taxonID	type	description	language	source
7B2E8798FFE9FFEDFF2CD949FBB36724.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Mun. Diamantina, Biribiri, 18 ° 14 ’ 57.8 ” S, 43 ° 36 ’ 01.1 ” W [central coordinates of the municipality], 20 January 1972 (fl.), Hatschbach et al. 29043 (Holotype: MBM- 20306!; isotypes: HUCS- 7517!, K- 1106321!, MO- 2835840!). Figs. 1 – 3.	en	Vidal, Kaio Vinicius De A., Oliveira, Iasmin Laiane De C., Dorneles Welker, Cassiano A., Clark, Lynn G., Oliveira, Reyjane P. (2025): Chusquea giuliettiae, a new species of C. subg. Chusquea (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) from the highlands of the Espinhaço Range, Brazil. Phytotaxa 734 (1): 65-76, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.734.1.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.734.1.5
7B2E8798FFE9FFEDFF2CD949FBB36724.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: — Chusquea giuliettiae can be differentiated from C. cordata and C. longispiculata by having a culm leaf with smaller blades [(1.4 ‒) 1.7 ‒ 2.8 cm long vs. (6 –) 7.3 – 9.4 (– 11.2) cm in C. cordata and 3 – 5.2 cm in C. longispiculata], foliage leaves with numerous leaves per complement (10 ‒ 20 vs. 4 – 5 in C. cordata and (4 –) 5 – 7 (– 8) in C. longispiculata), bearing sheaths with the outer ligule thin and asymmetrical (vs. bilobed). Reproductively, C. giuliettiae is easily distinguished by its smaller synflorescence (2.4 ‒ 3 cm long), as well as short spikelets (5 ‒ 6.5 cm long) and included bracts (2), in comparison with C. cordata [(2 –) 3 – 6 cm long] and C. longispiculata (4 – 7 cm long).	en	Vidal, Kaio Vinicius De A., Oliveira, Iasmin Laiane De C., Dorneles Welker, Cassiano A., Clark, Lynn G., Oliveira, Reyjane P. (2025): Chusquea giuliettiae, a new species of C. subg. Chusquea (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) from the highlands of the Espinhaço Range, Brazil. Phytotaxa 734 (1): 65-76, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.734.1.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.734.1.5
7B2E8798FFE9FFEDFF2CD949FBB36724.taxon	description	Description: — Rhizomes unknown. Culms in clumps, 3 – 5 m tall, 0.4 – 0.8 cm in diameter, erect at the base then arching and climbing towards the apex, hanging over trees and shrubs; internodes 10 – 14.3 cm long, terete, solid, green to vinaceous when young, turning a deep reddish-orange with age or in the sun, glabrous, internode completely glaucous, with a white waxy band (2 ‒ 5 mm wide) just below the node. Culm leaves (7.8 ‒) 8.2 ‒ 11.2 cm long, erect, extending 1 / 2 to 3 / 4 the internode length, but not reaching the next node, often tardily deciduous, the juncture of the sheath and blade a horizontal to slightly convex line, abaxially slightly faint or obscure; sheaths (5.8 ‒) 6.6 ‒ 8.4 cm long, 1.1 ‒ 2.2 (‒ 2.8) cm wide, 2.9 ‒ 5.8 times as long as the blade, ± coriaceous to somewhat brittle, linear-triangular, margins glabrous, the overlapping one only slightly fused to the sheath at the base (1 ‒ 3 mm), abaxially glabrous to scabrous towards the apex, adaxially glabrous and shiny, tessellate; summit extensions absent; girdle 1 ‒ 2 mm long, stramineous to brown, glabrous to scabrous, waxy, with a slightly prominent skirt at the juncture with the sheath; outer ligule absent; inner ligule 0.3 ‒ 0.8 mm long, erect, rigid, brownish, glabrous, apex truncate and pectinate-ciliolate; blades (1.4 ‒) 1.7 ‒ 2.8 cm long, triangular to deltate, non-pseudopetiolate, erect, persistent, chartaceous, abaxially glabrous to slightly scabrous at the base, becoming scabrid towards the