identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
A59E298456B157A9A6EE6F45730FEDD5.text	A59E298456B157A9A6EE6F45730FEDD5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudoeurycea euguii Jimenez-Arcos, Calzada-Arciniega, Cortes-Ortiz & Aguilar-Herrera 2026	<div><p>Pseudoeurycea euguii Jiménez-Arcos, Calzada-Arciniega, Cortés-Ortiz &amp; Aguilar-Herrera sp. nov.</p><p>Figure 3; Table 4 Suggest English name: Eugui’s worm salamander Suggest Spanish name: Salamandra de Eugui</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>IBH 37012. An adult female from 1.36 km SW of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-96.606834&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.175" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -96.606834/lat 18.175)">Emiliano Zapata</a>, San José Tenango municipality, Oaxaca, Mexico (18°10.50’N, 96°36.41’W, 731 m elevation, WGS 84 datum), collected by Etienne Uriel Avila Ortega on 21 January 2023 .</p><p>Paratype.</p><p>One. One immature male: IBH 37010 (22 January 2023). Same locality as the holotype .</p><p>Referred specimen.</p><p>One juvenile: IBH 37011 (22 July 2022). Same locality as the holotype .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Pseudoeurycea euguii sp. nov. is assigned to the genus Pseudoeurycea based on the presence of a sublingual fold, an elongate body and tail, attenuated limbs, substantially shorter fifth toe than the fourth, as well as mtDNA sequences. Pseudoeurycea euguii sp. nov. is a member of the P. leprosa group as an independent lineage most closely related to a clade comprising (( P. werleri + P. conanti) + P. obesa + P. mystax) (Fig. 2). Pseudoeurycea euguii sp. nov. only resembles other forms of elongated and fossorial salamanders from west of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec: Pseudoeurycea lineola, P. orchileucos, and P. orchimelas . Pseudoeurycea euguii sp. nov. is different from the three species of worm salamanders by the following combination of characters: Pseudoeurycea euguii sp. nov. male having fewer vomerine teeth than P. lineola and P. orchileucos (VT males: Pseudoeurycea euguii sp. nov. 10, P. lineola 15–21, P. orchileucos 14–16), the female with fewer vomerine teeth than P. lineola and P. orchimelas (VT females: Pseudoeurycea euguii sp. nov. 8, P. lineola 14–22, P. orchimelas 16–19), as well as fewer premaxillary teeth (PMT females: Pseudoeurycea euguii sp. nov. 2, P. lineola 3–10, P. orchimelas 6–12). Both sexes differ from the three species of worm salamanders described by have a shorter distance between external nares (IN males: Pseudoeurycea euguii sp. nov. 0.7, P. lineola 1.0–1.4, P. orchileucos 1.0, P. orchimelas 0.9–1.0; IN females: Pseudoeurycea euguii sp. nov. 0.7, P. lineola 1.0–1.2, P. orchimelas 0.8–1.0). Table 4 provides the available morphological measurements and contents for worm salamanders from Mexico.</p><p>Description of holotype.</p><p>An adult female (SVL 34.7 mm), body slender and elongate, head long and broad (HL / SVL = 0.18; HW / SVL = 0.09), slightly wider than body, neck region defined. Snout rounded in dorsal and lateral views. Nostrils are small and circular. Eyes protuberant, narrowly visible beyond margin of jaw in dorsal view. Postorbital groove present. Costal folds 13, counting one each between axilla and groin. Tail 1.7 times larger than the body, tapering gradually in the last quarter, base of tail round, with no noticeable constriction. Limbs short, slender, separated by 9 costal folds when appressed to side of body grooves. Hands and feet straight, rounded digits, without webbing, digits in order of decreasing length: III – II – IV – I on hands; III – IV – II – V – I on feet. Phalangeal formulae 1–2 – 3 – 2 for hands and 1–2 – 3 – 3 – 2 for feet. Two premaxillary teeth, same size as maxillary, 41 maxillary teeth, 8 vomerine teeth extend beyond margin of choanae; parasphenoid teeth in two patches as an inverted “ V ” shape.