identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
51A7BDB4763E5D6F911BDA06617DE0F4.text	51A7BDB4763E5D6F911BDA06617DE0F4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Covellana Martinez, Homziak, Plotkin & Castillo-Argaez 2026	<div><p>Covellana Martinez, Homziak, Plotkin &amp; Castillo-Argaez gen. nov.</p><p>Gender.</p><p>Feminine.</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Covellana niomalan sp. nov. by present designation.</p><p>Included species.</p><p>The genus Covellana gen. nov. consists of a single species: Covellana niomalan sp. nov. This species was previously misidentified as Sosxetra grata, but our detailed morphological examination allowed us to recognize a new genus closely related to Desmoloma .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Covellana appears closely related to the genera Sosxetra and Desmoloma based on morphological evidence and is currently known from four well-preserved male specimens. However, its wing pattern differs noticeably from its relatives. The markings in Sosxetra are generally more distinct than in Covellana and Desmoloma . Unlike Sosxetra, Covellana lacks the broad, bright reniform spot that characterizes the former, and instead exhibits antemedial and subterminal lines resembling those of Desmoloma . The hindwing also shows significant differences among the three genera. Covellana lacks both the terminal dashes and the bright posterior fringe typical of Sosxetra, but possesses three small lumps along the costal margin, a feature more consistent with Desmoloma . The most important diagnostic traits of Covellana are found in the male genitalia. The valvae are unfused but extremely delicate and difficult to separate without causing damage. The genus is best distinguished by the structure of the phallus, which bears a vesica with a basal diverticulum and an aedeagus featuring an additional diverticulum in the middle. The female of the genus remains unknown.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Head. Palpus long, brown with large tufts; whitish-brown on last segment; frons concolorous with thorax; antenna bipectinate; basal ¹ / 6 and apical ¹ / 6 without pectinations. Thorax. Dorsum darker medially; ventrum pale brown; patagium reduced, same color as thorax. Leg. Pale brown; foreleg with long tufts matching thoracic color; mid- and hindlegs concolorous with thorax ventrally. Wing. Forewing length, male 34–39 mm; ground color dark reddish-brown to brown; diffuse black transverse lines; basal line broken, paler; antemedial, postmedial, and subterminal lines well-defined; orbicular spot faint; reniform spot broad, curved, sometimes “ 3 ” - shaped; fringe bright yellow; black terminal dashes at vein ends; hindwing similar in color to forewing; slightly paler along costa; costa with three small lumps; postmedial and subterminal lines distinct but interrupted medially; distal area with broad dark shade; outer fringe yellow from Sc + R 1 – CuA 1, remainder brown; terminal dashes as in forewing; posterior fringe brown. Abdomen. Dorsum dark brown, ventrum whitish-brown. Male genitalia. Valvae Dutch clog-like, not widely open; tegumen narrow with slender median lobes; juxta rectangular with swollen lower spots; saccus narrow, V-shaped; phallus short; aedeagus broad with a diverticulum; vesica elongate, bearing basal diverticulum. Female genitalia. Unknown.</p><p>Genetic characterization.</p><p>Comparison of the DNA barcode for C. niomalan to the 25,379 noctuoid records in the Barcode of Life Data System v 4 revealed that Covellana was genetically related to species of the genus Desmoloma (Fig. 1). This relationship is further supported by similarities in external morphology and resting position.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Covellana is dedicated to our mentor and friend, Dr. Charles V. Covell Jr., an American entomologist whose passion for butterflies and moths began at the age of 13. During the past 70 years, he has built an extraordinary legacy within the entomology community both nationally and internationally.</p><p>Immature stages.</p><p>Life cycle and host plant association in this species remain unknown.</p><p>Biology.</p><p>Unknown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/51A7BDB4763E5D6F911BDA06617DE0F4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Martinez, Jose I.;Homziak, Nicholas T.;Pierson, Taylor L.;Campo, Rhys J. L.;Plotkin, David M.;Castillo-Argaez, Raiza J.	Martinez, Jose I., Homziak, Nicholas T., Pierson, Taylor L., Campo, Rhys J. L., Plotkin, David M., Castillo-Argaez, Raiza J. (2026): Revision of the comose flame moths of the genus Sosxetra Walker (Noctuidae, Dyopsinae), with descriptions of a new genus and three new species. ZooKeys 1268: 227-248, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1268.138260
