taxonID	type	description	language	source
700AE952FF93FF98FF36FCA7FCF5FD1E.taxon	materials_examined	Lectotype (designated by Burdet et al. 1987): — SPAIN. Málaga: In regione calidâ superiori et montanâ, suprà Estepona, Summer 1838 [nec In regione montana, in ditione Serranía de Ronda inter montem Sierra de la Nieve et pagum Igualeja, 28 July 1838], Haenseler s. n. (G 00424234 [image!]; isolectotype: G 00424235 [image!]).	en	Solanas, Federico Casimiro-Soriguer, García-Sánchez, José, Farminhão, João (2025): Clinopodium arundanum (Lamiaceae): a long-overlooked and taxonomically misinterpreted serpentinophyte, endemic to the Spanish fir forests of Sierra Bermeja (Andalusia, Spain). Phytotaxa 732 (1): 1-20, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.732.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.732.1.1
700AE952FF93FF98FF36FCA7FCF5FD1E.taxon	description	Description: — Suffruticose perennial herb, prostrate, up 50 cm tall, villose-glandulose, slighty aromatic, with woody rhizomes and stock. Stems woody, slender, (0.5 –) 1 (– 1.5) mm in diameter, stoloniferous, very branched; in the upper part herbaceous and very leafy; hairy, densely villose-glandulose, with eglandular hairs 2 – 2.5 mm long, and glandular hairs 1 – 1.5 mm long. Leaves ovate to suborbicular, 10 – 15 (– 23) × 9 – 14 mm, with a length / width ratio of 0.9 – 1 (– 1.5), rounded at base, acute at apex, shallowly and remotely crenate-serrate, petiolate, villose-glandulose; eglandular hairs 2 – 2.5 mm long, glandular hairs 1 – 1.5 mm long, with sessile, globose glands on the abaxial surface; veins curved towards the apex; petiole shorter than blade, villose. Inflorescence cymose, in the apex of the aerial stems, formed by 1 – 3 (– 4) spaced verticillasters; axis densely villose-glandulose with long glandular and eglandular hairs; bracts similar to the leaves or ovate-elliptic, generally shorter than the verticillaster, with hairs and glands identical to those of the leaves; verticillaster up to 3 cm wide, with 6 – 14 flowers, bracteoles linear, as long as the tube calyx, with glandular and eglandular hairs up to 1.5 mm long. Calyx 10 mm long, bilabiate, subsessile with peduncle up to 1 mm long in flower, hidden by the villose-glandulose indumentum, peduncle accrescent and less hairy in fruit, calyx-tube 6 – 7 mm long, tubular, slightly curved, with 13 nerves, villose-glandulose outside, with glandular and eglandular hairs 1 – 1.5 mm long, sessile globose glands, and with a line of hairs inside on the distal half (carpostegium); upper lip with 3 teeth, triangular-subulate, 3 – 4 mm long; lower lip with 2 narrower teeth, triangular-subulate 4 – 5 mm long, all teeth with indumentun as tube. Corolla bilabiate, exert, resupinate, 13 – 14 mm long, laxly hairy; tube white; lips very pale lilac to whitish with the margins showing a more intense tonality, upper lip 3 - lobed, lower lip 1 - lobed, emarginate. Stamens didynamous, little exert, not extending beyond the lower lip, anthers purple, pollen white. Style slightly 2 - branched at the apex, with unequal branches, little exert, generally not extending beyond the lower lip. Nutlets ovoid, 1.25 × 1 mm, brown, smooth with a whitish insertion surface.	en	Solanas, Federico Casimiro-Soriguer, García-Sánchez, José, Farminhão, João (2025): Clinopodium arundanum (Lamiaceae): a long-overlooked and taxonomically misinterpreted serpentinophyte, endemic to the Spanish fir forests of Sierra Bermeja (Andalusia, Spain). Phytotaxa 732 (1): 1-20, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.732.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.732.1.1
