identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
7D38FB0FFFD28D09FDAD2151D4ADFBED.text	7D38FB0FFFD28D09FDAD2151D4ADFBED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scrapter Lepeletier & Serville 1828	<div><p>Genus  Scrapter Lepeletier &amp; Serville, 1828</p><p>Description of the  Scrapter carysomus species group</p><p>Species of this group are medium-sized (6.5–8.5 mm body length) bees, characterized by a ± squarish face, usually with inner eye margins parallel or slightly diverging ventrally, malar area medially narrow, almost linear and in particular a distinctly protruding, polished and shiny clypeus and supraclypeal area (Figs 2–3). The latter is very conspicuous and unique in  Scrapter, especially in females. Males are characterized by a large, apically broad and emarginate S7 with long and dense hair fringes on both sides of the emargination (e.g., Fig. 6C). In the closest related species that belong to a group around  S. capensis (Friese, 1909),  S. leonis Cockerell, 1934 and  S. eremanthedon Davies, 2005 (sistergroup relationship supported by preliminary unpublished molecular-phylogenetic data) the clypeus and supraclypeal area are also protuberant, but to a much lesser extent and surfaces are more or less clearly and densely sculptured. Furthermore, their faces tend to be more transversely oval and the eyes usually converge ventrally.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7D38FB0FFFD28D09FDAD2151D4ADFBED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kuhlmann, Michael	Kuhlmann, Michael (2025): New species and species group in the bee genus Scrapter Lepeletier & Serville, 1828 (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) oligolectic on Oxalis flowers in western South Africa. European Journal of Taxonomy 987: 146-188, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.987.2863, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2863/13007
7D38FB0FFFD28D03FDE5278CD4B6FAB6.text	7D38FB0FFFD28D03FDE5278CD4B6FAB6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scrapter carysomus Davies 2005	<div><p>Scrapter carysomus Davies, 2005</p><p>Figs 2–6, 23–26</p><p>Scrapter carysomus Davies in Davies et al., 2005: 149 (in key), 155–158, figs 9–12, holotype ♂ (type locality: Farm Glen Lyon, Nieuwoudtville, South Africa) (SANC), examined.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>The female of  S. carysomus is described here for the first time. It can be separated from that of all other species in this group by the following character combination: propodeum dorsolaterally (lateral to the matt propodeal triangle) very finely shagreened and matt (Fig. 4D), foreleg blackish-brown, sometimes femur apically slightly dark yellowish-brown, disc of T2 finely and sparsely punctate or without punctation, apical tergal depressions broad, yellowish translucent with the adjacent apical area of the disc crescent-shaped dark reddish (Fig. 4B).</p><p>The male is characterized by foreleg with medio- and distitarsi completely bright yellow, basitarsus and tibia predominantly yellow (Figs 3, 5A), mid and hind leg with tarsi predominantly dark yellowish-brown to blackish (Fig. 5A); hind tibia apically on inner side with hairs relatively short (Fig. 6A), genitalia as in Fig. 6B. The male was described in detail by Davies et al. (2005), so the description is not repeated here but images (Figs 3, 5–6) are provided to facilitate its identification.</p><p>Material examined (101 specimens)</p><p>SOUTH AFRICA • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.90361&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.758055" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.90361/lat -31.758055)">Keiski Mts, 3 km E of Farm M’Vera</a>, shale; 1190 m a.s.l.; 31°45′29″ S, 19°54′13″ E; 26 Aug. 2017; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK  •  1 ♀; same data as for preceding; 27 Aug. 2017; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK •   1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.838057&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.765" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.838057/lat -31.765)">Keiski Mts, 5 km S of Farm Nooiensrivier</a>, dolerite hill; 1270 m a.s.l.; 31°45′54″ S, 19°50′17″ E; 12 Jun. 2013; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK  •  4 ♀♀; Leliefontein, plain; 30.23391° S, 18.16476° E; 7 Sep. 2003; C. Mayer leg; RCMK •  1 ♂; same data as for preceding; 16 Aug. 2003; C. Mayer leg.; RCMK •  1 ♂; same data as for preceding; NHML •  1 ♂; same data as for preceding; 31 Aug. 2003; C. Mayer leg; RCMK •  1 ♀, 6 ♂♂; same data as for preceding; NHML •  1 ♀; same data as for preceding; 30.23169° S, 18.16260° E; 31 Aug. 2003; C. Mayer leg.; RCMK •  2 ♂♂; same data as for preceding; NHML •  1 ♂; same data as for preceding; 5 Sep. 2003; C. Mayer leg.; NHML •  2 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂; same data as for preceding; 7 Sep. 2003; C. Mayer leg.; RCMK •  3 ♀♀, 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; NHML •  1 ♀; same data as for preceding; 30.22452° S, 18.14052° E; 25 Sep. 2003; C. Mayer leg.; NHML •  1 ♀; same data as for preceding; 30.23169° S, 18.16260° E; 16 Aug. 2003; C. Mayer leg.; NHML •  1 ♀; same data as for preceding; 30.23391° S, 18.16476° E; 5 Sep. 2003; C. Mayer leg; NHML •  1 ♀; same data as for preceding; 11 Sep. 2003; C. Mayer leg.; NHML •  3 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; 30.23169° S, 18.16260° E; 11 Sep. 2003; C. Mayer leg.; NHML •  1 ♀; same data as for preceding; 25 Sep. 2003; C. Mayer leg; NHML •  1 ♀, 4 ♂♂; Leliefontein, slope; 30.23288° S, 18.16458° E; 31 Aug. 2003; C. Mayer leg; NHML •  2 ♂♂; same data as for preceding; 5 Sep. 2003; C. Mayer leg.; RCMK •  1 ♀, 5 ♂♂; same data as for preceding; NHML •  2 ♀♀, 3 ♂♂; same data as for preceding; 16 Aug. 2003; C. Mayer leg.; NHML •  2 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂; same data as for preceding; 11 Sep. 2003; C. Mayer leg.; NHML •  1 ♀; same data as for preceding; 25 Sep. 2003; C. Mayer leg.; NHML •  4 ♀♀, 4 ♂♂; same data as for preceding; 7 Sep. 2003; C. Mayer leg.; NHML •   1 ♀, 2 ♂♂; Nieuwoudtville, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.147778&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.365557" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.147778/lat -31.365557)">Flower Reserve East</a>; 735 m a.s.l.; 31°21′56″ S, 19°08′52″ E; 3 Sep. 2003; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK  •  1 ♀; same data as for preceding; 4 Sep. 2003; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK •  1 ♀; same data as for preceding; 7 Sep. 2003; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK •   1 ♂; Nieuwoudtville, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.142778&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.400833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.142778/lat -31.400833)">Glen Lyon, Renosterveld</a>; 700 m a.s.l.; 31°24′03″ S, 19°08′34″ E; 27 Aug. 2003; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK  •  1 ♂; same data as for preceding; 30 Aug. 2003; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK •  1 ♂; same data as for preceding; 7 Sep. 2003; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK •   1 ♀; Nieuwoudtville, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.142778&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.400833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.142778/lat -31.400833)">Farm Glen Lyon, Renosterveld</a>; 700 m a.s.l.; 31°24′03″ S, 19°08′34″ E; 7 Aug. 2004; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK  •   1 ♀; Nieuwoudtville, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.147778&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.365557" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.147778/lat -31.365557)">Flower Reserve East</a>; 735 m a.s.l.; 31°21′56″ S, 19°08′52″ E; 10 Aug. 2004; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK  •  1 ♀; same data as for preceding; 13 Aug. 2004; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK •  2 ♂♂; same data as for preceding; 6 Jun. 2013; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK •   2 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.16568&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.2353" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.16568/lat -30.2353)">Remhoogte</a>, plain; 30.23530° S, 18.16568° E; 5 Sep. 2003; C. Mayer leg.; NHML  •  1 ♀; same data as for preceding; 7 Sep. 2003; C. Mayer leg.; RCMK •  1 ♀, 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; NHML •   1 ♀, 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.16499&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.23453" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.16499/lat -30.23453)">Remhoogte</a>, plain; 30.23453° S, 18.16499° E; 7 Sep. 2003; C. Mayer leg.; RCMK  •  2 ♂♂; same data as for preceding; NHML •  1 ♂; same data as for preceding; 11 Sep. 2003; C. Mayer leg.; RCMK •  1 ♀; same data as for preceding; 31 Aug. 2003; C. Mayer leg.; NHML •  2 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; 7 Sep. 2003; C. Mayer leg.; NHML •  1 ♀; same data as for preceding; 25 Sep. 2003; C. Mayer leg.; RCMK •   1 ♀, 2 ♂♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.17063&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.2411" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.17063/lat -30.2411)">Remhoogte</a>, slope; 30.24110° S, 18.17063° E; 31 Aug. 2003; C. Mayer leg.; RCMK  •  1 ♀, 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; 7 Sep. 2003; C. Mayer leg.; RCMK •  2 ♀♀, 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; 11 Sep. 2003; C. Mayer leg.; NHML .