identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
B57F6A8EA22E51F88B9BCDFC32463717.text	B57F6A8EA22E51F88B9BCDFC32463717.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Galeropsidaceae Singer	<div><p>Galeropsidaceae Singer, Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica 10: 61 (1962)</p><p>Type.</p><p>Galeropsis Velen. 1930 [current name: Panaeolus (Fr.) Quél.]</p><p>Description.</p><p>Basidiomes small- to medium-sized, agaricoid or sequestrate. Spore print black. Pileus ovoid, parabolic, conic, campanulate, rarely convex and plane; white, grey, black, brown, rarely orange; dry, viscid, or glutinous, hygrophanous, with hygrophanous spots, and streaks, or non- hygrophanous. Lamellae crowded to subdistant, adnate, gray to black, variegated. Stipe equal, smooth, glabrous, pruinose, annulus membranous, rarely remaining still mature. Basidiospores brown, limoniform, ellipsoid to elongate, germ pore distinctive, smooth, punctate, verrucose. Cystidia abundant, this include caulocystidia, cheilocystidia, pleurocystidia and pileocystidia.</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Grows in fertile areas, including pastures, grasslands, forests, and on dung of herbivores.</p><p>Genera included.</p><p>Panaeolus, Staktophyllus .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>The panaeo-clade was revealed to be monophyletic in previous studies (Moncalvo 2002; Walther 2005; Matheny et al. 2006) and is also supported as monophyletic in this study. With extended sampling, our study further supports ranking the panaeo-clade as a distinct family within Agaricineae based on the following evidence: first, it is monophyletic and occupies a phylogenetic position sister to Bolbitiaceae within Agaricineae (see Figs 1, 2); second, it diverged at 87 Myr, which is relatively similar to divergence times of other families in Agaricineae; third, it differs from other families in Agaricineae in a combination of morphological characteristics, including a saprotrophic lifestyle, black spore print, variegated lamellae, and dark brown basidiospores with a distinctive germ pore and a relatively thick wall. According to Art. 11.5, priority of equally published names is established by the first effectively published choice; therefore, the panaeo-clade should be named Galeropsidaceae rather than Panaeolaceae (Kalichman et al. 2020) . Currently, Galeropsidaceae contains two genera, Panaeolus and Staktophyllus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B57F6A8EA22E51F88B9BCDFC32463717	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	He, Mao-Qiang;Yang, Wen-Qiang;Phurbu, Dorji;Liu, Fei;Li, Jia-Xin;Cao, Bin;Zhao, Rui-Lin	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
F3B206B9078C5A359054195CB4B655EA.text	F3B206B9078C5A359054195CB4B655EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Panaeolus (Bresadolomyces) M. Q. He & R. L. Zhao	<div><p>Panaeolus subg. Bresadolomyces M. Q. He &amp; R. L. Zhao subg. nov.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Species of this subgenus have relatively thin-fleshed, dirty whitish or gray to grayish-brown pigmented basidiome, some species turning blue or bluish-gray when get injured; basidiospores smooth, ellipsoid, limoniform, cruciform-rhomboid.</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Panaeolus cyanescens Sacc.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Named in honor of Giacomo Bresàdola (1847–1929) for his research contributions to agarics taxonomy and introduction of Copelandia .</p><p>Synonyms.</p><p>Copelandia Bres., Hedwigia 53 (1–2): 51 (1912) [1913] (nom. illeg., Shenzhen Code, Art. 52.1); Panaeolus subgen. Copelandia (Bres.) Ew. Gerhardt, Biblioth. Bot. 147: 32 (1996) (nom. illeg., Art. 52.1). – Type: Copelandia papilionacea (Bull.) Bres., Hedwigia 53 (1–2): 51 (1912) [1913] (nom. inval., Art. 35.1); Crucispora E. Horak, New Zealand J. Bot. 9 (3): 489 (1971).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Basidiome relatively thin-fleshed, dirty whitish or gray to grayish-brown pigmented, some species turning blue or bluish-gray when cut or bruised; the cap surface not slimy; basidiospores smooth, ellipsoid, limoniform, or cruciform-rhomboid; the hymenium always contains thick-walled pseudocystidia (metuloids) that often secrete crystals at the tip.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>The synonym name subg. Copelandia was proposed with the type P. papilionaceus (Gerhardt 1996) . However, P. papilionaceus had already been designated as the type of Panaeolus subg. Panaeolus by Quélet (1872). According to the Shenzhen Code, Art. 52.1, Panaeolus subg. Copelandia is illegitimate. Subgenus Bresadolomyces is proposed mainly based on phylogenetic evidence to accommodate Copelandia - like species and species formerly placed in Crucispora . Copelandia - like species cluster together with Cr. rhombisperma in clade C, which is well supported statistically (SH-aLRT / PP = 96 / 1.0). Copelandia - like species are mainly characterized by grayish, relatively fragile basidiomes that turn blue when injured or bruised. They represent the main psilocybin-producing group within Panaeolus, with the most well-known species being P. cyanescens .</p><p>Species included.</p><p>P. axfordii Y. W. Hu, Karun., P. E. Mortimer &amp; J. C. Xu, P. bisporus, P. cyanescens (Guzmán) Voto &amp; Angelini, P. mexicanus, P. rhombispermus (Hongo) Birkebak, Voto &amp; Ostuni.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F3B206B9078C5A359054195CB4B655EA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	He, Mao-Qiang;Yang, Wen-Qiang;Phurbu, Dorji;Liu, Fei;Li, Jia-Xin;Cao, Bin;Zhao, Rui-Lin	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
E5ADCC04C5DC5BF9B219B2A1E87DFFDD.text	E5ADCC04C5DC5BF9B219B2A1E87DFFDD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Panaeolus (Panaeolina) (Maire) Bon & Courtec.	<div><p>Panaeolus subg. Panaeolina (Maire) Bon &amp; Courtec., Doc. Mycol. 32 (127–128): 77 (2003)</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Panaeolus foenisecii (Pers.) J. Schröt.</p><p>Description.</p><p>The same as Galeropsidaceae .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Species of subg. Panaeolina are clustered in clade A, which is a well-supported clade with nearly full statistical support (SH-aLRT / UFBoot / PP = 100 / 91 / 1.0). Based on the phylogenetic results, a broader circumscription of subg. Panaeolina is proposed. It includes three subclades, namely subclade A 1, comprising most species from China; subclade A 2, with the type species P. foenisecii, which represents the core clade of subg. Panaeolina; and subclade A 3, including Anellaria - like species. In the sense of Panaeolus s. s., Panaeolina has been treated as a distinct genus. The off-black spore print has been used to separate Panaeolina from other genera (Singer 1986; Gerhardt 1996). However, determining a paler spore print is relatively difficult and subjective, especially in the field. Verrucose basidiospores have been considered a key character of Panaeolina; however, at present, only the type species, P. foenisecii, has been observed to possess verrucose basidiospores, whereas all other species form smooth basidiospores.</p><p>Species included.</p><p>P. acuminatus (P. Kumm.) Quél., P. antillarum (Fr.) Dennis, Kew Bull., P. cinctulus (Bolton) Sacc., P. fimicola (Pers.) Gillet, P. foenisecii, P. fraxinophilus A. H. Sm., P. grandis M. Q. He &amp; R. L. Zhao, P. limoniformisporus M. Q. He &amp; R. L. Zhao, P. medogensis M. Q. He &amp; R. L. Zhao, P. nigrescens M. Q. He &amp; R. L. Zhao, P. nirimbii (Watling &amp; A. M. Young) Voto, P. pallidus M. Q. He &amp; R. L. Zhao, P. paludosus Cleland, P. plantaginiformis (Lebedeva) E. F. Malysheva, P. semiovatus, P. subfoenisecii M. Q. He &amp; R. L. Zhao, P. uliginosus Jul. Schäff., P. variabilicolor M. Q. He &amp; R. L. Zhao .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E5ADCC04C5DC5BF9B219B2A1E87DFFDD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	He, Mao-Qiang;Yang, Wen-Qiang;Phurbu, Dorji;Liu, Fei;Li, Jia-Xin;Cao, Bin;Zhao, Rui-Lin	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