apex, adaxially pilose at the base and hispid on the upper half, tessellate, no median nerve visible, margins glabrous, apex acute to apiculate. Nodes at mid-culm with one triangular central bud subtended by 15 ‒ 18 smaller, subequal subsidiary buds in usually 3 irregularly constellate rows; central bud prophyll glabrous, slightly pubescent at the base, with margins long ciliate; nodal line dipping slightly below the bud / branch complement; nodal region 0.35 ‒ 0.5 mm long; supra and infranodal line visible and prominent. Branching infra-extravaginal, being initially infravaginal, often becoming also extravaginal as branches develop; central branch often developing and reiterating the main culm; leafy subsidiary branches 14 ‒ 25 per node, 0.4 – 1 mm in diameter, 12 ‒ 18 cm long, subequal, rebranching from the base but not toward the apex if rebranching occurs, geniculate near the base, then arching and ascending. Foliage leaves 10 ‒ 20 per complement; sheaths 1.3 ‒ 1.6 cm long, abaxially pilose to hispid toward the margins and at the apex, stramineous, keeled on the upper half, the margins glabrous, summit extension absent; outer ligule 0.2 ‒ 0.5 mm long, thin and asymmetrical, erect, pubescent, chartaceous, apically ciliolate; inner ligule (0.2 ‒) 0.4 ‒ 0.8 mm long, truncate, sometimes slightly asymmetrical, membranous, pilose, apex ciliate; pseudopetioles 0.3 ‒ 1 mm long, thick, distinct to slightly distinct, abaxially pubescent, adaxially pilose, pulvinus brown when present; blades 2.5 ‒ 5.5 cm long, 0.2 ‒ 0.4 cm wide, L: W (9 ‒) 10.3 ‒ 14, lanceolate, non-tessellate, abaxially pubescent at the base and glabrous towards the apex, without a tuft of trichomes at the base, adaxially pilose to pubescent or scabrous on the upper half, base attenuate, midrib slightly excentric, abaxially visible throughout the blade except at the apex, but prominent only at the base, adaxially visible and prominent only on the lower half of the blade, both margins scabrous, apex shortly setose to setose. Synflorescences 2.4 ‒ 3 cm long, 2 ‒ 3 cm in diameter, paniculate, open, pyramidal, with the lower branches slightly reflexed to reflexed, subtended by 2 spatheate bracts with slightly inflated sheaths, differentiated, the first (lower) one with sheath 1.2 ‒ 1.4 cm long, papyraceous, stramineous to brownish, pilose to hispid with a tuft of long hairs at the tip, its blade 0.65 ‒ 1.3 cm long, stramineous to greenish, narrowly-triangular, apex setose, the second (upper) one embracing the basal branches, its sheath 2.1 ‒ 2.3 cm long, slightly papyraceous to membranous, stramineous to whitish, glabrous at the base and pilose to hispid on the upper half, with a tuft of long hairs at the tip, its blade 0.4 ‒ 0.5 cm long, stramineous, linear-triangular with apex setose; rachis 1.3 ‒ 1.6 cm long, triquetrous, pilose; angular, hispid-pubescent, all subtended by a scar or rim or occasionally a scale-like subtending bract, the lower 1 ‒ 3 primary branches erect when young, and divergent (horizontal) to reflexed at maturity, pulvinus absent, the lowermost one 1 ‒ 1.5 cm long, the second 1.2 ‒ 2.2 cm long, and the third 0.8 ‒ 1.7 cm long, more apical primary branches spreading to appressed, higher order branches appressed to the primary branches; pedicels (1.2 ‒) 1.8 ‒ 5 mm long, angular, hispid-pubescent. Spikelets 5 ‒ 6.5 mm long including the tip, 1 ‒ 1.3 mm wide, weakly dorsally compressed to terete; glumes I and II scale-like, obtuse, enervate, pilose; glume I 0.1 ‒ 0.25 mm long, <1 / 30 the spikelet length; glume II 0.2 ‒ 0.45 mm long, <1 / 20 the spikelet length; glumes