</p><p>Variation and sexual dimorphism.</p><p>The type series includes two specimens, an adult female (holotype) and immature male. The female is larger than the male (SVL male 30.8 mm; female: 34.7 mm). The tail is shorter in the female (TL female: 57.3 mm, male: 63.0 mm), and relatively longer in the male (TL / SVL male: 2.05; female 1.65). The head is similar size, despite the difference in SVL, suggesting that males may have proportionally longer heads than females. Male with greater number of premaxillary and vomerine teeth (MT male: 4; female 2; VT male 10; female: 8), and fewer maxillary teeth (male: 19 / 16, female 20 / 21). The juvenile individual (referred specimen) is smaller (SVL 29.9 mm) with a relatively smaller tail (TL / SVL 1.09). We do not observe a mental gland in the male of Pseudoeurycea euguii sp. nov. However, in mature males of P. orchimelas the gland is extremely small and only visible after dissection while in P. orchileucos it is visible externally (Brodie et al. 2002). However, we suggest caution because the male is an immature specimen, and likely adult males of this species reach larger size.</p><p>Coloration of the holotype.</p><p>In life, dorsum and dorsal surface of the tail dark chocolate brown, becoming darker on the tail. Highest percentage of shade of brown stipples on the dorsum, decreasing towards the tail; light gray dots on the lateral surface, increasing toward the dorsal area of the tail up to the middle of the body. The limb coloration is similar as body, with a higher percentage of light brown stipples on the forearm and thighs. Light yellow eyelids with small black dots and the iris is dark with a copper hue (Fig. 3 A). In preservative, body and tail dark brown, almost black, limbs slightly lighter and ventral coloration, including limbs, dark gray.</p><p>Distribution and natural history.</p><p>Pseudoeurycea euguii sp. nov. is only known from the type locality in Emiliano Zapata, San Jose Tenango municipality, located in the eastern slopes of Cerro Rabon in the Sierra Mazateca, Oaxaca at 731 m elevation. The three individuals were found in the vicinity of a corn plantation (≈ 640 m 2) in a rainforest remanent. The first individual (IBH 37011) was found among the leaf litter at the edge of the corn field, whereas two specimens (male and female) were found in loose soil that had accumulated between rocks probably due to rain erosion. The area has a high percentage of rocks in the soil, and in surroundings, the presence of limestone rocks up to 2 m high. The juvenile individual was found on July 2022 at 12: 35 hrs, with a body temperature of 23.2 ° C (taken in the groin for all individuals to not alter body temperature due to its small size; Jiménez-Arcos et al. 2022), air temperature of 21.7 ° C, and substrate temperature of 22 ° C. In January 2023, at 66 m from the collecting site of the first specimen we located the male at 00: 02 hrs, 54 mm below the loose soil, with body temperature: 23.2 ° C, air temperature: 17.1 ° C; and substrate temperature: 18.3 ° C with relative humidity of 98.3 %. The female holotype was found at 14: 14 hrs, 34 cm from the male paratype under a rock 170 mm underground. The female exhibited caudal luring after being discovered, presumably as a defense mechanism (distraction). In the microhabitat we recorded a high abundance of earthworms, ants, as well as one tarantula. Close to the type locality (between 150 to 250 m in a straight line) we have recorded the presence of other sympatric lungless salamanders, Bolitoglossa platydactyla and Bolitoglossa rufescens, and other anuran species including Agalychnis moreletii, Craugastor loki, Craugastor spatulatus, Smilisca cyanosticta, and Triprion spinosus .