</p><p>Description</p><p>Female</p><p>BODY LENGTH. 7–8 mm.</p><p>HEAD. Head wider than long. Integument black to very dark reddish-brown. Face covered with relatively long, yellowish to greyish, erect hair (Fig. 2). Clypeus strongly convex; finely and very sparsely (i =2–5d) punctate; surface between punctures smooth and shiny (Fig. 2). Malar area medially narrow, almost linear. Antenna dorsally dark brown, ventrally dark yellow.</p><p>MESOSOMA. Integument black, tegulae yellowish-brown. Mesoscutal disc between punctures strongly reticulate and slightly matt; disc relatively densely (i= 1–2d) and distinctly but relatively shallowly punctate (Fig. 4C). Metanotum slightly shorter than basal area of propodeum, apically with broad and distinct carinate depression (Fig. 4D). Propodeum on basal half relatively indistinctly and finely carinate (Fig. 4D). Mesoscutum covered with relatively short, scutellum and metanotum with long, yellowish-brown, erect hair; mesepisternum and propodeum covered with long, yellowish-grey, erect hair (Fig. 4A).</p><p>WINGS. Yellowish-brown; wing venation light brown; stigma yellowish-brown.</p><p>LEGS. Integument black to reddish-brown; fore tibia sometimes anteriorly on basal half with relatively small yellowish spot; all tarsi brownish to yellowish. Vestiture and scopa yellowish-grey.</p><p>METASOMA. Integument black to reddish-brown, apical margins of terga broadly translucent yellow (Fig. 4B). Disc of T1 glabrous; following terga with very few and very short but increasingly more and longer, greyish, erect hair; apical tergal hair bands missing on all terga (Fig. 4B). Prepygidial and pygidial fimbriae yellowish-brown. Punctation on all terga very fine and sparse (i =2d), on T1 extremely fine and almost impunctate, on following terga increasingly distinct; between punctures finely shagreened and slightly matt; apical tergal depressions finely shagreened and slightly matt (Fig. 4B).</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Presumably the most widespread species of this group recorded from mountainous regions of the Kamiesberg Mountains, Roggeveld Mountains and the Bokkeveld Plateau (Northern Cape Province).</p><p>Floral hosts</p><p>Oxalidaceae: yellow flowering  Oxalis spec.,  O. pes-caprae L.</p><p>Seasonal activity</p><p>June–September.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7D38FB0FFFD28D03FDE5278CD4B6FAB6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kuhlmann, Michael	Kuhlmann, Michael (2025): New species and species group in the bee genus Scrapter Lepeletier & Serville, 1828 (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) oligolectic on Oxalis flowers in western South Africa. European Journal of Taxonomy 987: 146-188, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.987.2863, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2863/13007
7D38FB0FFFD88D07FDCE2666D4B6FCE3.text	7D38FB0FFFD88D07FDCE2666D4B6FCE3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scrapter oxalensis Kuhlmann 2025	<div><p>Scrapter oxalensis sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 2877519D-52EF-4EBA-8AD7-B96FE1B9016D</p><p>Figs 2–3, 7–9, 23–28</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>The female of  S. oxalensis sp. nov. can be separated from that of all other species in this group by the following character combination: scutellum relatively large (slightly longer and broader), flat and dull (Fig. 7D), propodeum dorsolaterally (lateral to the matt propodeal triangle) very finely shagreened and matt (Fig. 7D), hair on posterior surface of propodeum longer than length of basal area of propodeum (Fig. 7D), foreleg blackish-brown, disc of T2 finely and sparsely punctate, apical tergal depressions narrow, brownish translucent without reddish discoloration of the adjacent apical area of the disc (Fig. 7B). Females of  S. oxalensis and  S. oxaloides sp. nov. are very similar but the former has slightly broader apical tergal depressions (Fig. 7B) and the basal area of propodeum shows slightly sparser and coarser reticulation (Fig. 7D).</p><p>The male is characterized by propodeum densely covered with thick, plumose hair of ± equal length (Fig. 8B), foreleg completely dark brown to blackish, sometimes to a small extent distitarsus and apical parts of mediotarsi orange-brown (Fig. 8A), hind tibia apicomedially moderately swollen, hairs apically on inner side long (Fig. 9A), S3–S5 with sparse apical hair fringes (Fig. 8D), genitalia as in Fig. 9B.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific epithet refers to the specific host plants of the genus  Oxalis ( Oxalidaceae) of this bee species.</p><p>Type material (137 specimens)</p><p>Holotype SOUTH AFRICA • ♂; Nieuwoudtville, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.142778&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.400833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.142778/lat -31.400833)">Hantam Botanical Garden, Renosterveld</a>; 700 m a.s.l.; 31°24′03″ S, 19°08′34″ E; 15 May 2013; M. Kuhlmann leg.; SANC.</p><p>Paratypes SOUTH AFRICA • 6 ♂♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.060555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.2575" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.060555/lat -31.2575)">12 km NW of Nieuwoudtville, Farm Avontuur, Renosterveld along Pad</a>; 770 m a.s.l.; 31°15′27″ S, 19°03′38″ E; 17 May 2013; M. Kuhlmann leg.; NHML  •  1 ♂; same data as for preceding; 31 May 2013; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK •  4 ♀♀, 3 ♂♂; same data as for preceding; 31 May 2013; M. Kuhlmann leg.; NHML •  1 ♀; same data as for preceding; 11 Jun. 2013; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK •  17 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂; same data as for preceding; NHML •   1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.15&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.411667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.15/lat -31.411667)">Farm Glen Lyon, Renosterveld</a>; 700 m a.s.l.; 31°24′42″ S, 19°09′00″ E; 25 Aug. 2006; K. Timmermann leg.; RCMK  •   1 ♀; Nieuwoudtville, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.142778&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.400833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.142778/lat -31.400833)">Glen Lyon, Renosterveld</a>; 700 m a.s.l.; 31°24′03″ S, 19°08′34″ E; 11 Sep. 2003; M. Kuhlmann leg.; NHML  •  2 ♀♀, 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; 30 May 2004; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK •  2 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; SANC •  5 ♀♀, 26 ♂♂; same data as for preceding; NHML •  1 ♀, 12 ♂♂; same data as for preceding; 31 May 2004; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK •  4 ♂♂; same data as for preceding; SANC •  7 ♀♀, 14 ♂♂; same data as for preceding; NHML •  2 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; 11 Aug. 2004; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK •   6 ♀♀; Nieuwoudtville, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.142778&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.400833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.142778/lat -31.400833)">Farm Glen Lyon, Renosterveld</a>; 700 m a.s.l.; 31°24′03″ S, 19°08′34″ E; 7 Aug. 2004; M. Kuhlmann leg; RCMK  •  1 ♀; same data as for preceding; NHML •  1 ♀; same data as for preceding; 18 Aug. 2004; M. Kuhlmann leg.; SANC •   1 ♀; Nieuwoudtville, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.147778&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.365278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.147778/lat -31.365278)">Flower Reserve East</a>; 735 m a.s.l.; 31°21′55″ S, 19°08′52″ E; 10 Aug. 2004; M. Kuhlmann leg.; NHML  •  1 ♀; same data as for preceding; 1 Sep. 2002; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK •   2 ♀♀, 1 ♂; Nieuwoudtville, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.142778&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.400833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.142778/lat -31.400833)">Hantam Botanical Garden, Renosterveld</a>; 700 m a.s.l.; 31°24′03″ S, 19°08′34″ E; 15 May 2013; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK  •  2 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; SANC •  6 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; NHML •  1 ♀; same data as for preceding; 23 May 2013; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK •  3 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; NHML .