taxonID	type	description	language	source
B57F6A8EA22E51F88B9BCDFC32463717.taxon	type_taxon	Type. Galeropsis Velen. 1930 [current name: Panaeolus (Fr.) Quél.]	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
B57F6A8EA22E51F88B9BCDFC32463717.taxon	description	Description. Basidiomes small- to medium-sized, agaricoid or sequestrate. Spore print black. Pileus ovoid, parabolic, conic, campanulate, rarely convex and plane; white, grey, black, brown, rarely orange; dry, viscid, or glutinous, hygrophanous, with hygrophanous spots, and streaks, or non- hygrophanous. Lamellae crowded to subdistant, adnate, gray to black, variegated. Stipe equal, smooth, glabrous, pruinose, annulus membranous, rarely remaining still mature. Basidiospores brown, limoniform, ellipsoid to elongate, germ pore distinctive, smooth, punctate, verrucose. Cystidia abundant, this include caulocystidia, cheilocystidia, pleurocystidia and pileocystidia.	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
F3B206B9078C5A359054195CB4B655EA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Species of this subgenus have relatively thin-fleshed, dirty whitish or gray to grayish-brown pigmented basidiome, some species turning blue or bluish-gray when get injured; basidiospores smooth, ellipsoid, limoniform, cruciform-rhomboid.	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
F3B206B9078C5A359054195CB4B655EA.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Panaeolus cyanescens Sacc.	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
F3B206B9078C5A359054195CB4B655EA.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named in honor of Giacomo Bresàdola (1847 – 1929) for his research contributions to agarics taxonomy and introduction of Copelandia.	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
F3B206B9078C5A359054195CB4B655EA.taxon	description	Description. Basidiome relatively thin-fleshed, dirty whitish or gray to grayish-brown pigmented, some species turning blue or bluish-gray when cut or bruised; the cap surface not slimy; basidiospores smooth, ellipsoid, limoniform, or cruciform-rhomboid; the hymenium always contains thick-walled pseudocystidia (metuloids) that often secrete crystals at the tip.	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
E5ADCC04C5DC5BF9B219B2A1E87DFFDD.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Panaeolus foenisecii (Pers.) J. Schröt.	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
E5ADCC04C5DC5BF9B219B2A1E87DFFDD.taxon	description	Description. The same as Galeropsidaceae.	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
3D79680AC85656479760B51F463C8718.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Panaeolus papilionaceus	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
9929ED482D0A5BD8A54750C329C0FFA1.taxon	description	Fig. 4	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
9929ED482D0A5BD8A54750C329C0FFA1.taxon	description	Description. fide Desjardin and Perry (2017).	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
5726125BFBF758B29723E8EA8D4B558E.taxon	description	Fig. 5	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