552161CB978D53769162899698E4B62A.text	552161CB978D53769162899698E4B62A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Covellana niomalan Martinez, Homziak, Plotkin & Castillo-Argaez 2026	<div><p>Covellana niomalan Martinez, Homziak, Plotkin &amp; Castillo-Argaez sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 4, 16, 17, 21</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype: • ♂, PANAMA., CANAL ZONE, Dump 9 ., 29 - IX 1982, D. H. Habeck, MV and Black light / DNA Voucher LEP-94957. deposited in MGCL . Paratypes (4 ♂ MGCL): Panama: • Same collecting data as holotype / DNA Voucher LEP-94958 (1 ♂); PANAMA., Middle Chagras, 21 - IX- 1982, D. H. Habeck, MV and Black light (1 ♂) . Peru: • Peru, Dep. Madre de Dios, Salvacion, Rio Alto de Madre de Dios, Manu Park, 500 m, X – XI. 1996, local people leg. Colln. EMEM / W. McGuire colln. MGCL Accession # 2008-43 / FLMNH- MGCL Specimen 168181 / DNA Voucher LEP-94955 (2 ♂) .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Covellana niomalan can be superficially confused with species of Sosxetra due to their similar external appearance and body coloration. However, it can be distinguished by several key features. Unlike Sosxetra, C. niomalan lacks the terminal dashes on the wings. The forewing of C. niomalan bears a dark reniform spot, whereas Sosxetra species typically have white reniform spots. The hindwing of C. niomalan presents three yellow lumps along the costal margin, in contrast to the single white lump found in Sosxetra . The male genitalia are also diagnostic, with the aedeagus exhibiting a narrow diverticulum, a feature unique to this species.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Head. Palpus brown, tips whitish-brown; frons orangish-brown; antenna pale brown; scape with small pale pinkish-brown tufts. Thorax. Dorsum orangish-brown, darker medially; ventrum whitish-brown with black shading. Leg. Foreleg with orangish-brown tufts; mid- and hindlegs concolorous with thorax ventrally. Wing. Forewing length, male 33–35 mm; ground color dark reddish-brown; diffuse black lines; basal to medial area orange; postmedial line curved at wide C-shaped black reniform spot; inner margin paler; outer margin with thin bright yellow fringe; no terminal dashes; hindwing darker, similar to forewing; posterior area much darker; transverse lines well-defined; postmedial line curved, spiky; subterminal line faint; discal shade wide, reddish-purple; costal fringe with three yellow lumps bearing long pale yellow hair-like scales; outer fringe bright yellow; pointed terminal dashes at vein ends; posterior fringe pale reddish-brown. Abdomen. Dorsum pale reddish-brown, ventrum pale brown; A 1 tuft broad, divided orangish-brown area ² / 3 × larger than white area. Male genitalia. Valva Dutch clog-like, apex wide and rounded; saccular process smoothly angled; juxta with single lower swollen spot; uncus scorpion-sting shaped, swollen basally; saccus V-shaped; phallus with aedeagus 2 ½ × longer than wide, narrow diverticulum; vesica ¼ × longer than aedeagus. Female genitalia. Unknown.</p><p>Immature stages.</p><p>Life cycle and host plant association remain unknown.</p><p>Genetic characterization.</p><p>The DNA barcode obtained for C. niomalan exhibits a genetic affinity to Desmoloma modesta, compared to other Desmoloma species, with an approximate divergence of 6.1 % (GenBank accession number: PV 077143) (Fig. 1).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The species epithet is derived from the Guaymí word niö, which means fire and malan meaning butterfly or moth (Alphonse 1956).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>This species is currently known only from two populations, one in Panama and the other in Peru (Fig. 25).