3D79680AC85656479760B51F463C8718.text	3D79680AC85656479760B51F463C8718.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Panaeolus (Panaeolus) (Fr.) Quel.	<div><p>Panaeolus subg. Panaeolus (Fr.) Quél.</p><p>Basionym.</p><p>Agaricus subgen. Panaeolus Fr., Summa vegetabilium Scandinaviae 2: 297 (1849)</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Panaeolus papilionaceus</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Traditionally, subgenus Panaeolus is roughly equivalent to Panaeolus s. s. According to the results of the phylogenetic analyses, the type species P. papilionaceus is clustered in clade B 1 together with other species referred to as the P. papilionaceus species complex in some studies (Voto and Angelini 2024). Clade B is phylogenetically supported with statistical values of 97 / 96 / 1.0 (SH-aLRT / UFBoot / PP). Two subclades are supported: B 1 is a widely distributed lineage with samples from the Americas, Asia, Europe, and Oceania, whereas B 2, represented by a single species, P. punjabensis Asif, Firdous, Izhar, Niazi &amp; Khalid, is known only from western Asia.</p><p>Species included.</p><p>P. alcis M. M. Moser, P. desertorum (Velen. &amp; Dvořák) E. F. Malysheva, G. Moreno, Svetash. &amp; M. Villarreal, P. detriticola Voto &amp; Bougher, P. pantropicalis Voto, Angelini &amp; Barrett, P. papilionaceus, P. parvisporus (Ew. Gerhardt) Voto &amp; Angelini, P. punjabensis, P. ranwuensis M. Q. He, R. L. Zhao &amp; B. Cao, P. xiaolanii M. Q. He &amp; R. L. Zhao .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D79680AC85656479760B51F463C8718	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	He, Mao-Qiang;Yang, Wen-Qiang;Phurbu, Dorji;Liu, Fei;Li, Jia-Xin;Cao, Bin;Zhao, Rui-Lin	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
9929ED482D0A5BD8A54750C329C0FFA1.text	9929ED482D0A5BD8A54750C329C0FFA1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Panaeolus antillarum (Fr.) Dennis	<div><p>Panaeolus antillarum (Fr.) Dennis, Kew Bull. 15 (1): 124 (1961)</p><p>Fig. 4</p><p>Basionym.</p><p>Agaricus antillarum Fr.</p><p>Description.</p><p>fide Desjardin and Perry (2017).</p><p>Psilocybin-producing.</p><p>Nonproducing (HMAS 52750, see Suppl. material 1: fig. S 1).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Panaeolus antillarum was first described from St. Croix in the Greater Antilles (U. S. Virgin Islands). Later, it was found to be a worldwide species distributed in the New World (Caribbean islands, continental United States, Central and South America) and the Old World (Africa, Australia, China, Europe, India, and Southeast Asia) (Desjardin and Perry 2017).</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>China. Xizang Autonomous Region: Nyingchi Municipality, Mêdog County, 27 July 1983, Xiao-Lan Mao, HMAS 52750 ; 3 August 1983, Xiao-Lan Mao, HMAS 52751 . Hebei Province: Zhangjiakou, August 1994, Xiao-Lan Mao and You-Zhi Wang, HMAS 69911 ; Bejing: Zhongguancun, 27 September 1976, Shu-Xiao Sun, HMAS 37291 ; Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region: Xilin Gol League, 11 August 2019, Jian-Yu Zhang, ZRL 20191951 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9929ED482D0A5BD8A54750C329C0FFA1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	He, Mao-Qiang;Yang, Wen-Qiang;Phurbu, Dorji;Liu, Fei;Li, Jia-Xin;Cao, Bin;Zhao, Rui-Lin	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
5726125BFBF758B29723E8EA8D4B558E.text	5726125BFBF758B29723E8EA8D4B558E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Panaeolus cinctulus (Bolton 1887) Sacc.	<div><p>Panaeolus cinctulus (Bolton) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 5: 1124 (1887)</p><p>Fig. 5</p><p>Basionym.</p><p>Agaricus cinctulus Bolton 1792</p><p>Description.</p><p>Pileus 7.0– 26.5 mm in diam., parabolic, obtusely conic, gray (pantone warm gray 1 c), light brown (pantone 4665 c), glabrous, surface dry, smooth, disc could be darker as light brown, margin straight or slightly decurved. Lamellae adnate, close, broad, mottled grayish to blackish, entire, white edge not distinctive. Stipe equal, hollow, 42.1–75.3 mm long, 1.4–2.6 mm thick, the same color as pileus, smooth, surface silk-like, longitudinally striate, especially on the upper side, base with whitish mycelium. Basidiomes getting brown when handling, bruising, and cutting.</p><p>Basidiospores 11.3–12.5 × 7.8–9.2 μm, [x = 11.8 ± 0.3 × 8.7 ± 0.3, Q = 1.3–1.5, Q m = 1.4 ± 0.1, n = 20], ellipsoid, blackish brown when mature, smooth, thick wall with germ pore. Basidia 20.7–25.8 × 9.7–12.8 μm, 4 - spored, smooth, hyaline. Cheilocystidia 23.7–41.5 × 7.2–10.5 μm, narrowly clavate, with a slightly inflated head and base, thin wall, hyaline, smooth. Pleurocystidia absent. Pileocystidia not observed. Caulocystidia 14.0–46.3 × 4.0–9.3 μm, cylindrical, hyaline, slightly flexuose.</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Grows in grassland.</p><p>Psilocybin-producing.</p><p>Producing (ZRL 20200005, see Suppl. material 1: fig. S 7).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>According to the results of the phylogenetic analyses, P. cinctulus is clustered in subclade A 2 and is sister to the sequestrate species P. nirimbii . Morphologically, our samples exhibit smaller basidiomes (pileus 7.0– 26.5 mm in diam.) and a paler pileus compared with the original description of P. cinctulus (Saccardo 1887) and the description provided by Stamets (1996).</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>China. Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region: Baotou, Olympics Park, 13 June 2019, Jian-Yu Zhang, ZRL 20191912 ; Beijing: Chaoyang District, Olympics Park, 19 July 2020, Rui-Lin Zhao, ZRL 20200005 ; Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region: Yinchuan, 11 September 1995, Xiaolan Mao, Cangkuan Wang, HMAS 63178 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5726125BFBF758B29723E8EA8D4B558E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	He, Mao-Qiang;Yang, Wen-Qiang;Phurbu, Dorji;Liu, Fei;Li, Jia-Xin;Cao, Bin;Zhao, Rui-Lin	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
