taxonID	type	description	language	source
7771AF52FFE4FFDBFCA2FA6A3C9AFA0E.taxon	description	(Figs. 5 A – E and 6 A – E)	en	Villanueva-Bonilla, German Antonio, de Oliveira, Luiz Fernando Moura, Brescovit, Antonio Domingos, Riccardi, Paula Raile, de Andrade Santiago, Lílian, Vasconcellos-Neto, João (2025): Many problems for a solo mother: maternal care efficiency of the ghost spider of new genus Eldar (Araneae: Anyphaenidae, Anyphaeninae) against new species Pseudogaurax Malloch (Diptera: Chloropidae). The Science of Nature 112 (3): 1-19, DOI: 10.1007/s00114-025-01982-4, URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-025-01982-4
7771AF52FFE4FFDBFCA2FA6A3C9AFA0E.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Holotype male (MZUSP) BRAZIL, SP, Jundiaí, Serra do Japi (23 ° 11 ′ S, 46 ° 52 ′ W), 17 March 2021, manual collection, egg sacs of Elder sp., G. A. V. Bonilla leg. Paratypes: 11 male and 1 female (MZUSP) same data; 1 male and 1 female (MZUSP) same data, except 26 January 2021; 1 female (ZUEC-DIP 3682) same data, except 15 February 2015, field course, manual collection, egg sacs of Elder, G. Villanueva leg.; 2 females (ZUEC-DIP 3683) same data, except 15 February 2015, manual collection, egg sacs of Elder, T. M. Alvarenga leg.	en	Villanueva-Bonilla, German Antonio, de Oliveira, Luiz Fernando Moura, Brescovit, Antonio Domingos, Riccardi, Paula Raile, de Andrade Santiago, Lílian, Vasconcellos-Neto, João (2025): Many problems for a solo mother: maternal care efficiency of the ghost spider of new genus Eldar (Araneae: Anyphaenidae, Anyphaeninae) against new species Pseudogaurax Malloch (Diptera: Chloropidae). The Science of Nature 112 (3): 1-19, DOI: 10.1007/s00114-025-01982-4, URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-025-01982-4
7771AF52FFE4FFDBFCA2FA6A3C9AFA0E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Ocellar triangle black; scutum and scutellum entirely black dorsally and lateral margins pale yellow; scutellum as long as wide, with posterior edge round and apical scutellar setae not approximated; anepisternum with a black rounded spot; legs completely yellow; tibial organ orange; male surstylus with straight lateral edges in ventral view and a fringe of setae along the lower edge.	en	Villanueva-Bonilla, German Antonio, de Oliveira, Luiz Fernando Moura, Brescovit, Antonio Domingos, Riccardi, Paula Raile, de Andrade Santiago, Lílian, Vasconcellos-Neto, João (2025): Many problems for a solo mother: maternal care efficiency of the ghost spider of new genus Eldar (Araneae: Anyphaenidae, Anyphaeninae) against new species Pseudogaurax Malloch (Diptera: Chloropidae). The Science of Nature 112 (3): 1-19, DOI: 10.1007/s00114-025-01982-4, URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-025-01982-4
7771AF52FFE4FFDBFCA2FA6A3C9AFA0E.taxon	description	Description. Body length, 1.46 – 3 mm. Wing length, 1.4 – 3 mm. Head (Fig. 5 A – C). Wider than long dorsally and higher than long in profile, entirely yellow except for the dark postgena, black ocellar tubercle, and black ocellar triangle. Frons longer than wide, lateral margins subparallel, front margin straight, not projected anteriorly to the eye margin. Ocellar triangle polished black, extending to two-thirds length of frons, posterior margin same width of frons, lateral margins straight, apex acute. Eye oval, with whitish dense pilosity, long axis slightly oblique. Face higher than wide; facial carina absent; antenna mostly yellow, postpedicel round, as high as long, blackened apically; arista entirely dark, with short sparse pubescence, about two times as long as postpedicel; gena linear, covered with brownish setulae; one