identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
42EBFCF6F5215B81A82AD6122E24F14C.text	42EBFCF6F5215B81A82AD6122E24F14C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Xylopia rubrolineata D. M. Johnson & N. A. Murray 2026	<div><p>Xylopia rubrolineata D. M. Johnson &amp; N. A. Murray sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 3, 4, Chatrou et al. (2012, Frontispiece G)</p><p>Type.</p><p>Bolivia • Bení, Prov. Vaca Diez, Riberalta, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.01667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.033334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.01667/lat -11.033334)">Camino Santa Rosa, road (and trails) leading S from km 13 of Riberalta – Guayaramerin road</a>, 11°02'S, 66°01'W, 19 Nov 1989 (buds), Daly et al. 6265 (holotype MO, isotypes NY, U [U.1075910]) .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Species resembling Xylopia ochrantha Mart. in its cauliflory and short broad yellowish petals, but differing in its chartaceous rather than subcoriaceous leaves, smaller outer petals with more acute apices, and torulose, stipitate, glabrate monocarps, which are pale green with a bright red abaxial stripe in vivo; the monocarps of X. ochrantha, in contrast, are smooth or only slightly indented between seeds, have shorter and thicker stipes, are densely velutinous, and are greenish and faintly tinged with red in vivo.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Shrubs to trees (1 –) 3–15 (– 25) m tall, dbh to 35 cm, bark peeling. Twigs reddish gray, brown, or reddish brown, with pseudoterminal resting buds, initially loosely appressed-pubescent, soon glabrate. Leaves with larger blades 7.1–17.3 cm long, 2.4–5.6 cm wide, chartaceous, concolorous or rarely glaucous abaxially, elliptic or occasionally obovate, base cuneate, apex acuminate, acumen 4–30 mm long, margins flat, glabrous adaxially, pubescent along the midrib but otherwise glabrous abaxially; midrib sunken adaxially, raised abaxially, secondary veins 6–13 per side, diverging from midrib at 50–80 °, brochidodromous, secondary and higher-order veins raised, plane or sunken adaxially, plane to raised abaxially; petiole 3–9 mm long, shallowly canaliculate, sparsely pubescent to glabrate. Inflorescences up to 8 - flowered on the trunk, 1–3 - flowered on leafless branches, or rarely arising from the axils of leafy twigs, peduncle absent, pedicels 2–4 mm long, 1.5–2.5 mm thick, densely appressed-pubescent with pale orange-brown hairs, bracts 1–2, caducous, 3–5 mm long, ovate to orbicular; buds lanceolate to ovoid, apex obtuse, occasionally acute. Sepals connate for 0.8–1.5 mm at the base, 3.5–6.0 mm long, 4.0– 4.8 mm wide, coriaceous, elliptic to triangular, apex obtuse to acute, densely and coarsely sericeous abaxially. Petals valvate, brownish yellow to cream-colored in vivo, the adaxial bases of the petals purple or maroon, fleshy; outer petals erect at maturity, 9.6–13.0 mm long, 4.5–5.9 mm wide, 0.7–1.3 mm thick, ovate to lanceolate, base concave, apex acute to slightly obtuse, weakly keeled abaxially, appressed-pubescent with pale orange-brown to whitish hairs on both surfaces; inner petals squarrose at anthesis, (5.4 –) 6.5–10.1 mm long, 2.7–4.8 mm wide, angular-ovate to angular-lanceolate, base shallowly concave adaxially, apex broadly to narrowly acuminate, acumen 1.8–4.0 mm long, keeled from midpoint to apex adaxially, proximally giving way to a groove that widens into the basal concavity, puberulent on apical half, glabrous on basal half, on both surfaces. Stamens 100–240, 1.5–2.6 mm long, narrowly oblong, anther connective apex 0.3–0.4 mm long, truncate to slightly dome-shaped, glabrous, anthers indistinctly septate, with 9–11 locules; outer staminodes 1.6–2.2 mm long, oblong, apex obtuse, innermost stamens c. 1.3 mm long but not appearing staminodial; staminal cone 2.1–3.3 mm in diameter, 1.7–2.4 mm high. Carpels 8–15, ovaries enclosed by staminal cone, 1.7–2 mm long, narrowly oblong, densely pubescent, stigmas 1.6–2.7 mm long, narrowly ellipsoid, hairy. Torus flat, 2.4–3.9 mm in diameter. Fruit of up to 15 monocarps borne on a pedicel 3.0– 7.5 mm long, 2.8–3.8 mm thick, coarsely pubescent, torus of fruit 4–7 mm in diameter, with remnants of staminal cone often adhering; monocarps light green to yellowish green with a distinct longitudinal red stripe along the abaxial ridge in vivo only, 2.0– 5.1 cm long (including stipe), 0.7–1.1 cm wide, 