8E66B8DDACB051E29BE04E7A33FB56E9.text	8E66B8DDACB051E29BE04E7A33FB56E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Panaeolus cyanescens Sacc.	<div><p>Panaeolus cyanescens Sacc., Syll. Fung. 5: 1123 (1887).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Description, see Gerhardt (1996). Panaeolus cyanescens is a well-known species recognized for its psilocybin-producing trait. It is a relatively easy-to-recognize species in the wild because its white-to-gray basidiomes turn blue when wounded or touched. In the phylogenetic analyses, this species is placed in subclade C 1, where it shows a sister relationship to the clade composed of P. axfordii, P. tropicalis, P. bisporus, and several unnamed samples.</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>China. Guizhou Province: Qiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Libo County, 4 August 1988, Jian-Zhe Ying, Chen-Liu Zong, and Ning Li, HMAS 57723 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8E66B8DDACB051E29BE04E7A33FB56E9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	He, Mao-Qiang;Yang, Wen-Qiang;Phurbu, Dorji;Liu, Fei;Li, Jia-Xin;Cao, Bin;Zhao, Rui-Lin	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
FA0155BC52495E52919A571FF7956DBB.text	FA0155BC52495E52919A571FF7956DBB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Panaeolus foenisecii (Pers.) J. Schrot.	<div><p>Panaeolus foenisecii (Pers.) J. Schröt., Botaniste 17 (1–4): 187 (1926)</p><p>Fig. 6</p><p>Basionym.</p><p>Agaricus foenisecii Pers. 1800</p><p>Description.</p><p>Pileus 7.6–17.6 mm in diam., parabolic, light brown (pantone 4685 c), brown (pantone 4645 c), glabrous, surface dry, hygrophanous especially at the margin, smooth, margin straight or slightly decurved. Lamellae adnate, subdistant, broad, mottled grayish to blackish, entire, edge white. Stipe equal, hollow, 24.1–47.3 mm long, 1.6–2.6 mm thick, brown, the same color as pileus, smooth, longitudinally striate, occasionally pruinose on the upper side, base with whitish mycelium. Basidiomes getting brown when handling, bruising, and cutting.</p><p>Basidiospores 11.3–12.5 × 7.8–9.2 μm, [x = 11.8 ± 0.3 × 8.7 ± 0.3, Q = 1.3–1.5, Q m = 1.4 ± 0.1, n = 20], ellipsoid, punctate, verrucose, brown, reddish brown, thick wall with germ pore. Basidia 25.8–39.6 × 8.9–12.5 μm, 4 - spored, smooth, hyaline. Cheilocystidia 28.3–61.4 × 5.1–11.4 μm, narrowly clavate, with an inflated head and base, hyaline, smooth. Pleurocystidia absent. Cuticle composed of cellular or hymeniform cell, pileocystidia 22.1–79.2 × 12.3–50.5 μm, spheropedunculate, hyaline. Caulocystidia not observed.</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Grows on fertile soil as pastures, grasslands, and forests.</p><p>Psilocybin-producing.</p><p>Nonproducing (ZRL 20210662, see Suppl. material 1: fig. S 6).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Panaeolus foenisecii is characterized by its punctate to verrucose basidiospores.</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>China. Xizang Autonomous Region: Nyingchi Municipality, Zayü County, 29.20.1°N, 97.5.16°E, alt. 4230 m, 23 July 2021, Mao-Qiang He, ZRL 20210661, ZRL 20210662 ; Shigatse Municipality: Gyirong County, Gyirong Town, 28.22.39°N, 85.19.40°E, alt. 2780 m, 02 August 2022, Mao-Qiang He, ZRL 20220802 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA0155BC52495E52919A571FF7956DBB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	He, Mao-Qiang;Yang, Wen-Qiang;Phurbu, Dorji;Liu, Fei;Li, Jia-Xin;Cao, Bin;Zhao, Rui-Lin	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
05443C1AACFE5DDFAC0D9BC23D0AC269.text	05443C1AACFE5DDFAC0D9BC23D0AC269.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Panaeolus grandis M. Q. He & R. L. Zhao	<div><p>Panaeolus grandis M. Q. He &amp; R. L. Zhao sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 7</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>grandis (Lat.) refers to the relatively large basidiomes of this species in Panaeolus .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Panaeolus grandis has relatively large basidiome with a campanulate, brown pileus and long stipe; cheilocystidia tibiiform with an inflated base.</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>CHINA. Xizang Autonomous Region: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.0/lat 17.0)">Shigatse Municipality</a>, Yadong County, 27.25.17°N, 88.56.32°E, alt. 3024 m, 26 July 2022, Mao-Qiang He, HMAS 287495 (ZRL 20220208) .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Pileus 13.9–75.6 mm in diam., campanulate, disc light brown (pantone 3596 c), brown (pantone 2441 c), paler elsewhere (pantone 4755 c), surface dry, hygrophanous, sometimes rugulose around disc, margin straight, sometimes slightly uplifted. Lamellae adnate, subdistant, broad, mottled grayish to blackish, entire, edge white. Stipe equal, hollow, 63.8–156.8 mm long, 1.7–5.0 mm thick, light brown, the same color as pileus (pantone 4755 c), smooth, longitudinally striate, pruinose, base with whitish mycelium.</p><p>Basidiospores 12.0–13.9 × 7.1–9.6 μm, [x = 12.9 ± 0.6 × 8.1 ± 0.6, Q = 1.3–1.8, Q m = 1.6 ± 0.1, n = 20], ellipsoid, broadly ellipsoid, smooth, blackish brown, thick wall with germ pore. Basidia 22.3–29.8 × 8.9–10.6 μm, 4 - spored, smooth, hyaline. Cheilocystidia 25.7–41.9 × 5.3–9.3 μm, tibiiform with an inflated base, hyaline, smooth. Pleurocystidia absent. Cuticle composed of large vesicles, pileocystidia not observed. Caulocystidia 43.9–102.2 × 6.0–10.5 μm, cylindrical, hyaline, some with brown pigment inside.</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Grows on soil in grasslands, pine forests.</p><p>Psilocybin-producing.</p><p>Nonproducing (ZRL 20220208, see Suppl. material 1: fig. S 14).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>According to the results of the phylogenetic analyses, P. grandis is clustered in subclade A 1. Morphologically, P. grandis differs from other species in Panaeolus by its relatively large-sized basidiome with a campanulate, brown pileus and a long stipe. Although P. pallidus also has a basidiome of similar size, it forms larger basidiospores (17.2 ± 0.6 × 11.8 ± 0.4 μm) compared with P. grandis .</p><p>Specimen examined.</p><p>China. Xizang Autonomous Region: Shigatse Municipality, Yadong County, 27.25.20°N, 88.55.6°E, alt. 3254 m, 27 July 2022, Mao-Qiang He, ZRL 20220352 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/05443C1AACFE5DDFAC0D9BC23D0AC269	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	He, Mao-Qiang;Yang, Wen-Qiang;Phurbu, Dorji;Liu, Fei;Li, Jia-Xin;Cao, Bin;Zhao, Rui-Lin	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