pale vibrissa; upper half of postgena darkened, whitish pilosity; occiput dark yellow; proboscis short, pale yellow; palpus pale yellow, equal in length to postpedicel, with whitish setulae; clypeus pale yellow. Pilosity: ocellars short, black, upright and slightly inclinate; postocellars three times as long as the ocellars, black, cruciate; outer vertical seta and inner vertical setae developed; eight upright black fronto-orbital setae, as long as the ocellars. Thorax (Fig. 5 A – B). Scutum quadrate, pale yellow on the lateral edges and black dorsally, covered with whitish setulae; one postpronotal seta; 1 + 2 notopleurals; one posterior dorsocentral seta developed, slightly shorter than outer vertical seta; postpronotal lobe yellow with or without a black spot, with long seta equal to notopleurals; postalar seta developed, about as long as dorsocentral seta. Pleuron bare, yellow, a dark round spot on the anterior edge of anepisternum. Scutellum black with the lateral margins pale yellow, flat on the disc, with black setulae, as long as wide, round apically; apical scutellar setae with separation equal to that of posterior ocelli and as long as scutellum length; lateral setae as long as the pilosity. Wing (Fig. 5 C). Hyaline with brown veins covered in sparse brown microtrichia; costal sections 1 – 4: 6: 6: 4: 3; veins R 4 + 5 and M 1 almost parallel; distance between r-m and dm-m about four times length of r-m. Halter pale yellow. Legs (Fig. 5 A). Pale yellow; posterior tibial organ short and oval, occupying less than half of tibia length, orange. Abdomen (Fig. 5 A – B). Tergite 1 + 2 and mesal part of the tergite 3 pale yellow, remaining tergites black. Male terminalia (Fig. 6 A – C). Remnant of the 6 th sternite with the apex arched, with a pair of small setae. Epandrium wider than long in terminal view; surstylus long and flat, with straight lateral edges in ventral view and a fringe of setae along the lower edge; cerci not fused mesally, cercus slightly long than wide, with one rounded lobe, with a very long seta. Hypandrium weakly sclerotized; basiphallus large; distiphallus short, and membranous, striate; pre- and postgonite fused (gonite), rounded apically, with four pairs sensory pores and one pair of small setae; phallapodemic sclerite rounded; phallapodeme short, with a pair of thin lateral extensions apically; sperm pump present. Female terminalia (Fig. 6 D – E). Segments 6 – 8 narrow, whitish; epiproct bare, with a pair of setae; hypoproct pilose; cerci yellow, long and narrow, with short setae.	en	Villanueva-Bonilla, German Antonio, de Oliveira, Luiz Fernando Moura, Brescovit, Antonio Domingos, Riccardi, Paula Raile, de Andrade Santiago, Lílian, Vasconcellos-Neto, João (2025): Many problems for a solo mother: maternal care efficiency of the ghost spider of new genus Eldar (Araneae: Anyphaenidae, Anyphaeninae) against new species Pseudogaurax Malloch (Diptera: Chloropidae). The Science of Nature 112 (3): 1-19, DOI: 10.1007/s00114-025-01982-4, URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-025-01982-4
7771AF52FFE4FFDBFCA2FA6A3C9AFA0E.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet “ vasconcellosi ” is selected by the species author to honor the Brazilian researcher João Vasconcellos Neto, for his contributions to the understanding of the interaction between egg-predator insects and spiders.	en	Villanueva-Bonilla, German Antonio, de Oliveira, Luiz Fernando Moura, Brescovit, Antonio Domingos, Riccardi, Paula Raile, de Andrade Santiago, Lílian, Vasconcellos-Neto, João (2025): Many problems for a solo mother: maternal care efficiency of the ghost spider of new genus Eldar (Araneae: Anyphaenidae, Anyphaeninae) against new species Pseudogaurax Malloch (Diptera: Chloropidae). The Science of Nature 112 (3): 1-19, DOI: 10.1007/s00114-025-01982-4, URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-025-01982-4