700AE952FF93FF98FF36FCA7FCF5FD1E.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Flowering begins at the end of June, with full bloom in mid-July, continuing throughout August – September. Fruiting begins in July, and dispersal occurs from August onwards. At the end of September, most plants have already dispersed their fruits, or they are in fruit, however, it is not rare to find some individuals with flowers in anthesis.	en	Solanas, Federico Casimiro-Soriguer, García-Sánchez, José, Farminhão, João (2025): Clinopodium arundanum (Lamiaceae): a long-overlooked and taxonomically misinterpreted serpentinophyte, endemic to the Spanish fir forests of Sierra Bermeja (Andalusia, Spain). Phytotaxa 732 (1): 1-20, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.732.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.732.1.1
700AE952FF93FF98FF36FCA7FCF5FD1E.taxon	etymology	Etymology: — Boissier´s species name ‘ arundana’, derives from Arunda, the ibero-roman old name for the town currently named Ronda, the most important urban centre in the Serranía de Ronda territory.	en	Solanas, Federico Casimiro-Soriguer, García-Sánchez, José, Farminhão, João (2025): Clinopodium arundanum (Lamiaceae): a long-overlooked and taxonomically misinterpreted serpentinophyte, endemic to the Spanish fir forests of Sierra Bermeja (Andalusia, Spain). Phytotaxa 732 (1): 1-20, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.732.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.732.1.1
700AE952FF93FF98FF36FCA7FCF5FD1E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Narrowly endemic to the western limit of the Sierra Bermeja mountains. This mountain massif is situated in the southwestern part of the Baetic System (Fig. 4 A), in the Málaga province. Within Sierra Bermeja, C. arundanum occurs exclusively on the northern slope of Los Reales Peak and its surrounding area (Fig. 4 B), which are protected under Andalusian law as Paraje Natural Los Reales de Sierra Bermeja.	en	Solanas, Federico Casimiro-Soriguer, García-Sánchez, José, Farminhão, João (2025): Clinopodium arundanum (Lamiaceae): a long-overlooked and taxonomically misinterpreted serpentinophyte, endemic to the Spanish fir forests of Sierra Bermeja (Andalusia, Spain). Phytotaxa 732 (1): 1-20, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.732.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.732.1.1
700AE952FF93FF98FF36FCA7FCF5FD1E.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat: — Clinopodium arundanum occurs in the understorey and at the edge of forests dominated by Abies pinsapo Boiss. (pinsapares) or more rarely by Pinus pinaster Aiton, on north-facing slopes, between (860 –) 1100 – 1430 m a. s. l., under a Mediterranean climate in supra-mesomediterraneam thermotypes, whith annual rainfall exceeding 1000 mm. The Abies pinsapo forest of Los Reales Peak and its surrounding area, represents the last surviving stand on ultramafic soil of this fir, endemic to the Serranía de Ronda. Within this area, C. arundanum occurs in two main habitats, always on ultramafic soils. One habitat corresponds to the deeply shaded understorey of the pinsapares, under a dense canopy, growing on humic well-developed soils (Fig. 5). In this habitat lichens and mosses dominate, and vascular plants are scarce. Co-occurring angiosperms include Cerastium gibraltaricum Boiss., Festuca grex ampla Hack. and Rubia occidens Capelo, M. Seq. & H. Schaef. The second habitat corresponds to scree slopes within ravines with intermittent streams that cross the forested area, where the tree canopy is sparse or absent. It is in this habitat where C. arundanum reaches the highest densities. Here, C. arundanum grows among rock boulders (Fig. 5), and co-occurring taxa include Galium mollugo L., Scrophularia scorodonia L., Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kunh, and other heliophilous plants such as Ulex baeticus Boiss. subsp. baeticus and Cistus populifolius L., as well as saxicolous taxa, namely Chaenorrhinum grex villosum (L.) Lange, and even higrophilous taxa in wet slopes as Erica terminalis Salisb. and Molinia caerulea (L.) Moench, in addition to the species mentioned for the understorey habitat. Biotic interactions: — Bees, including Amegilla sp. (Fig. 6 A) and cf. Colletes, butterflies (Fig. 6 B) and bee flies (Bombyliidae) were observed as flower visitors.	