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Although the Panamanian (Fig. 16) and Peruvian (Fig. 17) populations exhibited some morphological differences, we were unable to obtain DNA barcodes of the Peruvian population for comparison. Therefore, we have chosen to treat both populations as a single species. The holotype and paratypes were in excellent condition, although one of the paratypes had a detached abdomen, which was used for genitalia preparation. While Desmoloma modesta is the species most closely related to Covellana niomalan, only a few Desmoloma species are available in the Barcode of Life Data System v 4 (https://v4.boldsystems.org/), indicating the need for further investigation.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/552161CB978D53769162899698E4B62A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Martinez, Jose I.;Homziak, Nicholas T.;Pierson, Taylor L.;Campo, Rhys J. L.;Plotkin, David M.;Castillo-Argaez, Raiza J.	Martinez, Jose I., Homziak, Nicholas T., Pierson, Taylor L., Campo, Rhys J. L., Plotkin, David M., Castillo-Argaez, Raiza J. (2026): Revision of the comose flame moths of the genus Sosxetra Walker (Noctuidae, Dyopsinae), with descriptions of a new genus and three new species. ZooKeys 1268: 227-248, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1268.138260
AD3BE0F539D55D1CAB285B6803C771AC.text	AD3BE0F539D55D1CAB285B6803C771AC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sosxetra grata Walker 1862	<div><p>Sosxetra grata Walker, 1862</p><p>Figs 2, 3, 5–8, 13–15, 18, 22</p><p>Chaetoloma actinobola Felder, [1874]: pl. 99 fig. 20 (syn. Poole 1989). Type locality: R. Amazonas. [Unknown]. Note — Felder provided an illustration of a single male specimen of this species accompanied by a brief description comparing it to Sphinx japix Cramer (now Unzela japix (Cramer)) and noting its locality. The specimen was presumably lost during World War II.</p><p>Cereoctena agatha Möschler, 1880: 470–471, pl. 9 fig. 21 (syn. Poole, 1989). Type locality: Surinam. [MfNB]. Note — Möschler described this taxon with the assistance of Guenée, based on three specimens — two males and one female — collected from Paramaribo, and compared it with Ceroctena amynta (Cramer) . Only two syntypes remain in the MfNB collection: one male and one female.</p><p>Neotype.</p><p>• ♂, Brazil Espirito Santo, Rio Lamego, XII-1951, A. Maller, Colln. / J. R. Neidhoefer Collection, MILWAUKEE PUBLIC MUSEUM / MPM ENT 101124 / DNA Voucher LEP-92924 / deposited in MPM . [examined]</p><p>Additional specimens examined.</p><p>(11 ♂, 3 ♀ MGCL; 3 ♂ MPM; 1 ♂, 1 ♀ MfNB; 6 ♂ JIM) Brazil: • Brazil, Rondonia, Cacaulandia, Fazenda Rancho Grande, road C- 20 5 km. north &amp; 3 km. west from Cacaulandia, lot 23 building area, at light, Coll. by D. L. Eiler, NOCTUIDAE, Rom-UM-715, FWL 20 mm deposited in MGCL (2 ♂) ; • Brazil, Rondonia, Cacaulandia, Fazenda Rancho Grande, road C- 20 5 km. north &amp; 3 km. west from Cacaulandia, lot 23 building area, at light, Coll. by D. L. Eiler, NOCTUIDAE, Rom-UM-715, FWL 20 mm / DNA Voucher LEP-85585 (2 ♂) . Surinam: • Surinam Prb. “ nov. 74 ” / Ceroctena agatha Möshl: / Ceroctena agatha / Type. W. Z. B. g. X’X’X’. 470. / MfN URI http://coll.mfn.-berlin.de/u/09f905 (1 ♂) ; Surinam Prb. “ nov. 74 ” / Ceroctena agatha Möshl: / Ceroctena agatha / Type. W. Z. B. g. X’X’X’. 470. / MfN URI http://coll.mfn.-berlin.de/u/09f720 (1 ♀) . Panama: • Panama, R. P., Pinas Bay / 4-24 / 28 - 66 / J. R. Neidhoefer Collection, MILWAUKEE PUBLIC MUSEUM / MPM ENT 101126 / DNA Voucher LEP-92925 (3 ♂) . Peru: • Peru, Dep. Madre de Dios, Salvacion, Rio Alto de Madre de Dios, Manu – Park, ca. 500 m N. N. Dez. 1996, local people leg. EMEM 31. 01. 1997 (2 ♂) . Ecuador: • Ecuador, Pichincha, Quito / Chiriboga Km 33, 2650 m, 25 Apr. 1976, coll. N. Venedictoff (1 ♂) ; • Ecuador, Napo, Yasuni Nat. Pk., 20 - IX – 4 - X – 03, B / K- TLS Coll. / Sosxetra grata, det. E. Knudson / MGCL Accession # 2019-5 E. C. Knudson, Knudson / Bordelon (1 ♂) ; • Ecuador, Pichincha, S. Dom., Tinalandia, 650 m, 4 - V- 1972, Coll Venedictoff / Venedictoff colln., Allyn Museum, Acc. 1986-26 (1 ♀) . Colombia: • Colombia, Cundinamarca, Guasca, El Chochal de Siecha, 3120 m, 28 Nov. 2019, coll. Jose I. Martinez (1 ♂) . Costa Rica: • COSTA RICA, Guanacaste Prov. Hacienda Los Inocentes, 11 ° 02 ' 0.67 ", 85 ° 30 ' 14.29 " elev. 350 m, Sept 1–3, 2005 leg. A. Sourakov (1 ♂) ; • COSTA RICA, Alajuela Province, Volcan Rincon de la Vieja, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.316666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.866667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.316666/lat 