192DA34D2025593B9CC40DD45BE91E2D.text	192DA34D2025593B9CC40DD45BE91E2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Panaeolus limoniformisporus M. Q. He & R. L. Zhao	<div><p>Panaeolus limoniformisporus M. Q. He &amp; R. L. Zhao sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 8</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>limoniformisporus (Lat.) refers to the limoniform basidiospores.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Panaeolus limoniformisporus has gray basidiomes with conic, hygrophanous pileus and limoniform basidiospores.</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>CHINA. Gansu Province: Wuwei, Tianzhu County, Kela, 19 August 2018, Zhi-Lin Ling, HMAS 287497 (ZRL 20181122) .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Pileus 13.1–39.9 mm in diam., conic, parabolic, background gray (pantone cool gray 1 c) to light brown (pantone 4685 c), surface dry, smooth, mottled, and radially streaked by blackish brown (pantone 7533 c) hygrophanous stripes, also could be totally white or light brown without radial stripes, margin slightly exceeding gills. Lamellae adnate, sub-close, broad, mottled grayish to blackish, entire, with a white edge. Stipe equal, hollow, 74.9–108.6 mm long, 1.9–5.0 mm thick, white, longitudinally striate, especially on the upper side, base with whitish mycelium, getting darker when handling.</p><p>Basidiospores 13.7–15.1 × 10.0–11.3 μm, [x = 14.3 ± 0.4 × 10.7 ± 0.4, Q = 1.3–1.4, Q m = 1.3 ± 0.0, n = 20], limoniform, blackish brown, smooth, thick wall with germ pore. Basidia 24.1–28.9 × 12.6–14.9 μm, 4 - spored, smooth, hyaline. Cheilocystidia 23.6–40.5 × 4.2–9.9 μm, narrowly cylindrical, flexuose, with a slightly inflated base, hyaline, smooth. Pleurocystidia 21.4–27.5 × 10.7–13.8 μm, spheropedunculate, hyaline. Pileocystidia not observed. Caulocystidia not observed.</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Grows in pastures and on soil.</p><p>Psilocybin-producing.</p><p>Nonproducing (ZRL 20181122, see Suppl. material 1: fig. S 12).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Panaeolus limoniformisporus is revealed to be the sister species of P. medogensis (Figs 2, 3). Morphologically, both species form small-sized basidiomes, but the pileus differs between them: the pileus of P. limoniformisporus is gray, black, or white, slightly fibrillose, and hygrophanous, whereas the pileus of P. medogensis is brown and glabrous.</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>China. Sichuan Province: Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Garzê, Batang County, 20 July 2015, Mao-Qiang He, ZRL 2015390 ; Yajiang County, Gexi Natural Reserve, 15 August 2020, Mao-Qiang He, ZRL 20200165 ; Xizang Autonomous Region: Nyingchi Municipality, Nang County, 19 September 2015, Xu-Ming Bai, ZRL 20152331 ; Gansu Province: Wuwei, Tianzhu County, Kela, 19 August 2018, Zhi-Lin Ling, ZRL 20180975 ; Shigatse Municipality, Gyirong County, Gyirong Town, 28.22.39°N, 85.19.40°E, alt. 2780 m, 02 August 2022, Mao-Qiang He, ZRL 20220678 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/192DA34D2025593B9CC40DD45BE91E2D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	He, Mao-Qiang;Yang, Wen-Qiang;Phurbu, Dorji;Liu, Fei;Li, Jia-Xin;Cao, Bin;Zhao, Rui-Lin	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
5155D71BAF1D53EEB7AA1EA035BBEEFA.text	5155D71BAF1D53EEB7AA1EA035BBEEFA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Panaeolus medogensis M. Q. He & R. L. Zhao	<div><p>Panaeolus medogensis M. Q. He &amp; R. L. Zhao sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 9</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>medogensis (Lat.) refers to the type locality, Mêdog County, in the Xizang Autonomous Region of China.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Panaeolus medogensis has small basidiomes with glabrous and rugulose pileus and narrowly clavate cheilocystidia with inflated base.</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>CHINA. Xizang Autonomous Region: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=50.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 50.0/lat 30.0)">Nyingchi Municipality</a>, Mêdog County, 29.47.30°N, 95.41.50°E, alt. 3670 m, 24 July 2021, Mao-Qiang He, HMAS 287498 (ZRL 20210733) .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Pileus 7.6–17.6 mm in diam., parabolic, light gray (pantone 427 c), light brown (pantone 4685 c), brown (pantone 4645 c), color radially getting paler from disc to margin, glabrous, surface dry, smooth, rugulose especially in / around the disc, margin straight or slightly decurved. Lamellae adnate, subdistant, broad, mottled grayish to blackish, entire, edge white. Stipe equal, hollow, 24.1–47.3 mm long, 1.6–2.6 mm thick, brown, the same color as pileus, longitudinally striate, some pruinose, base with whitish mycelium. Basidiomes getting brown when handling, bruising, and cutting.</p><p>Basidiospores 13.2–15.0 × 9.2–11.4 μm, [x = 13.9 ± 0.5 × 10.3 ± 0.6, Q = 1.2–1.5, Q m = 1.4 ± 0.1, n = 20], ellipsoid, limoniform, brown, thick wall with germ pore. Basidia 29.7–40.0 × 11.4–14.5 μm, 4 - spored, smooth, hyaline. Cheilocystidia 23.1–35.9 × 4.2–8.7 μm, narrowly clavate, with an inflated base, slightly flexuose, hyaline, smooth. Pleurocystidia 22.4–37.7 × 10.7–14.1 μm, clavate, hyaline. Pileocystidia not observed. Caulocystidia 32.0–72.2 × 3.7–11.9 μm, long clavate, hyaline, some slightly flexuose.</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Grows on fertile soil as pastures, grasslands, and forests.</p><p>Psilocybin-producing.</p><p>Nonproducing (ZRL 20210733, see Suppl. material 1: fig. S 13).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Panaeolus medogensis was found in a grazing area that is also a forest edge with lush grasses. According to the results of the phylogenetic analyses, P. medogensis is sister to P. limoniformisporus . Morphologically, the two species can be distinguished by the pileus. Compared with other species in Panaeolus, P. medogensis is characterized by its small-sized basidiomes with a brown, glabrous, and rugulose pileus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5155D71BAF1D53EEB7AA1EA035BBEEFA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	He, Mao-Qiang;Yang, Wen-Qiang;Phurbu, Dorji;Liu, Fei;Li, Jia-Xin;Cao, Bin;Zhao, Rui-Lin	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
008786BE1DD75CE19EA0BF05E4A6F7C0.text	008786BE1DD75CE19EA0BF05E4A6F7C0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Panaeolus nigrescens M. Q. He & R. L. Zhao	<div><p>Panaeolus nigrescens M. Q. He &amp; R. L. Zhao sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 10</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>nigrescens (Lat.) refers to the black, grayish-black color of the pileus.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Panaeolus nigrescens has small, gray basidiomes with black hygrophanous stripes on the pileus and ellipsoid basidiospores.</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>CHINA. Gansu Province: Zhangye, 17 August 2018, Zhi-Ling Lin, HMAS 287499 (ZRL 20180732)</p><p>Description.</p><p>Pileus 6.9–28.8 mm in diam., conic, occasionally campanulate when getting mature, disc slightly umbonate or rarely flattened, background gray (pantone 421 c), disc black, hygrophanous stripes black (pantone 426 c), mottled and radially streaked, surface dry, margin slightly crenate. Lamellae adnate, close, broad, mottled grayish, entire, with a white edge. Stipe equal, flexuous, hollow, 52.6–126.7 mm long, 1.8–4.1 mm thick, white, pruinose, longitudinally striate, base with whitish mycelium, getting brown when touched, cut, or bruised.</p><p>Basidiospores 10.7–14.0 × 6.5–8.7 μm, [x = 12.0 ± 0.7 × 7.6 ± 0.5, Q = 1.5–1.8, Q m = 1.6 ± 0.1, n = 20], ellipsoid, blackish brown when mature, smooth, thick wall, germ pore distinctive. Basidia 19.6–26.0 × 8.8–11.1 μm, 4 - spored, smooth, hyaline. Cheilocystidia 26.2–46.4 × 3.3–8.8 μm, narrowly cylindrical or flexuose, with a slightly inflated base, hyaline, smooth. Pleurocystidia absent. Cuticle composed of large vesicles, pileocystidia 12.9–46.9 × 9.4–35.5 μm, spheropedunculate, hyaline. Caulocystidia 12.1–47.3 × 5.0–10.1 μm, cylindrical or narrowly clavate, flexuose, or narrowly obovoid, hyaline, smooth.</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Grows on pastures and soil.