0.6–0.8 cm thick, narrowly oblong to oblong, torulose, terete, obliquely wrinkled, initially with fine, weakly appressed hairs but becoming glabrate, base contracted into a stipe 5–12 mm long, 1.2–1.6 mm thick, apex obtuse or sometimes with a short downcurved beak ca. 1 mm long, pericarp 1.0– 1.2 mm thick. Seeds 1–7 per monocarp in a single row, oblique to long axis of monocarp, 7.4–12.8 mm long, 5.4–6.3 mm wide, 3.9–5.5 mm thick, ovoid to ellipsoid, black and shiny (sarcotesta absent), smooth, perichalazal ring indistinct, plane to slightly raised, endosperm ruminations platelike in quadrants; aril white, bilobed, the lobes sometimes overlapping, 2.0– 2.5 mm long, 3.0–4.0 mm wide.</p><p>Phenology.</p><p>Specimens were collected with flowers in June and September – December and with full-sized fruits in June – August; in addition, there are iNaturalist photographs of flowers in October and full-sized fruits from February – August from the Alta Floresta / Cristalino area. Collections made in the Serra dos Carajás in June 1982 included both flowers and mature fruits.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The species is named for the prominent red stripe along the abaxial surface of the monocarp (Fig. 3 C, D).</p><p>Distribution and habitat.</p><p>Distributed from northern Bolivia eastward to Pará state, Brazil, primarily south of the Amazon River, but with populations along the Jarí River in northern Pará on the border with Amapá (Fig. 5). Forests on terra firme, sometimes disturbed, on sandy and clay soils, at elevations of 50–650 m; liana forest was mentioned as the habitat at one locality.</p><p>Local names and uses.</p><p>Bita (Chácobo, Stijfhoorn 700), isonobichi (Chácobo, Bèrgeron 273), peraquina (Chatrou 410), tëtëmëtoijoni, a leaf decoction is taken to cure liver problems, and wood is used as fuel (Chácobo, Boom 4125, 4793); tëtëmëtsisi, “ Use: sweet fruits eaten ” (Chácobo, Boom 4627); and tëtëmëtsisijoni (Chácobo, Bèrgeron 273).</p><p>Preliminary conservation assessment.</p><p>Xylopia rubrolineata has an EOO of 1,041,013 km 2 and an AOO of 128 km 2. The AOO reflects the fact that the plants are known from only approximately 14 localities in three small areas within the distribution (Fig. 5). Only five collections have been made since 1992, all from the southwestern Amazon, but the presence of the species in the Alta Floresta region has been documented over the period 2 February 2000 – 19 August 2025. Many of the collections have come from areas influenced by mining, logging, and reservoir construction. The ombrophilous forests in the Alta Floresta region where the species occurs have also been shown to be vulnerable to fire (Rocha et al. 2025). Several collectors noted that the plants were growing in disturbed habitats, but given land use in these areas, these could be residual populations. The EOO places the species at Least Concern, while the AOO places it at Endangered. Given these considerations, the species could be assessed under criterion B as either Near Threatened based on the large EOO or Vulnerable based on the inferred threats and few recent collections (IUCN 2012).</p><p>Additional specimens examined.</p><p>(fl = flower, fr = fruit, st = sterile, yg = young) Bolivia – Bení • S. Bèrgeron 273 (L); Vaca Diez, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.03333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.03333/lat -11.75)">Alto-Ivón</a>; 11°45'S, 66°02'W; alt. 200 m; Aug 1992; fr • B. M. Boom 4125 (NY); Prov. Vaca Diez, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.03333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.03333/lat -11.75)">vicinity of Chácobo village Alto Ivon</a>; 11°45'S, 66°02'W; alt. ca. 200 m; 8 Dec 1973; bud • B. M. Boom 4627 (NY); same locality; same coordinates; same elevation; same date; st • B. M. Boom 4793 (NY); same locality; same coordinates; same elevation; 27 Mar 1984; yg fr • E. Stijfhoorn 700 (NY); same locality; same coordinates; same elevation; 1 Jul 1991; fr • L. W. Chatrou et al. 364 (OWU); Prov. Vaca Diez, San Pablo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.46&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.37" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.46/lat -10.37)">45 km NE of Riberalta along road to Cachuela Esperanza</a>; 10.37°S, 65.46°W; alt. 250 m; 2 Nov 2001; st • L. W. Chatrou et al. 410 (OWU, U — 2 sheets); Prov. Vaca Diez, Santa Maria, 5 km SE