10.866667)">Las Bromelias</a>, 640 m app. 10 ° 52 ' N, 85 ° 19 ' W, 13-16 September 2009, A. Sourakov leg / A. Sourakov coll., MGCL Accession # 2009-28 / UF FLMNH MGCL 1126933 (2 ♀) . Guatemala: • GUATEMALA, Guatemala, Puerta Parada, 1850 m, 17–23 VII 2017, Jose I. Martinez (1 ♂) ; • GUATEMALA, Sacatepéquez, Cerró Alux, 2230 m, 19-21 VII 2017, Jose I. Martinez (3 ♂) ; • GUATEMALA, Dept Izabal, Biotopo Chocon Machacas, 18-20 - VI- 2002, elev. 5 m at M. V. Light, J. C. Schuster &amp; R. E. Woodruff (1 ♂) . Mexico: • México, Yucatán, Tzucacab, Rancho Hobonil, UADY, 12 - I- 12, JI Martínez Coll. / UF FLMNH MGCL 1126100 / DNA voucher LEP-85588 / Sosxetra grata det. Jose I. Martinez, 2016 (1 ♂) ; • Mexico: STATE OF QUINTANA ROO, Xiatil / H. L. KING, 28 - X- 67 Coll. / NOCTUIDAE Sosxetra grata / DNA voucher LEP-85589 (1 ♂) .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>This species closely resembles Sosxetra mamanina in its bright pinkish-orange wings and faint forewing pattern. However, it can be distinguished by the presence of a whitish-yellow reniform spot and a distinctive diagonal mark near the forewing apex, the latter absent in S. mamanina . The forewings are bright pinkish-orange, featuring an elongated, broad, and faintly outlined “ 3 ” - like reniform spot. Five terminal dashes are present, with the first, third, and fifth broader than the others. The hindwings are similar in color but slightly brighter, except for the darker costal area, which bears a reduced pinkish lump covered with long whitish-brown hair-like scales. The postmedial line is pointed at vein M 1, unlike in related species, where it is rounded. Four terminal dashes extend from M 1 to CuA 2, the last being barely visible. Forewing length in males ranges 39–41 mm. The palpus is marbled with bright orange, pink, and whitish-brown scales, while the underside is entirely whitish-brown. The thorax is bright pinkish-orange with whitish-brown markings medially and laterally, and whitish-brown ventrally. The abdomen is pale brownish-orange dorsally, with broad pinkish-orange dorsal tufts. The tuft on segment A 1 is directed downward, while those from A 2 – A 6 covering ¹ / 3 of the sternites, and the segment A 7 bears a small tuft. The lateral and ventral surfaces are whitish-brown. The male genitalia are distinctive, characterized by short valvae with rounded apices and a short aedeagus ~ 3 × longer than wide. The vesica bears a broad dorsal meso-apical diverticulum, ~ ¹ / 3 the length of the vesica an autapomorphic feature for this species. Female genitalia remain unknown.</p><p>Immature stages.</p><p>Eggs. Unknown. Larva. Late instar with pale green integument; head with black and white patterns; two broken black subdorsal lines surrounding white dots; a pair of yellow dorsal hardened plates in every tergite from A 2 - A 7; wide verrucae with long white hair-like setae; wide white dorsal band (Fig. 23). Pre-pupa. Integument changes to a dark reddish-pink; subdorsal line changes to white elongated dots; dorsal brown band A 2 - A 7 including the area between the white spots; dorsal blurry grayish-brown band; pale gray hardened plates; verrucae with long dark gray hair-like setae. Pupa. Unknown. Cocoon. Thick walls covered by debris and plant residuals.</p><p>Genetic characterization.</p><p>Molecular data showed that Sosxetra grata (GenBank accession number: PQ 406480 – PQ 406483; BOLD BIN number: BOLD: ADP 8146, BOLD: AAA 8259) is sister to S. thutakanay + S. mamanina with ~ 3.08–4.1 % divergence (Fig. 1).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The name comes from the Latin word gratus that means beloved, dear, or grateful that might be based on this moth’s beauty.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Sosxetra grata is the most widely distributed species of the genus, ranging from Mexico to Brazil (Fig. 24).