identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
755787909C3DDD0AEAB3FDD8FE7771C0.text	755787909C3DDD0AEAB3FDD8FE7771C0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pheronemoides fungosus , Latin 2017	<div><p>Pheronemoides fungosus gen. et sp. nov.</p><p>(Figures 1–3)</p><p>Material examined. Holotype: YM30037, seamount near Yap Trench (8°51.7615549'N, 137°44.4825605'E), 15 December 2014, 906 m depth, foraminiferal ooze.</p><p>Description. Hemispherical, at least 260 mm in diameter, as observed in a living sponge viewed from above (Fig. 1A). Live color white, but tan after collection. Atrial areas (Fig. 1B) cover the upper surface of the sponge and dermal areas are on the lower surface (Fig. 1D). The dermal areas consist of two parts, as follows. Part 1 possesses indistinctive meshes due to being covered by tissue (Fig. 2E) and can be divided into three subparts (Fig. 1D–E, arrow a1–a3). Subpart a1 (&lt;50 mm thick) and subpart a3 (&lt;40 mm thick) are on the two sides around the atrial areas; subpart a2 (&lt;22 mm thick) and subpart a3 are located on the two sides around the basalia. Part 2 (Fig. 1D, arrow b) has larger meshes compared with Part 1, and is located between subpart a1 and subpart a2. Observed laterally on one side (containing Part 2), the sponge is arched and hollow inside (Fig. 1D); observed on the other side (containing subpart a3), it is spherical and appears mushroom-like (Fig. 1C). The openings in the atrial-surface meshes and Part-2 dermal-surface meshes are easily discernible (Fig. 2A–D), while those of Part-1 dermal surfaces are not as obvious as on Part-2 surfaces (Fig. 2E). The atrial-surface meshes (of 0.8–2 mm diameter) (Fig. 2A–B) are wider than the Part-2 dermal-surface meshes (of 0.4–0.8 mm diameter) (Fig. 2C–D). Large exhalant canals are present underneath the atrial lattices. The basalia on the bottom of the sponge are located amesially, rather than exactly at the center on the dermal surface. Observed from the underside, the basalia attach to the dermal surface as a semicircle, thus leaving a large hollow between the basalia and Part-2 dermal areas (Fig. 1D). Tufts of basalia,&gt; 120 mm in length, consist of many small spicule tufts (2–8 mm in width). Some marginalia are present on the boundary between the atrial and dermal surfaces (Fig. 1B, arrow c).</p><p>Spicules. The choanosomal skeleton consists of pentactins and uncinates. The choanosomal pentactins (Fig. 3A) have smooth tangential rays (length: 216.6–4217.9 µm) and smooth proximal rays (length: 265.8–4000.1 µm). There are three types of uncinates: macrouncinates, mesouncinates and microuncinates. The macrouncinates (Fig. 3L) are easily broken and reach several millimeters in length and 8.9–16.0 µm in width. The mesouncinates, covered by many tiny brackets and barbs on the shaft (Fig. 2K &amp; Fig. 3K), are 879.7–1094.2 µm in length and 7.4– 7.6µm in width. Microuncinates (Fig. 2L), are 140.5–312.7 µm in length and 2.4–3.2 µm in width. Dermalia are pinular pentactins (Fig. 3D) which have tangential rays that are barely spined (length: 34.4–74.8 µm) and pinular rays (length: 91.8–214.9 µm) that are spindle-like, bushy with lateral spines and a terminal spine. Atrialia are pinular pentactins (Fig. 3B–C), similar to but smaller than the dermalia; their pinular rays are 88.9–137.8 µm in length and 38.5–64.9 µm in total width. Choanosomal pinular pentactins invariably have fewer lateral spines on the pinular ray and are slender than the atrialia and dermalia. The shape of the tangential rays resembles an ‘X’ or ‘+’ (Fig. 3E–F), and their length is variable: proximal rays are 69.7–268.5 µm, tangential rays are 27.3–61.6 µm. A small number of pinular hexactins can also be found (Fig. 3G). Basalia have a two-toothed anchor (Fig. 2F), spiny shaft (Fig. 2G), and tapering terminus (Fig. 2H). Marginalia are mainly diactins, with a smooth shaft (Fig. 3J) and smooth or tiny spines terminals (Fig. 2I), 0.02–0.32 mm in diameter. Sceptres (Fig. 2J) also can be found as marginalia, with 2.0– 2.6 mm in length. Stauractins are similar to the pinular pentactins and possess tangential rays shaped as a ‘+’ (Fig. 3H) under the LM; however, the stauractins are thinner and have fewer spines covering the rays, which are 39.8–54.8 µm long. Microscleres consist of micramphidiscs and microdiactins. Micramphidiscs (Fig. 3M) have a smooth shaft of total length 23.2–37.8 µm, umbel length 4.8–7.1 µm, and umbel diameter 4.8–9.0 µm. Microdiactins (Fig. 2M &amp; Fig. 3I) have irregular, long teeth, with a total length of 94.1–153.3 µm.</p><p>Etymology. The species is named fungosus, Latin for mushroom-shaped, in reference to the body shape of the new specimen.