III and IV lanceolate, slightly navicular and keeled for the upper half, abaxially pubescent at the base then pilose towards the apex, margins ciliate toward the apex forming a tuft of trichomes on the tip, short-awned (the awn 0.3 ‒ 0.6 mm long); glume III 3.0 ‒ 3.7 mm long including the tip, 1 / 2 ‒ 2 / 3 the spikelet length, 3 - nerved; glume IV 4.1 ‒ 4.6 mm long including the tip, 3 / 4 ‒ 4 / 5 the spikelet length, 3 ‒ 4 - nerved; lemma 5.3 ‒ 5.4 mm long including the tip, slightly navicular and keeled on the upper half, apex acute, short-awned (the awn 0.7 ‒ 0.8 mm long), abaxially glabrescent at the base, becoming pubescent, margins ciliate toward the apex, 7 - nerved; palea 5 ‒ 5.3 mm long including the tip, 2 - apiculate, 6 - nerved, 2 - keeled on the upper 1 / 3, weakly sulcate only for the upper half, the sulcus pubescent to pilose, abaxially glabrescent to pubescent then pilose towards the apex. Lodicules 3, glabrous, hyaline, apically long ciliate; anterior pair 1 ‒ 1.2 mm long, ovate, the posterior one 0.4 ‒ 0.6 mm long, lanceolate. Stamens 3; anthers 0.8 ‒ 1 mm long, brown. Caryopsis not seen.	en	Vidal, Kaio Vinicius De A., Oliveira, Iasmin Laiane De C., Dorneles Welker, Cassiano A., Clark, Lynn G., Oliveira, Reyjane P. (2025): Chusquea giuliettiae, a new species of C. subg. Chusquea (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) from the highlands of the Espinhaço Range, Brazil. Phytotaxa 734 (1): 65-76, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.734.1.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.734.1.5
7B2E8798FFE9FFEDFF2CD949FBB36724.taxon	etymology	Etymology: — The specific epithet honors the renowned Brazilian botanist Ana Maria Giulietti-Harley, who has contributed so much to knowledge about the flora of Brazil, especially in the Espinhaço Range region, where the new species is distributed.	en	Vidal, Kaio Vinicius De A., Oliveira, Iasmin Laiane De C., Dorneles Welker, Cassiano A., Clark, Lynn G., Oliveira, Reyjane P. (2025): Chusquea giuliettiae, a new species of C. subg. Chusquea (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) from the highlands of the Espinhaço Range, Brazil. Phytotaxa 734 (1): 65-76, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.734.1.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.734.1.5
7B2E8798FFE9FFEDFF2CD949FBB36724.taxon	distribution	Distribution and Habitat: — Chusquea giuliettiae is currently known from five populations growing in Atlantic rainforest fragments, associated with “ campos rupestres ” throughout the Espinhaço Range at elevations from (985 –) 1,100 to 1,871 m. a. s. l (Table 1, Fig. 1). These populations are distributed from the Chapada Diamantina province, in the state of Bahia, to the Diamantina Plateau district, located in the Southern Espinhaço province, in the state of Minas Gerais (Colli-Silva et al. 2019) (Table 1, Fig. 1).	en	Vidal, Kaio Vinicius De A., Oliveira, Iasmin Laiane De C., Dorneles Welker, Cassiano A., Clark, Lynn G., Oliveira, Reyjane P. (2025): Chusquea giuliettiae, a new species of C. subg. Chusquea (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) from the highlands of the Espinhaço Range, Brazil. Phytotaxa 734 (1): 65-76, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.734.1.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.734.1.5