</p><p>Psilocybin-producing.</p><p>Nonproducing (ZRL 20180732, see Suppl. material 1: fig. S 10).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Panaeolus nigrescens is a distinctive species in subclade A 1, characterized by its black or grayish black basidiomes, a pruinose stipe with longitudinal striations, and ellipsoid basidiospores. Compared with closely related species, namely P. limoniformisporus, P. medogensis, and P. pallidus, P. limoniformisporus most closely resembles P. nigrescens in the field. However, under the microscope, the two species can be separated by differences in basidiospore shape, with P. nigrescens having ellipsoid basidiospores and P. limoniformisporus having limoniform basidiospores.</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>China. Gansu Province: Zhangye, Qilian Mountain National Nature Reserve, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.653656&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.384457" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.653656/lat 38.384457)">Kangle Grassland</a>, 38.384457°N, 100.653658°E, alt. 2800 m, 30 August 2016, Rui-Lin Zhao, Jean-Marc Moncalvo, ZRL 20161807, ZRL 20161828, ZRL 20161875 ; Haichaoba Forestry Park, 26 August 2018, Ming-Zhe Zhang, ZRL 20181924 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/008786BE1DD75CE19EA0BF05E4A6F7C0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	He, Mao-Qiang;Yang, Wen-Qiang;Phurbu, Dorji;Liu, Fei;Li, Jia-Xin;Cao, Bin;Zhao, Rui-Lin	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
656C254715E7594EAE88760F74289D8D.text	656C254715E7594EAE88760F74289D8D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Panaeolus pallidus M. Q. He & R. L. Zhao	<div><p>Panaeolus pallidus M. Q. He &amp; R. L. Zhao sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 11</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>pallidus (Lat.) refers to the white and light color of the basidiome.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Panaeolus pallidus has relatively large basidiomes with limoniform basidiospores and narrowly cylindrical, flexuose cheilocystidia.</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>CHINA. Gansu Province: Wuwei, Qilian Mountain National Nature Reserve, Haxi, 22 August 2018, Mao-Qiang He, HMAS 287494 (ZRL 20180988) .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Pileus 17.3–73.6 mm in diam., hemispheric most, also could be plane when totally mature, disc slightly umbonate or flattened, gray (pantone warm gray 1 c), light brown (pantone 467 c), sometimes hygrophanous, surface dry, smooth, occasionally rugulose, margin slightly exceeding gills. Lamellae adnate, close, broad, mottled grayish to blackish, entire, with a white edge. Stipe equal, hollow, 91.8–147.4 mm long, 3.0– 5.4 mm thick, with the same color as pileus, smooth, pruinose, longitudinally striate, especially on the upper side, base with whitish mycelium.</p><p>Basidiospores 16.2–18.2 × 11.1–12.6 μm, [x = 17.2 ± 0.6 × 11.8 ± 0.4, Q = 1.4–1.5, Q m = 1.5 ± 0.0, n = 20], limoniform, blackish brown when mature, smooth, thick wall, germ pore distinctive. Basidia 24.6–40.6 × 10.7–15.3 μm, 4 - spored, smooth, hyaline. Cheilocystidia 36.0–61.3 × 4.6–11.4 μm, narrowly cylindrical, flexuose, with an inflated or globose head, hyaline, smooth. Pleurocystidia 29.0–33.7 × 11.1–13.6 μm, clavate to narrowly clavate, hyaline, smooth. Cuticle composed of large vesicles, pileocystidia 20.3–32.6 × 15.3–28.9 μm, spheropedunculate, hyaline. Caulocystidia 33.2–66.4 × 4.3–5.8 μm, cylindrical, rarely flexuose, hyaline, smooth.</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Grows in pastures and on soil.</p><p>Psilocybin-producing property.</p><p>nonproducing (ZRL 20180988, see Suppl. material 1: fig. S 11).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>In the phylogenetic tree (Fig. 3), P. pallidus is placed in subclade A 1. The phylogenetically closest species are P. limoniformisporus and P. medogensis . Panaeolus pallidus was observed to have a plane pileus (observed in ZRL 20190137), which is rarely observed in Panaeolus . In the field, P. grandis resembles P. pallidus in having light-colored basidiomes, but the two species differ in cheilocystidia, with P. pallidus having narrowly cylindrical and flexuose cheilocystidia, whereas P. grandis has tibiiform cheilocystidia with an inflated base.</p><p>Specimen examined.</p><p>China. Beijing, Fangshan District, Baicaopan Nature Park, 01 August 2019, Rui-Lin Zhao, ZRL 20190137 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/656C254715E7594EAE88760F74289D8D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	He, Mao-Qiang;Yang, Wen-Qiang;Phurbu, Dorji;Liu, Fei;Li, Jia-Xin;Cao, Bin;Zhao, Rui-Lin	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
B692FA7065615607B4F15CCB469990C1.text	B692FA7065615607B4F15CCB469990C1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Panaeolus papilionaceus (Bull.) Quel.	<div><p>Panaeolus papilionaceus (Bull.) Quél., Mém. Soc. Émul. Montbéliard, Sér. 2 5: 152 [122 repr.] (1872)</p><p>Fig. 15</p><p>Basionym.</p><p>Agaricus papilionaceus Bull., Herb. Fr. (Paris) 1: 561 (1781).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Pileus 4–19 (– 49) mm in diam., conical to broadly conical, surface dry, smooth, occasionally hygrophanous, color variable, from gray (pantone 427 c), grayish olive (pantone 7536 c) to black (pantone 412 c), brown (pantone 7587 c) is also observed (in ZRL 20220358), usually paler at edge, margin entire, covered by white, triangular veil remnants. Lamellae adnate, close, broad, mottled grayish first then becoming blackish when mature, entire, with a white edge. Stipe equal, hollow, 13–140 mm long, up to 2 mm thick, always the same color as pileus, gray to black, dark purple, paler above, smooth, pruinose especially on the side close to the cap, occasionally with whitish mycelium.</p><p>Basidiospores 15.7–18.3 × 9.6–12.4 μm, [x = 16.9 ± 0.6 × 11.5 ± 0.7, Q = 1.4–1.7, Q m = 1.3 ± 0.1, n = 20], limoniform, ellipsoid, blackish brown when mature, smooth, thick wall, protruding germ pore. Basidia 22.1–27.0 × 13.9–16.3 μm, 4 - spored, smooth, hyaline. Cheilocystidia 23.2–33.4 × 2.9–6.6 μm, cylindrical or narrowly clavate, flexuose, hyaline, smooth. Pleurocystidia absent. Cuticle composed of large vesicles, pileocystidia spheropedunculate, hyaline, some light brown, darker at the base. Caulocystidia 43.0–60.9 × 4.1–7.7 μm, cylindrical or narrowly clavate, flexuose, hyaline and light brown, smooth.</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Grows in pastures, on dung of horses and cows.</p><p>Psilocybin-producing.</p><p>Nonproducing (ZRL 20210652, see Suppl. material 1: fig. S 4).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Panaeolus papilionaceus is characterized by its small-sized basidiomes, a conical to broadly conical pileus, and limoniform basidiospores. An extremely small mature basidiome was observed in ZRL 20220202, in which the pileus is 4 mm in diam. and the stipe is 13 mm long.