5726125BFBF758B29723E8EA8D4B558E.taxon	description	Description. Pileus 7.0 – 26.5 mm in diam., parabolic, obtusely conic, gray (pantone warm gray 1 c), light brown (pantone 4665 c), glabrous, surface dry, smooth, disc could be darker as light brown, margin straight or slightly decurved. Lamellae adnate, close, broad, mottled grayish to blackish, entire, white edge not distinctive. Stipe equal, hollow, 42.1 – 75.3 mm long, 1.4 – 2.6 mm thick, the same color as pileus, smooth, surface silk-like, longitudinally striate, especially on the upper side, base with whitish mycelium. Basidiomes getting brown when handling, bruising, and cutting. Basidiospores 11.3 – 12.5 × 7.8 – 9.2 μm, [x = 11.8 ± 0.3 × 8.7 ± 0.3, Q = 1.3 – 1.5, Q m = 1.4 ± 0.1, n = 20], ellipsoid, blackish brown when mature, smooth, thick wall with germ pore. Basidia 20.7 – 25.8 × 9.7 – 12.8 μm, 4 - spored, smooth, hyaline. Cheilocystidia 23.7 – 41.5 × 7.2 – 10.5 μm, narrowly clavate, with a slightly inflated head and base, thin wall, hyaline, smooth. Pleurocystidia absent. Pileocystidia not observed. Caulocystidia 14.0 – 46.3 × 4.0 – 9.3 μm, cylindrical, hyaline, slightly flexuose.	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
FA0155BC52495E52919A571FF7956DBB.taxon	description	Fig. 6	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
FA0155BC52495E52919A571FF7956DBB.taxon	description	Description. Pileus 7.6 – 17.6 mm in diam., parabolic, light brown (pantone 4685 c), brown (pantone 4645 c), glabrous, surface dry, hygrophanous especially at the margin, smooth, margin straight or slightly decurved. Lamellae adnate, subdistant, broad, mottled grayish to blackish, entire, edge white. Stipe equal, hollow, 24.1 – 47.3 mm long, 1.6 – 2.6 mm thick, brown, the same color as pileus, smooth, longitudinally striate, occasionally pruinose on the upper side, base with whitish mycelium. Basidiomes getting brown when handling, bruising, and cutting. Basidiospores 11.3 – 12.5 × 7.8 – 9.2 μm, [x = 11.8 ± 0.3 × 8.7 ± 0.3, Q = 1.3 – 1.5, Q m = 1.4 ± 0.1, n = 20], ellipsoid, punctate, verrucose, brown, reddish brown, thick wall with germ pore. Basidia 25.8 – 39.6 × 8.9 – 12.5 μm, 4 - spored, smooth, hyaline. Cheilocystidia 28.3 – 61.4 × 5.1 – 11.4 μm, narrowly clavate, with an inflated head and base, hyaline, smooth. Pleurocystidia absent. Cuticle composed of cellular or hymeniform cell, pileocystidia 22.1 – 79.2 × 12.3 – 50.5 μm, spheropedunculate, hyaline. Caulocystidia not observed.	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
05443C1AACFE5DDFAC0D9BC23D0AC269.taxon	description	Fig. 7	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
05443C1AACFE5DDFAC0D9BC23D0AC269.taxon	etymology	Etymology. grandis (Lat.) refers to the relatively large basidiomes of this species in Panaeolus.	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
05443C1AACFE5DDFAC0D9BC23D0AC269.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Panaeolus grandis has relatively large basidiome with a campanulate, brown pileus and long stipe; cheilocystidia tibiiform with an inflated base.	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
05443C1AACFE5DDFAC0D9BC23D0AC269.taxon	description	Description. Pileus 13.9 – 75.6 mm in diam., campanulate, disc light brown (pantone 3596 c), brown (pantone 2441 c), paler elsewhere (pantone 4755 c), surface dry, hygrophanous, sometimes rugulose around disc, margin straight, sometimes slightly uplifted. Lamellae adnate, subdistant, broad, mottled grayish to blackish, entire, edge white. Stipe equal, hollow, 63.8 – 156.8 mm long, 1.7 – 5.0 mm thick, light brown, the same color as pileus (pantone 4755 c), smooth, longitudinally striate, pruinose, base with whitish mycelium. Basidiospores 12.0 – 13.9 × 7.1 – 9.6 μm, [x = 12.9 ± 0.6 × 8.1 ± 0.6, Q = 1.3 – 1.8, Q m = 1.6 ± 0.1, n = 20], ellipsoid, broadly ellipsoid, smooth, blackish brown, thick wall with germ pore. Basidia 22.3 – 29.8 × 8.9 – 10.6 μm, 4 - spored, smooth, hyaline. Cheilocystidia 25.7 – 41.9 × 5.3 – 9.3 μm, tibiiform with an inflated base, hyaline, smooth. Pleurocystidia absent. Cuticle composed of large vesicles, pileocystidia not observed. Caulocystidia 43.9 – 102.2 × 6.0 – 10.5 μm, cylindrical, hyaline, some with brown pigment inside.	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
