identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
DBB513B55D295D42A340C535BEAD6243.text	DBB513B55D295D42A340C535BEAD6243.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Linaria alfercensis Farminhao, Carapeto, A. Alonso, Mazuecos & L. Saez 2026	<div><p>Linaria alfercensis Farminhão, Carapeto, A. Alonso, Mazuecos &amp; L. Sáez sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 4 D, 5 –7; Tables 1, 2</p><p>Type</p><p>PORTUGAL – Algarve • Monchique, Alferce, entre Fornalha e Eira do Bufo “ GPS 629 ” [Barranco da Fonte Santa, ca 300 m a NW de Barreiras Ruivas]; 313 m; 4 Apr. 2024; fl.; A. Carapeto s. n.; holotype: COI [COI 00112086]; isotype: MA .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>It differs from the other known members of the Algarvian subclade of L. subsect. Versicolores (viz. L. algarviana, L. bimaculata) by the linear-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, obtuse to acute sterile stem leaves (vs elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, rounded to obtuse), the longer fertile stems in multicaul, ramified, plants (exceeding 35 cm vs rarely exceeding 35 cm), the dense rachis in flower and fruit with up to 25 appressed pedicels (vs lax with less than 15 porrect pedicels), the longer corolla, rarely shorter than 21 mm (vs not exceeding 22 mm), the corolla colour pattern with a unique combination of an orangey palate with brownish-red reticulation and distally bifid orangey to brownish-red throat stripes, and longer capsules, often exceeding 3.5 mm. From L. spartea and L. viscosa, it differs by the maculate corolla (vs palate always immaculate, throat without contrasting stripes), differing additionally from L. spartea by the dense inflorescence with appressed pedicels (vs ± lax with porrect pedicels).</p><p>Description</p><p>Annual, erect herb; somewhat glaucous, glabrous, except for glandular-pubescent inflorescence. Fertile stems 1–3, (8.2 –) 16.9–38 (– 53.7) cm long, erect, simple or 1–3 (– 9) - branched, glaucous; sterile stems (0 –) 1–5 (– 7), 2.2–7.2 (– 9.2) cm long, ascending to erect, simple, light green to dark red, often forming a lax rosette. Leaves of fertile stems (5 –) 14.7–24.2 (– 37.6) × 0.3–1 (– 1.5) mm, linear, revolute, obtuse to ± acute, alternate, sometimes the intermediate in whorls of 3; leaves of sterile stems (4.6 –) 7–12.1 (– 14.2) × 0.7–2.5 (– 3.3) mm, linear-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, flat, obtuse to acute, in whorls of 3. Inflorescence racemose, rachis 1–6.4 (– 14.1) cm long in fruit, green or red, each raceme with 1–16 (– 25) flowers, dense in flower and fruit, densely glandular-pubescent; glandular trichomes 0.2–0.25 mm long, patent, capitate, stalk multicellular, uniseriate, hyaline, gland globose, pale yellow. Bracts (1.4 –) 2.3–4 (– 4.9) × 0.2–0.4 (– 0.7) mm, lanceolate, acute, glandular, green, darker along midline. Pedicels (2 –) 5.4–8.2 (– 10.9) mm long in flower, 8–10.6 (– 13) mm long in fruit, appressed, not adnate to the inflorescence axis, green to red. Calyx lobes (2 –) 2.8–4.2 (– 5.2) × (0.3 –) 0.5–1 (– 1.2) mm in flower and 3.6–5.5 × (0.8 –) 1–1.7 mm in fruit, subequal, glandular-pubescent, linear-lanceolate, recurved towards the apex, acute, green to dark green with whitish scarious margin. Corolla personate, spurred, (17.6 –) 21.1–23.9 (– 25.1) mm long, deep yellow with 2 longitudinal orangey to brownish-red stripes on the throat, distally bifid, and an orangey palate, immaculate or more often with brownish-red spots; tube (2.3 –) 2.7–2.9 (– 3.2) mm broad in dorsiventral section, (3.5 –) 4.2–5.3 (– 5.9) mm wide in lateral section, erect; adaxial lip sinus (2.8 –) 3.4–3.8 mm; abaxial lip sinus 0.8–1.3 mm; upper petals broadly ovate, divergent, slightly