en	Solanas, Federico Casimiro-Soriguer, García-Sánchez, José, Farminhão, João (2025): Clinopodium arundanum (Lamiaceae): a long-overlooked and taxonomically misinterpreted serpentinophyte, endemic to the Spanish fir forests of Sierra Bermeja (Andalusia, Spain). Phytotaxa 732 (1): 1-20, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.732.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.732.1.1
700AE952FF93FF98FF36FCA7FCF5FD1E.taxon	conservation	Preliminary conservation status: — Clinopodium arundanum is documented by 17 herbarium collections, made between 1838 and 2025, and 3 observations. Taken together, these records represent 10 occurrences, all made in Los Reales de Sierra Bermeja, a Natura 2000 site, protected also as ‘ Paraje Natural Los Reales de Sierra Bermeja’. The 10 existing occurrences represent a single subpopulation consisting of an estimated 3,083 individuals (2025 census data), including 2,820 in Pinsapar de Los Reales, 30 in Pinsapar de la Mujer, 2 in Pinsapar del Castellón, all associated to stands of Spanish fir (Abies pinsapo), along with 231 individuals in Barranco del Algarrobo, in a stand of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster). A single location can be considered with respect to the most serious plausible threat of forest fires, to which Spanish fir forests, the main habitat of C. arundanum, are not resilient. Forest fires, which are expected to become more recurrent in the projected climate change scenarios, promote the growth of pine forests, where C. arundanum is less abundant, and of heliophilous shrublands dominated by Ulex baeticus subsp. baeticus, and Cistus populifolius, where C. arundanum has never been found. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is calculated as 0.7 km 2, but since it is less than the AOO it is changed to 8 km 2 to equal the AOO for conceptual consistency, falling within the limits for Critically Endangered status under criterion B 1). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 8 km 2 (within the limits for Critically Endangered status under criterion B 2). Given the high impact of stochastic events in small and geographically restricted populations, ex situ conservation, namely seed banking and cultivation at El Castillejo Botanical Gardens (El Bosque, Cádiz) — property of the Andalusian government, which focus is the flora of Serranía de Ronda — should also be regarded as a priority. Considering the extremely narrow EOO and AOO, the existence of a single location, and the inferred (e. g., 2021 forest fire) and projected continuing decline in habitat extent and quality, C. arundanum is thus assigned a preliminary risk of extinction status of Critically Endangered [CR B 1 ab (iii) + 2 ab (iii)].	en	Solanas, Federico Casimiro-Soriguer, García-Sánchez, José, Farminhão, João (2025): Clinopodium arundanum (Lamiaceae): a long-overlooked and taxonomically misinterpreted serpentinophyte, endemic to the Spanish fir forests of Sierra Bermeja (Andalusia, Spain). Phytotaxa 732 (1): 1-20, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.732.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.732.1.1