</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>China. Yunan Province: Dêqên Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Shangri-la City, 23 July 2012, collected by Rui-Lin Zhao, ZRL 2012412 ; Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region: Hulunbeier City, Lalantun, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=121.22278&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.545555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 121.22278/lat 47.545555)">Chaihe Wildlife Natural Reserve</a>, 47°32'44"N, 121°13'22"E, alt. 810 m, 27 August 2017, Zhilin Ling, ZRL 20170629 ; Xinbaerhuzuo County, 49°45'20"N, 120°12'9"E, alt. 510 m, 26 August 2017, Zhilin Ling, ZRL 20170653; Gansu Province: Wuwei, Tianzhu County, 19 August 2018, Bin Cao, ZRL 20181046 ; Beijing: Fangshan District, Baicaopan Nature Park, 1 August 2019, Rui-Lin Zhao, ZRL 20190135 ; Sichuan Province: Garze Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Litang County, 21 August 2019, Bin Cao, ZRL 20191490 ; Sichuan Province: Li County, 1 August 1958, Qionglin Hu, HMAS 23784; Jiuzhaigou, 9 June 1983, Huaan Wen, Jingjun Su, HMAS 51233 ; Xizang Autonomous Region: Nyingchi Municipality, Chawalong, 28.36.46°N, 98.5.22°E, alt. 4110 m, 21 July 2021, Mao-Qiang He, ZRL 20210652 ; Qamdo Municipality, Baxoi County, 29.47.37°N, 95.53.20°E, alt. 2870 m, 23 July 2021, Rui-Lin Zhao, ZRL 20210692, ZRL 20210750 ; Xizang Autonomous Region: Shigatse Municipality, Yadong County, 27.25.17°N, 88.56.32°E, alt. 3024 m, 26 July 2022, Mao-Qiang He, ZRL 20220092, ZRL 20220153, ZRL 20220201, ZRL 20220202, ZRL 20220203, ZRL 20220358 ; Gyirong County, 28.22.39°N, 85.19.40°E, alt. 2780 m, 2 nd August 2022, Jiaxin Li, ZRL 20220703; Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 24 August 1997, Huaan Wen, Suxiao Sun, HMAS 72699; Hubei Province: Shennongjia forestry district, Dajiuhu, 24 June 2023, Mao-Qiang He, ZRL 20230343 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B692FA7065615607B4F15CCB469990C1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	He, Mao-Qiang;Yang, Wen-Qiang;Phurbu, Dorji;Liu, Fei;Li, Jia-Xin;Cao, Bin;Zhao, Rui-Lin	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
C6C22B805A1854998D35CCF489051C94.text	C6C22B805A1854998D35CCF489051C94.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Panaeolus parvisporus (Ew. Gerhardt) Voto & Angelini	<div><p>Panaeolus parvisporus (Ew. Gerhardt) Voto &amp; Angelini, Mycological Observations 9: 21 (2024)</p><p>Fig. 16</p><p>Description.</p><p>Pileus 16–38 mm in diam., ovoid when young, then parabolic or occasionally convex when getting mature, light brown (pantone 4685 c), brown (pantone 4645 c), surface dry, surface could be cracked with erect darker scales, margin slightly exceeding gills. Lamellae adnate, close, broad, mottled grayish first then becoming blackish-brown when mature, entire, with a white edge. Stipe equal, hollow, 19–54 mm long, 2–4 mm thick, brown, usually con-color with the pileus, smooth, pruinose, base with whitish mycelium, base getting darker when touched or bruised.</p><p>Basidiospores 14.4–16.9 × 9.6–11.1 μm, [x = 15.7 ± 0.6 × 10.4 ± 0.5, Q = 1.4–1.6, Q m = 1.5 ± 0.1, n = 20], ellipsoid, elongate, blackish brown when mature, smooth, thick wall, germ pore distinctive. Basidia 26.4–33.8 × 9.6–12.1 μm, 4 - spored, smooth, hyaline. Cheilocystidia 18.6–30.4 × 3.5–8.2 μm, cylindrical or narrowly clavate, flexuose, occasionally with an inflated apex, hyaline and yellowish-brown, smooth. Pleurocystidia absent. Cuticle composed of large vesicles, pileocystidia 23.3–46.5 × 11.5–28.1 μm, spheropedunculate, hyaline, occasionally yellowish-brown. Caulocystidia 17.7–60.2 × 3.4–7.4 μm, cylindrical or narrowly clavate, flexuose, hyaline, occasionally light brown, smooth.</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Grows on fertile soil as pastures, grasslands, and forests.</p><p>Psilocybin-producing.</p><p>Nonproducing (ZRL 20170604, see Suppl. material 1: fig. S 3).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Panaeolus parvisporus is a recently proposed species based on P. papilionaceus var. parvisporus from the P. papilionaceus complex (Voto and Angelini 2024). Five samples from China share identical ITS sequences with two European samples of P. parvisporus . However, they differ in basidiospores, with our samples having larger basidiospores.</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>China. Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.2025&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.755554" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.2025/lat 49.755554)">Hulunbeier</a>, Xinbaerhuzuo County, 49°45'20"N, 120°12'9"E, alt. 510 m, 26 August 2017, Zhilin Ling, ZRL 20170602, ZRL 20170603, ZRL 20170604, ZRL 20170654 ; Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Chaihe Wildlife Nature Reserve, Zhalantun City, 25 August 2017, Zhilin Ling, ZRL 20170634 ; Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region: 11 September 1995, Xiaolan Mao, Cangkuan Wang, HMAS 69762 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C6C22B805A1854998D35CCF489051C94	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	He, Mao-Qiang;Yang, Wen-Qiang;Phurbu, Dorji;Liu, Fei;Li, Jia-Xin;Cao, Bin;Zhao, Rui-Lin	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
CC7B5A682898541B9B005D5238921E9C.text	CC7B5A682898541B9B005D5238921E9C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Panaeolus (Fr.) Quel.	<div><p>Panaeolus (Fr.) Quél., Mém. Soc. Émul. Montbéliard, Sér. 2 5: 151 (1872)</p><p>Basionym.</p><p>Agaricus subg. Panaeolus Fr.</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Panaeolus papilionaceus (Bull.) Quél.</p><p>Description.</p><p>the same as description of Galeropsidaceae .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>The morphological synapomorphy of Panaeolus is a relatively small basidiome with variegated lamellae and blackish brown basidiospores. All known species are saprotrophic, and many of them are coprophilous. It is a worldwide genus known from all continents except Antarctica. The psilocybin-producing trait is known to be distributed in subg. Bresadolomyces and subg. Panaeolina . Based on the results of the phylogenetic analyses, Crucispora is synonymized with Panaeolus and placed in subg. Bresadolomyces . Three subgenera of Panaeolus are recognized based on phylogenetic evidence.</p><p>Subgenera included.</p><p>subg. Bresadolomyces, subg. Panaeolina, subg. Panaeolus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CC7B5A682898541B9B005D5238921E9C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	He, Mao-Qiang;Yang, Wen-Qiang;Phurbu, Dorji;Liu, Fei;Li, Jia-Xin;Cao, Bin;Zhao, Rui-Lin	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
