beads’ or short costae, the lowest pair short carinae, slightly projecting. Declivital suture granulose, very slightly raised, juxtasutural spines inserted in the middle of the declivity and very short distance from the declivital suture, conical, rounded at tip, surface irregular and rugose at the base, smooth and shining at the apex, inner side of the juxtasutural spines concave.............................................................................................. Sinoxylon bufo Lesne, 1906 (Figs 19A&amp;B).</p><p>- Elytral disc strongly densely punctured, the punctures attenuated anteriorly, becoming sub-carious and vermiculate posteriorly. Humeral callus smooth and shining. Elytral declivity granulate, the punctures large, well separated, gradually smaller toward apex, with 3 pairs of marginal tubercles, forming shiny granulate carinulae. Declivital suture raised, granulate, juxtasutural spines small, inserted above or in the middle of the declivity and on the outer side of the raised declivital suture; spines short, thick, inner side flat, shiny, granular at the base of outer side, tip smooth, not sharp............................................................... Sinoxylon luzonicum Lesne, 1932a (Figs 19E&amp;F).</p><p>35. Elytral declivity with 4 to 6 pairs of marginal tubercles (occasionally 7 pairs in S. marseuli)...................... 36</p><p>- Elytral declivity with 3 or 7 pairs of marginal tubercles.................................................... 37</p><p>36. Elytral declivity with 4–6 pairs of marginal tubercles in the form of smooth and shining longitudinal ridges, the upper pairs broader, the lowest pair of the marginal tubercles projecting with a rounded pointed tip, lower margin of declivity below marginal tubercles strong, projecting as a thick carina not connected to the slightly transverse bulge above the apical margin. Juxtasutural spines conical, bent inwardly, more or less rounded, smooth and shining, sometimes the pair of juxtasutural spines long with a strong curved inwardly tip like a hook................................................................................................ Sinoxylon convexicauda Lesne 1932b (Figs 20A&amp;B)</p><p>- Similar to previous species, but occasionally with 7 pairs of marginal tubercles. Declivity convex less than in previous species. The marginal tubercles and lower margin of declivity below marginal tubercles more projecting than in previous species. Juxtasutural spines conical, parallel to each other, more or less rounded pointed tip, smooth and shining, not excavated on inner side..................................................... Sinoxylon marseuli Lesne, 1895</p><p>37. Frons granulated. Elytral declivity with 7 pairs of marginal tubercles, the 1 st pair biggest, broad, the 5 th pair marked only by a callus, the lowest pair placed at the beginning of the oblique, projecting ridge; these tubercles have the form of short longitudinal ridges which do not extend onto the face of the declivity. Juxtasutural spines thick, cylindrical, subtruncate and rounded apically, insert next to the declivital suture................. Sinoxylon pachyodon Lesne, 1906 (Figs 20C&amp;D).</p><p>- Frons with transverse glabrous line above fronto-clypeal line. Elytral declivity with 3 pairs of costate marginal tubercles; a pair of small conical or papillate projections below the lowest marginal tubercles. Juxtasutural spines compressed laterally, triangular, short, the apex acute, declivital sutural ridge raised to form the widened base of the spines, and with a series of short transverse carinae on outer surface........................ Sinoxylon malaccanum Lesne, 1930 (Figs 19G&amp;H).</p><p>38. Elytral declivity with 3 or more than 3 pairs of distinct or rudimentary but more or less traceable marginal tubercles... 39</p><p>- Elytral declivity without marginal tubercles............................................................. 44</p><p>39. Frons with glabrous area in the middle................................................................. 40</p><p>- Frons granulose without glabrous area in the middle...................................................... 42</p><p>40. Frons explanate, very shining, almost smooth and with only some scattered very small granules; a very fine, longitudinal median line, traceable at the bottom of a weak groove, exists on the frons, and ends anteriorly at the fronto-clypeal suture. Elytral declivity with 5 to 6 pairs of rudimentary marginal tubercles. Juxtasutural spines inserted on declivital suture, triangular, compressed laterally, spiniform, pointed, declivital sutural ridge raised to form the widened base of the spines with a series of short transverse carinae............................. Sinoxylon beesoni Lesne, 1931 (Figs 21E&amp;F).</p><p>- Frons not explanate, sparsely granulose, slightly impressed with small glabrous area in the middle glabrous area. Elytral declivity with 3 or only rudimentary marginal tubercles................................................... 41</p><p>41. Frons sparsely granulose, glabrous in the middle with a fine median line. Elytral declivity with 3 pairs of weak calluses along upper and lateral margin of elytral declivity. Juxtasutural spines inserted at some distance from the declivital suture, and the broad base of the spines connected to the suture; strongly divaricate, not compressed, conical, subcarinate along the internal side, pointed and recurved downwardly from the base to the apex, smooth and shining............................................................................. Sinoxylon divaricatum Lesne, 1906 (Figs 22A&amp;B).</p><p>- Frons sparsely granulose, slightly impressed and slightly glabrous in the middle, not forming a median line. Elytral declivity without marginal tubercles but weak, glabrous calluses along the upper and lateral margins of elytral declivity, with a pair of protuberant carinae at lower lateral margin. Juxtasutural spines inserted just on next the outer margin of the raised declivital suture, weakly divergent, conical or slightly compressed laterally on inner side, smooth outer side, pointed or slightly blunted tip, straight or bent downwardly...................... Sinoxylon rufobasale Fairmaire, 1888 (Figs 22C&amp;D).</p><p>42. Juxtasutural spines inserted on the raised declivital suture, conical, pointed, base half covered with projecting grains; smooth, shiny, sharp tip on top. Frons covered by appressed setae directed centrally, mixed with a few sparse long, erect setae. Dorsal view coarse, with short, sparse, appressed setae, recurved laterally; punctation of elytral disc dense, slightly larger, sometimes confluent posteriorly. Elytral declivity without marginal tubercles or sometimes indicated by weak calluses............................................. Sinoxylon unidentatum (Fabricius, 1801) (Figs 22E&amp;F).</p><p>- Juxtasutural spines not inserted on the raised declivital suture.............................................. 43</p><p>43. Elytral disc punctation evenly on elytral disc, deeper posteriorly. 5 to 7 pairs of marginal tubercles traceable rudimentary. Juxtasutural spines inserted above middle of declivity and next to the outer margin of the raised declivital suture, straight conical with pointed end, sometimes the end inwardly............... Sinoxylon doliolum Lesne, 1906 (Figs 21K&amp;L).</p><p>- Dorsal view shiny, only with short, erect or recurved downwardly setae on lateral and posterior areas; punctation of elytral disc clear and moderately strong, slightly larger posteriorly, smaller and less distinct laterally. Elytral declivity without margin tubercles or shows traces of 3 pairs of marginal calluses on upper and lateral margins. Juxtasutural spines inserted away from the declivital suture at some distance, smooth and shining, conical, usually ending in a sharp point, not or scarcely compressed laterally, straight, the spines sometimes quite long.............................................................................................. Sinoxylon ceratoniae (Linneaus, 1758) (Figs 21I&amp;J).</p><p>44. Frons with more or less glabrous area in the middle. Juxtasutural spines inserted on the declivital suture............. 45</p><p>- Frons granulose without glabrous area in the middle. Juxtasutural spines inserted on the declivital suture or on the outer sides of the declivital suture......................................................................... 47</p><p>45. Frons sparsely granulose, slightly glabrous in the middle. Fronto-clypeal suture indistinct. Punctation of dorsal region strong and confluent posteriorly, less strong and less dense anteriorly, vestiture of appressed, short setae. Juxtasutural spines laterally compressed, triangular, pointed..................................... Sinoxylon birmanum Lesne, 1906 .</p><p>- Frons with clear glabrous area in the middle. Fronto-clypeal suture distinct. Punctures not confluent at the posterior end of the elytral disc, vestiture of appressed setae............................................................. 46</p><p>46. Frons with a wide glabrous median line. Punctures fine anteriorly, densely and very strong on the rest of elytral disc and gradually increasing posteriorly; vestiture long, mixed with appressed and semi-erected setae, abundant on sides. Elytral declivity with less strong, less dense punctures than on disc, none on the lower 1/3; vestiture denser than on disc. Juxtasutural spines slightly divergent, compressed laterally, triangular, pointed rounded to sharp pointed...................................................................... Sinoxylon capillatum Lesne, 1895 (Figs 21G&amp;H).</p><p>- Frons with a transverse glabrous band expanded in middle. Punctures of elytral disc fine anteriorly and gradually increasing posteriorly; vestiture of dense, recurved reddish setae. Elytral declivity with smaller punctures on ventral half and attenuated toward apex; vestiture of dense, recurved reddish setae. Juxtasutural spines short, compressed laterally, triangular, pointed....................................... Sinoxylon fuscovestitum Lesne, 1919 (Figs 21G&amp;H).</p><p>47. Body stout, parallel-sided, length 3.5–4.5mm. Antennal club strongly developed transversely. Elytral declivity with distinct punctures at upper half, tiny and shallow at below part and attenuated toward apex; vestiture of distinct appressed setae. Juxtasutural spines inserted apart from the declivital suture at some distance, and the base of spines connected to the declivital suture; divergent, regularly conical, with very pointed, downward tip, inclined towards the base, the base rugose, smooth and shining below the teeth............................. Sinoxylon angolense Lesne, 1906 (Figs 21C&amp;D).</p><p>- Body elongated, parallel-sided, length 4–6.5mm, slightly widened posteriorly. Antennal club very strongly developed. Elytral declivity with large, well separated punctures on upper half to 2/3, smaller and attenuated towards apex, vestiture of very fine, very short or recurved setae. Juxtasutural spines inserted on the outer side of the raised declivital suture, laterally compressed, triangular, tip pointed, about as high as wide at the base... Sinoxylon flabrarius Lesne, 1906 (Figs 22I&amp;J).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFDBC235FF38FD68B7C3FDB8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFDCC22AFF38FBF9B1B3FD88.text	861AF86EFFDCC22AFF38FBF9B1B3FD88.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon circuitum Lesne 1897	<div><p>Sinoxylon circuitum Lesne 1897 (Figs. 13A&amp;B)</p><p>Sinoxylon circuitum Lesne 1897: 22 .</p><p>Type material examined: Sinoxylon circuitum HT (MNHN) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Bostrichine type of antennal club. Elytral declivital rim form by a circular, raised and very regular carina; declivital suture raised and attenuated toward upper and apex, juxtasutural spines inserted in the middle of declivity and on the ssuture, short, rounded pointed.</p><p>BODY elongate, parallel-sided, length 3–4 mm, about 2.25 times as long as wide. Head, pronotum, declivital rim, ventral side of thorax and first three visible abdomen dark brown to black; antennae, legs and last two segments of abdomen brown, summit of pronotum and elytra reddish brown.</p><p>HEAD Antennal club covered by appressed short and extremely fine setae with indistinct areas of dense sensillae next to axis-anterior area on 1 st and 2 nd club antennomeres; the 1 st club antennomere triangular and pointed inside, less than 1.5 times wider than long, and longer than the 5 preceding antennomeres together; last club antennomere longer than wide. Eyes small, raised at the posterior margin. Frons finely granulate, unarmed, with erect hairs inclined centrally. Fronto-clypeal suture clear. Anterior margin of clypeus arch form (fig.10).</p><p>PRONOTUM slightly wider than long, with an uncinate tooth on anterior angles, posterior angles evenly rounded; posterior area very densely covered over the whole width by non-elongate rasp-like granules; vestiture composited with short, semi-erected setae on anterior declivity and middle area, relative longer, appressed setae on middle of posterior area and lateral area with longer, dense pubescence.</p><p>SCUTELLUM small, subtriangular.</p><p>ELYTRA basal margin granulate, leathery, without visible longitudinal nerves, punctation of dorsal and lateral sides strong, very dense, slightly confluent; with pale, very fine appressed setae, not abundant except posteriorly in the region of the external margin. Apical declivity glabrous, declivital rim form by a circular, raised and very regular carina, its ridge finely rugose and not sharp. Punctation of declivity large, rounded, moderately separated, decreasing in size apically, and obsolete before the lower margin. Declivital suture raised and attenuated toward upper and apex, juxtasutural spines inserted in the middle of declivity and on the suture, short, rounded pointed. Sutural angle simple. Post-epipleuron unclear, narrow weakly sulcate posteriorly, carinula delimiting the epipleura extending only to the point where the elytra turn towards the apex.</p><p>LEG Posterior tibiae without erect setae on the external side. Last segment of the anterior tarsi as long as the preceding segments together.</p><p>Female: Anterior margin of clypeus wider arch form. The sensillae area of 1 st and 2 nd antennomers of antennal club more distinct. Vestiture of pronotum and elytra denser and longer, posterior margin of last abdominal segment with two small emarginations separated from each other by a triangular, pointed tooth.</p><p>Geographical distribution: Lesne (1897) described this species from a single male holotype (male) collected from Bombay, India. New Record: Tamil Nadu, Nilgiri Hills, 11km SE Kotagiri, 1100± 100m, 3–15.v.2002, P. Pacholátko leg. (1♂, LLY).</p><p>Biology: unknown.</p><p>Remarks: There is no further record of this species since Lesne (1897).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFDCC22AFF38FBF9B1B3FD88	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFC3C22AFF38FD44B2B7F8DE.text	861AF86EFFC3C22AFF38FD44B2B7F8DE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon lycturum Lesne 1936	<div><p>Sinoxylon lycturum Lesne 1936 (Figs. 13C&amp;D)</p><p>Sinoxylon lycturum Lesne 1936: 136 .</p><p>Type material examined: Sinoxylon lycturum HT (NFIC) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Bostrichine type of antennal club. Elytra shining with sparse appressed yellowish setae; anteriorly, finely, evenly punctuated on disc. Elytral declivity truncate, without marginal tubercles; declivital suture cariniform but not swollen; juxtasutural spines inserted in the middle of declivity and on the suture, short, triangular, divergent, compressed laterally, blunt apex, external face smooth and shining.</p><p>BODY subelongate, 5mm in length, 2.25 times as long as wide. Dark brown and shinning especially the elytra, antennae reddish, funicle brownish, tarsi and humeri brown.</p><p>HEAD antennal club antennomeres dull, 1 st and 2 nd club antennomeres transverse, the 1 st club antennomere about twice as wide as long, the 2 nd club antennomere less than twice as wide as long, the 3 rd club antennomere slightly longer. Eyes medium-sized, posterior margin strongly raised. Frons sparsely granulate, with long, golden erect setae, inclined backwardly and centrally, in a transverse line behind the anterior margin, anterior emarginate sinuated between two rounded teeth next to the base of labrum, inflated and costiform at sides; anterior margin of clypeus arch form (fig.10), sparsely granulate with very sparse erect setae, framed by black outer frame and a median line, the middle part of the outer frame reddish.</p><p>PRONOTUM sides convex, anterior angles with a weakly backwardly curved tooth, posterior angles obtuse, sides slightly convex; posterior area of pronotum covered with minute, subcircular, appressed granules, densely placed but not contiguous, with a fine, appressed, yellow pubescence, the pubescence denser and longer on sides; no median sulcus.</p><p>SCUTELLUM very small, subquadrate.</p><p>ELYTRA shining with sparse appressed yellowish setae; anteriorly, finely, evenly punctuated on disc. Elytral declivity truncate, subconcave on middle part, more strongly bulged on both sides towards the declivital suture, lateral margin subcostate, without marginal tubercles; declivital disc with subsparse circular punctures, pubescence sparse, very fine, appressed directed dorsally; epipleural sulcate as far as the sutural angle. Declivital suture cariniform but not swollen; juxtasutural spines inserted in the middle of declivity and on the suture, short, triangular, divergent, compressed laterally, blunt apex, external face smooth and shining.</p><p>LEG Tibiae with long erect setae externally.</p><p>Geographical distribution: Lesne (1936) described this species from a singleton collected from Insein distinct, Okkan Reserve, Myanmar.</p><p>Biology: The type specimen was collected from Bambusa polymorpha ( Poaceae) in February, 1927.</p><p>Remarks: The holotype is deposited in NFIC (Borowski &amp; Singh 2017). There is no further record since Lesne (1936).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFC3C22AFF38FD44B2B7F8DE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFC2C228FF38FCE3B685FD78.text	861AF86EFFC2C228FF38FCE3B685FD78.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon oleare Lesne 1932	<div><p>Sinoxylon oleare Lesne 1932 (Figs. 13E&amp;F)</p><p>Sinoxylon oleare Lesne 1932b: 655 .</p><p>Type material examined: Sinoxylon oleare ST (MNHN, NFIC) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Bostrichine type of antennal club. Elytral declivital rim form by thickened and irregular carina on upper 2/3 and moderately projecting ridge on lower 1/3; declivital suture slightly raised and attenuated toward upper and apex, juxtasutural spines inserted in the middle of declivity and on the suture, divergent, straight pointed.</p><p>BODY elongate, parallel-sided, length 3.5–4.8 mm, about 2.3–2.5 times as long as wide. Reddish brown, head black.</p><p>HEAD Antennal club covered by appressed short and extremely fine setae, the 1 st club antennomere and 2 nd club antennomere triangular, less than 1.5 times wider than long, the 1 st antennomere as long as the 6 preceding antennomeres together; last club antennomere longer than wide. Eyes small, raised at the posterior margin. Frons slightly granulate, unarmed, with erect setae inclined upwardly and centrally, Fronto-clypeal suture almost obsolete. Anterior margin of clypeus wider arch form (fig.10), almost straight.</p><p>PRONOTUM slightly wider than long, lateral margins slightly convex posteriorly, with an uncinate tooth on anterior angles, posterior angles evenly rounded; middle of posterior area granulate; vestiture of long setae, semi-erected on anterior and appressed lateral and posterior areas, shorter and less dens on summit.</p><p>SCUTELLUM very small, quadrangular.</p><p>ELYTRA not form a lamina at basal margin, without visible longitudinal nerves, with a dense, fairly fine punctation, mixed with very fine punctures, near the margin of declivity become very large; appearing leathery, and with yellowish or golden, fine appressed pubescence, denser toward posteriorly. Apical declivity abrupt, declivital rim form by thickened and irregular carina on upper 2/3 and moderately projecting ridge on lower 1/3. Punctation on declivity large, circular or subcircular, well-separated, on the lower 1/3 of the declivity, the punctation become finer, vestiture an appressed pubescence, shorter than rest areas of elytra. Declivital suture slightly raised and attenuated toward upper and apex. Juxtasutural spines inserted in the middle of declivity and on the suture, divergent, straight pointed. Sutural angle simple. Post-epipleuron unclear, very narrow weakly sulcate posteriorly, carinula delimiting the epipleura extending only to the point where the elytra turn towards the apex.</p><p>LEG Posterior tibiae without erect hairs on the external side. Last tarsus of the posterior tarsi shorter than the preceding segments together.</p><p>Female: The sensillae area of 1 st and 2 nd club antennomeres more distinct. Vestiture of pronotum and elytra denser and longer. Marginal carina of elytral declivity less prominent than in male, sometimes replaced by irregular ridges as if eroded. Sutural angel of elytral declivity with an upward, pointed spine, posterior margin of last abdominal segment with two small emarginations separated from each other by a triangular, pointed tooth.</p><p>Geographical distribution: India (Dehra Dun), Thailand and China (Yunnan). New records: India, U.P., Siwalik Hills, 11-iv-1981, S.L. Wood (1♂, MIC); Thailand, Chanthaburi, 6–13.xi.2008 (1♀, LLY); Dr. L. Z. Meng collected two females from Xishaungbana, Yunnan, China (personal comm.).</p><p>Biology: Beeson bred this species from the wood of Dalbergia sissoo ( Fabaceae) in June, and from Mallotus philippinensis ( Euphorbiaceae) in July (Lesne 1932b). Beeson &amp; Bhatia (1937) included Biancaea decapetala ( Fabaceae), Bauhinia purpurea ( Fabaceae), Dalbergia sissoo ( Fabaceae), Mallotus philippinensis ( Euphorbiaceae), Mangifera indica ( Anacardiaceae), Millettia extensa ( Fabaceae), Pterocarpus marsupium ( Fabaceae), Senegalia gageana ( Fabaceae), Terminalia chebula ( Combretaceae) and some climbers as host plants and thought this species is primarily a borer of small branch wood and climbers. The emergence period extends from June to September with greatest abundance in July.</p><p>Remarks: Lesne (1932b) pointed out this species should be placed close to S. circuitum, but did not mention the sexual dimorphism of the elytral declivity. However, female specimens collected from Thailand and China show more stable characters of female, the pair of upward spines on the apex of declivity, vestiture of pronotum and declivity are denser and longer. The pair of upward spines on the apex of declivity is similar to the spines of Calopertha truncatula (Ancey, 1881), a member of the tribe Sinoxylini . The declivital rim is also similar to the elytral declivity of Calopertha truncatula and distinguishes the species from other Sinoxylon spp.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFC2C228FF38FCE3B685FD78	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFC1C229FF38FCD4B778FEF4.text	861AF86EFFC1C229FF38FCD4B778FEF4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon parviclava Lesne 1918	<div><p>Sinoxylon parviclava Lesne 1918 (Figs. 13G&amp;H)</p><p>Sinoxylon parviclava Lesne 1918: 490 .</p><p>Type material examined: Sinoxylon parviclava ST (MNHN, NHML) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Bostrichine type of antennal club. Punctation of elytra quite fine and not dense near base, becoming gradually larger and denser posteriorly in the region of the upper and lateral margins of the declivity, with curved sparse reddish or yellowish setae. Elytral declivity slightly concave on middle without marginal tubercles, but sometimes on its upper-lateral margin an indication of longitudinal calluses; lower oblique margin absent, marked only by a strong not clearly defined callus. Declivital suture raised and attenuated toward upper and apex; juxtasutural spines inserted about 1/3 upper of the declivity and on the suture, small, triangular, compressed laterally, acutely spiniform.</p><p>BODY oblong-cylindrical, length 4.7–5 mm, 2.5–2.7 times as long as wide. Sometimes entirely black, sometimes black with reddish brown antennae, eyes, elytral disc, declivital disc and tarsi.</p><p>HEAD Antennal club antennomeres moderately dilated with a pair of clear small, distinct areas of dense sensillae next to axis on 1 st and 2 nd club antennomeres, the 1 st and 2 nd club antennomeres about 1.3 times as wide as long, the 3 rd club antennomere slightly longer, dull. Eyes medium-sized, posterior margin strongly raised. Frons unarmed, finely and densely granulate with a sparse appressed pubescence, frontal-clypeal suture distinct, anterior margin of clypeus wide arch form (fig.10) and almost straight, finely granulate with sparse setae inclined toward centrally, framed by black outer frame and a median line, the middle part of the black frame reddish.</p><p>PRONOTUM sub-rectangular, anterior angles with an uncinate tooth, posterior angles obtuse, sides slightly convex; anterior declivity granulate with sparse, inclined setae, slightly impressed in middle; posterior area of pronotum covered with densely but not contiguous minute, subcircular, appressed granules and reticular sculpture behind the summit, a long, fine, whitish appressed pubescence, denser and longer on sides; no median sulcus.</p><p>SCUTELLUM very small, tongue shape.</p><p>ELYTRA basal margin not compressed into a lamina, a little rugose. Punctation quite fine and not dense near base, becoming gradually larger and denser posteriorly in the region of the upper and lateral margins of the declivity, the intervals between the punctures swollen, subcariously sculptured towards the declivity, but not tuberculate, with curved erect reddish setae, longer postero-laterally, shorter towards apex. Elytral declivity slightly concave on middle, strongly punctured above, with fairly widely spaced circular punctures, in lower third minutely punctured; without marginal tubercles, but sometimes on its upper-lateral margin an indication of longitudinal calluses; lower oblique margin absent, marked only by a strong not clearly defined callus. Declivital suture raised and attenuated toward upper and apex, compressed with dense Punctation on outer sides. Juxtasutural spines inserted about 1/3 upper of the declivity and on the suture, small, triangular, compressed laterally, acutely spiniform. Post-epipleuron complete, not or very weakly widened at the external elytral angle. Sutural angel simple. Vestiture of declivity fairly dense, curved decumbent setae.</p><p>LEG Posterior tarsi with or without long setae on the internal side, it maybe the identical character of sex.