identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
7B2E87D9FFB20C6AFFD10317FD26F898.text	7B2E87D9FFB20C6AFFD10317FD26F898.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clinostomum phalacrocoracis Dubois 1930	<div><p>Clinostomum phalacrocoracis Dubois, 1930 (Fig. 3)</p><p>The main morphological characters of the metacercariae were (min-max (mean ± SD) µm): body stout, slightly wider in gonadic region; 9500–15200 (12061 ± 1820) long, 1855–3967 (3075 ± 591.9) wide. Oral sucker, 410–533 (460.4 ± 35.03) long · 478–732 (576.1 ± 83.07) wide, smaller than acetabulum, 926–1253 (1094 ± 89.86) long · 1011–1346 (1193.3 ± 105.22) wide, surrounded by weakly developed oral collar. Pharynx evident; intestine bifurcates immediately posterior to pharynx. Intestinal caeca run laterally to ventral sucker and immature genital complex, with small diverticula more evident posteriorly to ventral sucker. Connection between intestinal caeca and excretory system not clearly visible. Testes arranged in tandem between middle and posterior third of body. Anterior testis, 677–1466 (1074.2 ± 255.29) long · 643–1469 (1063.7 ± 266.98) wide, in posterior part of middle third of body, fan-shaped, consists of four to eight blunt lobes, some of which are sub-lobed; sometimes, right lobe slightly displaced to left by uterus. Posterior testis, 606–1182 (957.2 ± 211.70) long · 695–1469 (1072 ± 195.71) wide, in anterior part of posterior third of body, fan-shaped with anterior margin concave and with two major lateral lobes and one posterior lobe, each of which is sub-lobed. Cirrus sac 389–717 (563.5 ± 117.67) long · 143–292 (253.2 ± 44.25) wide, bean-shaped, in dextral intertesticular space, anterior to ovary, with genital pore opening laterally at posterior margin of anterior testis between right and posterior lobe. Genital opening with evident small blunt tubercles along its internal edge. Ovary, 119–378 (278.7 ± 74.07) long · 121–363 (261.9 ± 69.85) wide, irregular, round, smaller than cirrus sac, located in dextral intertesticular space. Uterus runs straight from ventral sucker to anterior testis. Uteroduct runs around left margin of anterior testis and opens into uterine sac. Metraterm, straight and overlapping the right half of anterior testis, connects uterus to genital atrium. Vitellarium not evident. Tegumental surface covered by very thin papillae.</p><p>The ITS sequence was 1030 bp: 584 bp belonged to ITS1, 159 bp to 5.8S and 287 bp to ITS2 rRNA. The BLAST analysis gave 100% identity with C. phalacrocoracis (FJ609422 - FJ609423 [8]), 98.8% with C. cutaneum (FJ609421 - GQ339114 [8]), 97.2% with C. complanatum (JF718629, [3]), 94% with C. marginatum (JF718634, [3]) and 92.6% with C. tataxumui (JX631065 [20]). The multiple alignment of our ITS rDNA sequences together with the Clinostomum sequences retrieved from GenBank revealed distances ranging from 1.2% to 7.3% over 867 positions. The distance analysis of the eight COI mtDNA sequences (605 bp) obtained in this study showed that all were identical to each other except for one (sample eight) showing three transitions (1 A/G and 2 T/C). The pairwise distance, calculated by including the Clinostomum COI sequences retrieved from GenBank and BOLDSYSTEMS (www.barcodinglife.org), ranged from 0.2% to 22.8% over 444 positions. It was not possible to BLAST the COI sequences of our C. phalacrocoracis as only C. complanatum, C. marginatum and C. tataxumui COI sequences were available for comparison.</p><p>The ML trees, utilizing both molecular markers, display the same topology (ITS tree not reported) and show two clearly separate clades, one formed by the Palearctic species, C. complanatum, that clusters as a sister species to C. phalacrocoracis + C. cutaneum, and the other by C. marginatum and C. tataxumui, the Nearctic and Neotropical species, respectively (Fig. 4). All sequences obtained during this study are deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers KJ786967 - KJ786974 (COI) and KJ786975 -KJ7869882 (ITS).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B2E87D9FFB20C6AFFD10317FD26F898	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Caffara, Monica;Davidovich, Nadav;Falk, Rama;Smirnov, Margarita;Ofek, Tamir;Cummings, David;Gustinelli, Andrea;Fioravanti, Maria L.	Caffara, Monica, Davidovich, Nadav, Falk, Rama, Smirnov, Margarita, Ofek, Tamir, Cummings, David, Gustinelli, Andrea, Fioravanti, Maria L. (2014): Redescription of Clinostomum phalacrocoracis metacercariae (Digenea: Clinostomidae) in cichlids from Lake Kinneret, Israel. Parasite (Paris, France) 21: 1-6, DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2014034, URL: https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2014034