376F462B60BF57BDA7C627411BCB0116.text	376F462B60BF57BDA7C627411BCB0116.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Panaeolus semiovatus (Sowerby) S. Lundell & Nannf.	<div><p>Panaeolus semiovatus (Sowerby) S. Lundell &amp; Nannf., Fungi Exsiccati Suecici 11–12 (Sched.): 14 (no. 537) (1938)</p><p>Fig. 12</p><p>Basionym.</p><p>Agaricus semiovatus Sowerby</p><p>Description.</p><p>Pileus 7–41 mm in diam., ovoid when young, then parabolic (half-egg), surface dry, smooth (could be cracked where habitat is dry), glabrous, with light color from white to bright brown (pantone 4655 c), margin straight. Lamellae adnate, close, entire, broad, mottled grayish first then becoming blackish when mature, with a white edge. Stipe equal, hollow, 17–110 mm long, 1–7 mm thick, with some color as pileus, smooth, base occasionally could be brown, always with whitish mycelium. Annulus always remaining still mature, membranous, white, medium.</p><p>Basidiospores 18.9–22.3 × 10.9–12.6 μm, [x = 20.8 ± 0.9 × 11.7 ± 0.5, Q = 1.7–2.0, Q m = 1.8 ± 0.1, n = 20], ellipsoid, elongate, blackish brown when mature, smooth, thick wall, germ pore distinctive. Basidia 30.7–41.0 × 11.5–21.3 μm, 4 - spored, smooth, hyaline. Cheilocystidia 26.6–39.4 × 8.1–20.8 μm, with virous shapes, clavate with a slightly narrow apex, Y-shaped, pyriform, hyaline, smooth. Pleurocystidia absent. Cuticle composed of large vesicles, pileocystidia not observed. Caulocystidia not observed.</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Grows in pastures, on dung of horses and cows.</p><p>Psilocybin-producing.</p><p>Nonproducing (ZRL 20201278, see Suppl. material 1: fig. S 2).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Panaeolus semiovatus is characterized by its medium- to large-sized basidiomes, a parabolic and glabrous pileus of light color, and a permanent annulus that persists at maturity. These characteristics make it a morphologically distinctive species in the wild, especially because of its large-sized basidiomes.</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>China. Sichuan Province: Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Garzê, Batang County, Cuopugou, 20 July 2015, Mao-Qiang He, ZRL 2015429 ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.0938&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.660967" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.0938/lat 29.660967)">Zhubalong Natural Reserve</a>, 29°39'39.48"N, 99°5'37.68"E, alt. 4311 m, 19 August 2020, by Xin-Yu Zhu, Xi-Xi Han, ZRL 20201190, ZRL 20201375 ; Litang County, Zhaga Mountain, 20 August 2020, Xi-Xi Han, Bin Cao, ZRL 20201260, ZRL 20201261, ZRL 20201278 ; Nuoergai County, 13 September 1992, Xiaolan Mao, HMAS 61642; Gansu Province: Zhangye, Sunan County, Kangle, 27 August 2018, Ming-Zhe Zhang, ZRL 20181933 ; Beijing: Fangshan District, Baicaopan Nature Park, 1 August 2019, Rui-Lin Zhao, ZRL 20190162 ; Xizang Autonomous Region: Nyingchi Municipality, Mêdog County, Xironggou, 29.42.33°N, 95.35.8°E, alt. 2800 m, 25 July 2021, Bin Cao, ZRL 20210938, ZRL 20210939 ; 28°36'26"N, 98°6'11"E, alt. 3848 m, ZRL 20231351; Shigatse Municipality, Yadong County, 27.25.20°N, 88.55.6°E, alt. 3254, 27 July 2022, Mao-Qiang He, ZRL 20220286 ; Jilin Province: 2 September 1992, Zongliu Chen, Suxiao Sun, HMAS 59847; Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region: 10 August 1985, Li Fan, Yumei Li, HMAS 86009; Qinghai Province: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.43528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.92806" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.43528/lat 36.92806)">Beishan National Forestry Park</a>, 36°55'41"N, 102°26'7"E, alt. 2427 m, 9 July 2023, Mao-Qiang He, ZRL 20230570, ZRL 20235586, ZRL 20235598, ZRL 20235619 ; 38°3'13"N, 100°23'54"E, alt. 3297 m, 29 August 2023, Mao-Qiang He, ZRL 20235824 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/376F462B60BF57BDA7C627411BCB0116	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	He, Mao-Qiang;Yang, Wen-Qiang;Phurbu, Dorji;Liu, Fei;Li, Jia-Xin;Cao, Bin;Zhao, Rui-Lin	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
13D385C5D6345F4795BE7E95FE0CCBBD.text	13D385C5D6345F4795BE7E95FE0CCBBD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Panaeolus subfoenisecii M. Q. He & R. L. Zhao	<div><p>Panaeolus subfoenisecii M. Q. He &amp; R. L. Zhao sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 13</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>sub refers to it being morphologically the same and phylogenetically close to P. foenisecii .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Panaeolus subfoenisecii is phylogenetically sister to P. foenisecii but has smooth basidiospores.</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>CHINA. Xizang Autonomous Region: Shigatse Municipality, Gyirong County, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=40.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 40.0/lat 39.0)">Gyirong Town</a>, 28.22.39°N, 85.19.40°E, alt. 2780 m, 02 August 2022, Mao-Qiang He, HMAS 287492 (ZRL 20220850) .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Pileus 10.6–15.5 mm in diam., obtusely conic, brown (pantone 2470 c), disc darker (pantone 2469 c), hygrophanous, sometimes paler at margin, surface dry, radially rugulose, margin straight or decurved. Lamellae adnate, subdistant, broad, mottled grayish to blackish, entire, edge white. Stipe equal, hollow, 43.0– 52.1 mm long, 1.0–2.0 mm thick, brown, the same color as pileus (pantone 2469 c), smooth, longitudinally striate, pruinose on the side close to the cap, base with whitish mycelium.</p><p>Basidiospores 11.1–12.8 × 6.5–8.3 μm, [x = 12.2 ± 0.5 × 7.5 ± 0.1, Q = 1.4–1.8, Q m = 1.6 ± 0.1, n = 20], ellipsoid, smooth, brown, blackish brown, thick wall with germ pore. Basidia 17.1–23.9 × 8.5–11.7 μm, 4 - spored, smooth, hyaline. Cheilocystidia 14.4–43.6 × 3.1–7.7 μm, cylindro-clavate, with lightly inflated head and base, hyaline, smooth. Pleurocystidia absent. Cuticle composed of large vesicles, pileocystidia not observed. Caulocystidia absent.</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Grows on fertile soil as pastures and grasslands.</p><p>Psilocybin-producing.</p><p>Producing (ZRL 20220850, Suppl. material 1: fig. S 8).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Panaeolus subfoenisecii is phylogenetically close to and macromorphologically resembles P. foenisecii . The two species can be separated under the microscope in that P. subfoenisecii has smooth basidiospores, whereas P. foenisecii has verrucose basidiospores.</p><p>Specimen examined.</p><p>China. Xizang Autonomous Region: Shigatse Municipality, Gyirong County, Gyirong Town, 28.22.39°N, 85.19.40°E, alt. 2780 m, 02 nd August 2022, Mao-Qiang He, ZRL 20220801 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/13D385C5D6345F4795BE7E95FE0CCBBD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	He, Mao-Qiang;Yang, Wen-Qiang;Phurbu, Dorji;Liu, Fei;Li, Jia-Xin;Cao, Bin;Zhao, Rui-Lin	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