7771AF52FFE4FFDBFCA2FA6A3C9AFA0E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Three other Neotropical species of Pseudogaurax morphologically resemble P. vasconcellosi sp. nov. While, P. trabeatus (Duda) occurs only in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil (Marques et al. 2022), has a completely yellow scutellum, the remaining species have both scutum and scutellum darkened dorsally. The species P. tectus (Becker) is distinctive by having scutellum longer than wide, dark fore tibia and tarsi, pleuron unspotted and occurrence restricted to Peru (Sabrosky and Paganelli 1984; Becker 1916). The recently described P. alvinae Carvalho-Filho, Monteiro and Kloss (2024) is distinctive from P. vasconcellosi sp. nov. by having a silvery tibial organ, faded dark coloration on the scutum, scutellum, ocellar triangle and anepisternum, and occurrence restricted to the state of Espirito Santo, Brazil (Carvalho-Filho et al. 2024). Moreover, the male surstylus of P. alvinae has slightly curved lateral edges in ventral view and no fringe of setae along its lower edge.	en	Villanueva-Bonilla, German Antonio, de Oliveira, Luiz Fernando Moura, Brescovit, Antonio Domingos, Riccardi, Paula Raile, de Andrade Santiago, Lílian, Vasconcellos-Neto, João (2025): Many problems for a solo mother: maternal care efficiency of the ghost spider of new genus Eldar (Araneae: Anyphaenidae, Anyphaeninae) against new species Pseudogaurax Malloch (Diptera: Chloropidae). The Science of Nature 112 (3): 1-19, DOI: 10.1007/s00114-025-01982-4, URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-025-01982-4
7771AF52FFE4FFDBFCA2FA6A3C9AFA0E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biological notes. Egg sac predator of the ghost spider Eldar galadrielae sp. nov. There may be 1 – 3 larvae inside a single egg sac of the spider. Pupa is brown to dark orange in color. The larvae recorded in the field and taken to the laboratory began to make the cocoon 4 days after being collected. However, the nests of the spiders recorded were exposed to predation for a few days, so the exact time of the larval period may be more than 4 days. The cocoon lasted between 11 and 14 days before the adult individual emerged.	en	Villanueva-Bonilla, German Antonio, de Oliveira, Luiz Fernando Moura, Brescovit, Antonio Domingos, Riccardi, Paula Raile, de Andrade Santiago, Lílian, Vasconcellos-Neto, João (2025): Many problems for a solo mother: maternal care efficiency of the ghost spider of new genus Eldar (Araneae: Anyphaenidae, Anyphaeninae) against new species Pseudogaurax Malloch (Diptera: Chloropidae). The Science of Nature 112 (3): 1-19, DOI: 10.1007/s00114-025-01982-4, URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-025-01982-4
7771AF52FFE9FFD8FCA2F9D138A0F8F1.taxon	description	(Figs. 7 A – L, 8 A – H, 9 A – G, 10 A – H, and 11).	en	Villanueva-Bonilla, German Antonio, de Oliveira, Luiz Fernando Moura, Brescovit, Antonio Domingos, Riccardi, Paula Raile, de Andrade Santiago, Lílian, Vasconcellos-Neto, João (2025): Many problems for a solo mother: maternal care efficiency of the ghost spider of new genus Eldar (Araneae: Anyphaenidae, Anyphaeninae) against new species Pseudogaurax Malloch (Diptera: Chloropidae). The Science of Nature 112 (3): 1-19, DOI: 10.1007/s00114-025-01982-4, URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-025-01982-4