700AE952FF93FF98FF36FCA7FCF5FD1E.taxon	materials_examined	Additional specimens examined: — SPAIN. Málaga: Sierra Bermeja, among serpentines, 1150 m, local, 16 August 1978, B. Molesworth Allen 11010 (SEV 108345!); Carril entre Peñas Blancas y Monte del Duque, serpentinas, pastizal umbrío, 22 July 1993, A. V. Pérez Latorre e t al. (MGC 71159!); Pico Los Reales, 30 SUF 0140, 1300 m, 22 July 1993, A. Lora et al. s. n. (COA 46332!); Pinsapar de Los Reales, 1200 m, 8 June 1995, D. Navas et al. s. n. (MGC 53613!); Los Reales de Genalguacil, Carril Plazoleta, 30 SUF 0241, 880 m, 25 June 2005, O. Gavira s. n. (MGC 70743!); Genalguacil, pinsapar sobre rocas ultrabásicas, 36.491 11, – 5.20333, 29 June 2016, P. Escobar García 1568 / 2016 (W 0226583 [image!]); Casares, Sierra Bermeja, Cresterío occidental de Los Reales, pinsapar de la Mujer, sotobosque del pinsapar, peridotitas, 36.485 9540, – 5.2116413, 1350 m, 16 July 2025, F. Soriguer & J. García-Sánchez s. n. (MGC 96720!, MGC 96721!, COI!). Genalguacil, Sierra Bermeja, cara norte de los Reales, vereda del pinsapar, saxícola en fisuras anchas de roquedos umbríos, peridotitas, 36.490 9340, – 5.2026010, 1160 m, 26 June 2025, F. Soriguer, J. García-Sánchez & J. Farminhão s. n. (MGC 96705!, COI!); Ibidem, debajo de la antena, sotobosque del pinsapar, gleras, peridotitas, 36.486 2739, – 5.2069026, 1401 m, 16 July 2025, F. Soriguer & J. García-Sánchez s. n. (MGC 96715!); Genalguacil, Sierra Bermeja, Garganta del Algarrobo, entre el carril del Monte del Duque y el pinsapar de Los Reales, talud rocoso, en grietas, peridotitas junto al barranco, 36.496 4440, – 5.2019100, 900 m, 26 June 2025, F. Soriguer, J. García-Sánchez & J. Farminhão s. n. (MGC 96703!, COI!); Ibidem, Garganta del Algarrobo, a su paso por el pinsapar de Los Reales, sotobosque por debajo del pinsapar y gleras de grandes bloques en el barranco, peridotitas, 36.489 386, – 5.207190, 1178 m, 26 September 2025, F. Soriguer & J. García-Sánchez s. n. (MGC 96727!, MGC 96728!, COI!); Ibidem, entre el carril del Monte del Duque y el pinsapar de Los Reales, talud rocoso húmedo, peridotitas, 36.494 248, – 5.202950, 970 m, 26 September 2025, F. Soriguer & J. García-Sánchez s. n. (MGC 96730!); Ibidem, por debajo del carril al Monte del Duque, talud rocoso en el borde del barranco, peridotitas, 36.497 799, – 5.200743, 860 m, 26 September 2025, F. Soriguer & J. García-Sánchez s. n. (MGC 96731!). Genalguacil, Sierra Bermeja, Pinsapar de Los Reales, al comienzo de la Vereda de los Pinsapos, gleras de grandes bloques en la vereda, pinsapar quemado en 2021, peridotitas, 36.491 1199, – 5.2030641, 1137 m, 16 July 2025, F. Soriguer & J. García-Sánchez s. n. (MGC 96722!, MGC 96723!, COI!); Ibidem, gleras de grandes bloques, soleados, peridotitas, 36.490 4793, – 5.2067851, 1135 m, 16 July 2025, F. Soriguer & J. García-Sánchez s. n. (MGC 96724!, COI!); Ibidem, sotobosque del pinsapar, peridotitas, 36.490 5093, – 5.2064814, 1139 m, 16 July 2025, F. Soriguer & J. García-Sánchez s. n. (MGC 96725!); Ibidem, Talud rocoso junto al barranco, peridotitas, 36.490 4820, – 5.2067860, 1138 m, 16 July 2025, F. Soriguer & J. García-Sánchez s. n. (MGC 96726!); Ibidem, gleras por debajo del pinsapar, peridotitas, 36.491 825, – 5.206535, 1100 m, 26 September 2025, F. Soriguer & J. García-Sánchez s. n. (MGC 96729!).	en	Solanas, Federico Casimiro-Soriguer, García-Sánchez, José, Farminhão, João (2025): Clinopodium arundanum (Lamiaceae): a long-overlooked and taxonomically misinterpreted serpentinophyte, endemic to the Spanish fir forests of Sierra Bermeja (Andalusia, Spain). Phytotaxa 732 (1): 1-20, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.732.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.732.1.1