</p><p>Geographical distribution: Myanmar, Thailand (Beaver at al. 2011, Sittichaya 2023), Cambodia, Vietnam, Indonesia: Sulawesi and Java, Philippines (Luzon) (Liu 2010). New record: Indonesia: Java: Ngandjock, ix-1933 (2, IRSNB).</p><p>Biology: The only known host tree is teak ( Tectona grandis ( Lamiaceae)) (Beeson &amp; Bhatia 1937).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFC1C229FF38FCD4B778FEF4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFC0C22EFF38FD8CB74EFF4D.text	861AF86EFFC0C22EFF38FD8CB74EFF4D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon dichroum Lesne 1906	<div><p>Sinoxylon dichroum Lesne, 1906 (Figs 14I&amp;J)</p><p>Sinoxylon dichroum Lesne, 1906: 508 .</p><p>Type material examined: Sinoxylon dichroum ST (MNHN) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Basic Sinoxyline type and sometimes Sinoxyline type of antennal club. Frons and anterior part of pronotum with long, erect pale setae. Elytra shinning with appressed golden setae. Anterior margin of elytra and a triangular area between middle of anterior margin of elytra and the anterior 1/3 of elytral suture are black. Upper two pairs of marginal tubercles very small, scarcely visible, the third lowest pair projecting a little, and placed a little below the juxtasutural spine. Declivital suture very slightly raised; juxtasutural spines inserted above the middle of the declivity and a distance from the suture almost equal to their width, strongly compressed laterally, pointed, smooth, shining, slightly downwardly curved at the apex and slightly divergent outwardly.</p><p>BODY elongate, parallel-sides. Length 4.5‒5 mm, about 2.5 times as long as wide. Head, pronotum and underside black, elytra chestnut red, slightly browner toward declivity; base of elytra margined with black, as is the anterior part of the suture, and lateral margin; the black area on the anterior area of pronotum could form a distinct triangular; legs black, the external end of femurs with red patches, the tarsi reddish; antennae red, club brown.</p><p>HEAD Antennal club matt, 1 st and 2 nd club antennomeres rather transverse, the 1 st club antennomere elongate triangular, about 3 times as wide as long, more than 4 times as wide as long, the 3 rd club antennomere strongly dilated with a slightly emarginate apical margin, about 3 times as wide as long. Eyes median size, posterior margin very slightly raised. Frons finely granulate, with a triangular glabrous area on middle and expanded a fine, glabrous median line to vertex, with a transverse row of long, erect, reddish-yellow setae recurved downwards and sparse shorter, appressed setae. Fronto-clypeal suture fine. Anterior margin of clypeus double V form (fig.8), finely puncturate, with a patch of long setae inclined toward centrally on both sides and sparse shorter setae, anterior margin thickened as distinct frame.</p><p>PRONOTUM slightly wider than long, anterior angle with an uncinate tooth, posterior angle evenly round, middle part of posterior area with small, pointed, imbricate scales and sparse, very short appressed setae, fairly dense rounded granules and longer appressed setae at the sides.</p><p>SCUTELLUM small, tongue-shape.</p><p>ELYTRA laminar at basal margin. Shinny with confluent, vermiculate sculpture, stronger posteriorly near the margin of the elytral declivity, gradually attenuate towards the base which is almost smooth. Punctures tiny along suture and on the black area, large, big, shallow, well separated on the dorsal brown part, tiny and deep on sides. Vestiture sparse, short, recurved setae, longer and appressed on sides. Elytral declivity shiny, concave in middle, punctures tiny, well separated, with appressed, short and fine setae. Upper two pairs of marginal tubercles very small, scarcely visible, the third lowest pair projecting a little, and placed a little below the juxtasutural spine; lower transverse ridge bulged towards the external margin. Declivital suture very slightly raised. Juxtasutural spines inserted above the middle of the declivity and a distance from the suture almost equal to their width, strongly compressed laterally, pointed, smooth, shining, slightly downwardly curved at the apex and slightly divergent outwardly;. The suture angle reflexed at apex. Post-epipleuron distinct and widened.</p><p>LEGS last segment of anterior tarsi longer than the proceeding segments combines together, posterior tibiae with semi-erect hairs on the external face.</p><p>Geographical distribution: India, Nepal, Myanmar, China: Yunnan (Liu 2021) and northern Vietnam (Liu &amp; Beaver 2018).</p><p>Biology: Beeson &amp; Bhatia (1937) bred the species from Mallotus philippinensis ( Euphorbiaceae).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFC0C22EFF38FD8CB74EFF4D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFC7C22FFF38FE80B6E7FED0.text	861AF86EFFC7C22FFF38FE80B6E7FED0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon indicum Lesne 1897	<div><p>Sinoxylon indicum Lesne, 1897 (Figs 15A&amp;B)</p><p>Sinoxylon indicum Lesne, 1897: 22 .</p><p>Type material examined: Sinoxylon indicrum ST (IRSNB, MNHN, NHML) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Basic Sinoxyline type of antennal club. Elytra shinning, disc and declivity almost glbrous, elytral declivity rim form by carina with costiform tubercles at upper margin and horizontal widen ridge at lower margin. 3 pairs of marginal tubercles compressed dorso-ventrally, costiform, rounded pointed toward middle of the declivity. Declivital suture raised, juxtasutural spines inserted in the middle of declivity and next to the raised carina of the suture, divergent, long and straight, not compressed, evenly narrowed to the pointed apex, smooth, glabrous and shiny.</p><p>BODY moderately elongate, almost parallel-sided, length 4.5‒6.5 mm, about 2.3‒2.5 times as long as wide. Shiny reddish brown, apex of pronotum and elytral declivity dark brown, antennal club brown.</p><p>HEAD Setae of antennae very slightly, scarcely visible, the 1 st and 2 nd club antennomeres with a sensillae foveola near the apical margin closer to the to the axis of insertion than the inner apical angle; the 1 st and 2 nd club antennomeres a little more than twice as wide as long, the 3 rd club antennomere about twice as wide as long. Eyes median large, strongly raise at posterior margin. Frons unarmed with a more or less distinct glabrous median line, finely granulate with long, erect setae arranged in an inverted V line between eyes. Fronto-clypeal suture fine, distinct. Clypeus sparse granulate covered by fine, dense setae, anterior margin double V form (fig.8), slightly emarginate at the insertion of labrum.</p><p>PRONOTUM slightly wider than long, anterior angle with an uncinate tooth, posterior angle evenly round; posterior area very densely covered over the whole width by non-elongate rasp-like granules; vestiture short, semi-erected setae on anterior declivity, middle area and posterior area, relative longer, appressed setae on lateral area.</p><p>SCUTELLUM very small, triangular.</p><p>ELYTRA not form a lamina at basal margin, without visible longitudinal nerves; punctation of elytral disc dense, well separated by smooth and shining spaces, rounded, becoming larger posteriorly and laterally; vestiture very sparse short setae, denser and longer curved setae on postero-lateral area. Elytral declivity rim form by carina with costiform tubercles at upper margin and horizontal widen ridge at lower margin. 3 pairs of marginal tubercles compressed dorso-ventrally, costiform, rounded pointed toward middle of the declivity. Elytral declivity glabrous, punctation large, rounded, well separated on upper half, gradually smaller on lower half and obsolete before the apical margin. Declivital suture raised, juxtasutural spines inserted in the middle of declivity and next to the raised carina of the suture, the base of the juxtasutural spines connect to the raised carina of declivital suture with fine lines extend from both upper and lower basal angle. Juxtasutural spines divergent, long and straight, not compressed, evenly narrowed to the pointed apex, smooth, glabrous and shiny. Sutural angle projecting, reflexed. The upper line of the post-epipleuron turned up and connected to the apical ridge of the elytron to form the external margin of the post-epipleuron, left the lower line form the inner margin of post-epipleuron (Fig.2). Post-epipleuron very wide, flat, with punctured and setae at apex.</p><p>LEG Exterior face of posterior tibiae with short, recumbent setae. Internal face of posterior tarsi with similar pilosity in both sexes.</p><p>Female: Sutural angle of elytral declivity strongly pointed, toothlike, recurved at apex. Posterior margin of last abdominal segment with two very small incisions in the middle, separated by a rounded lobe</p><p>Geographical distribution: Iran (Amara), Pakistan, India, Nepal and Myanmar (Liu 2010, Liu &amp; Beaver 2018). Intercepted but not established in Florida and Mississippi (USA) (Chase et al. 2012). New Record: Sri Lanka, Tri. Dist. China Bay ridge bungalow, 0–50 feet, 24–25 July 1978, at blacklight (1, MIC).</p><p>Biology: Stebbing (1914) noted that this species attacked Terminalia anogeissiana ( Combretaceae). Beeson &amp; Bhatia (1937) included Adina cordifolia ( Rubiaceae), Buchanania cochinchinensis ( Anacardiaceae), Dalbergia sissoo ( Fabaceae), Mangifera indica ( Anacardiaceae), Prosopis cineraria ( Fabaceae), Pterocarpus marsupium ( Fabaceae), Terminalia anogeissiana ( Combretaceae), Ziziphus jujuba ( Rhamnaceae) as host plants. This species has been intercepted at light at Augustenberg, Karlsruhe, Germany from the wooden crate box imported from India (personal comm. with Mr. Philip Bauer).</p><p>Remarks: Lesne (1906) found one female from Myanmar having the 1 st antennal club antennomere distinctly sinuate apically, a character found in Calopertha, and the sexual characters of Calopertha truncatula (Ancey, 1881) are very similar to those of S. indicum . The modified posterior margin of the last abdominal segment of the female resembles S. circuitum and S. oleare, but shows no clear affinity with any other Sinoxylon spp.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFC7C22FFF38FE80B6E7FED0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFC6C22FFF38FE7CB3FCF956.text	861AF86EFFC6C22FFF38FE7CB3FCF956.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon lesnei Vrydagh 1955	<div><p>Sinoxylon lesnei Vrydagh, 1955b (Figs 14A&amp;B)</p><p>Sinoxylon lesnei Vrydagh, 1955b: 7 .</p><p>Type material examined: Sinoxylon lesnei HT (MNHN) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Basic Sinoxyline type of antennal club. Body stout. Elytra short, rectangular. Upper margin of elytral declivity with a pair of callus above the level of the juxtasutural spines, lateral margin with a pair of distinct, costiform, shinning callus combined with two parts continuously as a slightly oblique ridge from the upper level of the juxtasutural spines to the lower level of the juxtasutural spines. Declivital suture slightly raised, attenuated toward apex; juxtasutural spines parallel, large conical with slightly excavated inner face, pointed, inserted above the middle of declivity and slightly away from the suture.</p><p>BODY stout, 3.5–4mm in length, about 1.8 times as long as wide. Reddish brown, antennae and palps reddish, legs of intermediate colour. Head dark reddish to brown, antennae and palps brown, legs reddish brown.</p><p>HEAD Antennae matt, the 1 st and 2 nd club antennomeres transverse, triangular, about twice as wide as long, the 3 rd club antennomere dilated about twice as wide as long. Eyes median size, posterior margin raised. Frons granulate to form a series of tiny teeth along the anterior margin above fronto-clypeal suture, the middle pair of the series of teeth sometime more developed and distinct; vestiture sparse, short, appressed setae inclined toward center with only one long hair on both sides. Fronto-clypeal suture distinct, straight. Clypeus irregularly granulate, bearing some appressed hairs, anterior margin slightly emarginate, double V form (fig.8).</p><p>PRONOTUM transverse, anterior angles with a weakly backwardly curved tooth, posterior angles rounded, sides slightly convex; posterior area very densely covered over the whole width by non-elongate rasp-like granules, latero-ventral areas covered by tiny granules; vestiture sparse, short, semi-erected reddish setae, longer on both sides.</p><p>SCUTELLUM small, triangular.</p><p>ELYTRA short, rectangular, basal margin granulate, not laminar. Punctation of elytral disc fine and widely spaced, mixed with some large punctures in the posterior area, but not becoming carious or confluent. Vestiture very sparse, appressed yellowish setae. Elytral declivity slightly concave in middle area, punctation very strong on the upper half, the lower third shining with scattered fine punctures. Elytral declivity covered by sparse, very short setae. Upper margin of declivity with a pair of callus above the level of the juxtasutural spines, lateral margin with a pair of distinct, costiform, shinning callus combined with two parts continuously as a slightly oblique ridge from the upper level of the juxtasutural spines to the lower level of the juxtasutural spines, rather prominent could tell from dorsal view. Infero-lateral margin of the declivity form a groove, slightly widened toward apex. Declivital suture slightly raised, attenuated toward apex. Sutural angle simple. The pair of juxtasutural spines inserted above the middle of declivity and slightly away from the declivital suture. Juxtasutural spines parallel, large conical, pointed, the inner face with a more or less shallow cavity at the base, punctured outer face.</p><p>Geographical distribution: There are only 3 specimens has been recorded so far. The type collected at Bismarckburg, in the former German colony of Togo, the second known specimen comes from Portuguese Guinea and the third collected from Yalanzou, Nimba (Guinée) (Vrydagh 1963).</p><p>Biology: unknown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFC6C22FFF38FE7CB3FCF956	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFC6C22CFF38F8F9B1E3F92C.text	861AF86EFFC6C22CFF38F8F9B1E3F92C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon perforans (Schrank 1789)	<div><p>Sinoxylon perforans (Schrank, 1789) (Figs 15G&amp;H)</p><p>Bostrichus perforans Schrank, 1789: 64 .</p><p>Bostrichus bispinosus Olivier, 1790: 110 syn. by Lesne, 1902:115.</p><p>Bostrichus bidentatus Rossi, 1790: 38 syn. by Lesne, 1906: 525.</p><p>Type material examined: Bostrichus bispinosus HT (NHML) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Basic Sinoxyline type of antennal club. Punctation of elytra small on the anterior, gradually stronger posteriorly; two striae between elytral suture and lateral margin form clear longitudinal nerves with a rounded end, sometimes the striae whole bulged, or at least bulged close to the declivity. Elytral declivity with 3 pairs of marginal tubercles projecting, the middle pair the smallest, the lowest a little larger and more projecting than the other two. Juxtasutural spines inserted above the middle of the declivity and connected to the suture by a raised transverse carina, moderately long, conical, acute tip, usually divergent, compressed dorso-ventrally.</p><p>BODY subelongate, parallel-sided and slightly widened posteriorly. Length 5–8.5mm, about 2.2–2.5 times as long as wide. Black or brown, shining, elytra usually reddish, underside and coxae dark brown to reddish brown; tibiae and tarsi sometimes reddish brown, sometimes reddish; antennal club brown, funicle reddish.</p><p>HEAD Antennal club longer than wide, the 1 st club antennomere triangular less than twice as wide as long, the 2 nd club antennomere a bit more than twice as wide as long, the 3 rd club antennomere strong dilated at apex. Eyes small, strongly raised posteriorly. Frons unarmed, granulate with a distinct glabrous median line, and a bundle of long, slightly recurved downwardly on both sides next to the median line. Fronto-clypeal suture vague. Clypeus densely, finely granulose, anterior margin wide single V form (fig.9).</p><p>PRONOTUM sub-rectangluar, anterior angle with a small uncinate tooth, posterior angel rounded; middle part of the posterior area sparse, flatten elongate granulose and raised on sides. Vestiture sparse, short, appressed and whitish setae, longer, denser, appressed mixed with some erected setae on anterior and lateral areas.</p><p>SCUTELLUM small size, triangular, rounded posterior.</p><p>ELYTRA granulose on basal margin. Punctation distinct sparse, small on the anterior, gradually stronger posteriorly, space between punctures shinning, flat, gradually bulged posteriorly; two striae between elytral suture and lateral margin form clear longitudinal nerves with a rounded end, sometimes the striae whole bulged, or at least bulged close to the declivity; vestiture dense, short, appressed, pale setae on anterior area and longer, recurved on posterior area and appressed on posterior and lateral areas. Elytral declivity with large punctures on upper half, smaller punctures on lower half and attenuated toward apex; vestiture dense, appressed setae, shorter and less dense on one third below area; slightly recurved on apex. 3 pairs of marginal tubercles projecting, the middle pair the smallest, the lowest a little larger and more projecting than the other two. Declivital suture raised and attenuated toward upper margin and apex. Sutural angle reflexed. Juxtasutural spines inserted above the middle of the declivity and connected to the suture by a raised transverse carina visible from dorsal view; moderately long, conical, acute tip, usually divergent, compressed dorso-ventrally, the surface finely and sparsely punctured, not granulate. Post-epipleuron widened beneath elytral declivity toward apex.</p><p>LEGS Anterior tibiae not grooved on external face. Intermediate and posterior tibiae with numerous, very long, erect, grey hairs on external ridge. The 2 nd and 3 rd segments of posterior tarsi with numerous, long hairs on inner side.</p><p>FEMALE: Frons with a series of long, erect, slightly recurved downwardly setae between eyes form a hairy crown. Posterior margin of last abdominal segment covered by very dense, long, erect downwardly setae on middle, scarcely visible. The 2 nd and 3 rd segments of posterior tarsi with only a small number (usually 2–3) long hairs on inner side</p><p>Geographical distribution: Caucasus, Southern Europe, Turkey, Middle East. Lesne (1906) pointed out this species extends further North in Europe than S. sexdentatus . Vrydagh (1962) noted this is a common species in southern Europe from the Pyrenees to the Caucasus.</p><p>Biology: Especially attacking various species of oak ( Quercus sp. ( Fagaceae)), but also attacking grape vine, fig, olive, tamarisk and Acacia spp ( Fabaceae) (Beeson &amp; Bhatia 1937).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFC6C22CFF38F8F9B1E3F92C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFC5C22DFF38F920B3FCFB14.text	861AF86EFFC5C22DFF38F920B3FCFB14.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon philippinense Lesne 1938	<div><p>Sinoxylon philippinense Lesne 1938 (Figs 14C&amp;D)</p><p>Sinoxylon philippinense Lesne 1938: 404 .</p><p>Type material examined: Sionxylon philippinense HT (NHML) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Basic Sinoxyline type of antennal club. Elytra short, rectangular with sparse, appressed yellowish setae; punctation fine and widely spaced. Elytral declivity strongly truncate without sharp angle from disc but curved dorsally and laterally. Juxtasutural spines inserted above the middle of the declivity and at some distance from the declivital suture, slightly divergent, compressed laterally, broad triangular with sharp pointed, curved downwardly apex.</p><p>BODY stout, 3.5–4.5mm in length, 1.8–2 times as long as wide. Head, pronotum or at least anterior half of pronotum, elytral suture, lateral area along epipleuron, abdomen black, posterior part of pronotum, elytra red or reddish brown, darker posteriorly; antennae and tarsi reddish, tibiae brown, femur and coxae clear reddish; clypeus, labrum and posterior margin of abdominal sternites red.</p><p>HEAD Antennal club segments dull, 1 st and 2 nd club antennomeres transverse, the 1 st club antennomere slightly longer than twice as wide as long, the 2 nd club antennomere longer than twice and less than three times as wide as long, the 3 rd club antennomere dilated, about twice as wide as long. Eyes small, posterior margin strongly raised. Frons with glabrous median line and a row of erected setae above fronto-clypeal suture on each sides; finely granulate, with two lateral groups of very small denticles on both sides, one of them a little more developed than the rest and projecting a little. Clypeus with sparse, short, erect setae.</p><p>PRONOTUM transverse, anterior angles with a weakly backwardly curved tooth, posterior angles rounded, sides slightly convex; posterior area very densely covered over the whole width by non-elongate rasp-like granules, latero-ventral areas covered by tiny granules; vestiture sparse, short, semi-erected reddish setae, longer on both sides. Median sulcus vague, glabrous.</p><p>SCUTELLUM small, triangular.</p><p>ELYTRA short, rectangular with sparse, appressed yellowish setae; basal margin cariniform laminar; punctation fine and widely spaced, mixed with some large punctures in the posterior dorsal region, but not becoming carious or confluent. Elytral declivity strongly truncate, flat or slightly convex without sharp angle from disc but curved dorsally and laterally, punctures fine, dense and fine in the sutural angle; marginal projections scarcely indicated, almost obsolete; vestiture same as on disc. Declivital suture slightly raised. Juxtasutural spines inserted above the middle of the declivity and at some distance from the declivital suture, slightly divergent, compressed laterally, broad triangular with sharp pointed, curved downwardly apex. Post-epipleuron gradually, distinctly widened toward apex.</p><p>Geographical distribution: Lesne (1938) described this species based on two specimens collected from Luzon, Philippines. Vrydagh determined one specimen collected from Java (RMNH) as this species (with a “?”).</p><p>Biology: unknown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFC5C22DFF38F920B3FCFB14	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFC4C222FF38FB38B0D2FA84.text	861AF86EFFC4C222FF38FB38B0D2FA84.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon rejectum (Hope 1845) Lesne 1906	<div><p>Sinoxylon rejectum (Hope, 1845) (Figs 14G&amp;H)</p><p>Apate rejecta Hope, 1845:16</p><p>Sinoxylon rejectum (Hope, 1845) Lesne 1906: 530 .</p><p>Sinoxylon japonicum Lesne, 1895: 175 . Syn. nov.</p><p>Sinoxylon eucerum Lesne, 1932b: 657 . Syn. nov.</p><p>Type material examined: Apate rejecta HT (NHML); Sinoxylon japonicum Type (MNHN); Sinoxylon eucerum ST (MNHN).</p><p>Diagnosis. Basic Sinoxyline type of antennal club. Body elongate, coarsely, irregularly punctate. Elytral declivity coarsely with two pairs of small, elongated, shiny gibbosities (sometimes vague or indistinct) on upper margin, and a pair of elongate, shiny, rounded-end carina on lateral margin lower than the level of juxtasutural spines. Juxtasutural spines long, conical, obtuse and recurved upwardly at apex, base rugosely, not compressed or slightly compressed dorso-ventrally, place some distance from the declivital suture but connected to the suture by a fine, transverse carina.</p><p>BODY elongate, almost parallel-sided, length 5‒6.5 mm, about 3 times as long as wide. Black to reddish brown, elytra sometime reddish brown, antennal and tarsi brown to reddish.</p><p>HEAD Setae of antennae very slightly, scarcely visible, 1 st and 2 nd club antennomeres triangular, the 1 st club antennomere about 2 or 3 times as wide as long, the 2 nd club antennomere about 3 times as wide as long, the 3 rd club antennomere dilated toward apex. Eyes median large, strongly raise at posterior margin. Frons finely granulate, sometimes with two more developed dentiform granules, with long, erect setae. Fronto-clypeal suture fine, distinct. Clypeus densely, finely granulose, anterior margin single or double V form (figs 8&amp;9).</p><p>PRONOTUM slightly wider than long, anterior angle with an uncinate tooth, lateral sides broadly rounded, posterior evenly round; posterior area very densely covered over the whole width by non-elongate rasp-like granules; vestiture short, semi-erected setae on anterior declivity, middle area and posterior area, relative longer, appressed setae on lateral area.</p><p>SCUTELLUM small, quadrate.</p><p>ELYTRA paralleled-sided, not form a lamina at basal margin; densely, coarsely, irregularly punctate, the punctures more or less confluent anteriorly and well separated posteriorly and laterally; vestiture recurved setae, denser on lateral and posterior areas. Elytral declivity punctate unevenly circle, well separated, with recurved setae shorter than those on posterior part of elytral disc. Elytral declivity coarsely with two pairs of small, elongated, shiny gibbosities (sometimes vague or indistinct) on upper margin, and a pair of elongate, shiny, rounded-end carina on lateral margin lower than the level of juxtasutural spines. Declivital suture raised narrowly, rugosely. Sutural angle simple or slightly deflexed upwardly. Juxtasutural spines long, conical, obtuse and recurved upwardly at apex, base rugosely, not compressed or slightly compressed dorso-ventrally, place some distance from the declivital suture but connected to the suture by a fine, transverse carina. Post-epipleuron wider on posterior-lateral margin to apex.</p><p>LEG Exterior face of posterior tibiae with long, recumbent setae. The 1 st and last tarsus as longer than the 2 nd and 3 rd segments together.</p><p>Geographical distribution: China, Korea, Japan, Taiwan. Introduced into the USA (Liu 2021).</p><p>Biology: Lesne (1932b) described S. eucerum and mentioned the collector, Dr. Breuning collected specimens from damaged cultivated grape vines, destroying the wood of the healthy vine stocks. Chūjō (1937) noted S. japonicum has been collected from dead Diospyros kaki ( Ebenaceae), dieback Quercus sp. ( Fagaceae) and the side branches of young Prunus mume ( Rosaceae). The species has been found to attack two to three years old young Grindelia integrifolia ( Asteraceae) in Loyang, China (Liu 2021), and Liu et al. (2008a) reported details of the life cycle of the species based on observations of the damage in Loyang. This species has been recorded as the major pest of Terminalia neotaliala ( Combretaceae) in Guangxi, China, with most damage to the side branches (Cao et al 2025).