7771AF52FFE9FFD8FCA2F9D138A0F8F1.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Eldar galadrielae Oliveira and Brescovit sp. nov.	en	Villanueva-Bonilla, German Antonio, de Oliveira, Luiz Fernando Moura, Brescovit, Antonio Domingos, Riccardi, Paula Raile, de Andrade Santiago, Lílian, Vasconcellos-Neto, João (2025): Many problems for a solo mother: maternal care efficiency of the ghost spider of new genus Eldar (Araneae: Anyphaenidae, Anyphaeninae) against new species Pseudogaurax Malloch (Diptera: Chloropidae). The Science of Nature 112 (3): 1-19, DOI: 10.1007/s00114-025-01982-4, URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-025-01982-4
7771AF52FFE9FFD8FCA2F9D138A0F8F1.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The generic epithet is a noun in apposition to honor John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, who created the fictional character Eldar in literature, called the “ Star People. ” The name “ Eldar ” is a term from the Elven language, given to all Elves.	en	Villanueva-Bonilla, German Antonio, de Oliveira, Luiz Fernando Moura, Brescovit, Antonio Domingos, Riccardi, Paula Raile, de Andrade Santiago, Lílian, Vasconcellos-Neto, João (2025): Many problems for a solo mother: maternal care efficiency of the ghost spider of new genus Eldar (Araneae: Anyphaenidae, Anyphaeninae) against new species Pseudogaurax Malloch (Diptera: Chloropidae). The Science of Nature 112 (3): 1-19, DOI: 10.1007/s00114-025-01982-4, URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-025-01982-4
7771AF52FFE9FFD8FCA2F9D138A0F8F1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Males of Eldar resemble those of Aljassa Brescovit 1997, Hibana Brescovit 1997, Hatitia Brescovit 1997, Pipphuana Brescovit 1997 and Tafana Simon 1903 by having a conical embolic process and an embolic process apophysis in the copulatory bulb (long and transversal in Aljassa Brescovit 1997: Fig. 286; in Pipphuana, a wide conical inserted in the base of the embolic process Brescovit 1997: Fig. 301; in Tafana, conical and laminar, Oliveira and Brescovit 2021: Fig. 9 A – F; species of Hibana and Hatitia lack an embolic process apophysis, Brescovit 1997: Figs. 219, 221, 311, and 312). They differ by the embolic process apophysis with short base and conical, transversal (Figs. 8 G, 9 C, and 10 A – B). Additionaly, Eldar males present the retrolateral tibial apophysis in two branches. The anterior branch presents a furrow in the middle, and the posterior branch is pointed and curved. There is also an apical, basal retrolateral tibial apophysis finger-shaped, located below the anterior branch of the retrolateral tibial apophysis (Figs. 9 C – E and 10 A, E, F). Females of Eldar resemble those of Aljassa Brescovit 1997; Hatitia Brescovit 1997; Ilocomba Brescovit 1997; Macrophyes O. Pickard-Cambridge 1893; Tafana Simon 1903; and Wulfilopsis Soares and Camargo 1955 by having globose primary spermathecae in the posterior region of the vulva. The epigynal plate has a triangular hood in the anterior region in Aljassa, and Hatitia (see Brescovit 1997: Figs. 287, 313); triangular and semicircular in Ilocomba and Tafana (see Brescovit 1997 Fig. 208; Oliveira and Brescovit 2021, Figs. 4 F and 11 F); primary spermathecae are slender and elongated in Macrophyes (see Brescovit 1997: Fig. 145); and secondary spermathecae are oval with long copulatory ducts in Wulfilopsis (see Brescovit 1997: Fig. 40). Females of Eldar differ from others by presenting an epigynum without a hood in the anterior region, short lateral lobes, a large epigynal plate covering the entire posterior region, and irregular secondary spermathecae in the anterior third of the vulva (Figs. 9 F – G and 10 G – H).	en	Villanueva-Bonilla, German Antonio, de Oliveira, Luiz Fernando Moura, Brescovit, Antonio Domingos, Riccardi, Paula Raile, de Andrade Santiago, Lílian, Vasconcellos-Neto, João (2025): Many problems for a solo mother: maternal care efficiency of the ghost spider of new genus Eldar (Araneae: Anyphaenidae, Anyphaeninae) against new species Pseudogaurax Malloch (Diptera: Chloropidae). The Science of Nature 112 (3): 1-19, DOI: 10.1007/s00114-025-01982-4, URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-025-01982-4