</p><p>Description</p><p>Female</p><p>BODY LENGTH. 7–8 mm.</p><p>HEAD. Head wider than long. Integument black, except part of mandibles dark reddish-brown. Face sparsely covered with relatively long, greyish, erect hair (Fig. 2). Clypeus strongly convex with fine and very sparse (i=2–5 d) punctation; surface between punctures smooth and shiny (Fig. 2). Malar area medially narrow, almost linear. Antenna dorsally dark brown, ventrally dark yellow.</p><p>MESOSOMA. Integument black, tegulae brownish. Mesoscutal disc between punctures reticulate and slightly matt to shiny; disc very densely (i= 0.5–1d), sometimes sparser (i=2–3 d), and relatively coarsely punctate (Fig. 7C). Metanotum slightly shorter than basal area of propodeum, apically with narrow carinate depression (Fig. 7D). Propodeum on basal half medially finely but distinctly carinate (Fig. 7D). Propodeum with relatively dense, apically long and laterally short; mesoscutum with short and sparse; scutellum, metanotum and mesepisternum with sparse, greyish to yellowish, erect hair (Fig. 7A).</p><p>WINGS. Slightly yellowish-brown; wing venation and stigma brown.</p><p>LEGS. Integument black; fore and mid tarsi sometimes reddish-brown, especially distally. Vestiture and scopa greyish to brown.</p><p>METASOMA. Integument black to dark reddish-brown; apical margins of terga broadly yellowish translucent (Fig. 7B). Disc of T1 with very few, very short, greyish-white, erect hairs; following terga with increasingly more and longer, but still short and few, greyish-white, erect hairs; apical tergal hair bands missing on all terga (Fig. 7B). Prepygidial and pygidial fimbriae greyish to slightly brownish. T1 and T2 very shallowly, indistinctly, sparsely and finely punctate; T3 and T4 very finely but relatively densely (I = 1–2d) punctate; between punctures shagreened and slightly matt to shiny; apical tergal depressions finely sculptured and slightly matt to shiny (Fig. 7B).</p><p>Male</p><p>BODY LENGTH. 7–8 mm.</p><p>HEAD. Head as long as wide. Integument black, except mandible partly dark reddish-brown. Face covered with long, silvery-white, erect hair. Malar area medially narrow, almost linear. Antenna dorsally brown, ventrally dark yellow (Fig. 3).</p><p>MESOSOMA. Integument black. Mesoscutal disc between punctures reticulate, slightly matt; disc finely and relatively densely (i =1–1.5 d) punctate. Basal area of propodeum ± triangular, distinctly covered with carinae that cover the majority of its surface (Fig. 8B). Mesoscutum and mesepisternum sparsely covered with long, greyish, erect hair; scutellum, metanotum and propodeum covered with long, greyish to yellowish, erect hair (Fig. 8A).</p><p>WINGS. Slightly yellowish-brown; wing venation brown; stigma light yellowish-brown.</p><p>LEGS. Integument black; fore femora apically dark yellowish-brown, fore tibia anteriorly dominantly yellowish-brown; all tarsi sucessively more yellowish brown distally. Hind tibia inside subapically broadened with a tuft of long hair (Fig. 9A). Vestiture greyish-white.</p><p>METASOMA. Integument black to dark reddish-brown, apical margins of terga broadly translucent yellow to slightly yellowish-brown (Fig. 8C). Discs of T1–T4 covered with short, greyish, erect hair; following terga with increasingly longer hair; apical tergal hair bands missing on all terga (Fig. 8C). Terga finely shagreened and slightly matt to shiny (Fig. 8C). T1 impunctate or almost impunctate, following terga very finely and relatively densely (i= 1–1.5 d) punctate (Fig. 8C). Apical tergal depressions broad, very finely shagreened and slightly matt. S2-S5 especially laterally with sparse but very long apical hair tufts (Fig. 8D).</p><p>TERMINALIA. Genitalia (Fig. 9B), S7 (Fig. 9C) and terminal plate of S8 (Fig. 9D) as illustrated.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Only recorded from the Bokkeveld Plateau (Northern Cape Province) and potentially endemic to this region.</p><p>Floral hosts</p><p>Oxalidaceae: yellow flowering  Oxalis spec.,  O. pes-caprae,  O. massoniana T.M.Salter var. flavescens .</p><p>Seasonal activity</p><p>May–September.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7D38FB0FFFD88D07FDCE2666D4B6FCE3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kuhlmann, Michael	Kuhlmann, Michael (2025): New species and species group in the bee genus Scrapter Lepeletier & Serville, 1828 (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) oligolectic on Oxalis flowers in western South Africa. European Journal of Taxonomy 987: 146-188, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.987.2863, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2863/13007
7D38FB0FFFDF8D18FDCB223DD4B6FEF3.text	7D38FB0FFFDF8D18FDCB223DD4B6FEF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scrapter oxalicus Kuhlmann 2025	<div><p>Scrapter oxalicus sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: D062502A-CBE8-4039-9358-9045067A187C</p><p>Figs 2–3, 10–12, 25–26</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>The female of  S. oxalicus sp. nov. is unique in this species group due to the fore tibiae each having on the inside medially, on the outside apically and fore femur on the outside apically a dull yellow spot of variable size.</p><p>The male is unique in this species group due to completely bright yellow tarsi (Figs 3, 11A), hind tibia apically on inner side with long hairs (Fig. 12A) and genitalia as in Fig. 12B.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific epithet refers to the specific host plants of the genus  Oxalis ( Oxalidaceae) of this bee species.</p><p>Type material (76 specimens)</p><p>Holotype SOUTH AFRICA • ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.92111&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.431665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.92111/lat -31.431665)">Gemsbokrivier-Pad, 4.5 km NE of Grootdrif, Road Side</a>; 170 m; 31°25′54″ S, 18°55′16″ E; 5 Jun. 2013; M. Kuhlmann leg.; SANC.</p><p>Paratypes SOUTH AFRICA • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.92111&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.431665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.92111/lat -31.431665)">Gemsbokrivier-Pad, 4.5 km NE of Grootdrif, Road Side</a>; 170 m; 31°25′54″ S, 18°55′16″ E; 15 Aug. 2011; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK  •  12 ♂♂; same data as for preceding; 28 May 2013; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK •  9 ♂♂; same data as for preceding; NHML •  3 ♂♂; same data as for preceding; 5 Jun. 2013; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK •  4 ♂♂; same data as for preceding; NHML •  14 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; 10 Jun. 2013; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK •  1 ♀; same data as for preceding; SANC •  9 ♀♀, 17 ♂♂; same data as for preceding; NHML •   1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.903055&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.399166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.903055/lat -31.399166)">Knersvlakte, along Gemsbokrivier-Pad</a>; 120–195 m a.s.l.; 31°23′57″ S, 18°54′11″ E; 14 Sep. 2007; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK  •   1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.939722&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.444443" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.939722/lat -31.444443)">Knersvlakte, Gemsbokrivier-Pad, rivier</a>; 195 m a.s.l.; 31°26′40″ S, 18°56′23″ E; 24 Aug. 2008; M. Kuhlmann leg.; NHML  •   1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.71028&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.373056" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.71028/lat -31.373056)">Knersvlakte, Sukkulent Karoo, 30 km N of Vanrhynsdorp</a>; 146 m a.s.l.; 31°22′23″ S, 18°42′37″ E; 22 Aug. 2003; K. Timmermann leg.; NHML  •  1 ♂; same data as for preceding; 26 Aug. 2003; K. Timmermann leg.; NHML •   1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.13458&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.2305" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.13458/lat -30.2305)">Witwater</a>, slope; 30.23050° S, 18.13458° E; 25 Sep. 2003; C. Mayer leg.; NHML  .