reflexed, without conspicuous dark veins; spur (8.8 –) 10.8–13.2 × (1 –) 1.3–2 mm (the width measured at the base), incurved to recurved, equal to or slightly longer than the rest of the corolla. Capsule (3 –) 3.4–3.8 (– 4.4) × (1.9 –) 2.5–3.2 (– 4.2) mm, oblong-ovoid, glabrous, loculi subequal, the upper locule slightly more developed than the lower one; style 3.2–4.2 (– 4.6) mm long, persistent, bifid at apex, hyaline. Seeds 0.4–0.8 × 0.6 mm, oblong-reniform to irregularly pyriform, transversely ridged or occasionally ruminate-alveolate, black to blackish-grey; transverse ridges (3) 4–7, rounded, discrete or rarely anastomosed; periclinal wall of testa cells verrucate or rugulate, the margin usually raised, forming rounded marginal papillae towards the ridge apex; median papilla usually present, rounded to subconical, isodiametric or elongate, up to 12 µm high.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Southwestern Portugal, Algarve, where it is near-endemic to the southern slope of Serra da Picota, in the Monchique Igneous Complex, occurring also along the Odelouca river basin to the south, and near Marmelete to the west (Fig. 3). Within an Iberian phytogeographical framework, it is endemic to the Algarvian-Monchiquense Sector of the Andalusian-Lusitanian Coastal Province (Rivas-Martínez et al. 2017).</p><p>Habitat and ecology</p><p>Annual oligotrophic meadows, mostly on gravel cushions and sandy soils (Helianthemo-Plantaginetum silenetosum scabriflorae Rudner 2005), in clearings and fringes of rock heathland dominated by Cistus calycinus L., Cistus ladanifer L. subsp. ladanifer, Cistus salviifolius L., Erica australis L., Lavandula stoechas L., Phillyrea angustifolia L., and Ulex argenteus Welw. ex Webb subsp. argenteus (Cisto ladaniferi-Ericetum australis Br. - Bl., P. Silva &amp; Rozeira 1964), among boulders of nepheline syenite and hornfels, more rarely on shale gravel (Fig. 7). Co-occurring species include Tuberaria guttata (L.) Fourr., Silene scabriflora Brot., Thrincia hispida Roth, Reseda media Lag., Vulpia sp., Asphodelus sp., Sedum aff. album, and Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) C. H. Stirt. Less often, it was also observed in subnitrophilous annual meadows, in areas where soils are moderately disturbed by human activity. Under these conditions, it shares habitat with species such as Coleostephus myconis (L.) Rchb. f., Ornithopus compressus L., Silene gallica L., Senecio vulgaris L., Lysimachia loeflingii F. J. Jiménez &amp; M. Talavera, Stachys arvensis (L.) L., Gladiolus dubius Guss., and Galactites tomentosus Moench. Overall, the assemblage of co-occurring species strongly suggests shallow oligotrophic substrates with marked Mediterranean therophytic dynamics and early successional openings within acidophilous shrub systems, in transitional mosaics between meadows of Tuberarietea guttatae, locally disturbed annual communities of Stellarietea mediae, and pioneer acidophilous shrub / heathland fringes probably linked to serial stages of edaphoxerophytic Juniperus turbinata Guss. communities on syenites (Vila-Viçosa and Arsénio 2021), on the southern slopes of the Picota massif.</p><p>Phenology</p><p>Flowers and sets fruit from March to May.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The species epithet refers to the civil parish (Portuguese freguesia) of Alferce (Algarve, municipality of Monchique), in southwestern Portugal. This territory encompasses a significant part of the species’ known range, including the locality where it was first recognised as new, on the hill known as Cerro do Castelo de Alferce.</p><p>Preliminary IUCN conservation assessment</p><p>Linaria alfercensis has a restricted distribution range, within which several significant threats have been documented, making an extinction risk assessment both necessary and urgent. