identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
803387D3FF805E6DFC9CF593FA98E8B4.text	803387D3FF805E6DFC9CF593FA98E8B4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ochmacanthus batrachostoma (Miranda-Ribeiro 1912)	<div><p>Ochmacanthus batrachostoma (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1912)</p><p>Figs. 1-2</p><p>Gyrinurus batrachostoma Miranda-Ribeiro, 1912:28, pl. (type-locality: Brazil, Mato Grosso, Corumbá, rio Paraguai at São Luiz de Cáceres. Holotype: MNRJ 786).</p><p>Ochmacanthus batrachostoma . - Eigenmann, 1918:511 [generic reallocation]. -Gosline, 1945: 65 [catalogue]. -Eschmeyer, 1990:273 [catalogue]. -Casciotta &amp; Almirón, 1996: 25 [occurrence in rio Paraná, Argentina]. -Winemiller, 1996: 109 [ecological notes]. -Eschmeyer et al., 1998: 204 [catalogue]. - de Pinna &amp; Wosiacki, 2003: 276 [checklist]. -Ferraris et al., 2007: 409 [checklist]. -DoNascimiento, 2012: 487 [general comments]. - Santos Neto, 2014 [generic revision, phylogenetic position].</p><p>Diagnosis. Ochmacanthus batrachostoma is easily distinguished from remaining species of its genus by any of the following characters: presence of long maxillary and rictal barbels (vs. short barbels), the former reaching the base of the pectoral fin and the latter more than half that length (vs. maxillary barbel not reaching beyond the interopercular patch of odontodes and rictal barbel not longer than the associated labial fold); the caudal peduncle expanded into a paddle-like shape by numerous large procurrent rays, with markedly convex dorsal and ventral profiles (vs. caudal peduncle approximately rectangular in shape, with straight or gently convex dorsal and ventral profiles); the muscular portion of the caudal peduncle tapering markedly posteriorly (vs. tapering gently to caudal fin), so that its posterior depth is 20-25% of its anterior depth (vs. more than 25%); the caudal fin shorter than 10% of SL (vs. longer than 10% of SL).</p><p>Description. Morphometric data are presented in Table 1.</p><p>Body relatively elongate, depressed in cross section close to head and gradually more compressed towards tail. Dorsal body profile nearly straight on head, gently convex until end of dorsal fin and straight on caudal region, exclusive of accessory caudal rays. Ventral body profile gently convex until origin of anal fin and straight along caudal region, exclusive of accessory caudal rays. Body deepest at origin of dorsal fin. Dorsal and ventral profiles of caudal peduncle extremely expanded on proximal half, due to presence of well-developed procurrent caudal-fin rays and gradually less deep on distal half. Caudal peduncle profile exclusive of procurrent rays conical, with extremely fine tip, its depth approximately one fifth that at base. Head profile not perfectly continuous with trunk due to presence of opercular patch of odontodes. Myotomes visible along almost whole body, most prominently along posterior portion of trunk.</p><p>Head broad and semicircular in dorsal view, depressed in lateral view. Length nearly equal to width. Snout short and rounded anteriorly. Mouth inferior, as broad as head, its corners directed posteriorly, forming sucker-like semicircular disc. Lower lip forming broad continuous arc not divided in right and left halves, its postero-lateral folds short and strongly flattened against head. Upper lip forming broad continuous arc. Numerous small lumps present on internal surface of lower and upper lips. Jaw teeth extremely numerous. Upper jaw with 3 complete convex rows of teeth and another 3 incomplete and irregular rows medial to complete rows. Upper jaw teeth conical, long, thin and sinuous. Lower jaw teeth in 2 or 3 anterior incomplete rows and 2 posterior complete ones. Number of teeth of incomplete rows increasing posteriorly, with first and second rows very small (maximum 10 teeth each) and third surpassing the midpoint of complete row. Lower jaw teeth arched and directed laterally. Total number of teeth in excess of two hundred on both upper and lower jaws, all attached to respective bone. Branchiostegal membranes united to isthmus along its entire ventral region, laterally forming free fold of short length. Eyes round and located dorsally, their surface continuous with that of remainder of head. Interopercle with 8-12 small claw-like odontodes, arranged in 2 rows. Interopercular fold of skin thick and long. Opercular patch of odontodes with 8-12 odontodes in roundish arrangement, shaped similarly to those on interopercle. Gill opening extending from ventral margin of opercular odontode patch to median portion of interopercular odontode patch.</p><p>Maxillary barbel thin and long, reaching origin of pectoral fin. Rictal barbel extending to slightly beyond midlength of maxillary one. Rictal barbel inserted almost entirely on postero-lateral fold of lower lip. Internal cartilage-like cores present in both barbels. Nasal barbels absent.</p><p>Nares large and conspicuous. Anterior nares directed dorsally and surrounded by a prominent flange of integument. Posterior nares larger than anterior ones, widely open, elliptic with posterior depression on flange. Posterior internarial width much smaller than anterior internarial width, slightly shorter than interorbital width.</p><p>Sensory cephalic pores s1 and s2 of supraorbital channel located between anterior and posterior nares, on small protuberance of skin. Pore s3 slightly posterior to eyes. Pore of infraorbital canal positioned between eyes and interopercle. Pore of preopercle canal immediately anterior to opercular odontodes. Lateral line short, not surpassing one third of trunk length and with only three pores. First lateral-line pore near posterodorsal margin of opercular odontode patch, second immediately dorsal to axillary gland, and third posterior to second.