192DA34D2025593B9CC40DD45BE91E2D.taxon	description	Fig. 8	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
192DA34D2025593B9CC40DD45BE91E2D.taxon	etymology	Etymology. limoniformisporus (Lat.) refers to the limoniform basidiospores.	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
192DA34D2025593B9CC40DD45BE91E2D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Panaeolus limoniformisporus has gray basidiomes with conic, hygrophanous pileus and limoniform basidiospores.	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
192DA34D2025593B9CC40DD45BE91E2D.taxon	description	Description. Pileus 13.1 – 39.9 mm in diam., conic, parabolic, background gray (pantone cool gray 1 c) to light brown (pantone 4685 c), surface dry, smooth, mottled, and radially streaked by blackish brown (pantone 7533 c) hygrophanous stripes, also could be totally white or light brown without radial stripes, margin slightly exceeding gills. Lamellae adnate, sub-close, broad, mottled grayish to blackish, entire, with a white edge. Stipe equal, hollow, 74.9 – 108.6 mm long, 1.9 – 5.0 mm thick, white, longitudinally striate, especially on the upper side, base with whitish mycelium, getting darker when handling. Basidiospores 13.7 – 15.1 × 10.0 – 11.3 μm, [x = 14.3 ± 0.4 × 10.7 ± 0.4, Q = 1.3 – 1.4, Q m = 1.3 ± 0.0, n = 20], limoniform, blackish brown, smooth, thick wall with germ pore. Basidia 24.1 – 28.9 × 12.6 – 14.9 μm, 4 - spored, smooth, hyaline. Cheilocystidia 23.6 – 40.5 × 4.2 – 9.9 μm, narrowly cylindrical, flexuose, with a slightly inflated base, hyaline, smooth. Pleurocystidia 21.4 – 27.5 × 10.7 – 13.8 μm, spheropedunculate, hyaline. Pileocystidia not observed. Caulocystidia not observed.	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
5155D71BAF1D53EEB7AA1EA035BBEEFA.taxon	description	Fig. 9	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
5155D71BAF1D53EEB7AA1EA035BBEEFA.taxon	etymology	Etymology. medogensis (Lat.) refers to the type locality, Mêdog County, in the Xizang Autonomous Region of China.	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
5155D71BAF1D53EEB7AA1EA035BBEEFA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Panaeolus medogensis has small basidiomes with glabrous and rugulose pileus and narrowly clavate cheilocystidia with inflated base.	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
5155D71BAF1D53EEB7AA1EA035BBEEFA.taxon	description	Description. Pileus 7.6 – 17.6 mm in diam., parabolic, light gray (pantone 427 c), light brown (pantone 4685 c), brown (pantone 4645 c), color radially getting paler from disc to margin, glabrous, surface dry, smooth, rugulose especially in / around the disc, margin straight or slightly decurved. Lamellae adnate, subdistant, broad, mottled grayish to blackish, entire, edge white. Stipe equal, hollow, 24.1 – 47.3 mm long, 1.6 – 2.6 mm thick, brown, the same color as pileus, longitudinally striate, some pruinose, base with whitish mycelium. Basidiomes getting brown when handling, bruising, and cutting. Basidiospores 13.2 – 15.0 × 9.2 – 11.4 μm, [x = 13.9 ± 0.5 × 10.3 ± 0.6, Q = 1.2 – 1.5, Q m = 1.4 ± 0.1, n = 20], ellipsoid, limoniform, brown, thick wall with germ pore. Basidia 29.7 – 40.0 × 11.4 – 14.5 μm, 4 - spored, smooth, hyaline. Cheilocystidia 23.1 – 35.9 × 4.2 – 8.7 μm, narrowly clavate, with an inflated base, slightly flexuose, hyaline, smooth. Pleurocystidia 22.4 – 37.7 × 10.7 – 14.1 μm, clavate, hyaline. Pileocystidia not observed. Caulocystidia 32.0 – 72.2 × 3.7 – 11.9 μm, long clavate, hyaline, some slightly flexuose.	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