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are 89.58 km 2 and 44 km 2, respectively. The absence of additional records of L. spartea (or other Linaria species with which it could be confused), in botanically well-surveyed neighbouring areas such as Foia and Serra da Brejeira, suggests that these EOO and AOO values are reliable. Historically, the establishment of extensive Eucalyptus plantations throughout the plant’s distribution range has undoubtedly caused substantial — although not quantified — habitat loss. At present, forestry activities such as road widening, temporary deposition of timber or debris, and machinery movement pose additional threats, particularly at sites where the species occurs on road verges and embankments adjacent to Eucalyptus stands. Currently, the major threat is believed to be the expansion of invasive species, especially Acacia dealbata Link. This species aggressively colonises forest margins, alters soil chemistry, and forms dense thickets that suppress herbaceous flora, including L. alfercensis . Its spread has intensified following recurrent large wildfires, which are common in this region. An additional threat is the construction of tourist developments on the slopes of Picota (e. g. near Covão da Águia). Based on the distribution of these threats, only four locations are recognised: Castelo de Alferce and its surroundings, Picota and its surroundings, the Odelouca valley, and Marmelete. Across all sites, only a limited number of mature individuals has been recorded, consistently fewer than 50 flowering plants per locality. This indicates that the global population size is extremely small; however, there are insufficient data to reliably estimate the total population. Considering all available evidence, L. alfercensis should be globally assessed as Endangered: EN B 1 ab (iii) + 2 ab (iii). This assessment reflects its small EOO and AOO, the ongoing decline in habitat quality due to invasive species, and the existence of fewer than five locations.</p><p>Additional material examined (paratypes)</p><p>PORTUGAL – Algarve • Marmelate [Marmelete], entre Aljezur y Monchique; 345 m; 5 May 1996; fl.; M. A. Carrasco et al. 13753 SC; MA [MA-01-00588821] • Serra de Monchique, an der Picota; 700 m; 4 Apr. 1995; fl.; U. Deil 84; STU [SMNS- STU -PH-0168581] • Barranco da Picota – Fornalha “ GPS 630 ” [Monte do Serro, ca 500 m a sul]; 285 m; 4 Apr. 2024; fl.; A. Carapeto s. n.; COI [COI 00112087] • ibid.; 27 Apr. 2024; fl.; J. Farminhão 350; BR [BR 0000017787390] • Alferce, Barranco da Fonte Santa, c. 300 m a NW de Barreiras Ruivas; 315 m; 27 Apr. 2024; fl.; J. Farminhão 349; COI [COI 00112118] • Calhau do Corvo; 515 m; 27 Apr. 2024; fl.; J. Farminhão 351; COI [COI 00112119] • Castro de Alferce, vertente E “ GPS 625 ”; 4 Apr. 2024; fl.; A. Carapeto s. n.; COI [COI 00112088] • Castro de Alferce, vertente E “ GPS 628 ”; 4 Apr. 2024; fl.; A. Carapeto s. n.; COI [COI 00112079] • Serra de Monchique, im Odelouca-Tal; 28 Mar. 1996; fl.; U. Deil 16; STU [SMNS- STU -PH-0168583] .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DBB513B55D295D42A340C535BEAD6243	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Farminhão, João;Carapeto, André;Alonso, Alejandro;Fernández-Mazuecos, Mario;Sáez, Llorenç	Farminhão, João, Carapeto, André, Alonso, Alejandro, Fernández-Mazuecos, Mario, Sáez, Llorenç (2026): Speciation in Linaria subsect. Versicolores (Plantaginaceae, Antirrhineae) across the edaphic islands and barriers of the Algarve (Portugal). Plant Ecology and Evolution 159 (3): 483-503, DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.195615