of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.06&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.59" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.06/lat -10.59)">Riberalta</a>; 10.59°S, 66.06°W; alt. 220 m; 8 Nov 2001; fl – Pando • G. T. Prance et al. 5767 (NY); W bank of Rio Madeira opposite Abunã; 9 Jul 1968; fr Brazil – Amazônas • J. L. Zarucchi et al. 3101 (INPA n. v. [A. Pontes-Pires pers. comm.], MO, NY, U); Mun. de Maués, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.283333/lat -3.75)">basin of Rio Maués, Rio Urupadi at mouth of Igarapé Quininha</a>; 3°45'S, 57°17'W; 19 Jul 1983; fr – Mato Grosso • G. S. Henicka 133 (K); Mpio de Novo Mundo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.920834&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.630556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.920834/lat -9.630556)">Parque Estadual Cristalino</a>; 9°37'50"S, 55°55'15"W; alt. 257 m; 16 Sep 2007; fl • Projeto Flora Cristalino [D. Sasaki et al. collectors] 225 (K 000447378); Município de Novo Mundo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.920834&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.630556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.920834/lat -9.630556)">área particular de preservação ambiental, delimitada pelo Parque Estadual Cristalino e pelos Rios Teles Pires e Cristalino, nas proximadades de sua confluência, a leste do Rio Cristalino</a>; 9°37'50"S, 55°55'15"W; 19 Jul 2006; fr – Pará • C. C. Berg et al. BG 627 (MO, NY, U); Serra dos Carajás, Serra do Norte, ca. 20 km N of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.25/lat -6.0)">AMZA Exploration Camp</a>; ca. 6°S, 50°15'W; 18 Oct 1977; fl • C. C. Berg et al. BG 632 (NY, U); same locality; same coordinates; same date; fl • D. C. Daly et al. D 832 (MO, NY, U, US); Fazenda Borba Gato, near Rio Acará, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.583332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.6666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.583332/lat -2.6666667)">30 km W of Tomé-Açu-Paragominas road, leave road approx. 30 km S of Tomé-Açu, Municipio Acará</a>; approx. 2°40'S, 48°35'W; 5 Nov 1980; fl buds • D. C. Daly et al. 1152 (NY – 2 sheets, U, US); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-49.683334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.8833332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -49.683334/lat -3.8833332)">approx. 18 km from Tucuruí, 16 km S on old BR 422, then 2 km W on overgrown logging road</a>; approx. 3°53'S, 49°41'W; 1 Nov 1981; fl buds • D. C. Daly et al. 1172 (NY, U); same locality; same coordinates; same date; fl buds • U. N. Maciel et al. 780 (NY); Marabá, Carajás, Serra Norte, estrada do N- 1, 29 km do acampamento; 7 Aug 1982; fl buds • F. E. Miranda et al. 382 (NY); Tucuruí; 1 Sep 1983; fl buds • E. de Oliveira 3504 (NY); Rio Jarí, estrada que liga Monte Dourado a Caracurú; 11 Nov 1967; fr • E. de Oliveira 3540 (NY); Rio Jarí, Serra de Monte Dourado, à 3 km da margem; alt. 140 m; 14 Nov 1967; fl • M. J. Pires 1789 (MO); Almeirim, Monte Dourado, gleba Monte Dourado da Reserva Genetica do Jari; - 52.55, - 0.85; 8 Oct 1987; fr • J. Ramos 1077 (NY); Tucuruí, próximo ao lago Cagancho; 14 Nov 1983; fl buds • J. Revilla et al. 8563 (NY); Tucuruí, PA- 149; 5 Oct 1983; fl buds • N. A. Rosa et al. 4050 (NY); rodovia Tucurui, km 26, Repartimento; 6 Apr 1981; fl buds • M. R. Santos 495 (NY, U); munic. de Almeirim, Monte Dourado, Beiradão, estrada da caixa d’agua; 6 Dec 1978; fr • R. S. Secco et al. 393 (MO, U); Marabá, clareira à direita da estrada para o acampamento azul; 29 May 1982; fr • A. S. Silva et al. AS 10 (AAU, NY, U); BR 230, Transamazon Highway, estrada N- 1, municipio de Marabá; 15 Oct 1977; fl • M. Silva &amp; R. Souza 2271 (U); Santarém, km 35 da estrada do Palhão, ramal para o Igarapé do Pilão; 16 Aug 1969; fr • M. Silva &amp; R. Souza 2334 (OWU); same locality; 20 Aug 1969; fr • M. Silva &amp; R. Souza 2375 (MG n. v. [A. Pontes-Pires, pers. comm.], OWU – 2 sheets); Santarém, km 35 da estrada do Palhão, arredores do Acampamento do Igarapé Curupira; 24 Aug 1969; fr • M. Silva &amp; R. Souza 2459 (OWU); same locality; 1 Sep 1969; fl • N. T. Silva 1616 (NY); região do Rio Jarí, Rio Jarí, Monte Dourado, Bandeira, Planalto C; 13 Jan 1969; fl • N. T. Silva 1695 (NY, OWU); região do Rio Jarí, estrada entre Braço e Planalto A; 28 Jan 1969; fl • N. T. Silva 2402 (NY, U); Jari, estrada