008786BE1DD75CE19EA0BF05E4A6F7C0.taxon	description	Fig. 10	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
008786BE1DD75CE19EA0BF05E4A6F7C0.taxon	etymology	Etymology. nigrescens (Lat.) refers to the black, grayish-black color of the pileus.	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
008786BE1DD75CE19EA0BF05E4A6F7C0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Panaeolus nigrescens has small, gray basidiomes with black hygrophanous stripes on the pileus and ellipsoid basidiospores.	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
008786BE1DD75CE19EA0BF05E4A6F7C0.taxon	description	Description. Pileus 6.9 – 28.8 mm in diam., conic, occasionally campanulate when getting mature, disc slightly umbonate or rarely flattened, background gray (pantone 421 c), disc black, hygrophanous stripes black (pantone 426 c), mottled and radially streaked, surface dry, margin slightly crenate. Lamellae adnate, close, broad, mottled grayish, entire, with a white edge. Stipe equal, flexuous, hollow, 52.6 – 126.7 mm long, 1.8 – 4.1 mm thick, white, pruinose, longitudinally striate, base with whitish mycelium, getting brown when touched, cut, or bruised. Basidiospores 10.7 – 14.0 × 6.5 – 8.7 μm, [x = 12.0 ± 0.7 × 7.6 ± 0.5, Q = 1.5 – 1.8, Q m = 1.6 ± 0.1, n = 20], ellipsoid, blackish brown when mature, smooth, thick wall, germ pore distinctive. Basidia 19.6 – 26.0 × 8.8 – 11.1 μm, 4 - spored, smooth, hyaline. Cheilocystidia 26.2 – 46.4 × 3.3 – 8.8 μm, narrowly cylindrical or flexuose, with a slightly inflated base, hyaline, smooth. Pleurocystidia absent. Cuticle composed of large vesicles, pileocystidia 12.9 – 46.9 × 9.4 – 35.5 μm, spheropedunculate, hyaline. Caulocystidia 12.1 – 47.3 × 5.0 – 10.1 μm, cylindrical or narrowly clavate, flexuose, or narrowly obovoid, hyaline, smooth.	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
656C254715E7594EAE88760F74289D8D.taxon	description	Fig. 11	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
656C254715E7594EAE88760F74289D8D.taxon	etymology	Etymology. pallidus (Lat.) refers to the white and light color of the basidiome.	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
656C254715E7594EAE88760F74289D8D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Panaeolus pallidus has relatively large basidiomes with limoniform basidiospores and narrowly cylindrical, flexuose cheilocystidia.	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
656C254715E7594EAE88760F74289D8D.taxon	description	Description. Pileus 17.3 – 73.6 mm in diam., hemispheric most, also could be plane when totally mature, disc slightly umbonate or flattened, gray (pantone warm gray 1 c), light brown (pantone 467 c), sometimes hygrophanous, surface dry, smooth, occasionally rugulose, margin slightly exceeding gills. Lamellae adnate, close, broad, mottled grayish to blackish, entire, with a white edge. Stipe equal, hollow, 91.8 – 147.4 mm long, 3.0 – 5.4 mm thick, with the same color as pileus, smooth, pruinose, longitudinally striate, especially on the upper side, base with whitish mycelium. Basidiospores 16.2 – 18.2 × 11.1 – 12.6 μm, [x = 17.2 ± 0.6 × 11.8 ± 0.4, Q = 1.4 – 1.5, Q m = 1.5 ± 0.0, n = 20], limoniform, blackish brown when mature, smooth, thick wall, germ pore distinctive. Basidia 24.6 – 40.6 × 10.7 – 15.3 μm, 4 - spored, smooth, hyaline. Cheilocystidia 36.0 – 61.3 × 4.6 – 11.4 μm, narrowly cylindrical, flexuose, with an inflated or globose head, hyaline, smooth. Pleurocystidia 29.0 – 33.7 × 11.1 – 13.6 μm, clavate to narrowly clavate, hyaline, smooth. Cuticle composed of large vesicles, pileocystidia 20.3 – 32.6 × 15.3 – 28.9 μm, spheropedunculate, hyaline. Caulocystidia 33.2 – 66.4 × 4.3 – 5.8 μm, cylindrical, rarely flexuose, hyaline, smooth.	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