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Sosxetra grata was found to represent a complex group with relatively low genetic divergence compared to other species. Due to limited specimen availability, we treat this group as a single species until further study. The only previously available information for this species was the original description by Walker (1862), with no known physical specimens available for examination. Access to such material is essential for comparative taxonomic and systematic work; therefore, we have designated a neotype to ensure accurate identification and provide a stable reference for future research. Although holotypes of Walker are typically housed at the NHMUK, Poole (1989) did not specify the repository for S. grata, and the NHMUK Data Portal currently lists the location of the type as unknown. We have redescribed the known species Sosxetra grata based on a neotype designated in this study. The newly designated neotype is the only known specimen that matches the diagnostic features described by Walker (1862) (Figs 5, 18).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3BE0F539D55D1CAB285B6803C771AC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Martinez, Jose I.;Homziak, Nicholas T.;Pierson, Taylor L.;Campo, Rhys J. L.;Plotkin, David M.;Castillo-Argaez, Raiza J.	Martinez, Jose I., Homziak, Nicholas T., Pierson, Taylor L., Campo, Rhys J. L., Plotkin, David M., Castillo-Argaez, Raiza J. (2026): Revision of the comose flame moths of the genus Sosxetra Walker (Noctuidae, Dyopsinae), with descriptions of a new genus and three new species. ZooKeys 1268: 227-248, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1268.138260
CD196ECBEBD857E184AFEF891BA01EF3.text	CD196ECBEBD857E184AFEF891BA01EF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sosxetra mamanina Martinez, Homziak, & Castillo-Argaez 2026	<div><p>Sosxetra mamanina Martinez, Homziak &amp; Castillo-Argaez sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 9, 10, 19</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype: • ♂, Peru, Dep. Madre de Dios, Salvacion, Rio Alto de Madre de Dios, Manu Park, 500 m, X – XI. 1996, local people leg. Colln. EMEM / W. McGuire colln. MGCL Accession # 2008-43 / FLMNH- MGCL Specimen 167487 / DNA Voucher LEP-85587 / deposited in MGCL . Paratypes (4 ♂ MGCL): Peru: • Same collecting data as holotype (1 ♂); • Peru, Dep. Madre de Dios, Salvacion, Rio Alto de Madre de Dios, Manu – Park, ca. 500 m N. N. Dez. 1996, local people leg. EMEM 31.01.1997 (3 ♂) .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Although Sosxetra mamanina is genetically closer to S. thutakanay, its external resemblance to S. grata is striking. Both species share a similar reduction of the antennal tufts and a short costal mid-lump covered with hair-like scales on the hindwing. However, S. mamanina can be readily distinguished from all other congeners by the position of the hindwing postmedial line, which lies unusually close to the outer margin, whereas in the remaining species it is situated farther inward (see Figs 5–12). Additionally, the terminal dashes in S. mamanina are larger than those observed in S. grata . The forewing reniform spot is narrow, resembling that of S. grata, but differs in the reduction or occasional absence of the black outline, which may be faint or indistinct. The male genitalia are also similar to those of S. grata, with a valva bearing a slightly rounded apex, yet they differ in the noticeably larger overall size of the valva.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Head. Palpus with marbled tufts of pink, purple, orange, and pale brown; frons pale brownish-orange; antenna brown with reduced pinkish-orange tufts. Thorax. Dorsum pale brownish-orange; paler near wing bases; ventrum pale brownish-yellow. Leg. Foreleg marbled pink, purple, orange, and pale brown, interspersed with white and gray; mid- and hindlegs concolorous with thorax ventrally. Wing. Forewing length, male 40–42 mm; ground color pale brownish-orange; medial and postmedial lines faint, cream-colored; space between lines bright pink; interveinal lines pinkish-orange, darker near margin; thin white fold line present; reniform spot faint or absent; fringe orangish-yellow; six black terminal dashes; dash between R 4 and R 5 barely visible; apex unmarked; hindwing slightly brighter; costal and outer areas darker; cream postmedial line close to outer margin; costal margin with small bright pink lump, short hair-like scales; area between postmedial line and outer margin orangish-brown with purplish-blue spots; area between Sc + R 1 and Rs with Հ-shaped line; fringe orangish-yellow with four large black dashes (M 1 – CuA 1); posterior fringe pale yellowish-orange. Abdomen. Dorsum orangish-yellow; ventrum paler, laterally brighter; brownish-orange dorsal tufts; A 1 tuft broader with pink tips; A 2 – A 5 tufts slender. Male genitalia. Valva broad with pointed, slightly rounded apex; saccular process weakly rounded; juxta wide, ends swollen; uncus narrow, elongate, beak-like; saccus arrowhead-shaped; phallus with aedeagus 4 ½ × longer than wide; vesica slightly longer than aedeagus. Female genitalia. Unknown.