entre Planalto A e Tinguelim, km 16; 12 Jul 1969; yg fr • N. T. Silva 2404 (NY, U); same locality; same date; yg fr • C. R. Sperling et al. 5984 (MO, NY, U, US); Serra dos Carajás, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.55/lat -5.8)">AMZA camp 3 - Alfa</a>; 5°48'S, 50°33'W; alt. ca. 300–475 m; 8 Jun 1982; fl buds • C. R. Sperling et al. 5985 (NY, U, US); same locality; same coordinates; same elevation; same date; fr • C. R. Sperling et al. 5987 (MO, NY, U, US); same locality; same coordinates; same elevation; same date; fl buds • C. R. Sperling et al. 6089 (NY, U, US); Serra dos Carajás, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.883333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.5/lat -5.883333)">ca. 2 km NW of Rio Itacaiúnas ferry crossing on road to AMZA camp Saloro- 2, 3 - Alfa</a>; 5°53'S, 50°30'W; alt. ca. 200 m; 11 Jun 1982; fr • C. R. Sperling et al. 6243 (NY, U, US); Serra dos Carajás, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.266666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.0833335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.266666/lat -6.0833335)">10 km E of AMZA camp N- 1 and 5–10 km along the entrance road to AZUL, an abandoned manganese exploration camp</a>; 6°05'S, 50°16'W; alt. 600–650 m; 19 Jun 1982; fr – Rondônia • G. T. Prance et al. 5646 (INPA n. v. [A. Pontes-Pires pers. comm.], NY, U); basin of Rio Madeira, road to Cassiterite mines in Serra dos Tres Irmãos, north bank of Rio Madeira, 8 km above Mutumparana; 5 Jul 1968; fr • P. H. Labiak et al. 6263 (NY); Ji-Paraná, Reserva Biológica do Jaru, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.906944&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.1449995" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.906944/lat -10.1449995)">trilha atrás do alojamento de Pesquisadores</a>; 10°08'42"S, 61°54'25"W; alt. 118 m; 9 Jun 2015; fr .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>The petals of X. rubrolineata are thinner and approximately half as long as those of X. ochrantha, and the leaves are chartaceous rather than subcoriaceous. The monocarps of X. rubrolineata are consistently torulose, with a long, slender stipe (5–12 mm long, 1.2–1.6 mm thick) and fine, sparse indument, while those of X. ochrantha have at most faint indentations between the seeds, shorter stipes (4–8 mm long, 2.5–3 mm thick), and coarse, dense pubescence. Xylopia rubrolineata differs from X. peruviana in cauliflory, the longer and more gradual acumen of the leaf, again the smaller petals, and the blunt rather than sharply acute apex of the glabrous monocarps. From both species, X. rubrolineata consistently differs in the pronounced abaxial red stripe on the monocarps, which has attracted the attention of many photographers (Fig. 3 C, D). Generally, fruit color in Xylopia is not helpful for identification, changing as the monocarps mature, but in this case, the red stripe is present up to the final maturation of the fruit, as marked by dehiscence of the monocarps (Fig. 3 D). The shoot tips of X. rubrolineata and all species of XY-peruviana were found to have a pseudoterminal vegetative bud covered by bud scales; the subtending leaf usually remains attached (Fig. 1 F).</p><p>Xylopia egleriana Aristeg. ex Maas, known from one incomplete collection from the Jarí River basin of Pará, Brazil (Maas et al. 1993), was examined because it overlaps in distribution with X. rubrolineata . Xylopia egleriana, however, has shorter, thicker leaves rounded at the base, adaxially sunken secondary veins, distinctly connate sepals, and coarse ferruginous hairs on the floral parts. Maas et al. (1993) suggested a relationship of X. egleriana to X. cuspidata and similar species, but it was not sequenced for molecular phylogenetic placement in the most recent study of the genus (Nge et al. 2026).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/42EBFCF6F5215B81A82AD6122E24F14C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Vaughn, Morgan;Harper, Dekon;Reiter, Lexi;Dodds, Elizabeth;Murray, Nancy A.;Floyd, Keegan;Stull, Gregory W.;Johnson, David M.	Vaughn, Morgan, Harper, Dekon, Reiter, Lexi, Dodds, Elizabeth, Murray, Nancy A., Floyd, Keegan, Stull, Gregory W., Johnson, David M. (2026): A new species of Xylopia (Annonaceae) from the Amazon Basin, with a review of trunciflorous cauliflory in the genus. PhytoKeys 277: 41-64, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.277.188891