B692FA7065615607B4F15CCB469990C1.taxon	description	Fig. 15	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
B692FA7065615607B4F15CCB469990C1.taxon	description	Description. Pileus 4 – 19 (– 49) mm in diam., conical to broadly conical, surface dry, smooth, occasionally hygrophanous, color variable, from gray (pantone 427 c), grayish olive (pantone 7536 c) to black (pantone 412 c), brown (pantone 7587 c) is also observed (in ZRL 20220358), usually paler at edge, margin entire, covered by white, triangular veil remnants. Lamellae adnate, close, broad, mottled grayish first then becoming blackish when mature, entire, with a white edge. Stipe equal, hollow, 13 – 140 mm long, up to 2 mm thick, always the same color as pileus, gray to black, dark purple, paler above, smooth, pruinose especially on the side close to the cap, occasionally with whitish mycelium. Basidiospores 15.7 – 18.3 × 9.6 – 12.4 μm, [x = 16.9 ± 0.6 × 11.5 ± 0.7, Q = 1.4 – 1.7, Q m = 1.3 ± 0.1, n = 20], limoniform, ellipsoid, blackish brown when mature, smooth, thick wall, protruding germ pore. Basidia 22.1 – 27.0 × 13.9 – 16.3 μm, 4 - spored, smooth, hyaline. Cheilocystidia 23.2 – 33.4 × 2.9 – 6.6 μm, cylindrical or narrowly clavate, flexuose, hyaline, smooth. Pleurocystidia absent. Cuticle composed of large vesicles, pileocystidia spheropedunculate, hyaline, some light brown, darker at the base. Caulocystidia 43.0 – 60.9 × 4.1 – 7.7 μm, cylindrical or narrowly clavate, flexuose, hyaline and light brown, smooth.	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
C6C22B805A1854998D35CCF489051C94.taxon	description	Fig. 16	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
C6C22B805A1854998D35CCF489051C94.taxon	description	Description. Pileus 16 – 38 mm in diam., ovoid when young, then parabolic or occasionally convex when getting mature, light brown (pantone 4685 c), brown (pantone 4645 c), surface dry, surface could be cracked with erect darker scales, margin slightly exceeding gills. Lamellae adnate, close, broad, mottled grayish first then becoming blackish-brown when mature, entire, with a white edge. Stipe equal, hollow, 19 – 54 mm long, 2 – 4 mm thick, brown, usually con-color with the pileus, smooth, pruinose, base with whitish mycelium, base getting darker when touched or bruised. Basidiospores 14.4 – 16.9 × 9.6 – 11.1 μm, [x = 15.7 ± 0.6 × 10.4 ± 0.5, Q = 1.4 – 1.6, Q m = 1.5 ± 0.1, n = 20], ellipsoid, elongate, blackish brown when mature, smooth, thick wall, germ pore distinctive. Basidia 26.4 – 33.8 × 9.6 – 12.1 μm, 4 - spored, smooth, hyaline. Cheilocystidia 18.6 – 30.4 × 3.5 – 8.2 μm, cylindrical or narrowly clavate, flexuose, occasionally with an inflated apex, hyaline and yellowish-brown, smooth. Pleurocystidia absent. Cuticle composed of large vesicles, pileocystidia 23.3 – 46.5 × 11.5 – 28.1 μm, spheropedunculate, hyaline, occasionally yellowish-brown. Caulocystidia 17.7 – 60.2 × 3.4 – 7.4 μm, cylindrical or narrowly clavate, flexuose, hyaline, occasionally light brown, smooth.	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
CC7B5A682898541B9B005D5238921E9C.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Panaeolus papilionaceus (Bull.) Quél.	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