</p><p>Immature stages.</p><p>Life cycle and host plant remain unknown.</p><p>Genetic characterization.</p><p>Molecular data has shown that Sosxetra mamanina (GenBank accession number: PQ 406478; BOLD BIN number: BOLD: AAZ 7507) is sister to S. thutakanay with ~ 3.3 % divergence (Fig. 1).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The name of this species is in reference to “ Mama Nina ” who is the “ Mother of Fire ” or “ Fire Goddess ” in the Incan culture (Villanueva-Sotomayor 2020).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>This species is only known from south-central Peru (Fig. 24).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Holotype and paratypes are in perfect condition (Figs 9, 10).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CD196ECBEBD857E184AFEF891BA01EF3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Martinez, Jose I.;Homziak, Nicholas T.;Pierson, Taylor L.;Campo, Rhys J. L.;Plotkin, David M.;Castillo-Argaez, Raiza J.	Martinez, Jose I., Homziak, Nicholas T., Pierson, Taylor L., Campo, Rhys J. L., Plotkin, David M., Castillo-Argaez, Raiza J. (2026): Revision of the comose flame moths of the genus Sosxetra Walker (Noctuidae, Dyopsinae), with descriptions of a new genus and three new species. ZooKeys 1268: 227-248, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1268.138260
18BED582556C544BA62272DB30DA8FB5.text	18BED582556C544BA62272DB30DA8FB5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sosxetra thutakanay Martinez, Homziak, & Castillo-Argaez 2026	<div><p>Sosxetra thutakanay Martinez, Homziak &amp; Castillo-Argaez sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 11, 12, 20</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype: • ♂, Ecuador, Napo, Yasuni Nat. Pk., 20 - IX – 4 - X – 03, B / K- TLS Coll. / Sample Number 7463, COI - 09 / MGCL Accession # 2019-5 E. C. Knudson, Knudson / Bordelon / UF FLMNH MGCL 1126522 / DNA Voucher LEP-85592. Deposited in MGCL . Paratype (1 ♂ MGCL): French Guiana: • French Guiana, Kaw Camp Caiman, Kaw Mt., 20-25 October 2017, 300 m. J. B. Heppner / DNA Voucher LEP-85587 (1 ♂) .</p><p>Additional specimens examined.</p><p>(2 ♂ MGCL) Ecuador: • Same collecting data as holotype and paratype.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Sosxetra thutakanay can be readily distinguished from other species in the genus by its distinctive wing pattern. The forewing bears a broad white band along the fold, while the hindwing displays a unique knife-shaped marking between veins Rs and M 1, formed by whitish-purple scales, features not present in any other congeners. In addition, the male genitalia are diagnostic, characterized by a valva with a distinctly beak-like apex, a unique trait that separates this species from all others in the Sosxetra genus.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Head. Palpus marbled brown and dark brown, ventrally divided whitish-brown and brown; frons brownish-orange, darker than thorax; antenna brown with marbled brown and dark brown tufts. Thorax. Dorsum reddish-brown, paler medially; ventrum whitish-brown; patagium concolorous dorsally, slightly darker. Leg. Foreleg marbled as in palpus and patagium; mid- and hindlegs concolorous with thorax ventrally. Wing. Forewing length, male 35–38 mm; forewing reddish-brown dorsally, whitish-brown ventrally; area between medial and postmedial lines bright orangish-pink; broad white band along wing fold, nearly covering CuA 2 and Sc + R 1 between medial and postmedial lines.; reniform spot large, bean-shaped; reniform spot crossed by two dark brown lines basally in R 3, R 4, R 5; veins and interveinal lines dark brown, separated by orangish-pink bands; fringe brownish-yellow with six wide black terminal dashes; apex marked by narrow, sinuous brownish-yellow curve; hindwing similar in coloration to forewing; discal area matching orangish-pink tone of forewing; postmedial line bright orangish-pink; costal margin with long brownish-yellow hair-like scales; dark reddish-brown mid-lump; area between