7771AF52FFE9FFD8FCA2F9D138A0F8F1.taxon	description	Description. Midsize with total length (males and females) 3.7 – 5.3. Carapace sub-oval, straight in the anterior region and enlarged near coxae II – III, cephalic region moderately high (Figs. 8 B – C and 9 A – B). Eyes, in frontal view anterior row recurved and posterior row procurve (Fig. 8 C – D), and in dorsal view, with anterior row slightly recurved and posterior row straight (Fig. 9 A – B). Chelicerae long and projected, with length approximately half the length of the carapace in males, and about a third of the carapace length in females. The basal condyle is conspicuous (Figs. 7 A, 8 C – D, and 9 A – B), with four promarginal teeth and four to six retromarginal denticles (Fig. 7 A – B). Endites concave with wide base, short labium up to half endites, slightly excavated in the apex (Fig. 8 E). Sternum oval, with a rounded anterior border and a slightly elongated, rounded posterior border, not projecting between the coxae IV (Fig. 8 A – B – E). Long legs slightly hairy with robust spines, flat claw tuft setae with ridged sides directed outward (Fig. 7 G – H). Leg spination (formula in the e species description): Paired tarsal claws with 5 – 6 teeth (Fig. 7 G – H). Two rows of trichobothria with striated base on dorsum of the metatarsi and tarsi I – IV (Fig. 7 K). Tarsal organ teardropshaped, on the distal region of tarsus (Fig. 7 J), slit sensilla elongated on the tarsus (Fig. 7 I). Male palp: The tibiae have a complex of apophyses, with a bifid retrolateral tibial apophysis. The anterior branch of the apophysis is triangular, furrowed medially, and the posterior branch is pointed and curved. Basally, the anterior branch has a finger-shaped retrolateral tibial apophysis (Figs. 9 C – E and 10 A – E – F). Cymbium oval without projections, petiole basally subtriangular (Fig. 7 D – E); subtegulum basally massive with three rings, not prominent, transversely positioned behind of tegulum in the unexpanded palp (Figs. 8 F – H and 9 C); tegulum oval without ventral tegular projection (Figs. 9 A and 10 A); median apophysis sclerotized, long, and with a curved apex (Figs. 9 C – D and 10 A – C); sperm duct presenting three or four loops in expanded palp, internally traversing the embolic process reaching the embolus (Fig. 8 F – G); unexpanded palp two loops in ventral view, in U-shaped (Fig. 9 C); embolic process conical, with tranversal conical short apophysis apically (Figs. 8 G and 10 A – B); short embolus, filiform and curved pro-apically (Fig. 10 A – D). Abdomen: oval, with dorsal setae and two pairs of dorsal median muscle impressions (Fig. 9 A – B); epiandrous spigots absent in males (Fig. 7 L); tracheal spiracle closer to epigastric furrow (Fig. 8 A – B). Spinnerets (only male of Eldar galadrielae sp. nov. surveyed): anterior spinnerets bisegmented, with basal article large and distal article conical, with several piriform gland spigots (Fig. 7 C – D) and one ampullate glands spigot (not visible in Fig. 7 D, observed by SEM images); median spinnerets unsegmented, with several aciniform and one minor ampullate gland spigots (Fig. 7 C – E); posterior spinnerets bisegmented