7B2E8798FFE9FFEDFF2CD949FBB36724.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Chusquea giuliettiae was collected in flower in January 1972 (Hatschbach et al. 29043 and Smith et al. 16008), February 2003 (Viana 688), and then again in November 2021 (Sampaio 264). Both the 1972 and 2003 collections are from Minas Gerais populations, and the 2021 collection is the only flowering specimen from Bahia to date. Almost all the collections from Bahia were in a vegetative state. Considering all the Minas Gerais populations, a flowering cycle of ca. 31 years can be estimated. However, if the Bahia population is included, then a range of 21 to 31 years of flowering events can be inferred, with a single event extending for up to five years. Therefore, the assembly of all flowering dates suggests three gregarious flowering events in C. giuliettiae, the first in the early 1970 s, the second in 2003, and the third in 2021.	en	Vidal, Kaio Vinicius De A., Oliveira, Iasmin Laiane De C., Dorneles Welker, Cassiano A., Clark, Lynn G., Oliveira, Reyjane P. (2025): Chusquea giuliettiae, a new species of C. subg. Chusquea (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) from the highlands of the Espinhaço Range, Brazil. Phytotaxa 734 (1): 65-76, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.734.1.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.734.1.5
7B2E8798FFE9FFEDFF2CD949FBB36724.taxon	conservation	Conservation assessment: — The estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of Chusquea giuliettiae was 36 km ², whereas the extent of occurrence (EOO) was 6,855 km ². Following the IUCN Red List categories and criteria (IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee 2019), this species should be considered Endangered (EN) [B 2 ab (iii)], since it has only 5 documented locations and is restricted to Atlantic forest fragments whose areas are under a continuing decline in habitat quality due to intense anthropic action, even if some of them are included in Brazilian conservation areas (Fig. 1).	en	Vidal, Kaio Vinicius De A., Oliveira, Iasmin Laiane De C., Dorneles Welker, Cassiano A., Clark, Lynn G., Oliveira, Reyjane P. (2025): Chusquea giuliettiae, a new species of C. subg. Chusquea (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) from the highlands of the Espinhaço Range, Brazil. Phytotaxa 734 (1): 65-76, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.734.1.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.734.1.5
7B2E8798FFE9FFEDFF2CD949FBB36724.taxon	discussion	Comments: — Initially, some collections of C. giuliettiae were annotated as C. attenuata, C. aff. attenuata or C. aff. heterophylla, due to vegetative similarities of the branching and foliage leaves among these species. The often incomplete nature of these collections or label data (e. g., culm leaves lacking, habit not recorded) also contributed to the taxonomic confusion. All three species have extravaginal branching (C. heterophylla) or infravaginal branching becoming also extravaginal (C. attenuata, C. giuliettiae) (Pianissola et al. 2023, Vidal et al. 2023). More striking is the similarity in the relatively small, linear foliage leaf blades and the larger number of foliage leaves per complement among the three species. Chusquea attenuata, as noted in the Introduction and discussed below, is part of the C. meyeriana informal group, but it has circular central buds (vs. triangular) (Vidal and Clark, pers. obs.) as well as longer internodes (21 ‒ 28.5 cm vs. 10 ‒ 14.3 cm), more subsidiary branches per node [(22 ‒) 27 ‒ 52 vs. 14 ‒ 25], and longer spikelets [(5.1 ‒) 7.1 ‒ 8.5 mm vs. 5 ‒ 6.5 mm] in comparison to C. giuliettiae (Vidal et al. 2023). Chusquea heterophylla, on the other hand, has an erect habit with culms only slightly arching at the apex (vs. culms erect at the base and then arching or clambering