postmedial line and outer margin dark brown; regions between Sc + R 1 – M 1 dark orange with whitish-purple scales; space between Rs – M 1 with knife-tip shaped whitish-purple mark; fringe brownish-yellow with four black dashes between M 1 – CuA 1, broader between M 1 – M 3; posterior fringe whitish-brown, covering ~ ¹ / 3 × of wing. Abdomen. Entirely whitish-brown with reddish-brown tufts; last three sternites darker; A 1 with broad tuft, A 2 smaller, A 3 – A 7 tiny; genital area with long brown scales. Male genitalia. Valva broad, apex beak-like; sacculus rounded on outer margin; juxta straight, with minute medial notch; uncus short, beak-shaped; saccus V-shaped, lower side rounded; phallus with aedeagus 8 ½ × longer than wide; vesica simple, subequal in length to aedeagus. Female genitalia. Unknown.</p><p>Immature stages.</p><p>Life cycle and host plant association in this species remain unknown.</p><p>Genetic characterization.</p><p>The DNA barcode placed Sosxetra thutakanay (GenBank accession number: PQ 406479; BOLD BIN number: BOLD: AAJ 4009) sister to S. mamanina with ~ 3.3 % divergence (Fig. 1).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The species name is a combination of two Quechuan words thuta meaning moth and kanay which can be translated as ember (Laime-Ajacopa 2007).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>The specimens collected are from Ecuador and French Guiana (Fig. 24).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Specimens from Ecuador (Fig. 11) are slightly different from those of French Guiana (Fig. 12), but DNA showed 0.8 % divergence which is why we placed them in the same species, but this needs examination of more specimens and further information, especially immature stages. Among the three Ecuadorian specimens, only one was well-preserved and selected as the neotype. Although the other two were severely damaged, they were still identifiable based on morphology; however, DNA barcoding was not performed on these specimens.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/18BED582556C544BA62272DB30DA8FB5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Martinez, Jose I.;Homziak, Nicholas T.;Pierson, Taylor L.;Campo, Rhys J. L.;Plotkin, David M.;Castillo-Argaez, Raiza J.	Martinez, Jose I., Homziak, Nicholas T., Pierson, Taylor L., Campo, Rhys J. L., Plotkin, David M., Castillo-Argaez, Raiza J. (2026): Revision of the comose flame moths of the genus Sosxetra Walker (Noctuidae, Dyopsinae), with descriptions of a new genus and three new species. ZooKeys 1268: 227-248, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1268.138260
58BB36BC4041595BBE23198928C16688.text	58BB36BC4041595BBE23198928C16688.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sosxetra Walker 1862	<div><p>Sosxetra Walker, 1862</p><p>Chaetoloma actinobola Felder, 1874: pl. 99, fig. 20 (syn. Poole 1989).</p><p>Ceroctena Möschler, 1880 (nec. Guenée, 1852): 469–470, pl. 9, fig. 21 (syn. Poole 1989).</p><p>Gender.</p><p>Feminine.</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Sosxetra grata Walker, 1862, original designation by monotypy. Characters of undescribed Lepidoptera in the collection of W. W. Saunders, Esq., F. R. S. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 3 (1): 80.</p><p>Included species.</p><p>Sosxetra was described as a monotypic genus, containing only S. grata . The species S. actinobola and S. agatha were subsequently synonymized within it by Poole (1989). Additionally, we were able to identify two new species which we describe in the present study: S. mamanina sp. nov. and S. thutakanay sp. nov.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Sosxetra closely resembles Covellana externally. Sosxetra has a reddish-pink or brownish-red body, similar to Covellana, while Ceroctena displays various shades of green. Like Ceroctena and Covellana, the antenna is bipectinate but differing by the lack of pectinations in the distal ¹ / 3 of the antenna. The interfacetal setae of Sosxetra are short, as in other dyopsines. Male genitalia present fused valvae through the base of sacculus, which are impossible to separate without damage and similar to those of Ceroctena and Covellana . The valva is wide and heavy with a pointed apex differing from that of Covellana, which has a rounded apex. Sosxetra has a phallus larger than Ceroctena and Covellana with the opening to the vesica narrower. Female genitalia have very wide anal papillae densely covered by long setae like in Ceroctena . The corpus bursae is remarkably wider than in Ceroctena .