</p><p>Description</p><p>Female</p><p>BODY LENGTH. 8 mm.</p><p>HEAD. Head slightly wider than long. Integument black to dark reddish-brown. Face covered with relatively short, greyish to yellowish, erect hair (Fig. 2). Clypeus strongly convex with fine and very sparse (i=2–5 d) punctation; surface between punctures smooth and shiny (Fig. 2). Malar area medially narrow, almost linear. Antenna dorsally basally dark brown to apically light brown, ventrally bright yellow.</p><p>MESOSOMA. Integument black, tegulae dark yellowish. Mesoscutal disc between punctures reticulate and matt; disc sparsely (i =1.5–3 d) and finely to slightly coarsely but shallowly punctate (Fig. 10C). Metanotum about ⅔ as long as basal area of propodeum, apically with narrow carinate depression (Fig. 10D). Propodeum basally finely and distinctly carinate (Fig. 10D). Mesoscutum with short, erect hair; propodeum laterally with relatively short, apically with long, erect hair; scutellum, metanotum and mesepisternum with sparse, long, greyish to yellowish, erect hair (Fig. 10A).</p><p>WINGS. Slightly yellowish-brown; wing venation light brown; stigma yellow.</p><p>LEGS. Integument black to dark yellowish-brown; fore anteriorly on basal half with large yellow spot, posteriorly with indistinct yellowish spot. Vestiture and scopa greyish-white.</p><p>METASOMA. Integument black to dark reddish-brown; apical margins of terga broadly translucent yellowish to brown (Fig. 10B). Disc of T1 with very few, very short, greyish-white, erect hairs; following terga with successively more and longer, greyish-white, erect hairs; apical tergal hair bands missing on all terga (Fig. 10B). Prepygidial and pygidial fimbriae greyish to slightly brownish. T1–T4 with very fine shallow and dispersed punctation, looking almost impunctate; between punctures shagreened and slightly matt to shiny; apical tergal depressions finely shagreened and slightly matt to shiny (Fig. 10B).</p><p>Male</p><p>BODY LENGTH. 7–7.5 mm.</p><p>HEAD. Head slightly longer than wide. Integument black, except mandible partly dark reddish-brown. Face densely covered with long, silvery-white, erect hair. Malar area medially narrow, almost linear. Antenna dorsally brown, ventrally bright yellow (Fig. 3).</p><p>MESOSOMA. Integument black. Mesoscutal disc between punctures reticulate, matt; disc finely and relatively densely (i=1–1.5 d) punctate. Basal area of propodeum ± narrowly crescent, distinctly covered with carinae that cover the majority of its surface (Fig. 11B). Mesoscutum sparsely, scutellum, metanotum with long, greyish to slightly yellowish, erect hair (Fig. 11A); propodeum covered laterally with short, apically with long, dense greyish to slightly yellowish, erect hair (Fig. 11B); mesepisternum sparsely covered with long, greyish, erect hair.</p><p>WINGS. Slightly yellowish-brown; wing venation yellowish-brown; stigma yellow.</p><p>LEGS. Integument black to dark reddish-brown; fore femora apically, fore tibia and fore tarsi completely bright yellow; mid femora and tibia anteriorly and apically, mid tarsi completely bright yellow; hind tarsi bright yellow. Hind tibia yellowish-brown at the very apical end; apically broadened inside with a tuft of very long but sparse, greyish-white hair (Fig. 12A).</p><p>METASOMA. Integument black to very dark reddish-brown, apical margins of terga broadly translucent yellowish-brown (Fig. 11C). Discs of T1–T4 covered with short, greyish, erect hair, following terga with successively longer hair; apical tergal hair bands missing on all terga (Fig. 11C). All terga extremely finely punctate, looking impunctate, superficially shagreened and slightly matt to shiny; apical tergal depression relatively broad, superficially shagreened and slightly shiny (Fig. 11C). S2–S5 laterally with sparse, long apical hair fringes or tufts (Fig. 11D).</p><p>TERMINALIA. Genitalia (Fig. 11B), S7 (Fig. 11C) and terminal plate of S8 (Fig. 11D) as illustrated.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Found in the Knersvlakte (Western Cape Province) and the Kamiesberg Mountains (Northern Cape Province).</p><p>Floral hosts</p><p>Oxalidaceae: yellow flowering  Oxalis spec.,  O. argillacea F.Bolus,  O. purpurea L.</p><p>Seasonal activity</p><p>May–September.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7D38FB0FFFDF8D18FDCB223DD4B6FEF3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kuhlmann, Michael	Kuhlmann, Michael (2025): New species and species group in the bee genus Scrapter Lepeletier & Serville, 1828 (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) oligolectic on Oxalis flowers in western South Africa. European Journal of Taxonomy 987: 146-188, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.987.2863, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2863/13007
7D38FB0FFFC38D1FFDDA22BBD49DF863.text	7D38FB0FFFC38D1FFDDA22BBD49DF863.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scrapter oxaliphilus Kuhlmann 2025	<div><p>Scrapter oxaliphilus sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: F67CFAE1-9B81-4C56-B72C-4BECC5E081EB</p><p>Figs 2–3, 13–15, 23–27</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>The female of  S. oxaliphilus sp. nov. can be separated from that of all other species in this group by the following character combination: clypeus, vertex and dorsal side of mesosoma with white to light brown hair, at most a few single black hairs intermixed (Fig. 13A), propodeum dorsolaterally (lateral to the matt propodeal triangle) partly smooth and shiny, basal area without carination (Fig. 13D), foreleg blackish-brown, sometimes femur apically slightly dark yellowish-brown (Fig. 13A), T2 distinctly and densely (i=0.5–1 d) punctate (Fig. 13B).</p><p>The male is characterized by clypeus medially finely and sparsely punctate, shiny (Fig. 3), propodeum sparsely covered with thin hair of variable length, basal area without or anteriorly only with very short, indistinct longitudinal carinae (Fig. 14B), foreleg completely dark brown to blackish, sometimes to a small extent distitarsus and apical parts of mediotarsi orange-brown (Fig. 14A), hind tibia apicomedially not conspicuously swollen (Fig. 15A), genitalia as in Fig. 15B.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific epithet refers to the specific host plants of the genus  Oxalis ( Oxalidaceae) of this bee species.</p><p>Type material (21 specimens)</p><p>Holotype SOUTH AFRICA • ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.784166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.374722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.784166/lat -31.374722)">Plateau Hantam Mts, near antenna, 9 km N of Calvinia</a>; 1570 m a.s.l.; 31°22′29″ S, 19°47′03″ E; 2 Oct. 2014; M. Kuhlmann leg.; SANC.</p><p>Paratypes SOUTH AFRICA • 2 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.784166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.374722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.784166/lat -31.374722)">Plateau Hantam Mts, near antenna, 9 km N of Calvinia</a>; 1570 m a.s.l.; 31°22′29″ S, 19°47′03″ E; 7 Sep. 2010; M. Kuhlmann leg.; NHML  •  1 ♂; same data as for preceding; RCMK •  3 ♀♀, 5 ♂♂; same data as for preceding; 30 Aug. 2011; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK •  1 ♀; same data as for preceding; NHML •  5 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; 2 Oct. 2014; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK •  1 ♀; same data as for preceding; SANC •   1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.798056&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.353611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.798056/lat -31.353611)">Plateau Hantam Mts, weather stn., 12 km N of Calvinia</a>; 1580 m a.s.l.; 31°21′13″ S, 19°47′53″ E; 11 Sep. 2010; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK  •   1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.457779&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.411945" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.457779/lat -32.411945)">Farm Kanolfontein, 20 km W of Sutherland, Road Side</a>; 1385 m a.s.l.; 32°24′43″ S, 20°27′28″ E; 7 Sep. 2012; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK  .