</p><p>Pectoral fin with 6 rays, first unbranched and slightly shorter than those following. Pectoral-fin origin located low on trunk, at horizontal through interopercular odontodes. Axillary gland forming large sack with thin distal tip and large pore on anterior half, located immediately posterior to pectoral-fin origin. Pelvic fin with 5 rays, first unbranched. Distal tip of pelvic fin not reaching anal-fin origin. Pelvic-fin origin slightly anterior to vertical through dorsal-fin origin. Pelvic splint absent. Dorsal-fin rays 8 (20; dorsal fin damaged in holotype) or 9 (8), first two rays unbranched, shorter and thinner than those following, except eighth and ninth. Two or three small procurrent rays at anterior of dorsal fin. Anal-fin rays 9 (28), first two unbranched, shorter and thinner than those following, except eighth and ninth. Two (9) or three (19) small procurrent rays at anterior of anal fin. Caudal fin small, parabolic in lateral view. Principal caudal rays 5/6 (20; holotype) or 5/7 (8) always with fourth and fifth longest. Caudal-fin procurrent rays 58 (2), 60 (23; holotype) or 61 (3) dorsally and 58 (25; holotype) or 59 (3) ventrally. Procurrent rays well-developed, increasing in length until slightly anterior to middle of series and then gradually shorter to caudal-fin origin, making entire caudal region trowel-like. First complete haemal arch on sixth (2) or seventh (1) post-Weberian vertebra; Post-Weberian vertebrae 44 (1), 46 (10), 47 (13; holotype) or 48 (5). Ribs 2 (left side of two specimens, right side of one specimen) or 3 (both sides of 25 specimens).</p><p>Pharyngeal dentition composed of 4-6 small teeth on fifth ceratobranchial and 16-17 on dorsal pharyngeal toothplate.</p><p>Color in alcohol. Overall body color light tan, becoming slightly darker on dorsal portion. Ventral surface mostly white, except for few chromatophores forming thin bifurcated line near pectoral girdle and some chromatophores on pelvic-fin base. Sides of body covered with brown blotches, forming poorly defined longitudinal stripes mainly on caudal peduncle. Lateral brown blotches coalesce mainly on anterior portion of body.</p><p>Overall color of head similar to that of body. Middorsal region of head, corresponding to central portion of neurocranium, darker and more uniformly colored. Conspicuous brown blotches present below each eye and on preopercular region. Snout darker than rest of head. Ventral surface of head with many chromatophores concentrated on lips. Median portion of lower lip white. Upper lip uniformly pigmented. Interopercular and opercular patch of odontodes darkly-pigmented. Maxillary and rictal barbels white. Pectoral-fin base dark, with dark chromatophores extending along first ray. Pelvic fins almost totally white, with only one or two chromatophores at base. Dorsal fin with few scattered chromatophores on basal half, denser distally. Anal fin pigmented at base with few scattered chromatophores between fin rays. Dorsal caudal-accessory rays with irregular fields of chromatophores. Ventral caudal-accessory rays with sparse chromatophores scattered on basal half. Caudal fin with dark line at median portion and scattered brown chromatophores concentrated on distal half.</p><p>Sexual dimorphism. None detected.</p><p>Distribution. Endemic to, and widely distributed in, the Paraná-Paraguai drainage, in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Absent from the Upper Paraná and from the Prata drainage (Fig. 3).</p><p>Conservation status. Not present in any national or international lists of threatened species. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) categories and criteria (IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee, 2014), Ochmacanthus batrachostoma can be classified as Least Concern (LC).</p><p>Material examined. Total of 28 specimens. Holotype. MNRJ 786, Mato Grosso, Cáceres, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.216667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.75/lat -16.216667)">rio Paraguai</a>, 16º13’S 57º45’W, 1, 29.2 mm SL. Non-type. Argentina. SMF 9012, Corrientes, Paso de la Patria, 1, 30.3 mm SL. Brazil. MNRJ 15399, Mato Grosso, Cáceres, Baía do Campo, district of Porto Esperidião, 1 alc., 28.7 mm SL; MZUSP 95012, Mato Grosso, Barão do Melgaço, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.833054&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.325" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.833054/lat -16.325)">rio Paraguai drainage</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.833054&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.325" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.833054/lat -16.325)">rio Mutum</a> 16º19’30”S 55º49’59”W, 5, 1 c&amp;s, 26.4-27 mm SL; MZUSP 59678, Mato Grosso do Sul, Corumbá, rio Paraguai drainage, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-56.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.908333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -56.55/lat -23.908333)">rio Abobral</a> 2, 1, 27 mm SL; MZUSP 59340, Mato Grosso do Sul, Corumbá, rio Abobral 3, braço morto, 7, 17.6-25.4 mm SL; MZUSP 36351, Mato Grosso do Sul, Corumbá, Ladário, CODRASA, 3, 27-29.7 mm SL; MZUSP 42150, Mato Grosso, Barão de Melgaço, Barra de Sá Mariana, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-56.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.908333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -56.55/lat -23.908333)">rio Mutum</a>, 1, 26.1 mm SL; MZUSP 38183, Mato Grosso, Poconé, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-56.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.908333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -56.55/lat -23.908333)">rio Pixaim</a>, 2, 24.7-25.4 mm SL; NUP 2879, Mato Grosso, Chacororé, 6, 27-29.4 mm SL; ANSP 174744, without locality, 1, 1 c&amp;s, 23-23.6 mm SL. Paraguay. UMMZ 206670, San Pedro 23º54’30”S 56º33’W, 1, 31 mm SL.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/803387D3FF805E6DFC9CF593FA98E8B4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	S. Neto, Caio;Pinna, Mário de	S. Neto, Caio, Pinna, Mário de (2016): Redescription of Ochmacanthus batrachostoma (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1912) (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae): a possible case of incipient paedomorphism. Neotropical Ichthyology (e 150030) 14 (1): 1-9, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20150030, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20150030