</p><p>Remarks: The holotype and only known specimen of S. rejectum in NHML has been examined. It is badly damaged and only the hind body remains. In the opinion of the author, it is conspecific with S. japonicum, and the latter species is therefore considered a synonym of S. rejectum, which has priority.</p><p>Lesne (1932b) compared S. eucerum with S. japonicum, and considered that the species differed in the development of the antennal club and the sculpture of the elytral declivity. However, comparisons with further specimens show that the differences fall within the range of variation of S. japonicum . Accordingly, S. eucerum is also considered to be a synonym of S. rejectum . As noted above, the native distribution of the species is confined to East Asia (China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFC4C222FF38FB38B0D2FA84	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFCBC223FF38FA48B31AFBA4.text	861AF86EFFCBC223FF38FA48B31AFBA4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon sexdentatum (Olivier 1790)	<div><p>Sinoxylon sexdentatum (Olivier, 1790) (Figs 15E&amp;F)</p><p>Bostrichus sexdentatus Olivier, 1790: 110 .</p><p>Bostrichus chalcographus Panzer, 1794 syn. by Jacquelin du Val, 1861: 167.</p><p>Apate bidens Fabricius, 1798 syn. by Lesne, 1902: 113.</p><p>Dermestes muricatus Linnaeus, 1767: 562 . Nomen oblatum: Ivie, 2010: 41.</p><p>Bostrichus sexdentatus Olivier, 1790: 110 . Nomen protectum: Ivie, 2010: 41.</p><p>Type material examined: Bostrichus sexdentatus Type (MNHN) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Basic Sinoxyline type of antennal club. Body stout, parallel-sides. Punctation of elytra sparse, small and larger toward posterior, one striae on elytral disc form a longitudinal nerves bulged obviously with a rounded end. Elytral declivity with 2 pairs of marginal tubercles, the upper pair costiform on upper margin and the lower pair smooth, larger, costiform tubercle with acute tip at the same level of the juxtasutural spines. Juxtasutural spines inserted in the middle level of the declivity and middle between the ddeclivital suture and lateral margin with a fine transverse carina connect the base of juxtasutural spine and elytral suture, divergent, long, conical, acute tip.</p><p>BODY stout, parallel-sides, length 3.5–6mm, about 2–2.4 times as long as wide. Head, pronotum, ventral side black, antennae, palps, tarsi brown; femurs, tibiae, elytral suture and declivity dark reddish-brown, elytra reddish brown and darker toward posteriorly.</p><p>HEAD antennal club longer than wide, the 1 st club antennomere triangular less than twice as wide as long, the 2 nd club antennomere a bit more than twice as wide as long, the 3 rd club antennomere strong dilated at apex. Eyes median size, raised posteriorly. Frons finely, densely granulose, vestiture sparse, long, recumbent setae. Fronto-clypeal suture fine, distinct. Clypeus densely, finely granulose, anterior margin almost straight arch form (fig.10).</p><p>PRONOTUM slightly wider than long, anterior angle with a small uncinate tooth, posterior angel broadly rounded; middle part of the posterior area sparse, flatten elongate granulose and raised on sides. Vestiture sparse, appressed reddish setae, longer on anterior and lateral areas.</p><p>SCUTELLUM median size, triangular, rounded posterior.</p><p>ELYTRA parallel-sided with granulose on basal margin. Punctation sparse, small and larger toward posterior with bulged space between punctures, one striae on elytral disc form a longitudinal nerves bulged obviously with a rounded end; vestiture short, erected setae on anterior area and longer, recurved on posterior area and appressed on lateral areas. Elytral declivity with large punctures on upper half, smaller punctures on lower half and attenuated toward apex; vestiture dense, short, appressed reddish setae, erected on apical-lateral areas. 2 pairs of marginal tubercles, the upper pair costiform on upper margin and the lower pair smooth, larger, costiform tubercle with acute tip at the same level of the juxtasutural spines. Declivital suture raised narrowly. Juxtasutural spines inserted in the middle level of the declivity and middle between the declivital suture and lateral margin with a fine transverse carina connect the base of juxtasutural spine and elytral suture, divergent, long, conical, acute tip. Post-epipleuron widened from beneath elytral declivity toward apex.</p><p>LEGS Last segment of tarsi about the same in length as the proceeding segments combine together.</p><p>Geographical distribution: Eastern and Southern Europe, Turkey, Cyprus, Syria, Israel, Iran, China (Sichuan), North Africa (possible introduced from Middle East). Introduced into North America (Liu 2021).</p><p>Biology: this species is obviously polyphagous, and has been recorded from multiple families of host plants (Fisher 1950; Liu et al. 2016). The species may transmit a canker fungus ( Botryosphaeria stevensii) which causes ‘black dead arm’ in vines, and may also be involved in oak decline (Liu et al. 2016). Lesne (1906) describes the larval galleries.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFCBC223FF38FA48B31AFBA4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFCAC220FF38FBA8B324FD30.text	861AF86EFFCAC220FF38FBA8B324FD30.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon verrugerum Lesne 1906	<div><p>Sinoxylon verrugerum Lesne, 1906 (Figs 14E&amp;F)</p><p>Sinoxylon transvaalense verrugerum Lesne, 1906: 534 .</p><p>Sinoxylon verrugerum Lesne, 1924: 185 .</p><p>Type material examined: Sinoxylon transvaalense verrugerum ST (IRSNB, MNHN) .</p><p>Diagnosis.Basic Sinoxyline type of antennal club. Elytral declivity with 3 pairs of marginal tubercles verruciform, shining, smooth or very finely punctured, the upper pair largest, the lowest pair smallest. Juxtasutural spines inserted about the middle level of declivital disc and separated from the declivital suture by a distance narrower than the width of the base of the spine, parallel, long, subcylindrical, conical or finger-like, not or scarcely excavate on the inner side, smooth and shining or with deep punctures.</p><p>BODY short, parallel-sided, slightly contracted posteriorly. Length 3.5–4.5mm, about twice as long as wide. Entirely black or dark red; antennae red; legs reddish.</p><p>HEAD antennal club longer than wide, the 1 st club antennomere about twice as wide as long, the 2 nd club antennomere about three times as wide as long, the summit of inner lobe of 1 st and 2 nd club antennomeres slightly pointed, the 3 rd club antennomere oval, dilated toward apex. Eyes small, strongly raised posteriorly. Frons granulate with not abundant, appressed setae towards centrally. Fronto-clypeal suture indistinct. Clypeus granulose, covered by short, inclined setae toward middle.</p><p>PRONOTUM wider than long, anterior angles with a small tooth, not uncinate, posterior angles rounded; middle part of posterior area covered by dense, flattened, elongate granules, the granules raised on both sides. Vestiture sparse, short, appressed on posterior and lateral areas.</p><p>SCUTELLUM small, tongue shape.</p><p>ELYTRA granulose on basal margin. Punctures circle, well separated on middle and posterior of disc and latero-posterior areas, tiny to small on anterior area of disc and latero-anterior areas. Vestiture sparse, short, appressed setae. 3 pairs of marginal tubercles verruciform, shining, smooth or very finely punctured, the upper pair largest, the lowest pair smallest, a pair of transverse bulged areas above apical margin, smooth or with small deep punctures. Punctation of elytral declivity coarse, more or less large, well separated on upper 3/4, much smaller on the rest 1/4 and attenuated toward apex with very sparse, short setae. Declivital suture narrow, slightly raised and attenuated toward upper and apex. Juxtasutural spines inserted about the middle level of disc and separated from the declivital suture by a distance narrower than the width of the base of the spine, parallel, long, subcylindrical, conical or finger-like, not or scarcely excavate on the inner side, smooth and shining or with deep punctures. Sutural angel simple or slightly reflexed. Post-epipleuron suddenly widen beneath the elytral declivity and thicken at the apex.</p><p>LEGS Posterior tibiae with some semi-erect hairs on the external side, inner side of posterior tarsi with long hairs.</p><p>Female: without long hairs on inner side of posterior tarsi.</p><p>Geographical distribution: Togo. Damoiseau (1972) considered this species occurring in western Africa from Senegal to Togo and extending to the river Nile in the region of Lado, South Sudan.</p><p>Biology: unknown, probably similar to S. transvaalense .</p><p>Remarks: Lesne (1906) described this species as a subspecies of S. transvaalense . Later, he gave it full specific status (Lesne 1924).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFCAC220FF38FBA8B324FD30	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFC9C220FF38FD1CB3FCF83A.text	861AF86EFFC9C220FF38FD1CB3FCF83A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon villosum Lesne 1895	<div><p>Sinoxylon villosum Lesne, 1895 (Figs 15C&amp;D)</p><p>Sinoxylon villosum Lesne, 1895: 176 .</p><p>Type material examined: Sinoxylon villosum ST (MNHN) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Basic Sinoxyline type of antennal club. Elytra coarsely with long, appressed setae. Elytral declivity without marginal tubercles but sometimes the lateral pair traceable. Juxtasutural spines inserted in the middle level of declivity and at some distance narrower than the width of the base of the spine from the declivital suture, divergent, conical, not compressed nor grooved on the inner side, tip pointed, shining.</p><p>BODY slightly elongate, parallel-sided, 4–4.5mm in length, about 2 times as long as wide. Head and ventral side black, pronotum black, tinted reddish on disc; elytra brown or reddish with sides and posterior part black; declivital suture and juxtasutural spines are dark brown, antennae and legs reddish.</p><p>HEAD Antennal club matt, covered by extremely fine and short, appressed setae, evenly arranged and not forming sensory patches; the 1 st club antennomere less than 2.5 times as wide as long, the 2 nd club antennomere about 3 times as wide as long, the 3 rd club antennomere dilated, less than twice as wide as long. Eyes small, posterior margin strongly raised. Frons tiny granulate, with long, greyish, recumbent setae inclined towards median line. Fronto-clypeal suture indistinct. Anterior margin of clypeus arch form (fig.10), slightly sinuated.</p><p>PRONOTUM about as wide as long, anterior angles with a weakly backwardly curved tooth, posterior angles rounded, sides slightly convex; posterior area covered by small flattened, rounded or oval, unequally sized granules, densely placed but not contiguous; pubescence very fine, greyish, absent from middle.</p><p>SCUTELLUM small, triangular, rounded posteriorly.</p><p>ELYTRA not form laminar on basal margin. punctation widely spaced, mixed with some large punctures in the posterior region, but not becoming carious or confluent. Vestiture of elytra disc long, appressed setae. Elytral declivity similar to the vestiture on disc but less dense; punctures of declivity very strong and very dense, confluent in the upper half, less strong and less dense below. Marginal tubercles absent except sometimes the lateral pair traceable, which are moderately sized and placed at a level slightly below the juxtasutural spines. Declivital sutural raised. Juxtasutural spines inserted in the middle level of declivity and at some distance narrower than the width of the base of the spine from the declivital suture, divergent, conical, not compressed nor grooved on the inner side, tip pointed, shining. A bulged transverse area between the juxtasutural spine and the traceable marginal tubercle. Post-epipleuron widest at the external angle, then evenly widen toward apex of declivity.</p><p>LEGS with short, sparse and erect setae on external face of posterior tibiae.</p><p>Geographical distribution: ‘ Cape <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.28&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.38" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.28/lat -24.38)">Colony’</a> [South Africa]. New Records: S. Afr. Transvaal, Manyeleti Game, 24.38S- 31.28E, 18.11.1987, leg. T. van Viegen (5, MIC)</p><p>Biology: unknown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFC9C220FF38FD1CB3FCF83A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFC8C226FF38FA02B6E3FC52.text	861AF86EFFC8C226FF38FA02B6E3FC52.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon pubens Lesne 1906	<div><p>Sinoxylon pubens Lesne, 1906 (Figs 16A&amp;B)</p><p>Sinoxylon pubens Lesne, 1906: 511 .</p><p>Type material examined: Sinoxylon pubens HT (MNHN) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Sinoxyline type of antennal club. Elytra shiny, declivity flat or very slightly concave in middle, not angularly but curved separated from disc; marginal tubercles more or less obsolete, traceable, the upper pair small, pustuliform calluses, one or two pairs of calluses on the lateral margin below the level of juxtasutural spines. Juxtasutural spines inserted above the middle level of declivity and apart from the declivital suture a distance about the width of the base of spine, parallel, strongly compressed laterally, large triangular with a slightly downwardly pointed tip, slightly excavated on the internal side, shiny and sparse punctured on the outside.</p><p>BODY parallel, length 3.4–4mm, about 2.3 times as long as wide. Black, elytral declivity, tibia and tarsi reddish, antennae reddish brown.</p><p>HEAD Antennal club dull, transverse, with sparse very short setae, the 1 st club antennomere less than twice wide as long, the 2 nd club antennomere about four times as wide as long, the 3 rd club antennomere dilated toward apex. Eyes medium sized, raised posteriorly. Frons granulate with a wide, glabrous median area, a row of long, stiff setae on sides next to the median area. Fronto-clypeal suture distinct. Clypeus punctuate with erect setae and longer on sides, anterior margin double V form (fig.8).</p><p>PRONOTUM wider than long, anterior angle with an uncinate tooth, posterior angel rounded or somewhat prominent behind; middle of posterior part of pronotum with small, narrow, densely placed, cuneiform granules. Vestiture short, very short, sparse setae, longer along the anterior and lateral margin.</p><p>SCUTELLUM median size, triangular, rounded posteriorly.</p><p>ELYTRA shiny, granulate at basal margin, punctation variable, more or less fine at anterior part and lateral sides, becoming somewhat stronger and even coarse near the margins of the declivity. Vestiture sparse, very short setae, longer and erect along the margin of declivity and at lateral areas. Elytral declivity flat or very slightly concave in middle with vague transverse bulge area between juxtasutural spines and lateral margin; not angularly but curved separated from disc; marginal tubercles more or less obsolete, traceable, the upper pair small, pustuliform calluses, one or two pairs of calluses on the lateral margin below the level of juxtasutural spines. Punctures of elytral declivity large on upper half and attenuated toward apex, vestiture shorter than those on disc. Declivital suture slightly, narrowly raised. Sutural angle simple, very slightly reflexed. Juxtasutural spines inserted above the middle level of declivity and apart from the declivital suture a distance about the width of the base of spine, parallel, strongly compressed laterally, large triangular with a slightly downwardly pointed tip, slightly excavated on the internal side, shiny and sparse punctured on the outside. Post-epipleuron not distinct widen.</p><p>LEGS External side of posterior tibiae and inner side of posterior tarsi with some long setae.</p><p>Geographical distribution: India. Previously recorded in the Nilgiri Hills and neighboring regions (Lesne 1938). New record: Northeastern India: Assam, 5km N of Umrongso, 700m elevation, 21.v.1999, Dembický &amp; Pacholátko leg (1, LLY).</p><p>Biology: Beeson &amp; Bhatia (1937) recorded this species in the wood of Dalbergia paniculata (Fabacaeae) in February.</p><p>Remarks: Lesne (1906) pointed out that this species resembles S. pygmaeum, and noted the elytral declivity of this species is variable, straight or weakly concave below the juxtasutural spines (Lesne 1938).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFC8C226FF38FA02B6E3FC52	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFCFC227FF38FBFDB384FD30.text	861AF86EFFCFC227FF38FBFDB384FD30.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon pygmaeum Lesne 1897	<div><p>Sinoxylon pygmaeum Lesne 1897 (Figs 16C&amp;D)</p><p>Sinoxylon pygmaeum Lesne 1897: 20 .</p><p>Type material examined: Sinoxylon pygmaeum ST (NHML, MNHN) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Sinoxyline type of antennal club. Elytra shiny, declivital rim form by carina along upper and lateral margin and apical ridge without marginal tubercles. Juxtasutural spines inserted above the middle level of declivital disc and just on the outer side of the raised declivital suture, strongly compressed laterally, large triangular with a very pointed tip, slightly excavated on the internal side, shiny and almost smooth on the outside.</p><p>BODY short, parallel, length 2.7–4mm, about 2.2 times as long as wide. Head, prothorax, ventral thorax and abdomen black, elytra chestnut-brown; coxae and femora reddish or testaceous, antennae yellowish-brown.</p><p>HEAD Antennal club dull with sparse very short setae, the 1 st club antennomere less than twice wide as long, the 2 nd club antennomere about four times as wide as long, the 3 rd club antennomere dilated toward apex. Eyes medium sized, raised posteriorly. Frons with stiff, upward-erect setae, longer and denser on the sides than in the middle, granulate above the long setae, punctuate below the long setae. Fronto-clypeal suture fine. Clypeus with erect setae shorter than those on the frons and longer on sides, anterior margin single V form (fig.9).</p><p>PRONOTUM wider than long, anterior angle with an uncinate tooth, posterior angle rounded or somewhat prominent behind; middle of the posterior area with broad, flattened, not elongate granules, widely spaced, especially posteriorly where the pronotum is almost smooth. Vestiture long, erect, not dense setae at anterior and lateral areas, short and appressed setae at the rest areas.</p><p>SCUTELLUM medium sized, wide triangular, rounded posteriorly.</p><p>ELYTRA shiny, granulate at basal margin, punctation variable, more or less fine, becoming somewhat stronger and even coarse near the margins of the declivity. Vestiture pale blonde, appressed, not abundant. Elytral declivity strongly truncate, concave in middle with more or less transverse bulged area between juxtasutural spines and lateral margin; a few fairly large, deep punctures on the upper area and attenuated toward apex, vestiture shorter than those on disc. Declivital rim form by carina along upper and lateral margin and apical ridge. Without marginal tubercles apart from a pair of slight callus sometimes above the level of the juxtasutural spines and a pair of elongate callus at lower level of the juxtasutural spines, and a pair of carinae below the elongate callus. Declivital suture slightly raised and attenuated toward upper and apex of declivity. Juxtasutural spines inserted above the middle level of declivital disc and just on the outer side of the raised declivital suture, strongly compressed laterally, large triangular with a very pointed tip, slightly excavated on the internal side, shiny and almost smooth on the outside.</p><p>LEGS Posterior tibiae with fairly long erect setae on the external side.</p><p>Geographical distribution: India, Nepal, Myanmar, China: Gansu and Yunan (Liu 2021), Thailand and Vietnam (Liu &amp; Beaver 2018, Sittichaya 2023), Taiwan. New Record: Yunnan, Shuili (personal comm. with Dr. Meng).</p><p>Biology: A polyphagous species common in dry branches and small stems of numerous species (Liu 2021). Adults are found throughout the whole year, but appear especially in May and September (Lesne 1938).</p><p>Remarks: Lesne (1938) mentioned this species is very variable in its vestiture, punctures, texture of the elytra and transverse depression below the transverse protruding area between the juxtasutural spines and lateral margin. He also mentioned the form annamitumi with 3 pairs of marginal tubercles on the declivity and thought annamitumi is a regional race found in Vietnam. However, Lesne’s (1938) form annamitumi is considered a synonym of S. tignarium (see next species).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFCFC227FF38FBFDB384FD30	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFCEC224FF38FD1CB139FCB9.text	861AF86EFFCEC224FF38FD1CB139FCB9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon tignarium Lesne 1902	<div><p>Sinoxylon tignarium Lesne, 1902 (Figs 16E&amp;F)</p><p>Sinoxylon tignarium Lesne, 1902: 116 .</p><p>Sinoxylon mangiferae Chūjō, 1936: 407 . Syn. nov.</p><p>Sinoxylon pygmaeum annamitumi Lesne, 1938: 404 . Syn. nov.</p><p>Type material examined: Sinoxylon tignarium ST (NMHN) ; Sinoxylon mangiferae LT (TARI); Sinoxylon pygmaeum annamitumi ST (MNHN, NHML).</p><p>Diagnosis. Sinoxyline type of antennal club. The 1 st interstriae of elytra clear with more or less raised striae on side and next to suture. Interstriae more or less prominent, at least three of them prominent since posterior 1/3 or 1/5 and extended to form rounded tubercles on the upper and later margin of declivity. Elytral declivity with 3 or 4 pairs of marginal tubercles, the lowest pair most prominent. Juxtasutural spines inserted about middle level of the declivity and just next to the declivital suture, broad triangular, compressed laterally, with a more or less downwardly pointed tip.</p><p>BODY oblong, parallel-sided, length 3.5–5mm, about 2.2 times as long as wide. Color varied from entirely black to dark brown with elytra brown, sometimes tinged with russet at the base; antennae and tarsi russet; thighs and tibiae brown.</p><p>HEAD Antennal club dull, club antennomeres transverse, rather slim, the 1 st club antennomere about three times as wide as long, the 2 nd club antennomere more than four times as wide as long, the 3 rd club antennomere dilated toward apex about 6 times as wide as long at base and about 3–4 times as wide as long at apex. Eyes medium to large, strongly raise at posterior margin. Frons sometimes unarmed, sometimes tiny quadridentate, finely granulate, sometimes with shiny, glabrous bulged area on middle, with long, erect seta. Fronto-clypeal suture fine, distinct. Clypeus densely, finely granulose, anterior margin arch form (fig.10) or double V form (fig.8).</p><p>PRONOTUM sub-rectangular, anterior angle with an uncinate tooth, posterior angel rounded or somewhat prominent behind; middle of the posterior area smooth or with dense, small, narrow granules. Vestiture short to normal, dense to sparse, recurved setae, relative longer, appressed setae on lateral sides.</p><p>SCUTELLUM triangular, longer than wide, rounded posteriorly.</p><p>ELYTRA cariniform laminar on basal margin. Punctures fine anteriorly, becoming very strong, confluent and subcarious posteriorly, especially near the declivity. Vestiture rather long, appressed, not dense. The 1 st interstriae clear with more or less raised striae on side and next to suture. Interstriae more or less prominent, at least three of them prominent since posterior 1/3 or 1/5 and extended to form rounded tubercles on the upper and later margin of declivity. Elytral declivity with 3 or 4 pairs of marginal tubercles, the lowest pair most prominent, a transverse impression below the middle or lowest marginal tubercles. Punctures on elytral declivity well separated, circular, almost unify in size, only become small and tiny toward apex, with yellowish, appressed setae. Declivital suture very slightly swelling and attenuated toward upper and apex. Juxtasutural spines inserted about middle level of the declivity and just next to the declivital suture, broad triangular, compressed laterally, with a more or less downwardly pointed tip. Sutural angle more or less reflexed upward. Post-epipleuron gradually widen and most widen at external angle.</p><p>LEGS Posterior tibiae with erect, fairly short setae on the external sides, posterior tarsi with a few very fine long setae on their internal face (♀).</p><p>Geographical distribution: India, Nepal, South and west of China (Liu 2021), Thailand (Sittichaya 2023), Laos, Vietnam, Taiwan.</p><p>Biology: Chūjō (1936) designated S. mangiferae based on the series of specimens collected from a mango tree ( Mangifera indica ( Anacardiaceae)). Beeson &amp; Bhatia (1937) collected the species from bamboo and Mallotus roxburghianus ( Euphorbiaceae) and Terminalia myriocarpa ( Combretaceae) in March to June and September.</p><p>Remarks: Lesne (1902) already pointed out this species appears to be quite variable and thought its closest affinities were with S. pygmaeum Lesne, 1897 . He also mentioned the form annamitumi with 3 pairs of marginal tubercles on the declivity and thought annamitumi is a regional race found in Vietnam. However, Lesne (1938) also mentioned that he found one specimen from Kanara with annamitumi profile but three pairs of marginal tubercles. Accordingly, the author synonymized the form annamitumi with S. tignarium here.</p><p>Chūjō (1936), in his description of S. mangiferae, noted its similarity to S. tignarium, but pointed out some differences that he thought were of specific value. However, the examination of further specimens shows that the differences all fall within the range of the variation of S. tignarium . The author therefore synonymizes S. mangiferae with S. tignarium here.</p><p>Laos and Taiwan have been listed as the distribution of S. mangiferae but S. tignarium, and Vietnam and southwest China have listed as the distribution of S. tignarium but S. mangiferae in previous literatures. Now we know that S. tignarium originated from India, then spread toward eastern to southwest China and Indochinese Peninsula, then probably move to Taiwan with human activities.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFCEC224FF38FD1CB139FCB9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFCCC21AFF38F8B1B709F8F8.text	861AF86EFFCCC21AFF38F8B1B709F8F8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon atratum Lesne 1897	<div><p>Sinoxylon atratum Lesne, 1897 (Figs 17A&amp;B)</p><p>Sinoxylon atratum Lesne, 1897: 20 .</p><p>Sinoxylon atratum kohlarianum Lesne, 1906: 540 . Syn. nov. Type material examined: Sinoxylon atratum ST (MNHN, NHML) ; Sinoxylon atratum kohlarianum Type (MNHN).