with basal and distal articles cylindrical, with several aciniform gland spigots (Fig. 7 C – F); colulus (not visible in Fig. 7 C, observed by SEM images). Epigynum without anterior hood (Figs. 9 F and 10 G), with short and straight lateral lobes (Figs. 9 F and 10 G), atrium short (Fig. 10 G), wide, triangular epigynal plate, copulatory openings conspicuous (Figs. 9 F and 10 G). Internally with shortand sinuous copulatory ducts (Figs. 9 G and 10 H), irregular secondary spermathecae in the anterior third region (Figs. 9 G and 10 H), globous primary spermathecae projected posteriorly in the vulva (Fig. 10 H), fertilization ducts long (Figs. 9 G and 10 H).	en	Villanueva-Bonilla, German Antonio, de Oliveira, Luiz Fernando Moura, Brescovit, Antonio Domingos, Riccardi, Paula Raile, de Andrade Santiago, Lílian, Vasconcellos-Neto, João (2025): Many problems for a solo mother: maternal care efficiency of the ghost spider of new genus Eldar (Araneae: Anyphaenidae, Anyphaeninae) against new species Pseudogaurax Malloch (Diptera: Chloropidae). The Science of Nature 112 (3): 1-19, DOI: 10.1007/s00114-025-01982-4, URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-025-01982-4
7771AF52FFEAFFDCFCA2F8DC38DCF91D.taxon	description	(Figs. 7 A – L, 8 A – H, 9 A – G, 10 A – H, and 11).	en	Villanueva-Bonilla, German Antonio, de Oliveira, Luiz Fernando Moura, Brescovit, Antonio Domingos, Riccardi, Paula Raile, de Andrade Santiago, Lílian, Vasconcellos-Neto, João (2025): Many problems for a solo mother: maternal care efficiency of the ghost spider of new genus Eldar (Araneae: Anyphaenidae, Anyphaeninae) against new species Pseudogaurax Malloch (Diptera: Chloropidae). The Science of Nature 112 (3): 1-19, DOI: 10.1007/s00114-025-01982-4, URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-025-01982-4
7771AF52FFEAFFDCFCA2F8DC38DCF91D.taxon	materials_examined	Types. Male holotype from Estação Ecológica e Floresta Estadual de Angatuba (23 ° 24 ′ 57 ″ S, 48 ° 21 ′ 39 ″ W), Itapetininga, São Paulo, Brazil, 11 – 16 November 2002, Equipe Biota leg., deposited in IBSP 138707. Female paratype from Itapevi (23 ° 32 ′ 56 ″ S, 46 ° 56 ′ 02 ″ W), São Paulo, Brazil, January – December 1999, C. Bertim and V. Onófrio leg., deposited in IBSP 115682.	en	Villanueva-Bonilla, German Antonio, de Oliveira, Luiz Fernando Moura, Brescovit, Antonio Domingos, Riccardi, Paula Raile, de Andrade Santiago, Lílian, Vasconcellos-Neto, João (2025): Many problems for a solo mother: maternal care efficiency of the ghost spider of new genus Eldar (Araneae: Anyphaenidae, Anyphaeninae) against new species Pseudogaurax Malloch (Diptera: Chloropidae). The Science of Nature 112 (3): 1-19, DOI: 10.1007/s00114-025-01982-4, URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-025-01982-4
7771AF52FFEAFFDCFCA2F8DC38DCF91D.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name is a tribute to the wood elves, a fictional character created by J. R. R. Tolkien. Galadriel, one of the elves, is known as the Keeper of Neya, the Water Ring.	en	Villanueva-Bonilla, German Antonio, de Oliveira, Luiz Fernando Moura, Brescovit, Antonio Domingos, Riccardi, Paula Raile, de Andrade Santiago, Lílian, Vasconcellos-Neto, João (2025): Many problems for a solo mother: maternal care efficiency of the ghost spider of new genus Eldar (Araneae: Anyphaenidae, Anyphaeninae) against new species Pseudogaurax Malloch (Diptera: Chloropidae). The Science of Nature 112 (3): 1-19, DOI: 10.1007/s00114-025-01982-4, URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-025-01982-4