or hanging in C. giuliettiae) (Pianissola et al. 2023). It differs reproductively from C. giuliettiae in having a contracted paniculate synflorescence lacking subtending spatheate bracts (vs. open paniculate with the primary branches slightly to strongly reflexed and subtended by 2 spatheate bracts) and a relatively longer glume IV (extending 3 / 4 ‒ 4 / 5 the spikelet length vs. 1 / 2 ‒ 2 / 3) (Clark 1992). Chusquea heterophylla also grows in high elevation grasslands at 2100 ‒ 2500 m (Clark 1992), whereas C. giuliettiae occurs in Atlantic forest fragments associated with “ campos rupestres ” usually at elevations of 1,100 to 1,871 m. We consider Chusquea giuliettiae to be part of the C. meyeriana informal group because it possesses all the diagnostic features considered for this group (Clark et al. 2022) (Tables 1 and 2; Figs. 2, 3). This new species exhibits some vegetative morphological similarities to C. clemirae, C. cordata, C. longispiculata, and C. parviligulata, by having a vertically oriented, triangular central bud; culm leaves deciduous to late deciduous (rarely persistent in C. longispiculata and C. parviligulata), with sheaths measuring similar lengths [(5.8 –) 6.3 – 14. 3 cm long] and being free or only slightly fused at the base (although they can be fused in C. longispiculata); the culm leaf blades triangular to deltate (except broadly triangular, the base slightly to strongly cordate, in C. cordata); girdles usually 1 – 5 mm long (may reach 6 – 12 mm long in C. clemirae); subsidiary branches with sheaths having no summit extension (except for C. cordata) and both the inner ligule and outer ligule tiny (0.05 – 1 mm long and 0.1 – 1 mm long, respectively) (Table 1). Despite those similarities, a set of vegetative morphological and geographic features is useful to distinguish C. giuliettiae from the other similar members of the C. meyeriana informal group, since C. clemirae and C. parviligulata are not known in flower (Table 1) (Mota et al. 2013, Andrade et al. 2019). Chusquea giuliettiae is unambiguously distinguished from them by having culm leaves bearing smaller blades [(1.4 ‒) 1.7 ‒ 2.8 cm long vs. 3 ‒ 11 cm long in the other species] and inner ligules [0.3 ‒ 0.8 mm long vs. 0.5 ‒ 3 mm long in the other species]; foliage leaves with 10 ‒ 20 leaves per complement (vs. 4 ‒ 12 in the other species); outer ligules thin and skirt-shaped (vs. bilobed in C. cordata and C. longispiculata, or asymmetrical and membranous in C. parviligulata, or a narrow rim in C. clemirae); and foliage leaf blades adaxially pilose to pubescent or scabrous on the upper half (vs. glabrous or sparsely pubescent or sparsely setose). In addition, C. giuliettiae occurs at 1,100 to 1,800 m. a. s. l. (vs. species usually occurring <1,000 m. a. s. l.; except for C. cordata which occurs from 720 to 1,420 m. a. s. l.) (Table 1). Reproductively, C. giuliettiae can be easily distinguished from C. cordata and C. longispiculata by having smaller synflorescences [2.4 ‒ 3 cm long vs. (2 –) 3 – 6 cm in C. cordata and 4 – 7 cm in C. longispiculata], shorter spikelets [5 ‒ 6.5 mm long vs. (11 –) 12 – 14 (− 15.2) mm in C. cordata and (13.5 –) 14.5 – 19.2 mm in C. longispiculata], as well as glume III [3.0 ‒ 3.7 mm long vs. (6 –) 7.2 – 9.5 mm in C. cordata and (7.5 –) 10.8 – 13.9 mm in C. longispiculata] and glume IV [4.1 ‒ 4.6 mm long vs. 8.9 – 10.5 mm in C. cordata and (10.8 –) 15.3 – 17.7 mm in C. longispiculata], both abaxially pubescent at the base then pilose towards the apex (vs. glabrous), with glume III short-awned (0.3 ‒ 0.6 mm long vs. short-awned, 1.3 – 1.5 