</p><p>Description</p><p>Female</p><p>BODY LENGTH. 7–7.5 mm.</p><p>HEAD. Head wider than long. Integument black, except part of mandibles dark reddish-brown. Face sparsely covered with relatively long, greyish, erect hair (Fig. 2). Clypeus strongly convex with fine and very sparse (i=2 d) punctation; surface between punctures smooth and shiny (Fig. 2). Malar area medially narrow, almost linear. Antenna dorsally dark brown, ventrally brown.</p><p>MESOSOMA. Integument black, tegulae dark brown. Mesoscutal disc between punctures reticulate and matt; disc sparsely (i=1–3d) and relatively shallowly punctate (Fig. 13C). Metanotum as long as basal area of propodeum, apically with broad and distinct carinate depression (Fig. 13D). Propodeum basally without carination (Fig. 13D). Propodeum laterally with relatively short, apically with long, greyish to slightly yellowish hair; mesoscutum with short erect hair; scutellum, metanotum and mesepisternum with sparse, long, greyish-white, erect hair (Fig. 13A).</p><p>WINGS. Yellowish-brown; wing venation and stigma dark brown.</p><p>LEGS. Integument black; tarsi dark reddish-brown. Vestiture greyish to slightly brownish; scopa greyish-white.</p><p>METASOMA. Integument black to dark reddish-brown; apical margins of terga on T1 narrowly, on other terga broadly translucent yellowish to brownish (Fig. 13B). Disc of T1 sparsely covered with relatively long, greyish-white, erect hair; following terga with successively more and longer, greyish-white, erect hair; apical tergal hair bands missing on all terga (Fig. 13B). Prepygidial and pygidial fimbriae brownish-grey. T1 and T2 very finely, but distinctly and very densely (i=0.5–1d) punctate, T3 finely and densely (i =1–1.5d) punctate, on T4 slightly sparser; apical tergal depressions and between punctures terga smooth and shiny (Fig. 13B).</p><p>Male</p><p>BODY LENGTH. 8–8.5 mm.</p><p>HEAD. Head wider than long. Integument black, except mandible partly dark reddish-brown. Face covered with long, silvery-white, erect hair (Fig. 3). Malar area medially narrow, almost linear. Antenna dorsally dark brown, ventrally dark yellowish-brown.</p><p>MESOSOMA. Integument black. Mesoscutal disc between punctures reticulate and matt; disc shallowly densely (i=d) and very finely punctate. Basal area of propodeum in anterior half finely carinate (Fig. 14B). Mesoscutum, scutellum, metanotum, mesepisternum and propodeum sparsely covered with long, yellowish-grey, erect hair (Fig. 14A).</p><p>WINGS. Slightly yellowish-brown; wing venation and stigma brown.</p><p>LEGS. Integument black to reddish-brown, tarsi dark brown. Hind tibia apicomedially slightly swollen, vestiture greyish-white, without conspicuous hair tuft (Fig. 15A).</p><p>METASOMA. Integument black to reddish-brown, apical margins of terga translucent dark reddish-brown (Fig. 14C). Discs of T1–T5 covered with short, greyish, erect hair; apical tergal hair bands missing on all terga (Fig. 14C). Terga shallowly and finely but densely (i= d) punctate; between punctures and on apical tergal depressions superficially shagreened and slightly matt (Fig. 14C). Sterna without distinct apical hair fringes (Fig. 14D).</p><p>TERMINALIA. Genitalia (Fig. 15B), S7 (Fig. 15C) and terminal plate of S8 (Fig. 15D) as illustrated.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Only known from higher altitudes of the Hantam and Roggeveld Mountains (Northern Cape Province).</p><p>Floral hosts</p><p>Oxalidaceae: yellow flowering  Oxalis spec.,  O. pes-caprae .</p><p>Seasonal activity</p><p>September–October.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7D38FB0FFFC38D1FFDDA22BBD49DF863	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kuhlmann, Michael	Kuhlmann, Michael (2025): New species and species group in the bee genus Scrapter Lepeletier & Serville, 1828 (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) oligolectic on Oxalis flowers in western South Africa. European Journal of Taxonomy 987: 146-188, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.987.2863, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2863/13007
7D38FB0FFFC78D13FD39223CD40CFC2A.text	7D38FB0FFFC78D13FD39223CD40CFC2A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scrapter oxalis Kuhlmann 2025	<div><p>Scrapter oxalis sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: ECBEF593-24AE-4B7C-B6CF-67A6C53A7302</p><p>Figs 2–3, 16–18, 23–28</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>The female of  S. oxalis sp. nov. can be separated from that of all other species in this group by the following character combination: scutellum relatively small, distinctly convex and shiny (Fig. 16D), propodeum dorsolaterally (lateral to the matt propodeal triangle) very finely shagreened and matt, hair on posterior surface shorter than length of basal area (Fig. 16D), foreleg blackish-brown, sometimes femur apically slightly dark yellowish-brown, apical tergal depressions narrow and brownish translucent without reddish discoloration of the adjacent apical area of the disc, disc of T2 finely and sparsely punctate (Fig. 16B).</p><p>The male is characterized by the propodeum densely covered with thick, plumose hair of ± equal length (Fig. 17B), foreleg completely dark brown to blackish, sometimes to a small extent distitarsus and apical parts of mediotarsi orange-brown (Fig. 17A), hind tibia apicomedially strongly swollen, hairs apically on inner side relatively short (Fig. 18A), S3-S5 with dense apical hair fringes (Fig. 17D), genitalia as in Fig. 18B.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific epithet refers to the specific host plants of the genus  Oxalis ( Oxalidaceae) of this bee species.</p><p>Type material (17 specimens)</p><p>Holotype SOUTH AFRICA • ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.939722&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.444443" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.939722/lat -31.444443)">Knersvlakte, along Gemsbokrivier-Pad</a>; 195 m a.s.l.; 31°26′40″ S, 18°56′23″ E; 5 Jun. 2013; M. Kuhlmann leg.; SANC.</p><p>Paratypes SOUTH AFRICA • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.92111&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.431665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.92111/lat -31.431665)">Gemsbokrivier-Pad, 4.5 km NE of Grootdrif, Road Side</a>; 170 m a.s.l.; 31°25′54″ S, 18°55′16″ E; 20 May 2013; M. Kuhlmann leg.; NHML  •  2 ♂♂; same data as for preceding; 28 May 2013; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK •  1 ♂; same data as for preceding; 5 Jun. 2013; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK •  3 ♀♀, 4 ♂♂; same data as for preceding; 10 Jun. 2013; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK •  3 ♂♂; same data as for preceding; NHML •   1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.939722&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.444443" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.939722/lat -31.444443)">Knersvlakte, along Gemsbokrivier-Pad</a>; 195 m a.s.l.; 31°26′40″ S, 18°56′23″ E; 5 Jun. 2013; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK  .</p><p>Description</p><p>Female</p><p>BODY LENGTH. 6.5–7.5 mm.</p><p>HEAD. Head as wide as long. Integument black, except part of mandibles dark reddish-brown. Face sparsely covered with relatively long, yellowish-grey, erect hair (Fig. 2). Clypeus strongly convex with fine and very sparse (i= 2–5 d) punctation; surface between punctures smooth and shiny (Fig. 2). Malar area medially narrow, almost linear. Antenna dorsally dark brown, ventrally dark yellow.</p><p>MESOSOMA. Integument black, tegulae dark brown. Mesoscutal disc between punctures finely reticulate and partly matt; disc finely, relatively shallowly and sparsely (i= 2d) punctate (Fig. 16C). Metanotum slightly shorter than basal area of propodeum, apically with narrow and indistinctly carinate depression (Fig. 16D). Propodeum basally very indistinctly and finely carinate (Fig. 16D). Mesoscutum with short; scutellum, metanotum, mesepisternum and propodeum with long, sparse, greyish to yellowish, erect hair (Fig. 16A).