7771AF52FFEAFFDCFCA2F8DC38DCF91D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The same is presented for genus in the generic description.	en	Villanueva-Bonilla, German Antonio, de Oliveira, Luiz Fernando Moura, Brescovit, Antonio Domingos, Riccardi, Paula Raile, de Andrade Santiago, Lílian, Vasconcellos-Neto, João (2025): Many problems for a solo mother: maternal care efficiency of the ghost spider of new genus Eldar (Araneae: Anyphaenidae, Anyphaeninae) against new species Pseudogaurax Malloch (Diptera: Chloropidae). The Science of Nature 112 (3): 1-19, DOI: 10.1007/s00114-025-01982-4, URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-025-01982-4
7771AF52FFEAFFDCFCA2F8DC38DCF91D.taxon	description	Descriprion. Male (IBSP 138707). Carapace brown with darker spots in V-shaped in dorsal view and sternum yellow. Chelicerae reddish brown. Endites and labium yellow. Legs yellowish, with darker dots on the femurs and tibiae and yellow in the tarsi and metatarsi. Abdomen cream, with darker dorsal spots or bands (Figs. 8 A – E and 9 A). Total length 3.90. Carapace 1.60 long, 1.30 wide. Clypeus 0.06. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.06, ALE 0.08, PME 0.08, PLE 0.08, AME – AME 0.02, AME – ALE 0.04, PME – PME 0.10, PME – PLE 0.6, ALE – PLE 0.04. Chelicerae 0.6 long, with four promarginal teeth and six retromarginal denticles, with relative sizes of shaft longer that fang base (Fig. 7 A – B). Leg measurements: I — femur 2.0 / patella 0.68 / tibia 2.1 / metatarsus 2.0 / tarsus 0.9 / total 7.68; II — 1.3 / 0.6 / 1,25 / 1.3 / 0.6 / 5.05; I I I — 1. 1 5 / 0. 5 / 0. 7 3 / 1. 1 5 / 0. 4 8 / 4. 0 1; IV — 1.6 / 0.6 / 1.32 / 1.75 / 0.5 / 5.77. Leg spination: leg I — tibia v 2 – 2 – 0, p 0 – 0 – 1, r 0 – 0 – 1, metatarsus v 2 – 2 – 0, p 0 – 1 – 0, r 0; II — tibia v 2 – 2 – 0, p 0 – 1 – 0, r 0, metatarsus v 2 – 2 – 0, p 0 – 1 – 0, r 0; III — tibia v 2 – 2 – 2, p 0 – 0 – 1, r 0 – 0 – 1, metatarsus v 2 – 0 – 2, p 1 – 1 – 1, r 1 – 0 – 1 d – 1; IV — tibia v 1 – 2 – 2, p 0 – 1 – 1, r 0 – 1 – 1, metatarsus v 2 – 2 – 2, p 1 – 1 – 1 d – 1, r 1 – 1 – 1 d – 1. Abdomen: length 2.6, epigastric furrow 0.5 from tracheal spiracle, spiracle 0.85 from base of spinnerets. Palp as described in the genus description (Figs. 8 F – H, 9 C – E, and 10 A – F). Female (IBSP 115682). Carapace and sternum white pale. Chelicerae yellow. Endites and labium pale. Legs yellowish, paler. Abdomen white pale without spots or bands (Figs. 6 B – D and 7 B). Total length 4.3. Carapace 1.9 long, 1.4 wide. Clypeus 0.04. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.06, ALE 0.08, PME 0.08, PLE 0.08, AME – AME 0.04, AME – ALE 0.04, PME – PME 0.14, PME – PLE 0.08, and ALE – PLE 0.04. Chelicerae 0.6 long, with four promarginal teeth and four retromarginal denticles. Leg measurements: I — femur 1.9 / patella, 0.7 / tibia, 2.0 / metatarsus, 1.9 / tarsus, 0.82 / total 7.32; II — 1.5 / 0.55 / 1.4 / 1.58 / 0.58 / 5.61; III — 1.3 / 0.5 / 0.9 / 1.10 / 0.49 / 4.29; IV — 2.0 / 0.6 / 1.7 / 2.1 / 0.6 / 7.0. Leg spination: Leg I — tibia v 2 – 2 – 0, p 0, r 0, metatarsus v 2 – 2 – 0, p 0, r 0; II — tibia v 2 – 2 – 0, p 0, r 0, metatarsus v 2 – 0 – 0, p 0 – 1 d – 0 – 0, r 0; III — tibia v 1 – 1 – 0, p 0 – 1 – 1, r 0 – 1 d – 0 – 1, metatarsus v 2 – 0 – 2, p 1 – 1 – 1, r 1 – 0 – 1; IV — tibia v 1 – 1 – 2, p 0 – 1 – 1, r 0 – 1 – 1, metatarsus v 2 – 0 – 2, p 1 – 1 – 1, r 1 – 1 – 1. Abdomen: length 2.2, epigastric furrow 0.6 from tracheal spiracle, spiracle 1.1 from base of spinnerets. Epigynum as described for genus description (Figs. 9 F – G and 10 G – H). Variation. Males (n = 10): total length 3.7 – 4.7; carapace length 1.6 – 2.15; femur I length 1.6 – 2.9. Females (n = 10): total length 3.5 – 5.3; carapace length 1.45 – 1.8; femur I length 1.3 – 1.8.	en	Villanueva-Bonilla, German Antonio, de Oliveira, Luiz Fernando Moura, Brescovit, Antonio Domingos, Riccardi, Paula Raile, de Andrade Santiago, Lílian, Vasconcellos-Neto, João (2025): Many problems for a solo mother: maternal care efficiency of the ghost spider of new genus Eldar (Araneae: Anyphaenidae, Anyphaeninae) against new species Pseudogaurax Malloch (Diptera: Chloropidae). The Science of Nature 112 (3): 1-19, DOI: 10.1007/s00114-025-01982-4, URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-025-01982-4