C91575F3B4CE5729A4A7CBED63705985.text	C91575F3B4CE5729A4A7CBED63705985.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Panaeolus variabilicolor M. Q. He & R. L. Zhao	<div><p>Panaeolus variabilicolor M. Q. He &amp; R. L. Zhao sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 14</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>variabilicolor (Lat.) refers to several colors of basidiome are observed.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Panaeolus variabilicolor has hygrophanous or non-hygrophanous pileus, limoniform basidiospores, and cylindrical, clavate caulocystidia.</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>CHINA. Xizang Autonomous Region: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.0/lat 17.0)">Shigatse Municipality</a>, Yadong County, 27.25.17°N, 88.56.32°E, alt. 3024 m, 26 July 2022, Mao-Qiang He, HMAS 287496 (ZRL 20220096) .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Pileus 7.8–32.5 mm in diam., campanulate, conic, surface dry, hygrophanous, non-hygrophanous, color variable, gray (pantone 427 c), grayish black (pantone 412 c), light brown (pantone 166 c), reddish brown (pantone 7583 c), sometimes longitudinally striate near the margin, margin straight, uplifted, or decurved, occasionally with veil remnants. Lamellae adnate, close, entire, mottled grayish first then becoming blackish when mature, with a white edge. Stipe equal, hollow, 37.4–135.9 mm long, 1–2.7 mm thick, with some but darker color as pileus, smooth, slightly pruinose when basidiomes are fresh or young, base with whitish mycelium.</p><p>Basidiospores 9.9–12.2 × 7.5–8.5 μm, [x = 10.7 ± 0.6 × 8.0 ± 0.3, Q = 1.2–1.4, Q m = 1.3 ± 0.1, n = 20], lager basidiospores were observed in ZRL 20220096 as 12.3–15.1 × 9.1–11.5 μm, [x = 14.1 ± 0.7 × 10.3 ± 0.7, Q = 1.3–1.5, Q m = 1.4 ± 0.1, n = 20], limoniform, blackish brown when mature, smooth, thick wall, germ pore distinctive. Basidia 18.2–27.2 × 7.0–10.1 μm, 4 - spored, smooth, hyaline. Cheilocystidia 15.4–34.8 × 3.8–8.2 μm, cylindrical with a slightly inflated apex and base, flexuose, hyaline, smooth. Pleurocystidia absent. Cuticle composed of large vesicles, pileocystidia not observed. Caulocystidia 12.9–53.8 × 4.2–7.8 μm, cylindrical, clavate.</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Grows on fertile soil as pastures, grasslands, and forests, and on dungs.</p><p>Psilocybin-producing.</p><p>Nonproducing (ZRL 20220096, see Suppl. material 1: fig. S 9).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Different basidiome colors were observed in P. variabilicolor . The variable basidiome color makes it difficult to distinguish this species in the field. For example, the basidiomes of ZRL 20210525 are orange brown and were found on dung in grassland. However, the basidiomes of ZRL 20220075 and ZRL 2022096 are grayish black and were found on soil in forest. Thus far, this species has only been found in the Xizang Autonomous Region. In the phylogenetic tree (Fig. 3), P. variabilicolor has a sister relationship with the clade composed of P. acuminatus and P. paludosus . Compared with these two species, P. variabilicolor can be easily distinguished by its relatively large basidiomes (7.8–32.5 mm in diam.).</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>China. Xizang Autonomous Region: Nyingchi Municipality, Chawalong, 28.33.44°N, 98.15.27°E, alt. 2670 m, 21 July 2021, Mao-Qiang He, ZRL 20210525 ; Shigatse Municipality, Yadong County, 27.25.17°N, 88.56.32°E, alt. 3024 m, 26 July 2022, Mao-Qiang He, ZRL 20220075, ZRL 20220205 ; Dinggyê County, 27.55.15°N, 87.21.37°E, alt. 3060 m, 29 July 2022, Dorji Phurbu, ZRL 20220144; Gyirong County, Gyirong Twon, 28.23.45°N, 85.23.34°E, alt. 3441 m, 2 August 2022, Jia-Xin Li, ZRL 20220735 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C91575F3B4CE5729A4A7CBED63705985	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	He, Mao-Qiang;Yang, Wen-Qiang;Phurbu, Dorji;Liu, Fei;Li, Jia-Xin;Cao, Bin;Zhao, Rui-Lin	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
B9A82FC5C57B512AB722D0C2E2039F4B.text	B9A82FC5C57B512AB722D0C2E2039F4B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Panaeolus xiaolanii M. Q. He & R. L. Zhao	<div><p>Panaeolus xiaolanii M. Q. He &amp; R. L. Zhao sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 17</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>xiaolanii is in honor of the Chinese mycologist Xiao-Lan Mao, who made a great contribution to the macrofungal research in China.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Panaeolus xiaolanii has small basidiomes with gray, hygrophanous pileus, limoniform basidiospores, and cylindrical, flexuose cheilocystidia.</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>CHINA. Xizang Autonomous Region: Shigatse Municipality, Yadong County, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=25.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 25.0/lat 8.0)">Xiayadong Village, Boluoka grassland</a>, 27.22.8°N, 88.58.25°E, alt. 2872 m, 22 July 2022, Mao-Qiang He, HMAS 287493 (ZRL 20220031).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Pileus 11–38 mm in diam., conical to broadly conical, surface dry, smooth, hygrophanous, color variable, from gray (pantone 427 c), grayish yellow (pantone 7536 c) to grayish black (pantone 412 c), usually paler at edge, some with crenulate margin, margin usually covered by white veil remnants. Lamellae adnate, close, broad, mottled grayish first then becoming blackish when mature, entire, with a white edge. Stipe equal, hollow, 34–130 mm long, 1–3 mm thick, always the same color as pileus, gray to black, dark purple, paler above, smooth, pruinose especially on the side close to the cap, base getting darker when touched or bruised and occasionally with whitish mycelium.</p><p>Basidiospores 13.8–16.3 × 10.7–12.0 μm, [x = 15.3 ± 0.7 × 11.4 ± 0.3, Q = 1.2–1.5, Q m = 1.3 ± 0.1, n = 20], limoniform, blackish brown when mature, smooth, thick wall, protruding germ pore. Basidia 19.1–26.9 × 12.9–15.8 μm, 4 - spored, smooth, hyaline. Cheilocystidia 23.3–32.4 × 3.9–7.4 μm, cylindrical or narrowly clavate, flexuose, hyaline, smooth. Pleurocystidia absent. Cuticle composed of large vesicles, pileocystidia not observed. Caulocystidia 31.4–55.7 × 5.5–9.6 μm, cylindrical or narrowly clavate, flexuose, hyaline and light brown, smooth.</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Grows in pastures, on dung of horses and cows.</p><p>Psilocybin-producing.</p><p>Nonproducing (ZRL 20220031, see Suppl. material 1: fig. S 5).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Compared with other phylogenetically closely related species, P. xiaolanii can be distinguished from P. papilionaceus in the field by its more conical and darker pileus. Additionally, the two species differ in basidiospores, with P. papilionaceus having ellipsoid basidiospores, whereas P. xiaolanii has limoniform basidiospores. It is difficult to separate P. xiaolanii from P. parvisporus in the field. A relatively distinguishable difference is the larger basidiospores of P. xiaolanii .</p><p>Other specimen examined.</p><p>China. Jilin Province: Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, Longjin City, Xianfeng National Forestry Park, 23 July 2016, ZRL 20160575 ; Xizang Autonomous Region: Shigatse Municipality, Yadong County, Xiayadong village, Boluoka grassland, 27.22.8°N, 88.58.25°E, alt. 2872 m, 22 July 2022, collected by Mao-Qiang He, ZRL 20220039, ZRL 20220044, ZRL 20220154, ZRL 20220155 ; Renqinggang, 27.25.20°N, 88.55.6°E, alt. 3254, 23 July 2022, Mao-Qiang He, ZRL 20220360, ZRL 20220381 ; Dinggyê County, Chentang Town, 27.52.17°N, 87.25.18°E, alt. 2600 m, 30 July 2022, Mao-Qiang He, ZRL 20220451, ZRL 20220452 ; Gyirong County, Jilonggou, 28.24.35°N, 85.18.54°E, alt. 2935 m, 1 st August 2022, Rui-Lin Zhao, ZRL 20220560 ; Chongse, 28.22.39°N, 85.19.40°E, alt. 2780 m, 2 nd August 2022, Bin Cao, ZRL 20220697 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B9A82FC5C57B512AB722D0C2E2039F4B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	He, Mao-Qiang;Yang, Wen-Qiang;Phurbu, Dorji;Liu, Fei;Li, Jia-Xin;Cao, Bin;Zhao, Rui-Lin	He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, Fei, Li, Jia-Xin, Cao, Bin, Zhao, Rui-Lin (2026): Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China. IMA Fungus 17: e 167329, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.17.167329