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Head. Palpus sexually dimorphic, longer and wider in male; palpus usually marbled with brown, whitish-brown, and pink or red; frons concolorous with thorax; antenna with basal ² / 3 bipectinate, apical ¹ / 3 filiform, female with shorter pectinations; antennal scape with long tufts of scales concolorous with palpus, tufts absent in female. Thorax. Dorsum darker laterally and paler medially, ventrum whitish-brown; patagium concolorous with thorax, but whitish-brown margins. Leg. Whitish-brown; foreleg with long tufts marbled brown, whitish-brown, and pink to red. Wing. Forewing length 35–43 mm; ground color reddish-pink to brownish-red with whitish-brown lines edged dark brown; medial and postmedial lines distinct, others faint; area between medial and postmedial bright orange or pink; veins darkened; interveinal spaces paler; orbicular spot obscure; reniform spot S-shaped, white, bordered dark brown; terminal dashes black with purplish-blue scales; hindwing similar coloration; postmedial line distinct; discal spot faint whitish-brown; subterminal shade purplish-pink with purplish-blue line; terminal line yellow with three black dashes (M 1 – CuA 1); costal margin with long whitish-brown hair-like scales; purplish-pink costal mid-lump; fringe brownish-yellow; ventral side whitish-brown with black shading; female darker; fringes bright yellow; hindwing posterior fringe variable yellow. Abdomen. Dorsum brownish-yellow; tufts concolorous with thorax; ventrum side whitish-brown. Male genitalia. Valvae fused, rectangle-shaped; apex pointed; tegumen narrow; juxta linear; uncus long, claw-shaped; saccus arrowhead-like; phallus short, narrow, elongate; vesica long, equal in length to aedeagus. Female genitalia. Antevaginal plate broad, rectangular; sterigma narrow; ductus bursae slightly sclerotized; corpus and appendix bursae sclerotized; corpus bursae without signum; apophyses anterior and posterior subequal.</p><p>Genetic characterization.</p><p>Our molecular analysis indicates that Sosxetra is sister to the genus Ceroctena diverging by ≥ 5.6 % (Fig. 1), which is consistent with other characters such as external morphology (Fig. 1).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Immature stages.</p><p>Egg. Unknown. Larva. Late instar with pale green or greenish-yellow color; head with black and white, yellow, or orange patterns; integument appearing greasy, similar to other dyopsines; two broken black subdorsal lines surrounding white or yellow dots with a blurry white line below them; a pair of pale gray, yellow, or cream dorsal hardened plates in every tergite from A 2 - A 7; wide verrucae with long hair-like setae; wide whitish-green or whitish-yellow dorsal band (see Sosxetra grata, immature stages) (Fig. 23). Pre-pupa. Integument changes to a dark reddish-pink or bright brownish-orange; subdorsal line changes to white or yellow subdorsal spots; dorsal brown or dark brown band A 2 - A 7 including the area between the subdorsal spots; hardened plate darker than late instar; verrucae with long white or dark gray hair-like setae. Pupa and cocoon. Unknown.</p><p>Biology.</p><p>Sosxetra grata is the only species in the genus with recorded life history. The larvae feed on species of the genera Guarea F. Allam. and Trichilia P. Browne ( Meliaceae) (Janzen and Hallwachs 2009; JIM, per. obs.). The adults are diurnal and are usually observed puddling on leaf litter, mud, or tree bark, although they can also be attracted to artificial light (DH Janzen per. comm. 10 / 03 / 2023; JIM, per. obs.).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/58BB36BC4041595BBE23198928C16688	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Martinez, Jose I.;Homziak, Nicholas T.;Pierson, Taylor L.;Campo, Rhys J. L.;Plotkin, David M.;Castillo-Argaez, Raiza J.	Martinez, Jose I., Homziak, Nicholas T., Pierson, Taylor L., Campo, Rhys J. L., Plotkin, David M., Castillo-Argaez, Raiza J. (2026): Revision of the comose flame moths of the genus Sosxetra Walker (Noctuidae, Dyopsinae), with descriptions of a new genus and three new species. ZooKeys 1268: 227-248, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1268.138260