</p><p>WINGS. Slightly yellowish-brown; wing venation and stigma brown.</p><p>LEGS. Integument black to dark reddish-brown. Vestiture yellowish to brownish-grey. Scopa yellowish-grey.</p><p>METASOMA. Integument black to dark reddish-brown; apical margins of terga broadly translucent yellowish to brownish (Fig. 16B). Disc of T1 and T2 very sparsely covered with very short, greyish-white, erect hair; following terga with successively more and longer, greyish-white, erect hair; apical tergal hair bands missing on all terga (Fig. 16B). Prepygidial and pygidial fimbriae dark brown. T1 and T2 impunctate, T3 and T4 with indistinct shallow punctation, looking almost impunctate; between punctures shagreened and slightly matt to shiny; apical tergal depressions very finely shagreened and slightly matt (Fig. 16B).</p><p>Male</p><p>BODY LENGTH. 8.5 mm.</p><p>HEAD. Head slightly longer than wide. Integument black, except mandible partly dark reddish-brown. Face densely covered with long, silvery-white, erect hair (Fig. 3). Malar area medially narrow, almost linear. Antenna dorsally dark brown, ventrally yellowish-brown.</p><p>MESOSOMA. Integument black. Mesoscutal disc between punctures reticulate and slightly matt; disc shallowly but densely (i =d) and relatively finely punctate. Basal area of propodeum ± triangular and distinctly carinate (Fig. 17B). Mesoscutum sparsely, scutellum and metanotum densely covered with long, yellowish, erect hair; propodeum laterally with short, apically with long, dense, yellowish, erect hair (Fig. 17B); mesepisternum sparsely covered with long, greyish, erect hair (Fig. 17A).</p><p>WINGS. Slightly yellowish-brown; wing venation and stigma brown.</p><p>LEGS. Integument black to reddish-brown, tarsi distally successively more yellowish-brown. Hind tibia apicomedially strongly swollen and curved, without distinct hair tuft (Fig. 18A). Vestiture greyish-white, on tarsi slightly yellowish.</p><p>METASOMA. Integument black to reddish-brown, apical margins of terga partly narrowly translucent dark reddish-brown (Fig. 17C). Discs of T1–T4 covered with short, greyish, erect hair, following terga with successively longer hair; apical tergal hair bands missing on all terga (Fig. 17C). Terga very finely and densely (i=d) punctate, appearing almost impunctate; between punctures and on apical tergal depressions superficially shagreened and slightly matt (Fig. 17C). S3 and S4 with dense, long apical hair fringes (laterally longer), S5 only laterally (Fig. 17D).</p><p>TERMINALIA. Genitalia (Fig. 18B), S7 (Fig. 18C) and terminal plate of S8 (Fig. 18D) as illustrated.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Only known from the Knersvlakte (Western Cape Province) and possibly endemic to this southern-most part of the Succulent Karoo biome.</p><p>Floral hosts</p><p>Oxalidaceae: yellow flowering  Oxalis spec.,  O. argillacea,  O. purpurea .</p><p>Seasonal activity</p><p>May–June.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7D38FB0FFFC78D13FD39223CD40CFC2A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kuhlmann, Michael	Kuhlmann, Michael (2025): New species and species group in the bee genus Scrapter Lepeletier & Serville, 1828 (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) oligolectic on Oxalis flowers in western South Africa. European Journal of Taxonomy 987: 146-188, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.987.2863, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2863/13007
7D38FB0FFFCB8D14FDDE223DD497FEF3.text	7D38FB0FFFCB8D14FDDE223DD497FEF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scrapter oxalissimus Kuhlmann 2025	<div><p>Scrapter oxalissimus sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 86E63A08-A616-440B-9693-E1FB82CE1101</p><p>Figs 2–3, 19–21, 23–27</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>The female of  S. oxalissimus sp. nov. can be separated from that of all other species in this group by the following character combination: clypeus, vertex and dorsal side of mesosoma with abundant dark brown to blackish hairs intermixed with lighter hair (Fig. 19A), basal area of propodeum on anterior half with fine longitudinal carination, propodeum dorsolaterally (lateral to the matt propodeal triangle) partly smooth and shiny (Fig. 19D), foreleg blackish-brown, sometimes femur apically slightly dark yellowish-brown, disc of T2 shallowly and sparsely (i= 2 d) punctate (Fig. 19B),</p><p>The male is characterized by the clypeus medially coarsely and denser punctate, matt (Fig. 3), propodeum sparsely covered with thin hair of variable length, basal area with distinct longitudinal carinae (Fig. 20B), foreleg completely dark brown to blackish (Fig. 20A), hind tibia apicomedially not conspicuously swollen (Fig. 21A), genitalia as in Fig. 21B.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific epithet refers to the specific host plants of the genus  Oxalis ( Oxalidaceae) of this bee species.</p><p>Type material (15 specimens)</p><p>Holotype SOUTH AFRICA • ♀; Nieuwoudtville, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.142778&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.400833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.142778/lat -31.400833)">Glen Lyon, Renosterveld</a>; 700 m a.s.l.; 31°24′03″ S, 19°08′34″ E; 7 Sep. 2003; M. Kuhlmann leg.; SANC.</p><p>Paratypes SOUTH AFRICA • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.095001&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.300278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.095001/lat -31.300278)">10 km N of Nieuwoudtville, Farm Grasberg</a>, dolerite hill; 800 m a.s.l.; 31°18′01″ S, 19°05′42″ E; 12 Sep. 2009; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK  •   1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.04861&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.271666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.04861/lat -31.271666)">12 km NW of Nieuwoudtville, Farm Avontuur</a>, Fynbos; 770 m a.s.l.; 31°16′18″ S, 19°02′55″ E; 25 Aug. 2017; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK  •   1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.90361&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.758055" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.90361/lat -31.758055)">Keiski Mts, 3 km E of Farm M’Vera</a>, shale; 1190 m a.s.l.; 31°45′29″ S, 19°54′13″ E; 27 Aug. 2017; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK  •   1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.838057&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.763056" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.838057/lat -31.763056)">Keiski Mts, 5 km S of Farm Nooiensrivier</a>, burned area; 1275 m a.s.l.; 31°45′47″ S, 19°50′17″ E; 28 Sep. 2009; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK  •   2 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.838057&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.765" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.838057/lat -31.765)">Keiskie Mts, 5 km S of Farm Nooiensrivier</a>, dolerite hill; 1270 m a.s.l.; 31°45′54″ S, 19°50′17″ E; 19 Aug. 2017; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK  •  2 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; 26 Aug. 2017; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK •   1 ♀, 2 ♂♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.998611&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.825556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.998611/lat -31.825556)">Roggeveld Mts, 2 km SE of Farm Allemansdam</a>, burnt area; 1290 m a.s.l.; 31°49′32″ S, 19°59′55″ E; 24 Aug. 2018; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK ) •  1 ♀; same data as for preceding; 29 Aug. 2018; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK .</p><p>Description</p><p>Female</p><p>BODY LENGTH. 7.5–8 mm.</p><p>HEAD. Head wider than long. Integument black, except part of mandibles dark reddish-brown. Face sparsely covered with relatively short, blackish-grey, erect hair (Fig. 2). Clypeus strongly convex; medially relatively coarsely and very sparsely (i=2–5 d) punctate, laterally almost impunctate; surface between punctures smooth and shiny (Fig. 2). Malar area medially narrow, almost linear. Antenna dorsally dark brown, ventrally very dark yellowish-brown to dark brown.