7771AF52FFEAFFDCFCA2F8DC38DCF91D.taxon	materials_examined	Other material examined. BRAZIL. Espírito Santo: Aracruz, REFMU do Morro do Aricanga (19 ° 49 ′ 12 ″ S, 40 ° 16 ′ 22 ″ W), main trail to the watchman’s house, 1 male, 14 – 16 October 2005 (IBSP 222695); 1 male (IBSP 133468); 1 male (IBSP 133506), all collected by T. Souza et al .. Rio de Janeiro: Itatiaia, Parque Nacional de Itatiaia (22 ° 22 ′ 31 ″ S, 44 ° 39 ′ 44 ″ W), 1 male, 12 – 17 November 2013, R. P. Indicatti and B. Cabarini leg. (IBSP 295471). São Paulo: Jundiaí, Serra do Japi (23 ° 14 ′ 00 ″ S, 46 ° 58 ′ 00 ″ W), 2 females, January 1999, A. J. Santos leg. (IBSP 37717); 4 males and 3 females, 15 – 17 December 2014, USP Students leg. (IBSP 280035); 1 male and 1 female, 25 November 2015 (IBSP 280034); 1 male and 1 female (IBSP 280032); 1 male and 1 female (IBSP 280036); 3 females, without data (IBSP 280036), all collected by J. Vasconcelos-Neto; São Paulo, Parque Estadual Fontes do Ipiranga (23 ° 38 ′ 24.6 ″ S, 46 ° 37 ′ 3.1 ″ W), 1 female, 25 November 2017 (IBSP 222771); 1 female, 17 December 2017 (IBSP 222782); 1 male, 17 December 2017 (IBSP 222797), all collected by Z. R. Mendes; São Paulo, Campus Instituto Butantan (23 ° 33 ′ 00 ″ S, 46 ° 43 ′ 00 ″ W), 2 males, 23 November 2006, C. Borreli-Junior leg. (IBSP 72562); Parque Estadual do Jaraguá (23 ° 27 ′ 34.3 ″ S, 46 ° 46 ′ 02.8 ″ W), 1 male, 2010 – 2011, R. P. Indicatti leg. (IBSP 224824); Itapevi (23 ° 32 ′ 56 ″ S, 46 ° 56 ′ 02 ″ W), 1 male and 1 female, January – December 1999 (IBSP 115668); 1 male (IBSP 115676); 1 male (IBSP 115663); 1 female (IBSP 115678); 1 male (IBSP 115669), all collected by C. Bertim and V. Onófrio; Itapetininga, Estação Ecológica e Floresta Estadual de Angatuba (23 ° 24 ′ 57 ″ S, 48 ° 21 ′ 39 ″ W), 1 male, 11 – 16 November 2002 (IBSP 138705); 1 male (IBSP 138715); 1 male (IBSP 138721); 1 male (IBSP 138706); 1 male (IBSP 138713); 1 male (IBSP 138703), all collected by Equipe Biota.	en	Villanueva-Bonilla, German Antonio, de Oliveira, Luiz Fernando Moura, Brescovit, Antonio Domingos, Riccardi, Paula Raile, de Andrade Santiago, Lílian, Vasconcellos-Neto, João (2025): Many problems for a solo mother: maternal care efficiency of the ghost spider of new genus Eldar (Araneae: Anyphaenidae, Anyphaeninae) against new species Pseudogaurax Malloch (Diptera: Chloropidae). The Science of Nature 112 (3): 1-19, DOI: 10.1007/s00114-025-01982-4, URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-025-01982-4
7771AF52FFEAFFDCFCA2F8DC38DCF91D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Brazil (states of Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo) (Fig. 11).	en	Villanueva-Bonilla, German Antonio, de Oliveira, Luiz Fernando Moura, Brescovit, Antonio Domingos, Riccardi, Paula Raile, de Andrade Santiago, Lílian, Vasconcellos-Neto, João (2025): Many problems for a solo mother: maternal care efficiency of the ghost spider of new genus Eldar (Araneae: Anyphaenidae, Anyphaeninae) against new species Pseudogaurax Malloch (Diptera: Chloropidae). The Science of Nature 112 (3): 1-19, DOI: 10.1007/s00114-025-01982-4, URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-025-01982-4