CC7B5A682898541B9B005D5238921E9C.taxon	description	Description. the same as description of Galeropsidaceae.	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
376F462B60BF57BDA7C627411BCB0116.taxon	description	Fig. 12	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
376F462B60BF57BDA7C627411BCB0116.taxon	description	Description. Pileus 7 – 41 mm in diam., ovoid when young, then parabolic (half-egg), surface dry, smooth (could be cracked where habitat is dry), glabrous, with light color from white to bright brown (pantone 4655 c), margin straight. Lamellae adnate, close, entire, broad, mottled grayish first then becoming blackish when mature, with a white edge. Stipe equal, hollow, 17 – 110 mm long, 1 – 7 mm thick, with some color as pileus, smooth, base occasionally could be brown, always with whitish mycelium. Annulus always remaining still mature, membranous, white, medium. Basidiospores 18.9 – 22.3 × 10.9 – 12.6 μm, [x = 20.8 ± 0.9 × 11.7 ± 0.5, Q = 1.7 – 2.0, Q m = 1.8 ± 0.1, n = 20], ellipsoid, elongate, blackish brown when mature, smooth, thick wall, germ pore distinctive. Basidia 30.7 – 41.0 × 11.5 – 21.3 μm, 4 - spored, smooth, hyaline. Cheilocystidia 26.6 – 39.4 × 8.1 – 20.8 μm, with virous shapes, clavate with a slightly narrow apex, Y-shaped, pyriform, hyaline, smooth. Pleurocystidia absent. Cuticle composed of large vesicles, pileocystidia not observed. Caulocystidia not observed.	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
13D385C5D6345F4795BE7E95FE0CCBBD.taxon	description	Fig. 13	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
13D385C5D6345F4795BE7E95FE0CCBBD.taxon	etymology	Etymology. sub refers to it being morphologically the same and phylogenetically close to P. foenisecii.	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
13D385C5D6345F4795BE7E95FE0CCBBD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Panaeolus subfoenisecii is phylogenetically sister to P. foenisecii but has smooth basidiospores.	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
13D385C5D6345F4795BE7E95FE0CCBBD.taxon	description	Description. Pileus 10.6 – 15.5 mm in diam., obtusely conic, brown (pantone 2470 c), disc darker (pantone 2469 c), hygrophanous, sometimes paler at margin, surface dry, radially rugulose, margin straight or decurved. Lamellae adnate, subdistant, broad, mottled grayish to blackish, entire, edge white. Stipe equal, hollow, 43.0 – 52.1 mm long, 1.0 – 2.0 mm thick, brown, the same color as pileus (pantone 2469 c), smooth, longitudinally striate, pruinose on the side close to the cap, base with whitish mycelium. Basidiospores 11.1 – 12.8 × 6.5 – 8.3 μm, [x = 12.2 ± 0.5 × 7.5 ± 0.1, Q = 1.4 – 1.8, Q m = 1.6 ± 0.1, n = 20], ellipsoid, smooth, brown, blackish brown, thick wall with germ pore. Basidia 17.1 – 23.9 × 8.5 – 11.7 μm, 4 - spored, smooth, hyaline. Cheilocystidia 14.4 – 43.6 × 3.1 – 7.7 μm, cylindro-clavate, with lightly inflated head and base, hyaline, smooth. Pleurocystidia absent. Cuticle composed of large vesicles, pileocystidia not observed. Caulocystidia absent.	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
C91575F3B4CE5729A4A7CBED63705985.taxon	description	Fig. 14	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
C91575F3B4CE5729A4A7CBED63705985.taxon	etymology	Etymology. variabilicolor (Lat.) refers to several colors of basidiome are observed.	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