</p><p>MESOSOMA. Integument and tegulae black. Mesoscutal disc between punctures reticulate and matt; disc relatively densely (i= 1–2d) and coarsely punctate (Fig. 19C). Metanotum about ⅔ as long as basal area of propodeum, apically with broad and distinct carinate depression (Fig. 19D). Propodeum on basal half laterally relatively finely linear carinate (Fig. 19D). Mesoscutum with short; scutellum, metanotum, mesepisternum and propodeum with relatively long, blackish and grey, erect hairs (Fig. 19A).</p><p>WINGS. Yellowish-brown; wing venation and stigma dark brown.</p><p>LEGS. Integument black. Vestiture and scopa brownish to blackish-grey.</p><p>METASOMA. Integument black to dark reddish-brown; apical margins of terga broadly translucent dark yellowish-brown to reddish-brown (Fig. 19B). Disc of T1 without hair; following terga with very short and few but successively more and longer, greyish, erect hair; apical tergal hair bands missing on all terga (Fig. 19B). Prepygidial and pygidial fimbriae dark brown. T1 very finely and indistinctly punctate, partly looking impunctate, T2 very finely and sparsely (i =2d) punctate, T3 and T4 very shallowly and sparsely (i=2–3 d) punctate; between punctures apical tergal depressions superficially shagreened but shiny (Fig. 19B).</p><p>Male</p><p>BODY LENGTH. 8 mm.</p><p>HEAD. Head wider than long. Integument black, except mandible partly dark reddish-brown. Face covered with long, silvery-white, erect hair (Fig. 3). Malar area medially narrow, almost linear. Antenna dorsally dark brown, flagellar segments 5–11 ventrally dark yellowish-brown.</p><p>MESOSOMA. Integument black. Mesoscutal disc between punctures strongly reticulate and matt; disc densely (i=d) but shallowly and relatively finely punctate. Basal area of propodeum ± wide crescent, distinctly and broadly linear carinate (Fig. 20B). Mesoscutum, propodeum and mesepisternum sparsely covered with long, greyish, erect hair; scutellum and metanotum covered with long, brownish-grey, erect hair (Fig. 20A).</p><p>WINGS. Slightly yellowish-brown; wing venation and stigma brown.</p><p>LEGS. Integument black to dark brown, hind tarsi successively slightly lighter brown distally. Hind tibia apically slightly broadened inside with a thin tuft of slightly longer greyish-white hair (Fig. 21A).</p><p>METASOMA. Integument black, apical margins of terga relatively broadly translucent dark yellowish-brown (Fig. 20C). Discs of T1 very sparsely covered with short, greyish, erect hair, following terga with successively more and longer hair; apical tergal hair bands missing on all terga (Fig. 20C). T1 sparsely (i=2 d) and very finely punctate, T2-T6 finely and relatively sparsely (i=1.5–2d) punctate; terga and apical tergal depressions superficially shagreened and slightly matt to shiny (Fig. 20C). S3–S5 laterally with very sparse, long apical hair fringes or tufts (Fig. 20D).</p><p>TERMINALIA. Genitalia (Fig. 21B), S7 (Fig. 21C) and terminal plate of S8 (Fig. 21D) as illustrated.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Found only on the Bokkeveld Plateau and the northern extension of the Roggeveld Mountains (Northern Cape Province).</p><p>Floral hosts</p><p>Oxalidaceae: yellow flowering  Oxalis spec.,  O. pes-caprae,</p><p>Seasonal activity</p><p>August–September.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7D38FB0FFFCB8D14FDDE223DD497FEF3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kuhlmann, Michael	Kuhlmann, Michael (2025): New species and species group in the bee genus Scrapter Lepeletier & Serville, 1828 (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) oligolectic on Oxalis flowers in western South Africa. European Journal of Taxonomy 987: 146-188, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.987.2863, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2863/13007
7D38FB0FFFCF8D2AFDCD22BBD46AFCBC.text	7D38FB0FFFCF8D2AFDCD22BBD46AFCBC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scrapter oxaloides Kuhlmann 2025	<div><p>Scrapter oxaloides sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 5108110B-4E66-49AC-93F6-1F56B5877DAC</p><p>Figs 2, 22–24</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>The female of  S. oxaloides sp. nov. can be separated from that of all other species in this group by the following character combination: scutellum relatively large, flat and dull (Fig. 22D), propodeum dorsolaterally (lateral to the matt propodeal triangle) very finely shagreened and matt (Fig. 22D), hair on posterior surface of propodeum longer than length of basal area of propodeum (Fig. 22D), foreleg blackish-brown, disc of T2 finely and sparsely punctate, apical tergal depressions narrow, brownish translucent without reddish discoloration of the adjacent apical area of the disc (Fig. 22B). Females of  S. oxaloides and  S. oxalensis sp. nov. are very similar but the former has slightly narrower apical tergal depressions (Fig. 22B) and the basal area of propodeum shows slightly denser and finer reticulation (Fig. 22D). The male is unknown.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific epithet refers to the specific host plants of the genus  Oxalis ( Oxalidaceae) of this bee species.</p><p>Type material (22 specimens)</p><p>Holotype SOUTH AFRICA • ♀; 12 km NW of Nieuwoudtville, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.04861&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.271666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.04861/lat -31.271666)">Farm Avontuur</a>, Fynbos; 770 m a.s.l.; 31°16′18″ S, 19°02′55″ E; 18 Aug. 2012; M. Kuhlmann leg.; SANC.</p><p>Paratypes SOUTH AFRICA • 1 ♀; 12 km NW of Nieuwoudtville, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.04861&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.271666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.04861/lat -31.271666)">Farm Avontuur</a>, Fynbos; 770 m a.s.l.; 31°16′18″ S, 19°02′55″ E; 16 Aug. 2011; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK  •  2 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; 23 Aug. 2017; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK •  6 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; 27 Aug. 2017; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK •   1 ♀; 20 km S of Nieuwoudtville, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.141945&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.554443" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.141945/lat -31.554443)">Farm Papkuilsfontein</a>, Fynbos; 680 m a.s.l.; 31°33′16″ S, 19°08′31″ E; 27 Aug. 2010; M. Kuhlmann leg.; RCMK  •   1 ♀;  Fynbos, 15 km NW of Nieuwoudtville, Farm Engelsepunt; 830 m a.s.l.; 31.14.31 S, 18.59.08 E; 22 Jul. 2003; K. Timmermann leg.; NHML  •  2 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; 23 Jul. 2003; K. Timmermann leg.; RCMK •  2 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; 26 Jul. 2003; K. Timmermann leg.; RCMK •  1 ♀; same data as for preceding; NHML •  1 ♀; same data as for preceding; 5 Aug. 2003; K. Timmermann leg.; RCMK •  1 ♀; same data as for preceding; 27 Aug. 2003; K. Timmermann leg.; NHML •  2 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; 23–26 Jul. 2003; K. Timmermann leg.; NHML •   1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.116667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.366667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.116667/lat -31.366667)">Nieuwoudtville</a>, garden; 700 m a.s.l.; 31°22′ S, 19°07′ E; K. Timmermann leg.; RCMK  .</p><p>Description</p><p>Female</p><p>BODY LENGTH. 7–7.5 mm.</p><p>HEAD. Head as wide as long. Integument black, except part of mandibles and sometimes part of clypeus dark reddish-brown. Face sparsely covered with relatively long, greyish, erect hair (Fig. 2). Clypeus strongly convex with relatively coarse but very sparse (i=2–5 d) punctation; surface between punctures smooth and shiny (Fig. 2). Malar area medially narrow, almost linear. Antenna dorsally dark brown, ventrally dark yellow.</p><p>MESOSOMA. Integument black, tegulae dark brown. Mesoscutal disc between punctures reticulate and slightly matt, disc sparsely (i=1–3d) and shallowly punctate (Fig. 22C). Metanotum slightly shorter than basal area of propodeum, apically with narrow carinate depression (Fig. 22D). Propodeum on basal half medially relatively coarsely and distinctly carinate (Fig. 22D). Propodeum apically with long, laterally with shorter, mesoscutum with short, scutellum, metanotum and mesepisternum with sparse, long, greyish to yellowish, erect hair (Fig. 22A).</p><p>WINGS. Slightly yellowish-brown; wing venation and stigma brown.</p><p>LEGS. Integument black to dark reddish-brown. Vestiture yellowish-grey to brownish. Scopa brownish to greyish-white.