</p><p>Diagnosis. Frons with more or less developed toothlike granules, sometimes presented as 2–4 small teeth, sometimes greatly reduced, and irregularly arranged; with sparse setae inclines downwardly or centrally. Middle part of posterior area of pronotum covered with by very dense, longitudinal carinulae mixed with elongate puncture. Elytral declivity without marginal tubercles, declivital suture raised and strongly attenuated toward upper and apex, juxtasutural spines inserted above the middle level of declivity and on the raised declivital suture, slightly divergent, compressed laterally, triangular, not as tall as width at base, pointed, the below margin of the spine slightly excavated.</p><p>BODY subelongate, parallel-sided and slightly widen posteriorly. Length 3–4.5mm, about 2–2.3 times as long as wide. Black with the elytra brownish or reddish, antennae and tarsi more or less reddish; femora and tibiae black or dark brown.</p><p>HEAD Antennal club longer than wide, the 1 st club antennomere triangular, about twice as wide as long, the 2 nd club antennomere less than three times as wide as long, the 3 rd club antennomere oval or elongate oval, strongly dilated. Eyes medium sized, strongly raised posteriorly. Frons with more or less developed toothlike granules, sometimes presented as 2–4 small teeth, sometimes greatly reduced, and irregularly arranged; with sparse setae inclines downwardly or centrally. Fronto-clypeal distinct. Clypeus sparsely granulate with very sparse erect setae, anterior margin arch form or single V form (figs 9&amp;10).</p><p>PRONOTUM about as wide as long, anterior angle with a small tooth, not unciform, posterior angles rounded or a bit obtuse; middle part of posterior area covered with by very dense, longitudinal carinulae mixed with elongate punctures, punctation become circle toward lateral sidae and mixed with granulate. Vestiture of appressed setae, longer than those on anterior declivous and longer toward anterior and posterior-laterally.</p><p>SCUTELLUM small, tongue shape.</p><p>ELYTRA thick, rugose, not compressed on basal margin. Punctation smaller anteriorly, more or less larger posteriorly, spaces between punctures longitudinal vermiculate; vestiture sparse, recurved, reddish or whitish setae, slightly longer and denser laterally and posteriorly. Elytral declivity with large, well separated punctures on upper half and attenuated toward apex, spaces between punctures granulate or vermiculate and could be flat near apex; vestiture appressed setae, shorter toward centrally; slightly depressed in middle. Marginal tubercles absent. Declivital suture raised and strongly attenuated toward upper and apex. Suture angle simple. Juxtasutural spines inserted above the middle level of declivity and on the raised declivital suture, slightly divergent, compressed laterally, triangular, not as tall as width at base, pointed, the below margin of the spine slightly excavated. Post-epipleuron suddenly widened at external angle and slightly widen below elytral apex.</p><p>LEGS Anterior tibiae without grooved externally. Posterior tibiae with short, semi-erect setae on external side.</p><p>Geographical distribution: India, Thailand, China (Gansu) (Liu 2021, Sittichaya 2023). New records: Sri Lanka: Mon. Dist. 8km NW Bibile, 7 Jun. 1975, S.L. Wood (1, LLY). Nepal, P: Bheri, D: Banke, Nepalgunj. 23–26. VI. 2011. Leg. J. Küβner (1, LLY).</p><p>Biology: Stebbing (1914) recorded Senegalia polyacantha ( Fabaceae) and Terminalia anogeissiana ( Combretaceae) as the host plants. Beeson &amp; Bhatia (1937) noted that living shoots of Santalum album ( Santalaceae) were attacked and caused to dieback by this species in India. Cedrela fissilis ( Meliaceae) and Toona ciliata ( Meliaceae) have been recorded as host plants in Thailand (Beaver et al. 2011).</p><p>Remarks: Lesne (1906) thought the characters of this species are not very variable. However, the upper margin of the juxtasutural spines is variable, sometimes straight, sometimes curved, sometimes the spines are obtuse. Lesne (1906) described a subspecies S. atratum kohlarianum from the Chota Nagpur plateau, which differs from the typical form usually found in the lower parts of the Deccan Plateau in its larger size (about 4.5mm in length), the carinules on posterior part of the pronotum with very closely placed raised, elongate, cuneiform reliefs, the punctation of the elytra stronger and not vermiculate, and the lateral margins of the elytra covered with more or less erect and posteriorly curved hairs. However, the examination of more specimens shows that the differences in these characters all fall within the variation of the species. Hence, the author considers it a synonym of S. atratum .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFCCC21AFF38F8B1B709F8F8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFF2C218FF38FF5DB7D8FEF4.text	861AF86EFFF2C218FF38FF5DB7D8FEF4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon crassum Lesne 1897	<div><p>Sinoxylon crassum Lesne, 1897 (Figs 17C&amp;D)</p><p>Sinoxylon crassum Lesne, 1897: 21 .</p><p>Sinoxylon crassum dekkanense Lesne, 1906: 538 .</p><p>Type material examined: Sinoxylon crassum ST (IRSNB, MNHN, NHML) , Sinoxylon crassum dekkanense ST (IRSNB, MNHN, NHML).</p><p>Diagnosis. Elytral declivity with 4 pairs of marginal tubercles, the upper two pairs sometimes distinct, sometimes feeble and indistinct, the lower two pairs stronger and distinct; and one more pair of weak, short, costiform projection below the larger tubercles. Declivital suture raised narrowly, strongly with a series of punctures on outer surface. Juxtasutural spines inserted about middle level of disc and on the declivital suture, compressed laterally but not completely compressed at base, tip pointed, triangular with lower line short than upper line and the lower line sometime straight or sometime slightly curved.</p><p>BODY large, stout, parallel-sided or slightly widened posteriorly. Length 6–9mm, 2–2.2 times as long as wide. Black or dark brown, antennae reddish or a little brownish, legs and abdomen brown; coxae and femora sometimes reddish.</p><p>HEAD Antennal club longer than wide, the 1 st club antennomere triangular, a bit more than twice as wide as long, the 2 nd club antennomere slightly more than three times as wide as long, the 3 rd club antennomere strongly dilated at apex with outer margin slightly sinuate. Eyes large, raised posteriorly. Frons with more or less developed dentiform granules (more developed on male), sometimes greatly reduced, and irregularly arranged; a distinct line in middle; vestiture sparse, erect or appressed setae. Fronto-clypeal suture distinct. Clypeus sparsely granulate with very sparse erect setae, framed by darker outer frame and a median line, the middle part of the outer frame reddish, anterior margin single V form (Fig. 9).</p><p>PRONOTUM wider than long; anterior angles with a uncinate tooth, posterior angles rounded or a bit obtuse, sides slightly convex; posterior area of pronotum covered with minute, subcircular, appressed granules, densely placed but not contiguous, the granulose raised toward lateral sides. Vestiture dense, appressed setae, longer toward anterior and posterior-laterally.</p><p>SCUTELLUM very small, rounded triangular.</p><p>ELYTRA granulose on basal margin. Vestiture short, appressed reddish setae on disc and longer, more recurved on lateral and elytral declivity. Punctures very strong, smaller anteriorly, larger posteriorly where the punctures are arranged in single rows separated by smooth and shining interstriae ridge, total four ridges on each elytron. 4 pairs of marginal tubercles, the upper two pairs sometimes distinct, sometimes feeble and indistinct, the lower two pairs stronger and distinct; and one more pair of weak, short, costiform projection below the larger tubercles. Elytral declivity with strongly punctured on upper half and attenuated toward apex, vestiture of dense, recurved setae. Declivital suture raised narrowly, strongly with a series of punctures on outer surface. Juxtasutural spines inserted about middle level of disc and on the declivital suture, compressed laterally but not completely compressed at base, tip pointed, triangular with lower line short than upper line and the lower line sometime straight or sometime slightly curved. Sutural angle simple. Post-epipleuron gradually widen to apex with a row of short setae on external face.</p><p>LEGS Posterior tarsi short, relatively thick. Posterior tibiae with numerous semi-erect, long hairs on the external side; inner face also with some long hairs. Posterior tarsi of male with more numerous and longer hairs on inner side of posterior tarsi than female.</p><p>Female: Beside the less and shorter hairs on the inner side of posterior tarsi, the frons rather smooth without strongly developed tooth-like granulose.</p><p>Geographical distribution: India, Nepal, Myanmar, China (Yunnan), Thailand, Malaysia, Laos, Vietnam, Taiwan, Philippines. Introduced to Germany, Poland, Iran and Tanzania (Zhang et al. 2022). Wang et al. (2024) found 4 specimens collected from the logs imported from Laos to China at May, 2019. New Record: China: Yunnan: Xishuangbanna by fly intercept trap (personal comm. with Dr. Meng). This species has been found from the imported wooden pallet with S, anale from India in Florida, but not established there (personal comm. with Dr. Leavengood).</p><p>Biology: The species has nocturnal habits with two generations per year, the adult of the first generation emerges at the end of July, those of the second generation in September to October (Stebbing 1914). Recorded from numerous host trees and bamboos, and from their products (Stebbing 1914; Beeson &amp; Bhatia 1937; Hutacharern &amp; Tubtim 1995).</p><p>Remarks: Lesne (1906) pointed out that the species has two distinct races, the typical race distributed in Indochina and the Himalayas, the second race, S. crassum dekkanense Lesne, 1906, distributed in mid-and southern India. The typical race is larger with one pair of tubercles on the upper margin of elytral declivity, the second race usually smaller, not exceeding 8 mm, with two pairs of tubercles on the upper margin of elytral declivity, the inner pair less developed than the outer pair. The author usually found S. crassum dekkanense in Taiwan and Thailand.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFF2C218FF38FF5DB7D8FEF4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFF1C218FF38FE58B14FF827.text	861AF86EFFF1C218FF38FE58B14FF827.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon pugnax Lesne 1904	<div><p>Sinoxylon pugnax Lesne, 1904 (Figs 17E&amp;F)</p><p>Sinoxylon pugnax Lesne, 1904: 159 .</p><p>Diagnosis. Punctures on elytral disc arranged in single rows separated by smooth and shining interstriae ridges. 1, 3 and 5 interstriae raised from anterior 1/4, 7 and 9 interstriae raised from middle or posterior 1/3 of elytral disc and form carinae with projecting tubercles at apex. Elytral declivity with 2 pairs of projecting marginal tubercles, the upper pair of tubercles smaller than the lower pair. The 5 and 9 interstriae ridges extend on the margin of elytral declivity form pointed tubercles, the lower pair of the tubercles stronger and hook-like. Declivital suture raised, with a series of punctures on outer face. Juxtasutural spines inserted in middle level of the declivity and on the declivital suture, spiniform, thin, parallel, circularly conical.</p><p>Type material examined: Sinoxylon pugnax ST (MNHN) .</p><p>BODY large, parallel-sided and slightly widened posteriorly. Length 6–9mm, about 2.5 times as long as wide. Entirely Black or dark brown, tarsi reddish.</p><p>HEAD Antennal club longer than wide, matt, the 1 st club antennomere triangular, about twice as wide as long, the 2 nd club antennomere about three times as wide as long with a more or less pointed summit on the inner lobe, the 3 rd club antennomere strongly dilated at apex. Eyes large, strongly raised posteriorly. Frons with more or less developed dentiform granules (more developed on male), sometimes greatly reduced, and irregularly arranged; with a median line; vestiture sparse, erect or appressed setae (longer on female). Fronto-clypeal suture distinct. Clypeus sparsely granulate with very sparse erect setae, with a thicken line in middle, anterior margin emarginate, arch form (Fig. 10).</p><p>PRONOTUM wider than long. Anterior angles with a weakly uncinate tooth, posterior angles rounded or a bit obtuse, sides slightly convex; posterior area of pronotum covered with minute, subcircular, appressed granules, densely placed but not contiguous, the granulose raised toward lateral sides. Vestiture dense, appressed setae, longer toward anterior and posterior-laterally.</p><p>SCUTELLUM small, tongue shape.</p><p>ELYTRA granulose on basal margin. Vestiture short, appressed reddish setae, slightly longer on lateral and posterior areas. Punctures very strong, smaller anteriorly, larger posteriorly where the punctures arranged in single rows separated by smooth and shining interstriae ridges. 1, 3 and 5 interstriae raised from anterior 1/4, 7 and 9 interstriae raised from middle or posterior 1/3 of elytral disc and form carinae with projecting tubercles at apex. 2 pairs of projecting marginal tubercles, the upper pair of tubercles smaller than the lower pair. The 5 and 9 interstriae ridges extend on the margin of elytral declivity form pointed tubercles, the lower pair of the tubercles stronger and hook-like. Elytral declivity with strongly punctured on upper 2/3 and attenuated toward apex; declivital suture raised, with a series of punctures on outer face. Juxtasutural spines inserted in middle level of the declivity and on the declivital suture, spiniform, thin, parallel, circularly conical. Sutural angle simple. Post-epipleuron evenly widen and slightly more widen at external angle.</p><p>LEGS Posterior tibiae with numerous setae erect outwardly. Posterior tarsi with long, dense setae on the internal side.</p><p>Female: granulose on frons not developed and have more dense and long, setae inclined toward centrally instead. Internal side of posterior tarsi with very small number of long hairs.</p><p>Geographical distribution: Oman, Iran, Pakistan, India.</p><p>Biology: unknown</p><p>Remarks: Lesne (1906) noted that the internal lobe of the 1 st club antennomere is sometimes acuminate, sometimes rounded at the apex. The author has examined one specimen with the acuminate on one side and rounded on the other at the summit of the inner lobe of 1 st club antennomere, it shows the character is unstable. However, the inner lobe of 2 nd club antennomere with pointed summit.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFF1C218FF38FE58B14FF827	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFF0C219FF38FF5DB694F921.text	861AF86EFFF0C219FF38FF5DB694F921.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon spathiferum (Lesne 1906) Lesne 1906	<div><p>Sinoxylon spathiferum Lesne, 1906 stat. nov. (Figs 17G&amp;H)</p><p>Sinoxylon transvaalense spathiferum Lesne, 1906: 533 .</p><p>Type material examined: Sinoxylon transvaalense spathiferum Type (MNHN).</p><p>Diagnosis. Frons granulate with a series of developed dentiform granules in number of 4 to 8; vestiture not abundant, short, appressed setae towards centrally. Elytral declivity with 3 pairs of marginal tubercles, the middle pair largest. Declivital suture slightly narrowly raised. Juxtasutural spines inserted in the middle level of declivity and next to the raised declivital suture, subparallel, elongated petal-like, thick with excavated inner side and outer side convex; tip sometime turned outward, sharp or rounded.</p><p>BODY large, stout, parallel-sided and slightly widen at posterior. Length 5–7.5mm, about 2.3 times as long as wide. Entirely dark brown; head and juxtasutural spines black, antennae reddish, club slightly brownish.</p><p>HEAD Antennal club longer than wide, the 1 st club antennomere about twice as wide as long, the 2 nd club antennomere about three times as wide as long, the the 3 rd club antennomere dilated toward apex, club-like. Eyes medium sized, strongly raised posteriorly. Frons granulate with a series of developed dentiform granules in number of 4 to 8; vestiture not abundant, short, appressed setae towards centrally. Fronto-clypeal suture distinct. Clypeus granulose, covered by short, inclined setae toward middle, anterior margin slightly sinuate, single V form (Fig. 9).</p><p>PRONOTUM subrectangular, anterior angles with a small tooth, not uncinate, posterior angles rounded; middle part of posterior area covered by dense, flattened, elongate granules, the granules raised on both sides. Vestiture appressed setae on posterior and lateral areas.</p><p>SCUTELLUM small, triangular.</p><p>ELYTRA granulose on basal margin. Punctures circle, well separated on middle and posterior of disc and latero-posterior areas, tiny to small on anterior area of disc and latero-anterior areas. Vestiture sparse, short, appressed setae, longer on lateral areas and inclined toward posteriorly. 3 pairs of marginal tubercles, the middle pair largest, and with another pair of sinuate carinae below the lower pair of marginal tubercles, projecting. Punctures of elytral declivity more or less large, well separated, suddenly attenuated from the level of the broad tubercle toward apex. Vestiture of elytral declivity short, fine, recurved. Declivital suture slightly narrowly raised. Juxtasutural spines inserted in the middle level of declivity and next to the raised declivital suture, subparallel, elongated petal-like, thick with excavated inner side and outer side convex; tip sometime turned outward, sharp or rounded. Sutural angel slightly reflexed. Post-epipleuron suddenly widen beneath elytral declivity with short, stiff setae.</p><p>LEGS Posterior tibiae with some semi-erect hairs on the external side, inner side of posterior tarsi with long hairs.</p><p>Female: without long hairs on inner side of posterior tarsi.</p><p>Geographical distribution: Lesne (1906) pointed out this species distributed in more northeastern areas in South of the Sahara desert, then Vrydagh (1961) noted this species has a Sahelian-Sudanian distribution and is known from Senegal to the northern shore of Lake Victoria. Later, Damoiseau (1972) identified eleven specimens of this species collected from northern Senegal, and thought this species has a continuous distribution along the North of the equatorial forest from Casamance to Etritrea (Damoiseau 1968). Wang et al. (2024) reported 3 specimens have been collected from the imported logs from Tanzania to China at Jun., 2018.</p><p>Biology: should be similar to S. transvaalense .</p><p>Remarks: Lesne (1906) described S. spathiferum as a subspecies of S. transvaalense and noted the differences in the sculpture of the margin of the elytral declivity and the shape of the juxtasutural spines between S. transvaalense and S. transvaalense spathiferum . The author can confirm the differences and believes that, in combination with the distinct geographical distribution, they are distinct enough to raise the subspecies into a species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFF0C219FF38FF5DB694F921	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFF0C21EFF38F92FB7DAF9E4.text	861AF86EFFF0C21EFF38F92FB7DAF9E4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon transvaalense Lesne 1895	<div><p>Sinoxylon transvaalense Lesne, 1895 (Figs 17I&amp;J)</p><p>Sinoxylon transvaalense Lesne, 1895: 176 .</p><p>Type material examined: Sinoxylon transvaalense ST (MNHN) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Frons granulate with a series of more or less developed dentiform granules in number of 4 to 8, sometimes very small. Elytral declivity with 3 pairs of marginal tubercles variable, sometimes atrophied with the exception of the upper external pair or the upper pair. Declivital suture raised, juxtasutural spines divergent, inserted at above middle level of declivity and on the outer side of the raised suture, smooth and without projecting granules at base, almost always compressed laterally, and excavate on the inner side, the range of the excavate variable, sometime shallow sometime very deep, so that outer side of the base of spine sometime only slightly convex sometime strongly convex, with a pointed tip sometime slightly downwardly, sometime the tip obtuse.</p><p>BODY stout, parallel-sided, length 3.5–7mm, 2.3–2.75 times as long as wide. Entirely black or dark brown; antennae reddish, club slightly brownish; legs reddish; humeral calli tinted with red.</p><p>HEAD Antennal club longer than wide, the 1 st club antennomere about twice as wide as long, the 2 nd club antennomere about three times as wide as long, the the 3 rd club antennomere dilated toward apex, club-like. Eyes large, strongly raised posteriorly. Frons granulate with a series of more or less developed dentiform granules in number of 4 to 8, sometimes very small; vestiture not abundant, appressed setae towards centrally. Fronto-clypeal suture distinct. Clypeus granulose, covered by short, inclined setae toward middle, anterior margin wide arch form with very slightly sinuate (Fig. 10).</p><p>PRONOTUM wider than long, anterior angles with a small tooth, not uncinate, posterior angles rounded; middle part of posterior area covered by dense, flattened, elongate granules, the granules raised on both sides. Vestiture recurved on anterior declivous, appressed on posterior and lateral areas.</p><p>SCUTELLUM small, short tongue shape.</p><p>ELYTRA granulose on basal margin. Punctures very strong and confluent posteriorly, less strong anteriorly. Vestiture sparse, appressed setae. Elytral declivity with large, well separated punctures on upper half, much smaller on below half and attenuate toward apex; vestiture shorter or longer, appressed setae, sometimes the very short setae appear glabrous on declivital disc. 3 pairs of marginal tubercles variable, sometimes atrophied with the exception of the upper external pair or the upper pair. Declivital suture raised, juxtasutural spines divergent, inserted at above middle level of declivity and on the outer side of the raised suture, smooth and without projecting granules at base, almost always compressed laterally, and excavate on the inner side, the range of the excavate variable, sometime shallow sometime very deep, so that outer side of the base of spine sometime only slightly convex sometime strongly convex, with a pointed tip sometime slightly downwardly, sometime the tip obtuse. Sutural angel simple or slightly reflexed. Post-epipleuron suddenly strongly widen at external angle and thicken at the apex.</p><p>LEGS Posterior tibiae with some semi-erect hairs on the external side, inner side of posterior tarsi with long hairs.</p><p>Female: without long hairs on inner side of posterior tarsi.</p><p>Geographical distribution: Vrydagh (1954) considered this species inhabits all of Africa south of the equatorial forest and extends eastward to near the equator, then he noted this species has a southern-eastern distribution in Africa (Vrydagh 1955a). Borowski, &amp; Węgrzynowicz (2007) listed South of the Sahara desert, Africa as the distribution of this species.</p><p>Biology: Chen (2011) recorded the host plants from the woods imported from Africa to China, including: Combretum micranthum ( Combretaceae), Sipanea hispida ( Rubiaceae), Terminalia ivorensis, T. leiocarpa ( Combretaceae) and Vitellaria paradoxa ( Sapotaceae). This species usually damaged woods and wooden products, and Roberts (1968) has noted this species could attack living trees of Terminalia ivorensis ( Combretaceae).</p><p>Remarks: Lesne (1906) thought this species is a polymorphic species and described two subspecies, S. transvaalense spathiferum and S. transvaalense verrugerum . He provided distinct differences of characters between the species and subspecies. Later, Lesne (1924) raised S. transvaalense verrugerum into a distinct species and provided a more complete description. S. transvaalense spathiferum is similarly given species rank in this paper.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFF0C21EFF38F92FB7DAF9E4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFF7C21FFF38F8F8B3FCFAB8.text	861AF86EFFF7C21FFF38F8F8B3FCFAB8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon bellicosum Lesne 1906	<div><p>Sinoxylon bellicosum Lesne, 1906 (Figs 18A&amp;B)</p><p>Sinoxylon bellicosum Lesne, 1906: 497 .</p><p>Type material examined: Sinoxylon bellicosum ST (MNHN, NHML) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Posterior area of pronotum covered by flattened granules, taking the form of scales in the middle. Elytra shinning with 3 pairs of marginal tubercles, the two upper pairs strongly projecting, rounded at the apex, the lowest pair broad, less projecting. Declivital suture raised, juxtasutural spines inserted in the upper third level of the declivity and next the outer side of the raised suture, compressed laterally, triangular, tip pointed but not sharp, smooth and shining, the below margin of the juxtasutural spine slightly concave. Post-epipleuron suddenly strongly widened beneath the declivity and thickest at external angle.</p><p>BODY moderately elongate, parallel-sided, length 4–7mm, about 2.2 times as long as wide. Black, tinted with red or brown at the base of elytral disc, antennae reddish brown, femora black, tibiae brown, tarsi red.</p><p>HEAD Antennal club longer than wide, matt, the 1 st club antennomere triangular about twice as wide as long, the 2 nd club antennomere more than 3 times as wide as long, the 3 rd club antennomere strongly expanded. Eyes medium sized, raised posteriorly. Frons sparse granulate, strongly quadridentate, often with additional accessory denticles, a few erect setae with longer ones on sides. Fronto-clypeal suture distinct. Clypeus sparse punctures with short, appressed setae, anterior margin straight arch form or double V form (Figs 8 &amp; 10).</p><p>PRONOTUM wider than long, anterior angle with a slightly unciform tooth, posterior angle obtuse; posterior area of pronotum covered by flattened granules, taking the form of scales in the middle. Vestiture of short, appressed setae, longer on lateral areas.</p><p>SCUTELLUM small, subtriangular, rounded posteriorly.</p><p>ELYTRA shining, basal margin granulate. Punctation of the dorsal region of the elytra spread out and moderately strong at the base, much larger but very clear and not confluent posteriorly, where it is formed from slightly transverse punctures; punctures of the sides less strong than those of the dorsal region. Vestiture of very short, sparse, erected setae. Elytral declivity with large, well-separated punctures on its upper 2/3, the lower 1/3 with extremely fine and sparse punctures; with short, sparse, erected setae. 3 pairs of marginal tubercles shiny, distinct, the two upper pairs strongly projecting, rounded at the apex, the lowest pair broad, less projecting. Declivital suture raised, juxtasutural spines inserted in the upper third level of the declivity and next the outer side of the raised suture, compressed laterally, triangular, tip pointed but not sharp, smooth and shining, the below margin of the juxtasutural spine slightly concave. Sutural angle slightly reflexed. Post-epipleuron suddenly strongly widened beneath the declivity and thickest at external angle.