</p><p>Remarks. Pheronemoides fungosus gen. et sp. nov. has a hemispherical or spherical body shape and possesses spinous microuncinates. Based on external morphology, the new species is most similar to 6 of the 20 known species of Pheronema ( P. megaglobosum Tabachnick, 1988; P. nasckaniense Tabachnick, 1990; P. globosum Schulze, 1886; P. semiglobosum Lévi &amp; Lévi, 1982; P. raphanus Schulze, 1895; and P. hemisphaericum Gray, 1873). However, the new species displays two distinct differences in its external shape: (1) it is bilaterally symmetrical with basalia emanating from one side of the body; and (2) marginalia are located on the boundary between the atrial and dermal surfaces. Several other differences between the new species and the six species of Pheronema were observed: (1) no concavity is found on the upper surface in the new specimen, unlike in P. hemisphaericum and P. globosum; (2) the specimen could be distinguished from P. raphanus and P. semiglobosum in having only one category of amphidisc; (3) the new specimen differs from P. megaglobosum by having stauractins and pinular hexactins; and, (4) the specimen is distinct from P. nasckaniense in lacking microhexactins and possessing only one type of basalia.</p><p>Molecular data. The phylogenies based on 16S rDNA (Figure 4) of ML and BI analyses were highly congruent. Pheronemoides fungosus sp. nov. was first grouped with Sericolophus hawaiicus; then, gathered with Pheronema sp., it showed a closer relationship with Sericolophus than with Pheronema or Semperella . Thus, the ensuing phylogenic tree ensured the validity of our placement of Pheronemoides fungosus gen. et sp. nov. as a member of the Pheronematidae .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/755787909C3DDD0AEAB3FDD8FE7771C0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Li, Xinzheng	Li, Xinzheng (2017): A new genus and species of Pheronematidae (Porifera: Hexactinellida: Amphidiscosida) from the western Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa 4337 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4337.1.7
755787909C3CDD0CEAB3FB58FC1F730D.text	755787909C3CDD0CEAB3FB58FC1F730D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pheronemoides Li 2017	<div><p>Pheronemoides, new genus</p><p>Type species. Pheronemoides fungosus gen. et sp. nov.</p><p>Diagnosis. Body shape of the sponge is spherical or hemispherical. The atrial areas and dermal areas are on opposite sides of the body. Basalia are gathered in a broad tuft that is positioned not exactly at the center of the body but rather in a basal crescent or amesially on the dermal surface. Marginalia located at the boundary between the atrial and dermal surfaces consist of diactins and sceptres. The choanosomal spicules are mainly pentactins and uncinates. The dermalia and atrialia are pinular pentactins and uncinates. The uncinates divided into three kinds: macrouncinates, mesouncinates and microuncinates. Prostalia basalia possess two-toothed anchors. Microscleres are usually amphidiscs and microuncinates, rarely microhexactins.</p><p>Etymology. Pheronemoides is named after Pheronema, a previously defined genus which the new genus most resembles.</p><p>Remarks. The new material is easily assignable to the family Pheronematidae Gray, 1870 in having a hemispherical or spherical body, bilateral symmetry, and two-toothed anchor basalia. However, we were not able to assign the specimen to any of the six known genera of pheronematids. Noting the positions of the basalia and marginalia, we infer that Pheronemoides gen. nov. is most similar to Pheronema and Sericolophus, and thus consider it intermediate between those two genera. Tabachnick (1999) considered Sericolophus as deriving from a hemispherical form of Pheronema . Viewed from above, Pheronemoides gen. nov. is hemispherical and bellshaped, with thin marginalia, which is consistent with the suppositions of Tabachnick (1999). In the new specimen, the basalia attach only in a semicircle on the dermal surface, thus leaving a large hollow between the dermal surface and basalia. We inferred the transitional stage of the new taxon from the basalia of the new specimen accordingly: (1) a broad tuft attached to the entire dermal surface on the bottom of the sponge in Pheronema, (2) a broad tuft attached to only a semicircular area on the dermal surface in Pheronemoides gen. nov., and (3) a compact tuft at the center on the bottom in Sericolophus . The location of prostalia also indicates a transitional stage: (1) marginalia are located on the dermal surface in most species of Pheronema, (2) marginalia are located at the boundary between the dermal and atrial surfaces in Pheronemoides gen. nov., and (3) marginalia are located on the atrial units in Sericolophus . Therefore, considering the body shape of the sponge together with the location of the basalia and the marginalia, we describe the new species as belonging to a previously undescribed genus that is transitional between Pheronema and Sericolophus . Poliopogon and Pheronemoides gen. nov. are alike in external shape. Most species of Poliopogon are columnar and their dermal and atrial surfaces are located on the left and right side of the body with concave atrial cavities. But the dermal and atrial surfaces of our new genus are located on the upper and lower side of the body with concave dermal cavity.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/755787909C3CDD0CEAB3FB58FC1F730D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Li, Xinzheng	Li, Xinzheng (2017): A new genus and species of Pheronematidae (Porifera: Hexactinellida: Amphidiscosida) from the western Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa 4337 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4337.1.7