</p><p>METASOMA. Integument black to dark reddish-brown; apical margins of terga broadly translucent brown (Fig. 22B). Disc of T1 with very few, very short, greyish-white, erect hairs; following terga with increasingly more and longer, greyish-white, erect hairs; apical tergal hair bands missing on all terga (Fig. 22B). Prepygidial and pygidial fimbriae greyish to slightly brownish. T1 and T2 very shallowly, indistinctly, finely and sparsely punctate, looking almost impunctate; T3 and T4 very finely but relatively densely (i =1–2d) punctate; between punctures finely shagreened and slightly matt to shiny (Fig. 22B).</p><p>Male</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Apparently endemic to the Bokkeveld Plateau (Northern Cape Province).</p><p>Floral hosts</p><p>Oxalidaceae: yellow flowering  Oxalis spec.,  O. pes-caprae,</p><p>Seasonal activity</p><p>July–August.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7D38FB0FFFCF8D2AFDCD22BBD46AFCBC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kuhlmann, Michael	Kuhlmann, Michael (2025): New species and species group in the bee genus Scrapter Lepeletier & Serville, 1828 (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) oligolectic on Oxalis flowers in western South Africa. European Journal of Taxonomy 987: 146-188, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.987.2863, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2863/13007
7D38FB0FFFF18D29FF092073D044FA74.text	7D38FB0FFFF18D29FF092073D044FA74.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scrapter carysomus Davies 2005	<div><p>Key to species of the  Scrapter carysomus group</p><p>Females</p><p>Females of this species group are very similar to each other and identification can be difficult without reference material or associated males due to sometimes very subtle differences in the surface sculpture.</p><p>1. Fore tibia on inner face medially, on outer face apically, and fore femur on outer face apically with dull yellow spot of varying size ...........................................................................  S. oxalicus sp. nov.</p><p>– Foreleg blackish-brown, sometimes femur apically slightly dark yellowish-brown ........................ 2</p><p>2. Propodeum dorsolaterally (lateral to the matt propodeal triangle) partly smooth and shiny (Figs 23A– B); disc of T2 relatively coarsely and densely punctate (i=0.5–2 d) (Fig. 24A–B) ......................... 3</p><p>– Propodeum dorsolaterally (lateral to matt propodeal triangle) very finely shagreened and matt (e.g., Fig. 23C–D); disc of T2 finely, more dispersed punctate (i&gt; 2d) or without punctation (e.g., Fig. 24C–D) ...................................................................................................................................... 4</p><p>3. Clypeus, vertex and dorsal side of mesosoma with white to light brown hair, at most few single black hairs intermixed; basal area of propodeum without rugae (Fig. 23A); T2 distinctly and densely (i=0.5–1d) punctate (Fig. 24A) .....................................................................  S. oxaliphilus sp. nov.</p><p>– Clypeus, vertex and dorsal side of mesosoma with abundant dark brown to blackish hairs intermixed with lighter hair; basal area of propodeum on anterior half with fine longitudinal rugae (Fig. 23B); T2 comparatively more shallowly and sparsely (i=2 d) punctate (Fig. 24B) ..................................... .........................................................................................................................  S. oxalissimus sp. nov.</p><p>4. Apical tergal depressions relatively broad, yellowish translucent with the adjacent apical area of the disc crescent-shaped dark reddish (Fig. 24C) ..........................................  S. carysomus Davies, 2005</p><p>– Apical tergal depressions narrower and brownish translucent without reddish discoloration of the adjacent apical area of the disc (Fig. 24E–F), if apical tergal depressions yellowish translucent, then only very narrowly (Fig. 24D) .......................................................................................................... 5</p><p>5. Scutellum slightly smaller (shorter and narrower), more convex and shinier (Fig. 23E); hair on posterior surface of propodeum shorter than length of basal area of propodeum (Fig. 23E) ............. ..................................................................................................................................  S. oxalis sp. nov.</p><p>– Scutellum slightly larger (longer and broader), flatter and duller (Fig. 23D–F); hair on posterior surface of propodeum longer than length of basal area of propodeum (Fig. 23D–F) ...................... 6</p><p>Separation of the following two species is very difficult:</p><p>6. Apical tergal depressions slightly broader (Fig. 24D); basal area of propodeum with slightly sparser and coarser reticulation (Fig. 23D) .....................................................................  S. oxalensis sp. nov.</p><p>– Apical tergal depressions slightly narrower (Fig. 24F); basal area of propodeum with slightly denser and finer reticulation (Fig. 23F) .........................................................................  S. oxaloides sp. nov.</p><p>Males</p><p>The male of  S. oxaloides sp. nov. is unknown.</p><p>1. Foreleg with medio- and distitarsi completely bright yellow, basitarsus and tibia predominantly yellow ............................................................................................................................................... 2</p><p>– Foreleg completely dark brown to blackish, sometimes to small extent distitarsus and apical parts of mediotarsi orange-brown .................................................................................................................. 3</p><p>2. Tarsi of mid and hind leg completely bright yellow; hind tibia apically on inner side with hairs longer (Fig. 25A); genitalia as in Fig. 26A ..........................................................  S. oxalicus sp. nov.</p><p>– Tarsi of mid and hind leg predominantly dark yellowish-brown to blackish; hind tibia apically on inner side with hairs shorter (Fig. 25B); genitalia as in Fig. 26B ............  S. carysomus Davies, 2005</p><p>3. Hind tibia apicomedially strongly swollen (Figs 9A, 18A); propodeum densely covered with thick, plumose hair of ± equal length (Figs 27A–B, 28A, C) ..................................................................... 4</p><p>– Hind tibia apicomedially not conspicuously swollen (Fig. 25E–F); propodeum sparsely covered with thin hair of variable length (Fig. 27C–D) ................................................................................. 5</p><p>4. S3–S5 with dense apical hair fringes (Fig. 28D); hind tibia apicomedially more strongly swollen, hairs on inner side in apical half comparatively short (Fig. 25D); genitalia as in Fig. 26C ............... ..................................................................................................................................  S. oxalis sp. nov.</p><p>– S3–S5 with sparse apical hair fringes (Fig. 28B); hind tibia apicomedially less swollen, hairs on inner side in apical half comparatively long (Fig. 25C); genitalia as in Fig. 26D .......  S. oxalensis sp. nov.</p><p>5. Clypeus medially finely and sparsely punctate, shiny; basal area of propodeum without or anteriorly only with very short, indistinct longitudinal carinae (Fig. 27C); genitalia as in Fig. 26E ................. .........................................................................................................................  S. oxaliphilus sp. nov.</p><p>– Clypeus medially coarsely and denser punctate, matt; basal area of propodeum with distinct longitudinal carinae that extend over the majority of the length of the segment (Fig. 27D); genitalia as in Fig. 26F ..................................................................................................  S. oxalissimus sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7D38FB0FFFF18D29FF092073D044FA74	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kuhlmann, Michael	Kuhlmann, Michael (2025): New species and species group in the bee genus Scrapter Lepeletier & Serville, 1828 (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) oligolectic on Oxalis flowers in western South Africa. European Journal of Taxonomy 987: 146-188, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.987.2863, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2863/13007