</p><p>LEGS Posterior tibiae with some short, semi-erected setae on external side. Posterior tarsi and tibial apices with numerous, long, flexible hairs on the internal side.</p><p>Geographical distribution: South Africa. Vrydagh (1959) found 4 specimens from the coastal regions of southern and eastern Madagascar.</p><p>Biology: unknown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFF7C21FFF38F8F8B3FCFAB8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFF6C21CFF38FA94B3ABFCE2.text	861AF86EFFF6C21CFF38FA94B3ABFCE2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon brazzai Lesne 1895	<div><p>Sinoxylon brazzai Lesne, 1895 (Figs 18C&amp;D)</p><p>Sinoxylon brazzai Lesne, 1895: 177 .</p><p>Type material examined: Sinoxylon brazzai ST (MNHN) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Elytral declivity with 3 pairs of marginal tubercles costiform, rounded, smooth and shining at apex, the lowest pair projecting the strongest. Declivital suture slightly, narrowly raised, juxtasutural spines inserted at the level of the lowest pair of marginal tubercles and away some distance from the suture, connected to the suture by a fine ridge, conical, pointed and up-outwardly curved at the apex, broad base with rugose surface, smooth and shining apically.</p><p>BODY stout, coarse, length 5–7mm, less than twice as long as wide. Entirely black or dark brown; tarsi reddish; antenna russet with brown or brownish club.</p><p>HEAD Antennal club slightly wider than long, the 1 st club antennomere more than 3 times as wide as long, the 2 nd club antennomere about 4 times as wide as long, the 3 rd club antennomere strongly dilated. Frons sparse granulate, quadridentate, with some erected setae and longer laterally. Fronto-clypeal distinct. Clypeus sparse granulate, with some erected setae and longer laterally, anterior margin arch or single V form.</p><p>PRONOTUM coarse, wider than long, anterior angle with a weakly incurved tooth, posterior angel distinct, obtuse; posterior area of pronotum covered by small, projecting, rounded granules, very densely placed. Vestiture of short, sparse, appressed setae on summit and posterior areas, fine, long, appressed setae on anterior, lateral areas.</p><p>SCUTELLUM very small, sub-triangular.</p><p>ELYTRA basal margin granulose. Punctures of dorsal part of elytra very strong and very dense, especially posteriorly where they become confluent, but somewhat sparser and moderately fine near the base; fine and irregular near the lateral margins. Vestiture of recurved, appressed setae, more erected posterior-laterally and posteriorly. Elytral declivity with well separated punctures until close to apex, mix with median and large size on upper 2/3, punctures of lower 1/3 fine and attenuate toward apex, with dense, very short, erected setae. 3 pairs of marginal tubercles costiform, rounded, smooth and shining at apex, the lowest pair projecting the strongest. Declivital suture slightly, narrowly raised, juxtasutural spines inserted at the level of the lowest pair of marginal tubercles and away some distance from the suture, connected to the suture by a fine ridge, conical, pointed and up-outwardly curved at the apex, broad base with rugose surface, smooth and shining apically. Sutural angle very slightly reflexed. Post-epipleuron gradually widened beneath the declivity toward apex.</p><p>LEGS Posterior tibiae with some short setae on external face. Posterior tarsi with some long, very fine setae on internal face.</p><p>Female: Posterior tarsi without some long, very fine setae on internal face</p><p>Geographical distribution: Vrydagh (1963) thought this species have a Guinean distribution and Nimba (a county of Liberia) represents one of the westernmost known locations.</p><p>Biology: Chen (2011) reported Alstonia congensis ( Apocynaceae), Aubrevillea kerstingii ( Fabaceae), Cola gigantea ( Malvaceae), Ficus varifolia ( Moraceae), Milicia excelsa ( Moraceae), Piptadeniastrum africanum ( Fabaceae), Senna siamea ( Fabaceae), Sterculia rhinopetala ( Malvaceae), Synsepalum brevipes ( Sapotaceae), Tectona grandis ( Lamiaceae), Terminalia ivorensis, T. superba ( Combretaceae) as host plants, based on timber imported to China from Africa.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFF6C21CFF38FA94B3ABFCE2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFF5C21DFF38FC62B33AFE18.text	861AF86EFFF5C21DFF38FC62B33AFE18.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon cafrum Lesne 1905	<div><p>Sinoxylon cafrum Lesne, 1905 (Figs 18E&amp;F)</p><p>Sinoxylon cafrum Lesne, 1905: 276 .</p><p>Type material examined: Sinoxylon cafrum ST (MNHN) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Elytral disc black with anterior 2/3 of elytra disc red, sometime whole reddish brown. Elytral declivity with 3 pairs of marginal tubercles costiform, smooth and shiny, the lowest pair calluse-like. Declivital suture slightly raised, juxtasutural spines inserted above the middle of the declivity and next to the outer side of the raised suture, more or less divergent, compressed laterally, triangular, pointed slightly curved downwardly, entirely smooth and shiny external face with uneven or finely grooved longitudinally.</p><p>BODY stout, parallel-sided, length 4.5–5mm, about twice as long as wide. Black, anterior 2/3 of elytral disc, femur and tibiae red, antennae and tarsi brown.</p><p>HEAD Antennal club longer than wide, the 1 st club antennomere triangular about twice as wide as long, the 2 nd club antennomere more than 3 times as wide as long, the 3 rd club antennomere strongly dilated or sub-quadrilateral. Eyes medium sized, raised posteriorly. Frons distinct quadridentate, sparsely punctate with short, semierect and recumbent setae. Fronto-clypeal suture distinct. Clypeus sparsely, finely granulose with short, fine setae, anterior margin single V form (Fig. 9).</p><p>PRONOTUM slightly wider than long, anterior angle with a small, unciform tooth, posterior angles obtusely rounded; posterior area of pronotum covered by finely, densely granulose, raised and well separated laterally. Vestiture of short, appressed setae, longer on lateral areas.</p><p>SCUTELLUM small, triangular, rounded posteriorly.</p><p>ELYTRA basal margin raspy, Punctation of the dorsal region of more or less fine near the base, rapidly increasing posteriorly, coarse and partially confluent posteriorly, with sparse, recurved setae, denser and longer laterally. Elytral declivity punctate sparsely upper third, small and attenuated toward apex; vestiture of appressed, reddish setae, shorter toward apex. 3 pairs of marginal tubercles of the declivity costiform, smooth and shiny, the lowest pair calluse-like. Declivital suture slightly raised, juxtasutural spines inserted above the middle of the declivity and next to the outer side of the raised suture, more or less divergent, compressed laterally, triangular, pointed slightly curved downwardly, entirely smooth and shiny external face with uneven or finely grooved longitudinally. Sutural angle slightly reflexed. Post-epipleuron gradually widened beneath the declivity and widest at external angle.</p><p>LEGS Posterior tibiae with a few short setae lying on the outer side, posterior tarsi with long and numerous setae on the internal side.</p><p>Female posterior tarsi with only a few long setae on the internal side.</p><p>Geographical distribution: Lesne (1906) noted this species distributed Southwest German Africa (i.e. present Togo, Cameroon, Namibia and Rwanda), Colonie du Cap (present Cape Province, South Africa) Natal (present KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa) and Transvaal (present Province of the Transvaal, South Africa). Vrydagh (1955a) found 6 specimens collected from Macequece (Massi Kessi, a town in Zimbabwe, near the border with Mozambique) in MNHN. New Record: Botswana, Ghanzi, 28.I.1995. leg. G. Werner (1, MIC).</p><p>Biology: Vrydagh (1955a) noted S. cafrum came out from “ Acacia multigrandis” [sic!] branches with S. doliolum together.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFF5C21DFF38FC62B33AFE18	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFF4C21DFF38FE34B32FF86D.text	861AF86EFFF4C21DFF38FE34B32FF86D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon epipleurale Lesne 1906	<div><p>Sinoxylon epipleurale Lesne, 1906 (Figs 18G&amp;H)</p><p>Sinoxylon epipleurale Lesne, 1906: 496 .</p><p>Type material examined: Sinoxylon epipleurale ST (MNHN, NHML) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Frons sparse granulate, strongly quadridentate, often with accessory denticles, a few erect setae with longer ones on sides. Elytra shining with 3 pairs of marginal tubercles smooth and shiny, costiform, the upper pairs less projecting, the lowest pair more projecting. Declivital suture raised, juxtasutural spines inserted in the upper third level of the declivity and next the outer side of the raised suture, compressed laterally, triangular, pointed with sharp tip, smooth and shining, the below margin of the juxtasutural spine straight or slightly concave. Post-epipleuron gradually widened beneath the elytral declivity and notably widened posterio-apically.</p><p>BODY moderately elongate, parallel-sided, slightly widened posteriorly. Length 5–8mm, about 2.2–2.5 times as long as wide. Black, tinted with red or brown at the base of elytral disc and elytral suture, antennae and tarsi red or reddish brown.</p><p>HEAD antennal club longer than wide, matt, the 1 st club antennomere triangular about twice as wide as long, the 2 nd club antennomere more than 3 times as wide as long, the 3 rd club antennomere strongly expanded. Eyes medium sized, raised posteriorly. Frons sparse granulate, strongly quadridentate, often with accessory denticles, a few erect setae with longer ones on sides. Fronto-clypeal suture distinct. Clypeus sparse punctures with short, appressed setae, anterior margin sinuated, double V form (Fig. 8).</p><p>PRONOTUM wider than long, anterior angle with a more or less straight tooth, posterior angle rounded or obtuse; posterior area of pronotum covered by circular, very dense crushed grains granules, less dense and more raised laterally. Vestiture of short, appressed setae, longer on antero-lateral and lateral areas.</p><p>SCUTELLUM medium sized, tongue shape or rounded trianglar.</p><p>ELYTRA shining, basal margin granulate. Punctation of the dorsal region of the elytra well separated, moderately strong at the base and lateral, dense and very large over more than 2/3 posteriorly, partially confluent. Vestiture of semi-erected setae inclined posteriorly. Elytral declivity with large, well-separated punctures on its upper 2/3, the lower 1/3 with small and sparse punctures; with short, erected setae. 3 pairs of marginal tubercles smooth and shiny, costiform, the upper pairs less projecting, the lowest pair more projecting. Declivital suture raised, juxtasutural spines inserted in the upper third level of the declivity and next the outer side of the raised suture, compressed laterally, triangular, pointed with sharp tip, smooth and shining, the below margin of the juxtasutural spine straight or slightly concave. Sutural angle reflexed. Post-epipleuron gradually widened beneath the elytral declivity and notably widened posterio-apically.</p><p>LEGS Posterior tibiae with semi-erected setae on external side. Posterior tarsi with long, wavy setae on the internal side.</p><p>Female: Posterior tarsi without long, wavy setae on the internal side.</p><p>Geographical distribution: Northwestern Namibia, Zimbabwe (Liu 2010). Wang et al. (2024) reported 4 specimens collected from imported logs from Tanzania to China at July, 2014.</p><p>Biology: Vrydagh (1955a) considered this species is confined to open forests, we also knew these beetles can be collected by light traps and habitats around the lake circumstance from the information of collection labels of this species.</p><p>Remarks: This species appears to show very little variation (Lesne 1906) and to be most similar to S. bellicosum and S. senegalense .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFF4C21DFF38FE34B32FF86D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFFAC210FF38FF5DB7C8FE32.text	861AF86EFFFAC210FF38FF5DB7C8FE32.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon ruficorne , Fahraeus 1871	<div><p>Sinoxylon ruficorne, Fåhraeus, 1871 (Figs 18I&amp;J)</p><p>Sinoxylon ruficorne, Fåhraeus, 1871: 665 .</p><p>Sinoxylon erasicauda Lesne, 1906: 502 . Syn. nov.</p><p>Sinoxylon ruficorne guineense Lesne, 1906: 413 . Syn. nov.</p><p>Type material examined: Sinoxylon ruficorne LT (NRS) , Sinoxylon erasicauda TYPE (IRSNB), Sinoxylon ruficorne guineense ST (MNHN, NRS).</p><p>Diagnosis. Elytral declivity with 3 pairs of marginal tubercles costiform, smooth and shiny, the lowest pair calluse-like, lateral margin below the lowest pair of marginal tubercles more or less bulged. Declivital suture strongly raised, juxtasutural spines inserted above the middle level of the declivity and very next to the outer side of the raised suture, compressed laterally, triangular, base shiny and smooth with uneven or finely grooved longitudinally, inner side of base excavated, external side of base convex, tip pointed or obtuse rounded and slightly curved downwardly. Post-epipleuron suddenly widened beneath the declivity to apex and widest at external angle, covered by very short setae.</p><p>BODY elongated, parallel-sided, more or less widened posteriorly. Length 5–7.5mm, about 2.2–2.5 times as long as wide. Entirely black or dark brown with Head, pronotum, ventral side black; elytra black or brown to dark brown, anterior area of elytra, antennae, tibiae, tarsi rufous or brown.</p><p>HEAD Antennal club longer than wide, the 1 st club antennomere triangular about twice as wide as long, the 2 nd club antennomere more than 3 times as wide as long, the 3 rd club antennomere strongly dilated. Eyes medium sized, raised posteriorly. Frons distinct quadridentate, sparsely punctate with short, semierect and recumbent setae. Fronto-clypeal suture distinct. Clypeus sparsely, finely granulose with short, fine setae, anterior margin double V form (Fig.8).</p><p>PRONOTUM slightly wider than long, anterior angle with a small, unciform tooth, posterior angles obtusely rounded; posterior area of pronotum covered by finely, densely granulose, raised and well separated laterally. Vestiture of short, appressed setae, longer on lateral areas.</p><p>SCUTELLUM very small, tongue shape.</p><p>ELYTRA basal margin raspy, Punctation of the dorsal region of more or less fine near the base, rapidly increasing posteriorly, coarse and partially confluent posteriorly, with sparse, recurved setae, denser and longer laterally. Elytral declivity more or less concave in middle, sparse punctures become small below juxtasutural spines and more or less attenuated toward apex; vestiture of recurved setae, shorter toward apex. Three pairs of marginal tubercles of the declivity costiform, smooth and shiny, the lowest pair calluse-like, lateral margin below the lowest pair of marginal tubercles more or less bulged. Declivital suture strongly raised, juxtasutural spines inserted above the middle level of the declivity and very next to the outer side of the raised suture, compressed laterally, triangular, base shiny and smooth with uneven or finely grooved longitudinally, inner side of base excavated, external side of base convex, tip pointed or obtuse rounded and slightly curved downwardly. Sutural angle slightly reflexed. Post-epipleuron suddenly widened beneath the declivity to apex and widest at external angle, covered by very short setae.</p><p>LEGS Posterior tibiae with a few short setae lying on the outer side, posterior tarsi with long and numerous setae on the inner side.</p><p>Female: The posterior margin of last abdominal segment sometime with a pair of small denticles, sometime simple. Posterior tarsi without long setae or with only 2 or 3 on the inner side.</p><p>Geographical distribution: Vrydagh (1955a) considered this species is very common in equatorial and southern Africa, but S. erasicauda is very rare and the location of type “Tendaguru, Lindi” does not appear in any atlas (Vrydagh 1955b). Fisher (1950) found it has already introduced into USA but not established there. Liu (2010) found this species has been introduced into Brasil without any detail of collections, more collection data needed to confirm whether the species already established in Brasil or not. Wang et a l. (2024) identified 9 specimens collected from logs imported into China from Sierra Leone at May, 2018.</p><p>Biology: Lesne (1924) recorded the beetles burrowed into the small branches of Casuarines during September and October, and in the wooden construction of native huts. The species has been reported boring inro the leadcovered aerial cables in South Africa (Filho et al. 2006), and frequently bored into Eucalyptus spp. ( Myrtaceae) and Acacia spp. ( Fabaceae), and has been collected from the logs of Dalbergia melanoxylon ( Fabaceae) imported USA from Mozambique, probably attacking logs of all the Leguminosae (Fisher 1950). Chen (2011) recorded the imported logs of Combretum apiculatum ( Combretaceae) and Isoberlinia doka ( Fabaceae) from Africa have been attacked by this species. The beetles sometimes bored into the green shoots and twigs of Acacia ( Fabaceae) and frequently kill the seedlings and young saplings (Fisher 1950).</p><p>Remarks: Lesne (1906) pointed out the species is very little variable. Lesne (1906) erected S. ruficorne guineense mainly distinguished geographically, the subspecies inhabits the Guinean region from Casamance to Togoland, northwestern part of south of Sahara, however, the difference of characters are fall into the variation of S. ruficorne or probably the sexual difference. The author synonymizes S. ruficorne guineense with S. ruficorne here. Lesne (1906) described S. erasicauda from a unique specimen collected from the east bank of Lake Tanganyika and greatest resemble S. ruficorne . This specimen is large but the difference of vestiture and punctures of elytral declivity fall within the variation of S. ruficorne . The author accordingly synonymizes S. erasicauda with S. ruficorne here.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFFAC210FF38FF5DB7C8FE32	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFF9C210FF38FE13B1ABF9A5.text	861AF86EFFF9C210FF38FE13B1ABF9A5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon rugicauda Lesne 1929	<div><p>Sinoxylon rugicauda Lesne, 1929</p><p>Sinoxylon rugicauda Lesne, 1929: 459 .</p><p>Type material examined: Sinoxylon rugicauda ST (NHML) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Stout with a large, shining scutellum. Elytra declivity granulate, with moderately dense semiglobose granules punctured at the apex mixed with circular punctures. 3–4 pairs of carinulae marginal tubercles on upper and lateral margin of elytral declivity, equally raised. Declivital suture cariniform raised, granulose, juxtasutural spines inserted in middle level of the declivity and on the raised suture, small, compressed laterally, triangular with rugosely outer face.</p><p>BODY short, stout, length, length 4.5–5mm, about twice as long as wide. Entirely dark red or black, anterior and lateral area of elytra, antennal funicle and tarsi reddish.</p><p>HEAD Antennal club strongly flabellate, the 2 nd club antennomere subequal in width to the whole antenna. Eyes medium sized, strongly raised posteriorly. Frons granulose on middle area, quadridentate, covered by soft and appressed setae inclined centrally, a few erect setae on sides, with a small triangular glabrous area in middle. Fronto-clypeal suture distinct. Clypeus sparse punctate, with short, appressed setae, anterior margin double V form (Fig. 8).</p><p>PRONOTUM wider than long, anterior angle with an uncinate tooth, posterior angel rounded; middle of posterior part of pronotum with small, narrow, densely placed, appressed granules, raised laterally. Vestiture short, very short, sparse setae, longer along the anterior and lateral margin.</p><p>SCUTELLUM large, subpentagonal, smooth, shining.</p><p>ELYTRA lamina on basal margin, punctate densely, strongly, larger toward posteriorly, space between punctures form vermicular ridge on more than half posterior area, covered by short, appressed to erected reddish setae, denser laterally. Elytra declivity granulate, with moderately dense semiglobose granules punctured at the apex mixed with circular punctures, covered by very short, curved setae directed backwards. 3–4 pairs of carinulae marginal tubercles on upper and lateral margin of elytral declivity, equally raised, the apices not dentate. Declivital suture cariniform raised, granulose, juxtasutural spines inserted in middle level of the declivity and on the raised suture, small, compressed laterally, triangular with rugosely outer face. Sutural angle simple. Post-epipleuron gradually widen beneath the elytral declivity toward apex.</p><p>Geographical distribution: Malay Peninsula. No further recorded after type.</p><p>Biology: unknown.</p><p>Remarks: Lesne (1929) considered this species near to S. fuscovestitum .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFF9C210FF38FE13B1ABF9A5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFF9C211FF38F995B194F913.text	861AF86EFFF9C211FF38F995B194F913.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon senegalense Karsch 1881	<div><p>Sinoxylon senegalense Karsch, 1881 (Figs 18K&amp;L)</p><p>Sinoxylon senegalense Karsch, 1881: 42 .</p><p>Sinoxylon coronatum Zoufal, 1894: 38 syn. by Lesne 1896: 335.</p><p>Sinoxylon glorisous Rai &amp; Chatterjee, 1963: 15 syn. by Borowski &amp; Singh 2017: 196.</p><p>Type material examined: Sinoxylon senegalense Type (MNB) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Frons sparse granulate, very strongly quadridentate, often with additional accessory denticles between the main teeth. Elytra shiny with 3 pairs of marginal tubercles calluses-like, shiny, often indistinct, the lowest pair broad flat. Declivital suture raised very slightly, juxtasutural spines inserted above the middle level of the declivity and very next the outer side of the slightly raised suture, smooth and shiny, compressed laterally, triangular, tip pointed, the below margin of the juxtasutural spine straight or slightly concave.</p><p>BODY stout, parallel-sided, slightly widened posteriorly. Length 5–9mm, about 2.2–2.4 times as long as wide. Black or dark brown with the elytra often brown at the base, legs brown or reddish, antennae russet.</p><p>HEAD antennal club longer than wide, matt, the 1 st club antennomere triangular about twice as wide as long, the 2 nd club antennomere more than 3 times as wide as long, the 3 rd club antennomere strongly expanded. Eyes large, raised posteriorly. Frons sparse granulate, very strongly quadridentate, often with additional accessory denticles between the main teeth, a few erect setae with longer ones on sides. Fronto-clypeal suture distinct. Clypeus sparse granulate with sparse, very short setae, anterior margin arch or single V form (figs 9&amp;10).</p><p>PRONOTUM wider than long, anterior angle with a slightly unciform tooth, posterior angle rounded; posterior area of pronotum covered by shiny, rounded granules, raised and well separated laterally. Vestiture of short, appressed setae, longer on lateral areas.</p><p>SCUTELLUM small, subtriangular, rounded posteriorly.</p><p>ELYTRA shiny, basal margin granulate. Punctation of dorsal region strong, very variable, sometimes arranged in rows along the ridges and near the humeri, suture and posterior, leaving the remainder more or less impunctate in a wide radius around the scutellum and on the sides of the elytra posteriorly; sometimes with a uniform cover of the whole dorsal and dorso-lateral parts (except along the ridges). Vestiture of very short, sparse, erected setae. Elytral declivity shiny, punctures large, deep on upper third, small and strongly attenuated toward apex, with very short, very sparse, indistinct setae. 3 pairs of marginal tubercles calluses-like, shiny, often indistinct, the lowest pair broad flat. Declivital suture raised very slightly, juxtasutural spines inserted above the middle level of the declivity and very next the outer side of the slightly raised suture, smooth and shiny, compressed laterally, triangular, tip pointed, the below margin of the juxtasutural spine straight or slightly concave. Sutural angle slightly reflexed. Post-epipleuron slightly widened beneath the declivity.</p><p>LEGS Posterior tibiae with some short, semi-recumbent hairs on external side. Posterior tarsi and tibial apices with numerous, long, flexible hairs on the inner side.</p><p>Female: Punctures of dorsal part of elytra usually stronger than in male. Apical declivity a little shorter and a little more abrupt, very strongly punctured on the upper two-thirds, more finely towards the base. Posterior tarsi without long flexible setae.</p><p>Geographical distribution: Sahara region from Tripoli (Lebanon) and Egypt to Senegal, from the mouth of the Niger river to ‘Moyen Chari, Bahr and Djebel’, and to Ethiopia (Lesne 1906), Algeria (Liu 2010). West and East Africa and introduced into Europe. Wang et al. (2024) reported one specimens collected from the imported logs from Gambia to China at July, 2012.</p><p>Biology: Lesne (1906) reported a few of the case of damage by the species. The species develops in the wood of various legumes, especially of the genera of Fabaceae in Senegal . The species is common and attacks the cut branches of ‘gum-trees’ but not the living trees, rapidly penetrating the hard wood in Niger. It attacks Acacia suma ( Fabaceae) in Chad (Moyen Chari), indigenous wood used for building huts can be riddled with galleries only 2 months after built in Senegal (Lesne 1906) . In Senegal, natural enemies are a clerid, Cylidrus buqueti, and an undescribed histerid probably a Teretrius (Lesne 1906) . Chen (2011) listed Acacia albida, A. nilotica, A. polyacantha, A. seyal ( Fabaceae), Adansonia digitata ( Malvaceae), Azadirachta indica ( Meliaceae), Bombax costatum ( Malvaceae), Combretum punctatum var. punctatum ( Combretaceae), Detarium senegalense ( Fabaceae), Khaya senegalensis ( Meliaceae), Parkia biglobosa ( Fabaceae), Sclerocarya birrea ( Anacardiaceae) and Terminalia leiocarpa ( Combretaceae) as host plants. Short notes on the biology of this species refer to Bushara (1981).</p><p>Remarks: Lesne (1906) considered this species is quite variable in the frontal teeth, the elytral punctation, and the marginal calluses of the declivity. He proposed a variety, vermiculatum, for one female with very strong and vermiculate sculpture of the posterior area of elytral disc (Lesne 1906). However, this specimen certainly falls into the variation of the species’ characters. This species close to S. ruficorne .