mm in C. cordata and mucronate to awned, 1.3 – 2.8 mm in C. longispiculata); shorter lemma and palea [5.3 ‒ 5.4 mm and 5 ‒ 5.3 mm long vs. 10 – 13.7 mm and 10 – 12 mm in C. cordata and (13.1 –) 15 – 17.6 and 11 – 16.2 mm in C. longispiculata, respectively], with the lemma abaxially glabrescent at the base and short-awned, 0.7 ‒ 0.8 mm long (vs. subulate to short-awned, 1.2 – 1.5 mm in C. cordata and mucronate to awned, ca. 2.2 mm in C. longispiculata), becoming pubescent toward the apex (vs. glabrous) and palea abaxially glabrescent to pubescent then pilose towards the apex (vs. glabrous) with the sulcus weakly developed on the upper half (vs. sulcate for the full length in C. cordata and sulcate for nearly the full length in C. longispiculata) (Table 2, Figs. 2, 3).	en	Vidal, Kaio Vinicius De A., Oliveira, Iasmin Laiane De C., Dorneles Welker, Cassiano A., Clark, Lynn G., Oliveira, Reyjane P. (2025): Chusquea giuliettiae, a new species of C. subg. Chusquea (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) from the highlands of the Espinhaço Range, Brazil. Phytotaxa 734 (1): 65-76, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.734.1.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.734.1.5
7B2E8798FFE9FFEDFF2CD949FBB36724.taxon	materials_examined	Additional specimens examined: — BRAZIL. Bahia: Mun. Abaíra, Catolés, Serra do Barbado, trilha para o pico do Barbado, próximo ao muro de Pedras, 13 ° 17 ’ S, 41 ° 54 ’ W, 14 October 2006 (veg.), Santos 903 (HUEFS); idem., trilha do monte Barbado, desde pouco antes até o perímetro da forquilha, próximo ao muro de pedras, depois de uma vasta população de Aulonemia (bambu lenhoso), campo rupestre típico, local aberto, 13 ° 17 ’ 28.5 ” S, 41 ° 54 ’ 13.8 '' W, 1690 m, 11 June 2016 (veg.), Vidal & Clark 216 (HUEFS); idem., 13 ° 19 ' 33 '' S, 41 ° 53 ' 29 '' W, 1871 m, 27 November 2021 (veg.), Sampaio 237 (HUEFS); idem., 13 ° 17 ' 26.9 '' S; 41 ° 54 ' 06.4 '' W, 15 January 2019 (veg.), Matos 121 (HUEFS); Mun. Rio de Contas, Monte do Itobira, subida para o Pico do Itobira, ca. 28 km de Rio de Contas, 13 ° 34 ' 44.0 " S 41 ° 48 ' 41.1 " W [central coordinates of the municipality], 14 November 1998 (veg.), Oliveira et al. 123 (HUEFS); idem., ca. de 3 km da estrada Região de campo rupestre típico, com vegetação de Vellozia, Actnocephalus, Portulacaceae etc., região de solo pedregoso, local pouco mexido, 13 ° 22 ' 44.0 " S, 41 ° 53 ' 16.0 " W, 1,516 m, 12 June 2016 (veg.), Vidal & Clark 219 (HUEFS); idem., 13 ° 22 ' 55 '' S, 41 ° 53 ' 29.2 '' W, 29 November 2021 (fl.), Sampaio 264 (HUEFS). Minas Gerais: Mun. Diamantina, road west to Biribiri, [18 ° 12 ’ 59.8 ” S, 43 ° 35 ’ 43.9 ” W], 21 January 1972 (fl.), Smith et al. 16008 (US); Mun. São Gonçalo do Rio Preto, Parque Estadual do Rio Preto, mata ciliar, Cachoeira do Crioulo, planta escandente, todos os indivíduos observados apresentavam flores, 18 ° S, 43 ° 23 ’ W, 1,100 – 1,300 m, 14 February 2003 (fl., immature synflorescence), Viana 688 (BHCB, ISC); idem., capão de mata nas margens do córrego do meio, 18 ° 07 ' 51 " S, 43 ° 22 ' 18 " W, 985 m, 12 October 2015 (veg.), Martinelli & Baez 18804 (HUEFS, RB).	en	Vidal, Kaio Vinicius De A., Oliveira, Iasmin Laiane De C., Dorneles Welker, Cassiano A., Clark, Lynn G., Oliveira, Reyjane P. (2025): Chusquea giuliettiae, a new species of C. subg. Chusquea (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) from the highlands of the Espinhaço Range, Brazil. Phytotaxa 734 (1): 65-76, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.734.1.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.734.1.5