C91575F3B4CE5729A4A7CBED63705985.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Panaeolus variabilicolor has hygrophanous or non-hygrophanous pileus, limoniform basidiospores, and cylindrical, clavate caulocystidia.	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
C91575F3B4CE5729A4A7CBED63705985.taxon	description	Description. Pileus 7.8 – 32.5 mm in diam., campanulate, conic, surface dry, hygrophanous, non-hygrophanous, color variable, gray (pantone 427 c), grayish black (pantone 412 c), light brown (pantone 166 c), reddish brown (pantone 7583 c), sometimes longitudinally striate near the margin, margin straight, uplifted, or decurved, occasionally with veil remnants. Lamellae adnate, close, entire, mottled grayish first then becoming blackish when mature, with a white edge. Stipe equal, hollow, 37.4 – 135.9 mm long, 1 – 2.7 mm thick, with some but darker color as pileus, smooth, slightly pruinose when basidiomes are fresh or young, base with whitish mycelium. Basidiospores 9.9 – 12.2 × 7.5 – 8.5 μm, [x = 10.7 ± 0.6 × 8.0 ± 0.3, Q = 1.2 – 1.4, Q m = 1.3 ± 0.1, n = 20], lager basidiospores were observed in ZRL 20220096 as 12.3 – 15.1 × 9.1 – 11.5 μm, [x = 14.1 ± 0.7 × 10.3 ± 0.7, Q = 1.3 – 1.5, Q m = 1.4 ± 0.1, n = 20], limoniform, blackish brown when mature, smooth, thick wall, germ pore distinctive. Basidia 18.2 – 27.2 × 7.0 – 10.1 μm, 4 - spored, smooth, hyaline. Cheilocystidia 15.4 – 34.8 × 3.8 – 8.2 μm, cylindrical with a slightly inflated apex and base, flexuose, hyaline, smooth. Pleurocystidia absent. Cuticle composed of large vesicles, pileocystidia not observed. Caulocystidia 12.9 – 53.8 × 4.2 – 7.8 μm, cylindrical, clavate.	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
B9A82FC5C57B512AB722D0C2E2039F4B.taxon	description	Fig. 17	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
B9A82FC5C57B512AB722D0C2E2039F4B.taxon	etymology	Etymology. xiaolanii is in honor of the Chinese mycologist Xiao-Lan Mao, who made a great contribution to the macrofungal research in China.	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
B9A82FC5C57B512AB722D0C2E2039F4B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Panaeolus xiaolanii has small basidiomes with gray, hygrophanous pileus, limoniform basidiospores, and cylindrical, flexuose cheilocystidia.	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
B9A82FC5C57B512AB722D0C2E2039F4B.taxon	description	Description. Pileus 11 – 38 mm in diam., conical to broadly conical, surface dry, smooth, hygrophanous, color variable, from gray (pantone 427 c), grayish yellow (pantone 7536 c) to grayish black (pantone 412 c), usually paler at edge, some with crenulate margin, margin usually covered by white veil remnants. Lamellae adnate, close, broad, mottled grayish first then becoming blackish when mature, entire, with a white edge. Stipe equal, hollow, 34 – 130 mm long, 1 – 3 mm thick, always the same color as pileus, gray to black, dark purple, paler above, smooth, pruinose especially on the side close to the cap, base getting darker when touched or bruised and occasionally with whitish mycelium. Basidiospores 13.8 – 16.3 × 10.7 – 12.0 μm, [x = 15.3 ± 0.7 × 11.4 ± 0.3, Q = 1.2 – 1.5, Q m = 1.3 ± 0.1, n = 20], limoniform, blackish brown when mature, smooth, thick wall, protruding germ pore. Basidia 19.1 – 26.9 × 12.9 – 15.8 μm, 4 - spored, smooth, hyaline. Cheilocystidia 23.3 – 32.4 × 3.9 – 7.4 μm, cylindrical or narrowly clavate, flexuose, hyaline, smooth. Pleurocystidia absent. Cuticle composed of large vesicles, pileocystidia not observed. Caulocystidia 31.4 – 55.7 × 5.5 – 9.6 μm, cylindrical or narrowly clavate, flexuose, hyaline and light brown, smooth.	en	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