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFF9C211FF38F995B194F913	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFF8C216FF38F8F6B0B4FAE0.text	861AF86EFFF8C216FF38F8F6B0B4FAE0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon bufo Lesne 1906	<div><p>Sinoxylon bufo Lesne, 1906 (Figs 19A&amp;B)</p><p>Sinoxylon bufo Lesne, 1906: 482 .</p><p>Type material examined: Sinoxylon bufo ST (MNB, MNHN, NHML) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Stout, entirely carbon black. Scutellum large, shining with weakly longitudinally grooved. Elytra absolutely glabrous, very dense projecting granules. Elytral declivity slightly convex, granules smaller, less projecting and less dense than those on disc; 4 pairs of marginal tubercles not well-developed, the upper pair in the form of short and shining raised carinae, the lower two pairs in the form of large shining ‘beads’ or short costae, the lowest pair short carinae, slightly projecting. Declivital suture granulose, very slightly raised, juxtasutural spines inserted above the middle level of the declivity and very short distance from the suture, conical, tip rounded, surface irregular and rugose at the base, smooth and shining at the apex, inner side of the juxtasutural spines concave.</p><p>BODY short, stout, length 5–6.5mm, less than twice as long as wide. Entirely carbon black, mostly matt above, antennal club brown, funicle reddish brown, tarsi brown or reddish.</p><p>HEAD Antennal club matt, with fine, extremely short and sparse setae; the 1 st club antennomere less than 4 times as wide as long, 2 nd club antennomere slightly longer than 5 times as wide as long, the 3 rd club antennomere dilated gradually toward apex. Eyes small, raised posteriorly. Frons quadridentate, sparse granulate with a small glabrous area in the middle; sparse, erected setae. Fronto-clypeal suture distinct with a small glabrous area in middle. Clypeus granulose with short, erected setae, anterior margin slightly tiny granulate, arch form (Fig. 10).</p><p>PRONOTUM about as wide as long, densely granulate, anterior angle with a weakly uncinate tooth, lateral margins very slightly curved except close to the posterior angles, which are pointed but not on the inside, projecting backwards, but not at all to the outside, usually hidden by the basal carina of the elytra. Vestiture of short setae, dense and longer anteriorly and laterally.</p><p>SCUTELLUM large, pentagonal, smooth and shining with weakly longitudinally grooved and bidentate on the anterior margin.</p><p>ELYTRA basal margin with a sharp carina. Absolutely glabrous, very dense projecting granules (except for the humeral callus which is smooth and shining), partly confluent anteriorly near the suture and form subvermiculate sculpture. Elytral declivity slightly convex, glabrous, granules smaller, less projecting and less dense than those on disc; 4 pairs of marginal tubercles not well-developed, the upper pair in the form of short and shining raised carinae, the lower two pairs in the form of large shining ‘beads’ or short costae, the lowest pair short carinae, slightly projecting. Declivital suture granulose, very slightly raised, juxtasutural spines inserted above the middle level of the declivity and very short distance from the suture, conical, tip rounded, surface irregular and rugose at the base, smooth and shining at the apex, inner side of the juxtasutural spines concave. Sutural angle slightly reflexed. Post-epipleuron suddenly widen beneath elytral declivity toward apex.</p><p>LEGS Posterior tibiae with short, erect hairs on the external face.</p><p>Geographical distribution: Indonesia (Eastern Borneo, Java), Philippines (Mindaro) (Liu 2010).</p><p>Biology: unknown.</p><p>Remarks: Lesne (1906) pointed out that the species is related to S. marseuli and S. pachyodon . However, the coarse surface of the species resembles S. luzonicum .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFF8C216FF38F8F6B0B4FAE0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFFEC217FF38FF5DB748F90D.text	861AF86EFFFEC217FF38FF5DB748F90D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon convexicauda (Lesne 1932) Lesne 1932	<div><p>Sinoxylon convexicauda Lesne 1932 stat. nov. (Figs 20A&amp;B)</p><p>Sinoxylon marseuli convexicauda Lesne 1932b: 657 .</p><p>Type material examined: Sinoxylon marseuli convexicauda ST (MNHN, NFIC) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Short, shining. Elytra entirely glabrous beside extremely sparse, short setae on latero-posterior angles. Elytral declivity convex with 4-6 pairs of marginal tubercles in the form of smooth and shining longitudinal ridges, the upper pairs broader, the lowest pair of the marginal tubercles projecting with a rounded pointed tip. Declivital suture slightly raised, juxtasutural spines smooth and shiny, inserted at middle level of declivity and next to the outer side of the raised suture, conical, bent inwardly with more or less rounded tip, sometime the pair of juxtasutural spines long with a strong curved inwardly tip as a hook.</p><p>BODY short, stout, parallel-sided, very slightly widened posteriorly. Length 4–5mm, about 2.3–2.5 as long as wide. Entirely black, or head, pronotum and ventral side black, abdomen black tinged with red at the sides and behind; elytra brownish red the declivity darker brown, and the elytral bases dark brown; antennal funicle and tarsi reddish; femora brown or dark brown with the apices red; tibiae brown; antennal club sometimes reddish, sometimes brown.</p><p>HEAD Antennal club flabelliform, matt, with distinct short, sparse setae; the 1 st club antennomere about 5 times as wide as long, the 2 nd club antennomere about 6 times as wide as long, the 3 rd club antennomere dilated gradually to apex. Eyes medium sized, raised posteriorly. Frons strongly quadridentate, granulose and sometime strongly developed into additional denticles; not dense, erected setae, longer on sides, inclined centrally. Fronto-clypeal suture distinct. Clypeus slightly granulose, with short, erect setae, longer on sides, inclined centrally, anterior margin single or double V form (figs 8&amp;9).</p><p>PRONOTUM wider than long, anterior angle with a slightly recurved tooth, posterior angel rounded; posterior part of pronotum covered by very dense, flattened, rounded or slightly elongate granules, with a fine, more or less vague median line. Vestiture short setae, dense and longer anteriorly and laterally.</p><p>SCUTELLUM median to large, subpentagonal.</p><p>ELYTRA lamina on basal margin, shining, entirely glabrous beside extremely sparse, short setae on latero-posterior angles; strong and dense punctures on disc and gradually larger and coarse posteriorly. Elytral declivity convex, shining, glabrous, dense and more or less strong punctures 2/3 upper, the lower 1/3 with very fine punctures. 4–6 pairs of marginal tubercles in the form of smooth and shining longitudinal ridges, the upper pairs broader, the lowest pair of the marginal tubercles projecting with a rounded pointed tip, lower margin of declivity below marginal tubercles projecting as a thick carina with a round apex and not connect to the slightly transverse bulge above apical margin. Declivital suture slightly raised, juxtasutural spines smooth and shiny, inserted at middle level of declivity and next to the outer side of the raised suture, conical, bent inwardly with more or less rounded tip, sometime the pair of juxtasutural spines long with a strong curved inwardly tip as a hook. Sutural angel reflexed. Post-epipleuron gradually widened beneath elytral declivity toward apex.</p><p>LEGS Posterior tibiae with some short recumbent hairs on the outer side.</p><p>FEMALE: sutural angle of elytra with a pointed tooth inserted on the inner face beneath the apical margin.</p><p>Geographical distribution: Northern India (Assam), Northern Vietnam.</p><p>Biology: unknown.</p><p>Remarks: Lesne (1932b) described S. marseuli convexicauda from Assam and ‘Tonkin’ (Vietnam). The author has examined a long series of the specimens from Thai Nguyen, northern Vietnam with less protruding marginal tubercles, more convex declivity and the juxtasutural spines bent inwardly and sometimes long with a strong curved inwardly tip like a hook, those characters can distinguish this subspecies into a well stablished species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFFEC217FF38FF5DB748F90D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFFEC214FF38F8C3B6ACFBE7.text	861AF86EFFFEC214FF38F8C3B6ACFBE7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon cucumella Lesne 1906	<div><p>Sinoxylon cucumella Lesne, 1906 (Figs 19C&amp;D)</p><p>Sinoxylon cucumella Lesne, 1906: 544 .</p><p>Type material examined: Sinoxylon cucumella ST (MNHN) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Scutellum fairly large. Elytra shiny, completely glabrous, without marginal tubercles apart from a weak tuberosity at the lower-external side of elytral declivity. Declivital suture raised with the pair of juxtasutural spines on the middle and a series of crenulate punctures on outer side. Juxtasutural spines small, compressed laterally, short rounded or lobiform.</p><p>BODY elongate, parallel-sided, slightly widened posteriorly, length 4–5.5mm, about 2.2 times as long as wide. Black with elytra sometimes tinted with red on anterior half, anterior margin and suture remaining brown; antennal funicle red, club dark brown like the femora and tibiae; tarsi reddish brown.</p><p>HEAD Antennal club flabelliform, the 1 st club antennomere more than 4 times as wide as long, the 2 nd club antennomere more than 5 times as wide as long, the 3 rd club antennomere dilated towards apex with a fine sulcus along anterior margin. Eyes medium sized, raised posteriorly. Frons granulate, quadridentate, erect setae and longer on sides, with a small glabrous area in the middle. Fronto-clypeal suture distinct. Clypeus sparse granulose with erected setae, anterior margin single V form (Fig.8).</p><p>PRONOTUM about as wide as long, anterior angle with a weakly recurved tooth, posterior angle rounded; middle of posterior part of pronotum with small, densely placed, appressed granules, raised laterally. Vestiture short, very short, sparse setae, longer and erect along the anterior and lateral margin.</p><p>SCUTELLUM fairly large, subpentagonal, moderately finely punctured, anterior angles sometimes prominent and toothlike.</p><p>ELYTRA basal margin lamina, shining, completely glabrous. Punctuate densely and fairly strong, well separated on more than the anterior half, more coarsely posteriorly. Elytral declivity very slightly convex, more or less strongly punctured, without marginal tubercles apart from a weak tuberosity at the lower-external side. Declivital suture raised with the juxtasutural spines on the middle and a series of crenulate punctures on outer side. Juxtasutural spines small, compressed laterally, short rounded or lobiform, inserted below the middle level of the declivity. Sutural angle simple. Post-epipleuron suddenly widened beneath the elytral declivity toward apex.</p><p>LEGS Posterior tibiae with short erect hairs on the outer side.</p><p>Female(?): Lower-apical margin of elytra subdentate on inner side a little before the apex of the sutural angle. No long hairs on posterior tarsi. Punctures of elytral declivity strong and dense.</p><p>Geographical distribution: India, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam. (Liu &amp; Beaver 2018, Sittichaya 2023) China (Yunnan: Xishuangbanna) (Liu 2021).</p><p>Biology: Beeson &amp; Bhatia (1937) obtained the species from Wendlandia tinctoria ( Rubiaceae).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFFEC214FF38F8C3B6ACFBE7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFFDC215FF38FB69B71BFDAC.text	861AF86EFFFDC215FF38FB69B71BFDAC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon luzonicum Lesne 1932	<div><p>Sinoxylon luzonicum Lesne, 1932 (Figs 19E&amp;F)</p><p>Sinoxylon luzonicum Lesne, 1932a: 393 .</p><p>Type material examined: Sinoxylon luzonicum ST (MNHN) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Stout, entirely dark red or black. Scutellum medium to large, smooth and shiny. Elytra completely glabrous, elytral declivity granulate, with 3 pairs of marginal tubercles, shinny granulate carinulae. Declivital suture raised, granulate, juxtasutural spines small, inserted above or in the middle level of the declivity and next to the outer side of the raised suture, short, conical, inner side flat, shinny, granular at the base of outer side, tip smooth, not sharp.</p><p>BODY stout, parallel-sided, length 5mm, about 2.2–2.5 times as long as wide. Entirely dark red or black, abdomen with reddish margin, femora and tibiae black, tarsi reddish brown, antennae and palps brownish.</p><p>HEAD Antennal club matt with fine, extremely short and sparse setae; the 1 st club antennomere about 4 times as wide as long, 2 nd club antennomere 5–6 times as wide as long, the 3 rd club antennomere dilated gradually toward apex. Eyes small to medium sized, raised posteriorly. Frons quadridentate, sparse granulate; some short, erected setae and very few long, erected setae on sides. Fronto-clypeal suture distinct with a small glabrous area in middle. Clypeus very sparse granulose with sparse, short, erected setae, anterior margin wide arch to straight (Fig. 10).</p><p>PRONOTUM wider than long, densely granulate, anterior angle with a slightly uncinate tooth, lateral margins very slightly curved except close to the posterior angles, which are granulose; posterior area of pronotum with dense elongate appressed granules, slightly raised laterally. Vestiture of very short, very sparse setae, dense and longer anteriorly and laterally.</p><p>SCUTELLUM medium to large, subrectangular, rounded posteriorly, smooth and shiny.</p><p>ELYTRA completely glabrous, cariniform basal margin, strongly densely punctured, attenuated anteriorly, becoming subcarious and vermiculate posteriorly. Humeral callus smooth and shining. Elytral declivity punctures large, well separated, gradually smaller toward apex, granulate, with 3 pairs of marginal tubercles, shinny granulate carinulae. Declivital suture raised, granulate, juxtasutural spines small, inserted above or in the middle level of the declivity and next to the outer side of the raised suture, short, conical, inner side flat, shinny, granular at the base of outer side, tip smooth, not sharp. Sutural angle simple or slightly reflexed. Post-epipleuron gradually widen beneath the middle of elytra toward apex.</p><p>LEGS Posterior tibiae with some short, semierect hairs on the outer face.</p><p>Geographical distribution: Philippines (Luzon). New records: Malaysia, Perak, 25km NE of IPOH, 1200m, Banjaran Titi Wangsa mts, Korbu mt., 11–16,i,1999, leg. P Cechovsky (2, LLY).</p><p>Biology: unknown.</p><p>Remarks: Lesne (1932a) pointed out that the species resembles S. bufo . The author examined the specimens collected from Malaysia with the juxtasutural spines very small and inserted about upper 1/3 of elytral declivity and the syntype collected from Philippines with the juxtasutural spines larger and 2/5 upper of elytral declivity.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFFDC215FF38FB69B71BFDAC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFFCC215FF38FDA0B1A4F8B5.text	861AF86EFFFCC215FF38FDA0B1A4F8B5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon malaccanum Lesne 1930	<div><p>Sinoxylon malaccanum Lesne, 1930 (Figs 19G&amp;H)</p><p>Sinoxylon malaccanum Lesne, 1930: 103 .</p><p>Type material examined: Sinoxylon malaccanum ST (MNHN, NHML) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Stout, scutellum large and smooth. Elytral declivity with 3–4 pairs of marginal tubercles on upper and lateral margin, cariniform, the 3 rd pairs of marginal tubercles with a pointed tip; often a pair of projection below the 3 rd pair of marginal tubercles form the 4 th pair of marginal tubercles, small conical or papillate. Declivital suture narrowly raised with punctate outer side, juxtasutural spines inserted in the middle level of declivity and on the raised suture, conical, more or less compressed laterally, with a very acute tip.</p><p>BODY stout, slightly widened posteriorly, length 3.5–4.5mm, about twice as long as wide. Black, antennal funicle and tarsi somewhat brown, palps ferrugineous.</p><p>HEAD Antennal club with sparse, very short setae, the 1 st club antennomere triangular and about four times as wide as long, the 2 nd club antennomere longer about five times as wide as long, the 3 rd club antennomere dilated. Eyes small, strongly raised posteriorly. Frons granulate, quadridentate, with appressed setae toward centrally, a row of long and erect setae between eyes and longer on sides. Fronto-clypeal suture distinct with a small glabrous area in middle. Clypeus sparse punctured, with short, appressed setae.</p><p>PRONOTUM about as wide as long, anterior angle with a uncinate tooth, posterior angel rounded; posterior part of pronotum with granulate, the granules very short, dense, subimbricate. Vestiture of short, sparse, appressed setae, longer on the anterio-lateral and lateral areas.</p><p>SCUTELLUM large, subrectangular, rounded posteriorly.</p><p>ELYTRA lamina on basal margin, punctate dense, well separated, normal size and gradually larger posteriorly, vestiture of short, appressed, reddish setae. Elytral declivity punctate small, attenuated toward apex, vestiture short, recurved, reddish setae. 3–4 pairs of marginal tubercles on upper and lateral margin, cariniform, the 3 rd pairs of marginal tubercles with a pointed tip; often a pair of projection below the 3 rd pair of marginal tubercles form the 4 th pair of marginal tubercles, small conical or papillate. Declivital suture narrowly raised with punctate outer side, juxtasutural spines inserted in the middle level of declivity and on the raised suture, conical, more or less compressed laterally, with a very acute tip. Sutral angle slightly reflexed. Post-epipleuron gradually widen from beneath elytral declivity to apex.</p><p>Geographical distribution: Malaysia. The syntype were collected from Sepang, Selangor, near Malacca. No further recorded after the type.</p><p>Biology: The larva of this species was observed in the roots of Derris sp. ( Fabaceae) (Lesne 1930).</p><p>Remarks: Lesne (1930) pointed out this species resembles S. birmanum .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFFCC215FF38FDA0B1A4F8B5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFFCC20AFF38F89BB3F0F9C0.text	861AF86EFFFCC20AFF38F89BB3F0F9C0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon marseuli Lesne 1895	<div><p>Sinoxylon marseuli Lesne, 1895</p><p>Sinoxylon marseuli Lesne, 1895: 177 .</p><p>Type material examined: Sinoxylon marseuli ST (MNHN) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Short, stout, scutellum medium to large. Elytral declivity shining, glabrous, with 4–6 (or even 7) pairs of marginal tubercles in the form of smooth and shining longitudinal ridges, the upper pairs broader, less projecting, lower margin of declivity below marginal tubercles clearly projecting and connect to the slightly transverse bulge above apical margin. Declivital suture raised, juxtasutural spines parallel to each other, inserted at middle level of declivity and next to the outer side of the raised suture, smooth and shing, conical, more or less rounded pointed tip, not excavated on inner side.</p><p>BODY short, stout, parallel-sided, very slightly widened posteriorly. Length 4–5mm, about 2.3–2.5 as long as wide. Entirely dark red or black, or head, pronotum and ventral side black, abdomen black tinged with red at the sides and behind; elytra brownish red the declivity darker brown, and the elytral bases dark brown; antennal funicle and tarsi reddish; femora brown or dark brown with the apices red; tibiae brown; antennal club sometimes reddish, sometimes brown.</p><p>HEAD Antennal club flabelliform, matt, with a series of more or less distinct sensillae pores along the anterior margin of all three club antennomeres; the 1 st club antennomere about 4–5 times as wide as long, the 2 nd club antennomere about 5–6 times as wide as long, the 3 rd club antennomere dilated gradually to apex with a indistinct sulcus on anterior-apical margin which clearer close to apex. Eyes small to medium sized, raised posteriorly. Frons strongly quadridentate, granulose and sometime strongly developed into additional denticles; more or less dense, erected setae, longer on sides, inclined centrally. Fronto-clypeal suture distinct. Clypeus slightly granulose, with short, erect setae, longer on sides, inclined centrally, anterior margin single V form (Fig.9).</p><p>PRONOTUM wider than long, anterior angle with a slightly recurved tooth, posterior angel rounded; posterior part of pronotum covered by very dense, flattened, rounded or slightly elongate granules. Vestiture short, sparse setae, dense and longer anteriorly and laterally.</p><p>SCUTELLUM medium to large, subpentagonal.</p><p>ELYTRA lamina on basal margin, shining, extremely sparse, short, recumbent setae, or glabrous; strong and dense punctures on disc and gradually larger and coarse posteriorly. Elytral declivity shining, glabrous, dense and more or less strong punctures 2/3 upper, the lower 1/3 with very fine punctures. 4–6 (or even 7) pairs of marginal tubercles in the form of smooth and shining longitudinal ridges, the upper pairs broader, less projecting, lower margin of declivity below marginal tubercles clearly projecting and connect to the slightly transverse bulge above apical margin. Declivital suture raised, juxtasutural spines parallel to each other, inserted at middle level of declivity and next to the outer side of the raised suture, smooth and shing, conical, more or less rounded pointed tip, not excavated on inner side. Sutural angel slightly reflexed. Post-epipleuron gradually widened beneath elytral declivity to apex.</p><p>LEGS Posterior tibiae with some short recumbent hairs on the outer side.</p><p>Female: epipleuron widened at apex, sutural angle of elytra with a pointed tooth inserted on the inner face, at some distance from the apex.</p><p>Geographical distribution: India, Thailand (Sittichaya 2023), Malay Peninsula (Liu 2010), Vietnam, Indonesia (Liu &amp; Beaver 2018). New record: Cambodia: Ban Teay Mean Chey, Ang Tro Peang Thmo, IV-2006, leg Oul Yothin (1, LLY); Pursat prov., Phnom Samkosy, wildlive Sanct. Forest, 11–17.V.2005, leg Smet &amp; I. Var (1, IRSNB).</p><p>Biology: Beeson &amp; Bhatia (1937) bred the species from Cynometra ramiflora ( Fabaceae).</p><p>Remarks: Lesne (1895) described S. marseuli from specimens collected from East India, Sulawesi and Java. Later, he erected a subspecies of S. marseuli convexicauda with specimens collected from Assam and Tonkin (Lesne 1932b). The author has stated the subspecies into a species, checked the details of the new state in the Remarks of Sinoxylon convexicauda .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFFCC20AFF38F89BB3F0F9C0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFE3C20BFF38F90CB64AFB14.text	861AF86EFFE3C20BFF38F90CB64AFB14.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon pachyodon Lesne 1906	<div><p>Sinoxylon pachyodon Lesne, 1906 (Figs 20C&amp;D)</p><p>Sinoxylon pachyodon Lesne, 1906: 486 .</p><p>Type material examined: Sinoxylon pachyodon ST (MCSN) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Short, stout, scutellum large. Elytral declivity shining, glabrous, convex, with 7 pairs of marginal tubercles in the form of smooth and shining, short longitudinal ridges as callus apex, the upper pairs broader, less projecting, the lowest (7th) pair placed at the beginning of the oblique, projecting ridge. Declivital suture slightly raised, juxtasutural spines inserted in the middle level of the declivity and slightly separated from the suture, the inner side connect to the outer margin of the raised suture, stout, thick, cylindrical, subtruncate and rounded to form a part of a sphere at the tip.</p><p>BODY stout, length 4–5mm, less than twice as long as wide, elytra distinctly widened posteriorly. Head, pronotum, verntral side black, elytra red or reddish brown on more than anterior half, dark red or brown on elytral declivity, antennae reddish or red-brown; femora black, tinted with red on the exterior margin; anterior tibiae brownish; meso- and meta tibiae and all tarsi red.</p><p>HEAD Antennal club flabelliform, shining, the 2 nd club antennomere clearly wider than the total length of the club. Eyes medium sized, raised posteriorly. Frons granulate, quadridentate, with sparse, erected setae. Fronto-clypeal suture distinct, with two adjacent denticles. Clypeus sparse punctate, sparse, short setae, anterior margin arch form (Fig.10).</p><p>PRONOTUM about as wide as long, anterior angle with a slightly incurved, not uncinate tooth, lateral margins of prothorax almost straight, posterior angles rounded; middle of posterior part of pronotum flattened granules, raised toward laterally. Vestiture of short, sparse, appressed setae, longer on the anterio-lateral and lateral areas.</p><p>SCUTELLUM large, oblong, subpentagonal, flat.</p><p>ELYTRA projecting lamina on basal margin, completely glabrous except for a few rare appressed setae on lateral angels, punctate strong, very dense, gradually stronger posteriorly. Elytral declivity shining, glabrous, convex, strongly and fairly densely punctured on the upper 3/4, smooth on the lower 1/4, where there is a wide, oblique, moderately prominent ridge. 7 pairs of marginal tubercles in the form of smooth and shining, short longitudinal ridges as callus apex, the upper pairs broader, less projecting, the lowest (7th) pair placed at the beginning of the oblique, projecting ridge. Declivital suture slightly raised, juxtasutural spines inserted in the middle level of the declivity and slightly separated from the suture, the inner side connect to the outer margin of the raised suture, stout, thick, cylindrical, subtruncate and rounded to form a part of a sphere at the tip. Sutural angel simple. Post-epipleuron suddenly widened from external angle to apex.</p><p>LEGS The tarsi have long hairs on the inner side, posterior tibiae with fairly numerous, semi-erect hairs on the external face.</p><p>Geographical distribution: Myanmar, Thailand (Sittichaya 2023).</p><p>Biology: this is a montane species.</p><p>Remarks: Lesne (1906) pointed out that the species resembles S. marseuli .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFE3C20BFF38F90CB64AFB14	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFE1C208FF38FF5DB176F90D.text	861AF86EFFE1C208FF38FF5DB176F90D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon sudanicum Lesne 1895	<div><p>Sinoxylon sudanicum Lesne, 1895 (Figs 20E&amp;F)</p><p>Sinoxylon sudanicum Lesne, 1895: 176 .</p><p>Type material examined: Sinoxylon sudanicum ST (MNHN) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Short, elytra red or chestnut and dark posteriorly. Elytral declivity without marginal tubercles and sometime form a pair of callus at lower margin as the ends of the convex area. Declivital suture slightly raised and attenuate apically, juxtasutural spines insert above the middle level of the declivity and next to the outer side of the raised suture, compressed laterally, triangular, very pointed tip, rough outer sider and unequal punctate at the base, and each upper margin extended into a short carina along the suture, inner side slightly excavate.</p><p>BODY short, parallel-sided, length 3-4.5mm, about twice as long as wide. Head, pronotum, ventral side and femur black; elytra red or chestnut and dark posteriorly, antennae and tarsi red; tibiae brown.</p><p>HEAD Antennal club flabelliform, the 1 st club antennomere more than 4 times as wide as long, the 2 nd club antennomere more than 5 times as wide as long, the 3 rd club antennomere dilated towards apex with a fine sulcus along anterior margin. Eyes medium sized, raised posteriorly. Frons granulate, quadridentate, with a few long, erect setae on each side and a few shorter, centrally folded setae in the middle. Fronto-clypeal suture distinct. Clypeus sparse granulose with very sparse, short setae, anterior margin sinuate, single V form (Fig.9).</p><p>PRONOTUM about as wide as long, anterior angle with a slightly uncinate tooth, posterior angle rounded; middle of posterior part of pronotum with longitudinal carinules, more or less distinct, granules laterally. Vestiture short, very short, sparse setae, longer along the anterior and lateral margin. Vestiture of appressed setae, longer and denser anteriorly and laterally.</p><p>SCUTELLUM tongue shape.</p><p>ELYTRA basal margin granulose, Punctation quite strong, not very dense at the base, gradually becoming stronger posteriorly, often coarse and confluent. Vestiture of recurved setae. Elytral declivity strongly punctuated in its upper region, very finely on the lower part, with appressed setae. Marginal tubercles absent on upper margin and form a pair of callus at lower margin as the ends of the convex area. Declivital suture slightly raised and attenuate apically, sometimes very prominent, form like two juxtasutural carinules. Juxtasutural spines insert above the middle level of the declivity and next to the outer side of the raised declivital suture, compressed laterally, triangular, very pointed tip, rough outer sider and unequal punctate at the base, and each upper margin extended into a short carina along the declivital suture, inner side slightly excavate. Sutural angle simple. Post-epipleuron suddenly widened beneath the elytral declivity and widest at external angle.</p><p>LEGS posterior tibiae with a few erect setae on the external side. The posterior tarsi have, on the internal side, setae which are sometimes longer (♂?), sometimes shorter (♀?).</p><p>Geographical distribution: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Yemen, Egypt, Sudan, Madagascar, Senegal and introduced into Europe (Liu &amp; Beaver 2018). Intercepted but not established in Florida and Mississippi (USA) (Chase et al. 2012). New record: OMAN: Al Dakhiliyah, Samail Al Ayainah/Said Al Rawahi, 23002’35.2” N 57057’39.2” E Malaise trap 2–7-XI-2016 EG Chapman &amp; A Al Busadi (1, LLY).</p><p>Biology: Beeson &amp; Bhatia (1937) included a few species of family Fabaceae ( Acacia arabica, A. gageana, Albizzia lebbek, Butea monosperma, Dalbergia sissoo, Pongamia pinnata, Prosopis cineraria and Quercus sp.), Balanites roxburghii ( Zygophyllaceae), Casuarina equisetifolia ( Casuarinaceae), Ficus grossularioides ( Moraceae), Mallotus philippinensis ( Euphorbiaceae), Mangifera indica ( Anacardiaceae), Searsia parviflora ( Anacardiaceae), Shorea robusta ( Dipterocarpaceae) and Terminalia elliptica ( Combretaceae) as host plants.</p><p>Remarks: Lesne (1906) noted only two species of Sinoxylon that occur in both Africa and Asia, this species and S. unidentatum, both are very closely related to each other.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFE1C208FF38FF5DB176F90D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFE0C209FF38FF5DB2B7F878.text	861AF86EFFE0C209FF38FF5DB2B7F878.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon anale Lesne 1897	<div><p>Sinoxylon anale Lesne, 1897 (Figs 21A&amp;B)</p><p>Sinoxylon anale Lesne, 1897: 21 nomen protectum (Figs 17A&amp;B)</p><p>Sinoxylon germinatum Schilsky, 1899: 80 syn. by Lesne 1905: 249.</p><p>Apatodes Macleayi Blackburn, 1889: 1429 nomen oblitum senior syn. by Vrydagh 1958: 50.</p><p>Type material examined: Sinoxylon anale ST (IRSNB, MNHN, NHML) ; Sinoxylon germinatum (MNB) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Elytra shiny, elytral declivity well marked with continuous coarse, broadly tubercles, with the apical margin to form a complete circle rim of declivity from the back view. Declivital suture raised, juxtasutural spines inserted above or in the middle level of the declivity and some distance from the suture, smooth, conical, acute straight or slightly curved upwardly at apices, base half of the juxtasutural spines coarse. Upper line of post-epipleuron curving dorsally at its posterior end to join carina forming lower margin of elytral declivity.</p><p>BODY stout, parallel-sided, length 3.5–6mm, about 2–2.4 times as long as wide. Black or dark reddish brown, posterior angles of pronotum and anterior half of elytral disc usually more reddish, antennae, palpi, legs brownish yellow.</p><p>HEAD Antennal club flabellate, the 1 st club antennomere more than 4 times as wide as long, the 2 nd club antennomere more than 5 times as wide as long, the 3 rd club antennomere expanded with a finely sulcus along the anterior margin. Frons granulate, quadridentate, with erected setae and longer on sides. Fronto-clypeal suture distinct. Clypeus punctuate with sparse, short setae, anterior margin single V form (Fig.9).</p><p>PRONOTUM wider than long, anterior angle with a more or less unciform tooth, posterior angles broadly rounded; posterior area of pronotum covered by dense, rounded, flattened granule, raised laterally. Vestiture dense, appressed setae, longer on anterior-lateral and lateral areas.</p><p>SCUTELLUM small, tongue shape.</p><p>ELYTRA granulose on basal margin. Shiny, coarsely, densely, irregularly punctate, slightly large posteriorly, with sparse, short, recumbent setae which denser and clearer laterally. Elytral declivity slightly convex upper 2/3, punctuate large upper half, seldom confluent, small lower half and attenuate toward apex, with recumbent, reddish setae. Upper and lateral margin of elytral declivity well marked with continuous coarse, broadly tubercles, with the apical margin to form a complete circle rim of declivity from the back view. Declivital suture raised, juxtasutural spines inserted above or in the middle level of the declivity and some distance from the suture, smooth, conical, acute straight or slightly curved upwardly at apices, base half of the juxtasutural spines coarse. Sutural angle slightly reflexed. Upper line of post-epipleuron curving dorsally at its posterior end to join carina forming lower margin of elytral declivity. Post-epipleiuron suddenly widen form external angle and widest at external angle.</p><p>Geographical distribution: Cosmopolitan.</p><p>Biology: This species is a common species in forests, orchards, timber depots, sawmills and furniture industries, and is a primary borer in the sapwood of logs, timbers used in house building, boxes, and packing cases. Hence, the species is considered one of the most destructive wood borers attacking a great variety of plants (Liu &amp; Beaver 2018). Argaman et al. (1987) reported a severe outbreak of S. anale in Delonix regia ( Fabaceae), in Tel Aviv, Israel, although the trees were burned, this did not prevent the establishment of the species in Israel.</p><p>Remarks: Blackburm (1889) described Apatodes Macleayi from specimens collected from “N. Territory of S. Australia ” and erected the genus Apatodes for this species. Lesne (1902) synonymized Apatodes with Sinoxylon and put a question mark before Macleayi, which was listed under Sinoxylon anale (Lesne 1906) . Vrydagh (1958) mentioned “Blackburm a décrit l’espèce Mac Leayi, de port Darwin, qui constitue un synonyme.” under S. anale . However, since Lesne (1897) described S. anale, Apatodes macleayi has not been used as a valid name within the scientific community. According to ICZN (1999), S. anale is a nomen protectum, and Apatodes Macleayi becomes a nomen oblitum, a senior synonym of S. anale .</p><p>REPRESENTATIVE PAPERS USING THE NAME SINOXYLON ANALE 1975–2025 (in alphabetical order): AkŞit et al (2005); Argaman et al. (1987); Beaver et al. (2011); Boriani et al. (2019); Budiewi et al. (2020); Chen (2011); Liu (2010, 2021); Gnanaharan et al. (1983, 1985); Gumovsky (2010); Hutacharern &amp; Choldumrongkul (1989); Hutacharern &amp; Tubtim (1995); Liu &amp; Schönitzer (2011); Liu &amp; Beaver (2018); Liu et al. (2008a, 2016); Lykidis et al. (2016); Nair (2007); Pratap &amp; Bhandari (1987); Rattie (2004); Sittichaya (2023); Sittichaya &amp; Beaver (2009); Sittichaya et al. (2009); Teixeira et al. (2002); Zhang et al. (2022); Zimmermann et al. (2018); Zhu et al (2006).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFE0C209FF38FF5DB2B7F878	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFE7C20FFF38FC3CB3FCFED0.text	861AF86EFFE7C20FFF38FC3CB3FCFED0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon angolense Lesne 1906	<div><p>Sinoxylon angolense Lesne, 1906 (Figs 21C&amp;D)</p><p>Sinoxylon angolense Lesne, 1906: 507 .</p><p>Type material examined: Sinoxylon angolense HT (MNHN) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Short, elytra lighter 1/2 to 2/3 anterior and darker at 1/3 posterior, scutellum medium size. Elytral declivity without marginal tubercles, declivital suture slightly raised and juxtasutural spines inserted above the middle level of declivity and away from the suture at short distance, divergent, regularly conical, with very pointed, more or less downward tip, the base rugose, smooth and shining below the teeth.</p><p>BODY short, parallel-sided, length 3.5–4.5mm, about twice as long as wide. Head, pronotum and underside black, pronotum tinted with red on the disc, elytra reddish brown, tibiae brown, antennae and tarsi red. Elytra usually lighter 1/2 to 2/3 anterior and darker at 1/3 posterior.</p><p>HEAD Antennal club strongly developed transversely, the 1 st club antennomere about 6 times as wide as long, the 2 nd club antennomere about 7 times as wide as long, the 3 rd club antennomere elongated club with a fine sulcus along the anterior margin to internal apex. Eyes small, raised posteriorly. Frons granulate, quadridentate more or less strong, covered by moderately dense and long setae inclined centrally, longer and erect on sides. Fronto-clypeal suture indistinct. Clypeus sparse granulose with sparse, short, appressed setae, anterior margin single V form (Fig.9).</p><p>PRONOTUM subrectangular, almost parallel sided. Anterior angle with a slightly recurved tooth, posterior angel rounded; posterior area of pronotum covered by small, rounded, flattened granule. Vestiture of short, sparse, appressed setae, longer on lateral areas.</p><p>SCUETTLUM median size, tongue shape.</p><p>ELYTRA basal margin cariniform with or without granulose. Punctation of disc and lateral areas moderately strong, larger toward posteriorly, well separated. Vestiture of moderately dense, appressed setae on disc, longer and recurved on lateral and posterior areas. Elytral declivity without marginal tubercles, no depression near the suture; punctation of upper 1/2 distinct, moderately strong, tiny and shallow on below part attenuated toward apex; vestiture of distinct appressed setae; below transverse ridge distinct. Declivital suture slightly raised and attenuated apically. Juxtasutural spines inserted above the middle level of declivity and away from the declivital suture at short distance, divergent, regularly conical, with very pointed, more or less downward tip, the base rugose, smooth and shining below the teeth. Sutural angel slightly projecting. Post-epipleuron gradually, slightly widen from external angle to apex.</p><p>LEGS Posterior tibiae with quite short semi-appressed hairs on the external ridge.</p><p>Geographical distribution: Angola, West Africa (Chen 2011).</p><p>Biology: unknown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFE7C20FFF38FC3CB3FCFED0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFE6C20FFF38FE7CB6E4F96E.text	861AF86EFFE6C20FFF38FE7CB6E4F96E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon beesoni Lesne 1931	<div><p>Sinoxylon beesoni Lesne, 1931 (Figs 21E&amp;F)</p><p>Sinoxylon beesoni Lesne, 1931: 102 .</p><p>Type material examined: Sinoxylon beesoni ST (MNHN, NFIC) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Short, stout, frons depressed and explanate, very shining, almost smooth and with only some scattered very small granules. Elytral declivity with 5 or 6 indistinct, rudimentary tubercles on upper and lateral margin of each elytron; declivital suture raised, juxtasutural spines inserted in the middle level of declivity and on the suture, laterally compressed, triangular, spiniform, pointed.</p><p>BODY short, stout, length about 5mm, less than twice as long as wide. Head, pronotum, ventral side black or dark brown; elytra reddish brown, brown on the declivity; antennae, palps, legs and apical margin of abdomen reddish.</p><p>HEAD Antennal club very developed, flabelliform, the 1 st club antennomere more than 5 times as wide as long, the 2 nd club antennomere about 7 times as wide as long, the 3 rd club antennomere oblong, oval. Eyes small, raised posteriorly. Frons quadridentate, depressed and explanate, very shining, almost smooth and with only some scattered very small granules; a very fine, longitudinal median line, traceable at the bottom of a weak groove, exists on the frons and ends anteriorly at the fronto-clypeal suture; vestiture of sparse, long setae inclined upper, centrally. Fronto-clypeal suture very fine, covered by sparse erect setae with a row of longer setae inclined centrally, distinct, glabrous. Clypeus with very sparse, short setae inclined upwardly, anterior margin single V form (Fig.9).</p><p>PRONOTUM about as wide as long, anterior angle with a weakly uncinate tooth, posterior angle rounded; middle of posterior part of pronotum with small, moderately dense, projecting subcircular granules. Vestiture of short, sparse, appressed setae, longer on the anterior, lateral and lateral areas.</p><p>SCUTELLUM small, tongue shape with a spherical granule on each of its anterior angles.</p><p>ELYTRA basal margin compressed into a lamina which is completely smooth dorsally, but with some very small granules on its sharp edge. Punctures fine anteriorly and gradually increasing posteriorly. Vestiture of very short, sub-appressed setae, longer on sides. Elytral declivity with 5 or 6 indistinct, rudimentary tubercles on upper and lateral margin of each elytron, punctation smaller on below half and attenuated toward apex; vestiture of elytral declivity appressed setae evenly; declivital suture raised, the pair of juxtasutural spines inserted in the middle level of declivity and on the suture, laterally compressed, triangular, spiniform, pointed. Sutural angle slightly reflexed. Post-epipleuron gradually widen from beneath of elytral declivity to apex and widest at external angle.</p><p>LEGS External face of the hind tibiae bearing long setae. Posterior tarsi with a few long setae on the internal side.</p><p>Geographical distribution: Lesne (1931) described this species based on two specimens collected by C.F.C. Beeson from upper Myanmar. There are no further records .</p><p>Biology: Beeson &amp; Bhatia (1937) record Wendlandia tinctoria ( Rubiaceae) as the host plant.</p><p>Remarks: Lesne (1931) pointed out this species similar to S. birmanum from Myanmar, and S. fuscovestitum from Laos, but is distinguished by the explanate, smooth and very shiny fronto-clypeal region.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFE6C20FFF38FE7CB6E4F96E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFE6C20CFF38F8BFB7C2FB14.text	861AF86EFFE6C20CFF38F8BFB7C2FB14.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon birmanum Lesne 1906	<div><p>Sinoxylon birmanum Lesne, 1906: 540 .</p><p>Type material examined: Sinoxylon birmanum HT (NHMW) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Elytral declivity not abruptly truncate but curved without marginal tubercles. Declivital suture raised on declivity with a series of punctures outer side, juxtasutural spines inserted about the middle level of declivity and on the suture, laterally compressed, triangular, shining, pointed.</p><p>BODY short, parallel-sided, weakly widened posteriorly, length 4–5mm, about 2.3–2.5 times as long as wide. Black, slightly shining; antennal club brown; funicle red, tarsi reddish.</p><p>HEAD Antennal club strongly transverse, flabelliform, with sparse very short setae, the 1 st club antennomere triangular and about three times as wide as long, the 2 nd club antennomere slender and about six times as wide as long, the 3 rd club antennomere scalpel shape rounded at apex with a transverse sulcus from the 1/3 of base to the apex along the anterior margin. Eyes median size, raised posteriorly. Frons sparse granulose, quadridentate small, slightly glaborus in the middle, with appressed setae toward centrally, a row of long and erect setae between eyes and longer on sides. Fronto-clypeal suture indistinct. Clypeus sparse punctured, with erect vestiture, anterior margin single V form (Fig.9).</p><p>PRONOTUM subrectangular, parallel posteriorly, slightly incurved near the base, anterior angle with a slightly curved tooth, not unciform, posterior angel rounded; middle of posterior part of pronotum with small, narrow, densely placed, cuneiform granules and short, well-separated longitudinal carinulae on sides. Vestiture of short, sparse, appressed setae, longer on the anterio-lateral and lateral areas.</p><p>SCUTELLUM small, tongue shape.</p><p>ELYTRA lamina on basal margin. Punctation of dorsal region strong and confluent posteriorly, less strong and less dense anteriorly, vestiture of appressed, short setae. Elytral declivity not abruptly truncate but curved without marginal tubercles, slightly impressed in middle, punctation well-separated, rounded punctures mixed with very fine punctures on the upper half, the lower part covered by fine and dense punctures, vestiture of appressed, brownish setae. Declivital suture strongly raised with a series of punctures outer side, juxtasutural spines inserted about the middle level of declivity and on the suture, laterally compressed, triangular, shining, pointed. Sutural angle simple. Post-epipleuron gradually widen from beneath of elytral declivity to apex and widest at external angle.</p><p>Geographical distribution: Myanmar (Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bengal) (Beeson &amp; Bhatia 1937), Thailand (Tak) (Sittichaya 2023).</p><p>Biology: Beeson &amp; Bhatia (1937) mentioned the beetles of this species were bred in May to July from unknown woods.</p><p>Remarks: Lesne (1906) described this species from a unique type and pointed out this species similar to S. atratum .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFE6C20CFF38F8BFB7C2FB14	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFE5C20DFF38FB38B334FC34.text	861AF86EFFE5C20DFF38FB38B334FC34.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon capillatum Lesne 1895	<div><p>Sinoxylon capillatum Lesne, 1895 (Figs 21G&amp;H)</p><p>Sinoxylon capillatum Lesne, 1895: 175 .</p><p>Type material examined: Sinoxylon capillatum HT (MNHN) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Usually shining, hairy, frons with a glabrous median area. Elytral declivity without marginal tubercles, declivital suture raised with a series of punctures outer side as if grooved, juxtasutural spines inserted above middle level of declivity and on the suture, parallel, triangular, slightly laterally compressed, tip rounded to sharp pointed.</p><p>BODY rather elongate, parallel, slightly widened posteriorly, length 5–8mm about 2.5 times as long as wide. Head, pronotum, ventral side black, elytra brown to dark brown and darker posteriorly, tinged with red or black on anterior of elytra, sometime dark on elytral disc form triangular area between anterior and elytra suture and along the elytral suture to posterior margin; femur black, tibiae dark brown, tarsi reddish.</p><p>HEAD Antennal club very developed, flabelliform, glabrous, the 1 st club antennomere more than 5 times as wide as long, the 2 nd club antennomere about 7 times as wide as long, the 3 rd club antennomere scalpel shape with rounded apex and a fine, curved sulcus near anterior margin. Eyes medium sized, strongly raised posteriorly. Frons quadridentate with a wide glabrous median line, sparse, minus pucturated, covered by abundant erect setae, denser on sides. Fronto-clypeal suture distinct. Clypeus sparse pucturated with erect setae, anterior margin single V form (Fig.9).</p><p>PRONOTUM wider than long, anterior angle with an uncinate tooth, posterior angle rounded; middle of posterior part of pronotum with small, narrow, densely placed, cuneiform granules and granulose on sides. Vestiture of short, sparse, appressed setae, longer on the anterio-lateral and lateral areas.</p><p>SCUTELLUM tongue shape.</p><p>ELYTRA basal margin smooth, keeled. Punctures fine anteriorly, densely and very strongly on the rest of elytral disc and gradually increasing posteriorly. Vestiture long, appressed setae, semi-erect, abundant on sides. Elytral declivity without marginal tubercles, punctation less strong, less dense than on disc, none on the lower third; vestiture of elytral declivity denser than on disc; declivital suture raised with a series of punctures outer side as if grooved, juxtasutural spines inserted above middle level of declivity and on the suture, parallel, triangular, slightly laterally compressed, tip rounded to sharp pointed. Sutural angle simple. Post-epipleuron gradually widen beneath elytral declivity and widest at external angle.</p><p>LEGS external face of the hind tibiae bearing long setae. Posterior tarsi with a few long setae on the internal side</p><p>Geographical distribution: Pakistan, India (Beeson &amp; Bhatia 1937, Liu &amp; Beaver 2018), NE Laos. New Records: NE LAOS, Hau Phan prov. Ban Salueui, Phu Pan (Mt.), 1300–1900m, 27.iv.–1.vi.2011 by C. Holzschuh (43, MIC).</p><p>Biology: Beeson &amp; Bhatia (1937) included a few species of family Fabaceae ( Acacia gageana, Albizzia lebbek, Bauhinia purpurea, Dalbergia sissoo, Millettia auriculata, Neltuma juliflora, Pterocarpus marsupium, Senegalia modesta), Bombax ceiba ( Malvaceae), Cedrela toona ( Meliaceae), Ficus grossularioides ( Moraceae), Mallotus philippinensis ( Euphorbiaceae), Morus indica ( Moraceae), Shorea robusta ( Dipterocarpaceae), Terminalia belirica, T. elliptica ( Combretaceae), and miscellaneous timbers as the host plants. The species breeds mainly in small branches and twigs, life cycle is annual with a sharply limited emergence period in May to July (Beeson &amp; Bhatia 1937). According to the series of specimens collected from NE Laos in MIC, the species habitat in the high mountaneous area.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFE5C20DFF38FB38B334FC34	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFE4C202FF38FC18B302FC10.text	861AF86EFFE4C202FF38FC18B302FC10.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon ceratoniae (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>Sinoxylon ceratoniae (Linnaeus, 1758) (Figs 21I&amp;J)</p><p>Scarabaeus ceratoniae Linnaeus, 1758:353 .</p><p>Sinoxylon bicuspidatum Ancey, 1879: 139 syn. by Lesne 1902: 116.</p><p>Sinoxylon succisum Lesne, 1895: 176 syn. nov.</p><p>Type material examined: Sinoxylon bicuspidatum Type (MNHN); Sinoxylon succisum ST (MNHN).</p><p>Diagnosis. Short, stout, elytra black or brown, usually tinted with russet or red on the anterior 1/3 or 1/2. Elytra shiny, without margin tubercles or shows traces of three pairs of marginal calluses on upper and lateral margin of elytral declivity. Declivital suture slightly and narrowly raised, juxtasutural spines inserted about or above the middle level of declivity and away from the suture at some distance, smooth and shining, conical, usually ending in a sharp point, not or scarcely compressed laterally, straight, the pair of spines sometimes quite long.</p><p>BODY short, parallel-sided, length 3.5–5.8 mm, about twice as long as wide. Head, pronotum, ventral side black, femora usually black, sometimes red; elytra black or brown, tinted with russet or red on the anterior 1/3 or 1/2; tibiae brown, rarely reddish; antennae and tarsi reddish.</p><p>HEAD Antennal club strongly developed transversely, the 1 st club antennomere about 5 times as wide as long, the 2 nd club antennomere about 6 times as wide as long, the 3 rd club antennomere elongated club. Eyes small, strongly raised posteriorly. Frons granulate, more or less strongly quadridentate, covered by moderately dense and long setae, longer and erect on sides. Fronto-clypeal suture distinct. Clypeus sparse granulose with sparse, short, appressed setae, anterior margin granulose, arch or single V form (figs 9&amp;10).</p><p>PRONOTUM slightly wider than long, anterior angle with a slightly recurved tooth, posterior angel rounded; middle of posterior part of pronotum with flattened, cuneiform granules and granulose on sides. Vestiture of short, sparse, appressed setae, longer on the anterio-lateral and lateral areas.</p><p>SCUTELLUM medium sized, tongue shape.</p><p>ELYTRA lamina, granulose on basal margin. Dorsal area shiny, glabrous, short, erect or recurved downwardly setae on lateral and posterior areas; punctation of elytra clear and moderately strong, slightly larger posteriorly, smaller and less distinct laterally. Elytral declivity without margin tubercles or shows traces of three pairs of marginal calluses on upper and lateral margin; punctation of upper 1/2 to 2/3 distinct, moderately strong, tiny and shallow on below part attenuated toward apex; vestiture of very short, erect, scarcely visible setae. Declivital suture slightly and narrowly raised. Juxtasutural spines inserted about or above the middle level of declivity and away from the suture at some distance, smooth and shining, conical, usually ending in a sharp point, not or scarcely compressed laterally, straight, the teeth sometimes quite long. Impression more or less strong along apical margin. Sutural angel slightly projecting, reflexed. Post-epipleuron gradually widen from beneath elytral declivity and evenly widen toward apex.</p><p>LEGS Internal face of posterior tarsi with much longer setae in male than female.</p><p>Geographical distribution: Mediterranean basin (Lesne 1906), Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Iraq and introduced into Europe (Chen 2011). Liu (2010) reported Algeria as the new distribution of S. succisum and Chen (2011) included Yemen and India in the distribution of S. succisum . Wang et al. (2024) reported one specimens of S. ceratoniae and S. succisum collected from the imported log from Togo and Ghana to China at Mar., 2014 and Nov., 2018 respectively.</p><p>Biology: Lesne (1906) remarked this species prefers to develop in the dead branches of Albizzia lebbek ( Fabaceae) in Cairo and lives in Faidherbia albida ( Fabaceae) in Senegal . Chen (2011) listed Vachellia nilotica ( Fabaceae) and Parkia biglobosa ( Fabaceae) as host plants of this species and included Mangifera indica ( Anacardiaceae) as the host plant of S. succisum .</p><p>Remarks: Lesne (1895) described S. succisum and pointed out this species close to S. ceratoniae and listed the differences. Then he pointed out granules of the posterior part of the pronotum, elytral punctation of S. ceratoniae are variable (Lesne 1906). The size of the juxtasutural spines is variable too. Vrydagh (1962) examined 4 specimens of S. succisum with slightly doubt because the 4 specimens are significantly larger than type, and other specimens identified by Lesne, from the Upper Senegal and Bamaku on the Upper Niger, are larger and closely resemble the specimens from the Upper Sanga. The characters of S. succisum fall in the variation of S. ceratoniae, the author synonymizes S. succisum with S. ceratoniae here and consider this species originated from Mediterranean basin, Palearctic region.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFE4C202FF38FC18B302FC10	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFEBC203FF38FC3CB0F0FBC0.text	861AF86EFFEBC203FF38FC3CB0F0FBC0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon doliolum Lesne 1906	<div><p>Sinoxylon doliolum Lesne, 1906 (Figs 21K&amp;L)</p><p>Sinoxylon doliolum Lesne, 1906: 275</p><p>Sinoxylon cuneolus Lesne, 1906: 508 syn. nov.</p><p>Type material examined: Sinoxylon doliolum HT (NHMW) ; Sinoxylon cuneolus ST (MNB, NMHL).</p><p>Diagnosis. Elytra sometimes black, reddish brown, sometimes red anterior 1/3 to 1/2 and dark brown the rest posterior area. Elytra shiny, shows traces of 3 pairs of marginal calluses on upper and lateral margin of elytral declivity; declivital suture slightly raised, juxtasutural spines inserted above the middle level of declivity and away from the suture a little distance, smooth and shining, conical, usually ending in a slightly downward or straight sharp point, not or scarcely compressed basal inner side, straight, the pair of spines sometimes quite long.</p><p>BODY parallel-sided, posterior slightly widened, length 5–5.5 mm, about twice as long as wide. Head, pronotum, ventral side black, femora usually black, elytra sometimes black, reddish brown, sometimes dark red anterior 1/3 and dark brown 2/3 and the juxtastural spines are always dark. Tibiae brown, rarely reddish; antennae and tarsi reddish.</p><p>HEAD Antennal club well-developed transversely, the 1 st club antennomere about 5 times as wide as long, the 2 nd club antennomere about 6 times as wide as long, the 3 rd club antennomere elongated club. Eyes small, strongly raised posteriorly. Frons more or less granulate, quadridentate, covered by moderately dense and long setae, longer and erect on sides. Fronto-clypeal suture distinct. Clypeus sparse granulose or punctation with sparse, short, appressed setae, anterior margin thick, double V form (Fig.8).</p><p>PRONOTUM slightly wider than long, anterior angle with a slightly recurved tooth, posterior angel rounded; posterior part of pronotum with flattened, cuneiform granules. Vestiture of short, sparse, appressed setae, longer on the anterio-lateral and lateral areas.</p><p>SCUTELLUM small to medium sized, rounded triangular.</p><p>ELYTRA lamina, granulose on basal margin. Dorsal area sometimes glabrous sometimes very sparse short setae, short, erect or recurved downwardly setae on lateral and posterior areas; punctation of elytra small and sparse on the basal 1/4 then become deeper and larger posteriorly, smaller and less distinct laterally. Elytral declivity shows traces of 3 pairs of marginal calluses on upper and lateral margin; punctation distinct, median to large size on of upper 1/3 to 1/2 declivity, tiny and shallow on below part attenuated toward apex; vestiture of short or recurved setae. Declivital suture raised, attenuated toward both ends. Juxtasutural spines inserted above the middle level of declivity and away from the declivital suture a little distance with connect carinae between the out margin of suture and the base of each spine. Juxtasutural spines smooth and shining, conical, usually ending in a sharp point straight or slightly downward, not or scarcely compressed basal inner side, the pair of spines sometimes quite long. Impression more or less strong along apical margin, sutural angel slightly projecting. Sutural angle slightly reflexed. Post-epipleuron suddenly evenly widen under from the juxtasutural spines to the apex.</p><p>LEGS Internal face of posterior tarsi with much longer setae.</p><p>Geographical distribution: Lesne (1906) described this species from two specimens collected from South Africa (Transvaal and Cape Colony) and noted S. doliolum and S. cuneolus distributed East and South Africa respectively. Vrydagh (1948) identified 5 specimens of S. doliolum from Faraje, northeasten Congo and later he considered S. doliolum has a southeastern distribution in Africa and common in Mozambique (Vrydagh 1955a). Liu (2010) reported this species from northern Yemen. Later, the author found 6 specimens of S. doliolum from Zimbabwe and Zambia in Dr. Roger A. Beaver’s collection. To sum up, this species distributed East and South Africa and introduced into southern Arabian peninsula.</p><p>Biology: Lesne (1906) noted S. cuneolus found from Pirie Bush [sic!] near Williamstown, Cape Colony. Vrydagh (1955a) noted S. doliolum came out from “ Acacia multigrandis” [sic!] branches with S. cafrum together. One specimen collected from flowering Acacia and two specimens collected by blacklight in MIC. Kathuthia-Gathu et al. (2016) recorded Vachellia xanthophloea ( Fabaceae) as the host plant of S. doliolum in Kenya.</p><p>Remarks: Lesne (1906) only provided a short decription of S. cuneolus, in that he first mentioned this species extremely close to S. angolense and then listed the species greatly resembles S. divaricatum and especially S. doliolum . S. angolense is the species without marginal tubercles at all on elytral declivity but Lesne (1906) listed “The declivity shows traces of 3 pairs of marginal calluses” and “ devoid of marginal tubercles” in the description of S. cuneolus and S. doliolum respectively. The author has examined the type specimens of S. cuneolus and S. doliolum and found the trace of 3 pairs of marginal calluses on both S. cuneolus and S. doliolum but more distinct on S. cuneolus, and the surface of S. cuneolus is rather matt with curved longer pubescence than those on S. doliolum . that agrees with Lesne (1906) mentioned: “ S. cuneolus seems to differ from S. doliolum only in the nature of the pubescence of the elytral declivity”. Due to these differences fall in the variation of S. doliolum, the author synonymizes S. cuneolus with S. doliolum here.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFEBC203FF38FC3CB0F0FBC0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFEAC200FF38FB0CB62EFD1C.text	861AF86EFFEAC200FF38FB0CB62EFD1C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon divaricatum Lesne 1906	<div><p>Sinoxylon divaricatum Lesne, 1906 (Figs 22A&amp;B)</p><p>Sinoxylon divaricatum Lesne, 1906: 495 .</p><p>Type material examined: Sinoxylon divaricatum HT (MNHN) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Elytra reddish on anterior 1/3 except for the lateral margin which is black, brownish red posteriorly, with the apical declivity less darkened. Elytral declivity with 3 pairs of weak callusee along upper and lateral margin; declivital suture raised, juxtasutural spines inserted at upper 1/3 level of the declivity and at some distance from the suture with the inner basal side connect to the outer margin of the declivital suture, strongly divaricate, not compressed, conical, subcarinate along the internal side, pointed and recurved from the base to the apex downwardly, smooth and shining.</p><p>BODY parallel-sided, very slightly widened posteriorly, length 5mm, about twice as long as wide. Head, prothorax, ventral side black; elytra reddish on anterior 1/3 (except for the lateral margin which is black), brownish red posteriorly, with the apical declivity less darkened; antennae and tarsi red; femora and tibiae brown.</p><p>HEAD Antennal club strongly transverse, flabelliform, glabrous and shining, the 1 st club antennomere subrectangular and more than four times as wide as long, the 2 nd club antennomere slender and more than six times as wide as long, the 3 rd club antennomere oblong with a transverse sulcus along the anterior margin to the apex. Eyes small, strongly raised posteriorly. Frons sparse granulose, strongly quadridentate, glabrous in the very middle area and a fine median line, with moderately dense, short, erect setae. Fronto-clypeal suture indistinct. Clypeus sparse glanulose, with a sparse, short, erect vestiture, anterior margin double V form (Fig.8).</p><p>PRONOTUM almost as wide as long, anterior angle with a very slightly recurved tooth, posterior angel rounded; posterior area of pronotum covered by flattened granules like scales, small and slightly elongate near the very fine median line. Vestiture of short, sparse, appressed setae, dense and long on the anterior declivous and lateral areas.</p><p>SCUTELLUM medium sized, tongue shape.</p><p>ELYTRA basal margin compressed to form a sharp carina, punctation more or less fine and sparse anteriorly and laterally, gradually becoming stronger and denser posteriorly; vestiture of sparse, very short, erect setae, longer laterally and posteriorly. Elytral declivity flat or slightly concave in middle covered by sparse, short, erect setae; punctation strong, well separated on upper half, smaller and attenuated toward apex. 3 pairs of weak callusee along upper and lateral margin of elytral declivity. Declivital suture raised, juxtasutural spines inserted at upper 1/3 of the declivity and at some distance from the suture with the inner basal side connect to the outer margin of the declivital suture, strongly divaricate, not compressed, conical, subcarinate along the internal side, pointed and recurved from the base to the apex downwardly, smooth and shining. Impression more or less strong along the apical margin of elytral declivity. Sutural angle slightly reflexed. Post-epipleuron gradually, evenly widen.</p><p>Geographical distribution: South Africa. Wang et al. (2024) reported 4 specimens collected from the imported logs from Sierra Leone to China at Nov., 2018.</p><p>Biology: Vrydagh (1955a) has examined 60 specimens from Moyen Sangadzé, Moulima including 14 on Acacia .</p><p>Remarks: Lesne (1906) described this species from a unique type and pointed out the species very similar to S. succisum and S. rufobasale, distinguished by the unique form of the juxtasutural spines.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFEAC200FF38FB0CB62EFD1C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFE9C201FF38FD30B11BFE89.text	861AF86EFFE9C201FF38FD30B11BFE89.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon flabrarius Lesne 1906	<div><p>Sinoxylon flabrarius Lesne, 1906 (Figs 22I&amp;J)</p><p>Sinoxylon flabrarius Lesne, 1906: 543 .</p><p>Type material examined: Sinoxylon flabrarius ST (MNHN, NHML) .</p><p>Diagnosis.Antennal club remarkably, developed, strongly flabelliform, glabrous and very shiny.Elytral declivity without marginal tubercles, declivital suture raised with a series of punctures on outer side, juxtasutural spines inserted above the middle level of the declivity and on the outer side of the raised suture, laterally compressed, triangular, pointed, about as high as wide at the base.</p><p>BODY elongated, parallel-sided, slightly widened posteriorly. Length 4–6.5mm, about 2.2–2.5 times as long as wide. Head, pronotum, ventral side black; elytra black or dark brown, more or less broadly tinged with red on the disc of their dorsal and lateral parts, the base, suture and lateral edges black or brown; femur, tibiae and club of antennae dark brown; funicle partly rufous; tarsi rufous or brown.</p><p>HEAD Antennal club remarkably, developed, strongly flabelliform, glabrous and very shiny, the 1 st club antennomere elongated transversely, subparallel, more than 6 times as wide long, the 2 nd club antennomere slightly dilated gradually towards apex, more than 8 times as wide as long, the 3 rd club antennomere strongly dilated, exceeding the penultimate segment on width. Eyes medium sized, strongly raised posteriorly. Frons slightly granulate, distinctly quadridentate and the middle pair often with an accessory smaller tooth on inner side, with erect setae longer laterally. Fronto-clypeal suture as a declivous, sparse granulose. Clypeus sparse granulose, erect setae, anterior margin marginate, single V form (Fig.8).</p><p>PRONOTUM wider than long, anterior angle with a distinctly unciform tooth, posterior angle sounded or obtuse; posterior area of pronotum covered by flattened, scalelike granule, raised and well separated laterally. Vestiture of short, sparse, appressed setae, longer on lateral areas.</p><p>SCUTELLUM small, slightly elongated or triangular, rounded posteriorly, more or less distinctly bituberculate at the base.</p><p>ELYTRA basal margin granulose. Punctures more or less strongly, smaller anteriorly, well separated, with very fine, short, indistinct setae. Elytral declivity with large, well separated punctures on upper half to 2/3, smaller and attenuated towards apex, vestiture very fine, very short or recurved setae. Without marginal tubercles of the elytral declivity, slightly depressed transversely at the level of lower third of the declivity. Declivital suture raised with a series of punctures on outer side, juxtasutural spines inserted above the middle level of the declivity and on the outer side of the raised suture, laterally compressed, triangular, pointed, about as high as wide at the base. Sutural angle simple. Post-epipleuron gradually, weakly widen.</p><p>LEGS Posterior tibiae with erect setae on the external side.</p><p>Female: Anterior area of the pronotum with fairly short, sparse erect setae. Very strong punctate dorsal region of the elytra, coarse along the suture. Little or no lateral teeth on the frons.</p><p>Geographical distribution: Bhutan, India, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and introduced to Europe (Liu &amp; Beaver 2018, Sittichaya 2023). China (Yunnan: Xishuangbanna (Zhang et al. 2022) and Guangxi (Cao et al. 2025)).</p><p>Biology: This species has been recorded as a pest of Terminalia neotaliala ( Combretaceae) in Guangxi, China (Cao et al. 2025). The damage is mostly to the side branches.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFE9C201FF38FD30B11BFE89	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFE8C206FF38FBA6B36BFE64.text	861AF86EFFE8C206FF38FBA6B36BFE64.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon fuscovestitum Lesne 1919	<div><p>Sinoxylon fuscovestitum Lesne, 1919 (Figs 22G&amp;H)</p><p>Sinoxylon fuscovestitum Lesne, 1919: 465 .</p><p>Type material examined: Sinoxylon fuscovestitum ST (MNHN) .</p><p>Diagnosis, Frons with a transverse glabrous band expanded in middle. Elytral declivity without marginal tubercles, declivital suture raised with a series of punctures outer side as if grooved, juxtasutural spines inserted above middle level of declivity and on the suture, small, laterally compressed, triangular, tip rounded pointed.</p><p>BODY rather elongate, parallel-sided, slightly widened posteriorly, length 5–6mm about twice as long as wide. Entirely black or reddish brown, antennae, tibiae, tarsi reddish.</p><p>HEAD Antennal club very developed, flabelliform, glabrous, the 1 st club antennomere more than 5 times as wide as long, the 2 nd club antennomere about 7 times as wide as long, the 3 rd club antennomere blade of scalpel shape with rounded apex and a fine, curved sulcus near anterior margin. Eyes small, raised posteriorly. Frons quadridentate, sparse, minus punctuated, with a transverse glabrous band expanded in middle, covered by sparse erect setae with a row of longer setae inclined centrally. Fronto-clypeal suture distinct, glabrous. Clypeus sparse punctuated with inclined downwardly setae, anterior margin single V form (fig.9).</p><p>PRONOTUM wider than long, anterior angle with an uncinate tooth, posterior angle rounded; middle of posterior part of pronotum with small, narrow, densely placed, cuneiform granules and granulose on sides. Vestiture of short, sparse, appressed setae, longer on the anterior, lateral and lateral areas.</p><p>SCUTELLUM small, triangular, rounded posteriorly.</p><p>ELYTRA basal margin weakly compressed, very finely granulate. Punctures fine anteriorly and gradually increasing posteriorly. Vestiture of dense, recurved reddish setae. Elytral declivity without marginal tubercles, punctation smaller on below half and attenuated toward apex; vestiture of elytral declivity dense, recurved reddish setae. Declivital suture raised with a series of punctures outer side as if grooved, juxtasutural spines inserted above middle level of declivity and on the suture, small, laterally compressed, triangular, tip rounded pointed. Sutural angle simple. Post-epipleuron gradually, weakly widen.</p><p>LEGS External face of the hind tibiae bearing long setae. Posterior tarsi with a few long setae on the internal side.</p><p>Geographical distribution: India (Darjeeling), Laos, China (Yunnan: Xishuangbanna) (Zhang et al 2022), probably introduced to Saudi Arabia (Liu 2010, Liu &amp; Beaver 2018) but not established there. New record: West Nepal, NW Pokhara, Modi-Khola, Landrung, 3–6. VI. 1984, leg C. Holzschuh (1, LLY).</p><p>Biology: unknown.</p><p>Remarks: Lesne (1919) erected this species in a table compared with S. parviclava, S. atratum kohlarianum, S. atratum, S. birmanum and S. capillatum but not giving a detailed description. The vestiture of this species is variable, and the specimen collected from western Nepal has inconspicuous setae on the elytra and dorsal area of the pronotum.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFE8C206FF38FBA6B36BFE64	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFEFC206FF38FDE8B35AF862.text	861AF86EFFEFC206FF38FDE8B35AF862.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon rufobasale Fairmaire 1888	<div><p>Sinoxylon rufobasale Fairmaire, 1888 (Figs 22C&amp;D)</p><p>Sinoxylon rufobasale Fairmaire, 1888: 179 .</p><p>Type material examined: Sinoxylon rufobasale HT (MNHN) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Elytra red on basal third, dark brown behind with apical declivity red-brown. Frons slightly impressed and glabrous in the middle. Elytral declivity without marginal tubercles but weak, glabrous calluses along the upper and lateral margin. Elytral suture raised, juxtasutural spines inserted at upper 1/3 level of the declivity and just on next the outer margin of the raised suture, weakly divergent, conical or slightly compressed laterally on inner side, smooth outer side, pointed or slightly blunted tip, straight or bent downwardly.</p><p>BODY short, parallel-sided, slightly widened posteriorly, length 4–5mm, about twice as long as wide. Head, prothorax, ventral side of thorax and abdomen black; elytra red on basal third, dark brown behind with apical declivity red-brown; antennae and legs reddish, tibiae often brown.</p><p>HEAD Antennal club strongly transverse, flabelliform, with sparse very short setae, the 1 st club antennomere sub-rectangular and more than four times as wide as long, the 2 nd club antennomere slender and more than six times as wide as long, the 3 rd club antennomere oblong, blade of scalpel shape rounded at apex with a transverse sulcus from the 1/3 of base to the apex. Eyes medium sized, raised posteriorly. Frons sparse granulose, strongly quadridentate, slightly impressed and glabrous in the middle, with a sparse, short, erect vestiture. Fronto-clypeal suture indistinct. Clypeus sparse glanulose, with a sparse, short, erect vestiture, anterior margin double V form (Fig.8).</p><p>PRONOTUM wider than long, anterior angle with a slightly recurved tooth, posterior angel rounded; middle of posterior part of pronotum with small, narrow, densely placed, cuneiform granules and granulose on sides. Vestiture of short, sparse, appressed setae, longer on the anterio-lateral and lateral areas.</p><p>SCUTELLUM medium sized, tongue shape.</p><p>ELYTRA basal margin lamina, punctation more or less fine and sparse anteriorly and laterally, gradually becoming stronger, and very coarse posteriorly; vestiture of sparse, very short, erect setae. Elytral declivity flat or very slightly concave in middle covered by sparse, extremely short setae; punctation variable, sometimes very strong as far as the lower oblique ridge, sometimes smooth and shiny in the middle part. Without marginal tubercles but weak, glabrous calluses along the upper and lateral margin of elytral declivity, with a pair of bulged carinae at lower lateral margin and widened extending toward apex. Elytral suture raised on declivity attenuated upper and apically, juxtasutural spines inserted at upper 1/3 level of the declivity and just on next the outer margin of the raised declivital suture, weakly divergent, conical or slightly compressed laterally on inner side, smooth outer side, pointed or slightly blunted tip, straight or bent downwardly. Sutural angle reflexed. Post- epipleuron widened suddenly from beneath the elytral declivity toward apex and widest at external angle.</p><p>LEGS Posterior tibiae with long, semi-erect setae on the outer side. Posterior tarsi with longer setae on the inner face in the male than the female.</p><p>Geographical distribution: Vrydagh (1955a) noted this is a rare species and has a southern-eastern distribution in Africa.</p><p>Biology: unknown.</p><p>Remarks: Lesne (1906) pointed out that the punctation of the elytral declivity is quite variable, and the teeth on the frons are strongly projecting and flanked on each side by two smaller teeth is probably an inconstant sexual character.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFEFC206FF38FDE8B35AF862	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
861AF86EFFEEC207FF38FF5DB3A6F93A.text	861AF86EFFEEC207FF38FF5DB3A6F93A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinoxylon unidentatum (Fabricius 1801)	<div><p>Sinoxylon unidentatum (Fabricius, 1801) (Figs 22E&amp;F)</p><p>Sinodendron unidentatum Fabricius, 1801: 377 .</p><p>Sinoxylon conigerum Gerstäcker, 1855: 268 syn. by Lesne 1906: 504.</p><p>Type material examined: Sinoxylon conigerum ST (MNB) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Short, black to dark reddish brown. Middle of posterior part of pronotum with very dense longitudinal carinules. Elytral declivity without marginal tubercles or sometimes indicated by weak calluses, declivital suture very slightly raised, juxtasutural spines inserted in the middle level of the declivity and next to the raised suture and connect to the outer margin of raised suture, conical, pointed, base half cover with projecting grains forming a sort of gnawing mass, smooth, shiny, shape tip on top.</p><p>BODY short, parallel-sided; elytra barely enlarged posteriorly, length 3.5–5.5mm, about 2.2 times as long as wide. Black to dark reddish brown, antennae, palpi, legs and abdomen in part, light reddish brown or brownish yellow.</p><p>HEAD Antennal club flabelliform, the 1 st club antennomere about 4–5 times as wide as long, the 2 nd club antennomere about 6–7 times as wide as long, the 3 rd club antennomere strongly dilated towards the apex with a sensitive sulcus along the anterior margin or only show close to the apex. Frons granulate, quadridentate, covered by appressed setae towards centrally, mixed with few sparse long, erected setae. Fronto-clypeal suture distinct. Clypeus finely sparsely granulose with very few, short setae on sides, anterior margin more or less sinuate, double V form (Fig.8).</p><p>PRONOTUM about wider than long, anterior angle with an uncinate tooth, posterior angles sharp, slightly projecting posteriorly; middle of posterior part of pronotum with very dense longitudinal carinules, granulate laterally. Vestiture short, very short, sparse setae, longer along the anterior and lateral margin.</p><p>SCUTELLUM small, triangular with rounded posterior.</p><p>ELYTRA basal margin granulose. Punctation dense, slightly larger posteriorly, sometime confluent posteriorly, with short, sparse, appressed setae, recurved laterally. Elytral declivity slightly concave, mixed with large and median punctures above juxtasutural spines, small and attenuate towards apex, covered by very short, erect setae or recurved setae. Without marginal tubercles or sometimes indicated by weak calluses. Declivital suture very slightly raised and attenuated apically, juxtasutural spines inserted in the middle level of the declivity and next to the raised suture and connect to the outer margin of raised suture, conical, pointed, base half cover with projecting grains forming a sort of gnawing mass, smooth, shiny, shape tip on top. Sutural angle simple. Post-epipleuron widened suddenly from beneath the elytral declivity toward apex and widest at external angle.</p><p>LEGS The male has long bristles on the inner side of the posterior tarsi which are lacking in the female.</p><p>Geographical distribution: This species is widespread in the tropics, and has become almost cosmopolitan as a result of introductions.</p><p>Biology: The adults are nocturnal and are attracted to lights (Fisher 1950). Lesne (1906) recorded the species in the wood of Acacia ( Fabaceae) found in Madagascar. Beeson &amp; Bhatia (1937) recorded Adina cordifolia ( Rubiaceae), Holoptelea integrifolia ( Ulmaceae), Mangifera indica ( Anacardiaceae), Shorea robusta ( Dipterocarpaceae), Terminala bialata, T. myriocarpa ( Combretaceae), and Grewia tiliaefolia ( Malvaceae) as host plants. Sittichaya &amp; Beaver (2009) found the species was the dominant pest in air-dried and seasoned rubberwood ( Hevea brasiliensis ( Euphorbiaceae)) sawn timber in Thailand (Sittichaya 2023). Savoldelli &amp; Regalin (2009) reported the species infested the wood pallets of tea imported from Sri Lanka to Italy. This species has also been reported damaged lead cables in Hawaii (Fisher 1950).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861AF86EFFEEC207FF38FF5DB3A6F93A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Lan-Yu	Liu, Lan-Yu (2026): A revision of the genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 (Sinoxylini: Bostrichinae: Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 5751 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5751.1.1