</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Pseudoeurycea euguii sp. nov. is a patronym in honor of Eugui Roy Martínez Pérez, a dear friend and collaborator of some co-authors of this study. He was a biology student originally from Oaxaca with a bright future in herpetology that was interrupted by defending the cloud forest of the Sierra Sur of Oaxaca.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A59E298456B157A9A6EE6F45730FEDD5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Aguilar-Herrera, Eduardo A.;Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón;Flores-Martínez, Dulce L.;Gómez-Tapia, José David;Seba-Chacha, Misael;Vázquez-Reyes, Leopoldo D.;Rivera-Ortíz, Francisco A.;Ramírez-Bastida, Patricia;Cortés-Ortiz, Bruno;Calzada-Arciniega, R. Alejandro;Avila-Ortega, Etienne U.;Víquez-Vega, Dónovan I.;Hernández-Ordoñez, Omar;Blair, Christopher;Jiménez-Arcos, Víctor H.	Aguilar-Herrera, Eduardo A., Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón, Flores-Martínez, Dulce L., Gómez-Tapia, José David, Seba-Chacha, Misael, Vázquez-Reyes, Leopoldo D., Rivera-Ortíz, Francisco A., Ramírez-Bastida, Patricia, Cortés-Ortiz, Bruno, Calzada-Arciniega, R. Alejandro, Avila-Ortega, Etienne U., Víquez-Vega, Dónovan I., Hernández-Ordoñez, Omar, Blair, Christopher, Jiménez-Arcos, Víctor H. (2026): Hidden in the mist: Three new species of salamanders of the genus Pseudoeurycea (Amphibia: Plethodontidae) from Oaxaca, Mexico. Vertebrate Zoology 76: 275-299, DOI: 10.3897/vz.76.e167783
C4C5872F6B8C5E67865AEB994D48AE88.text	C4C5872F6B8C5E67865AEB994D48AE88.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudoeurycea natsii Aguilar-Herrera, Flores-Martinez, Seba-Chacha & Jimenez-Arcos 2026	<div><p>Pseudoeurycea natsii Aguilar-Herrera, Flores-Martínez, Seba-Chacha &amp; Jiménez-Arcos sp. nov.</p><p>Figure 6, 7; Table 5 Suggested English name: Mazatec tree salamander Suggested Spanish name: Salamandra arborícola mazateca</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>IBH 37026. An adult male from 1.16 km of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-96.633835&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.097834" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -96.633835/lat 18.097834)">San Martín Caballero</a>, San José Tenango municipality, Oaxaca, Mexico (18°05.87'N, 96°38.03'W, 1611 m elevation, WGS 84 datum), collected by Misael Seba-Chacha on 9 October 2022 .</p><p>Paratype.</p><p>One. An adult female IBH 37027 (16 July 2023). Same locality as the holotype .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Pseudoeurycea natsii sp. nov. was assigned to the genus Pseudoeurycea based on the presence of a sublingual fold, substantially shorter fifth toe than the fourth, relatively large size compared with other species, and mtDNA sequences. Pseudoeurycea natsii sp. nov. is a large to medium-sized species with a SVL = 54.5 mm in the male and 41.3 mm in the only known female. Pseudoeurycea natsii sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from all species in the P. juarezi group as well as in the genus Pseudoeurycea by having a greater number of vomerine teeth, 63 in the male holotype and 43 in the female paratype (Table 5). From its sister species, Pseudoeurycea sp., by the arrangement of parasphenoid teeth. Pseudoeurycea natsii sp. nov. has parasphenoid teeth arranged in a single patch while in Pseudoeurycea sp. they are arranged in two separate patches, and the only know male is larger than males of Pseudoeurycea sp. (SVL Pseudoeurycea natsii sp. nov. 54.5 mm, Pseudoeurycea sp. 48.6–53.6 mm). Further, both species differ in coloration. Numerous brownish and dark cream blotches with a pale yellowish ground color can be distinguished in preserved specimens of Pseudoeurycea natsii sp. nov. (prepared in October 2022 and July 2023) while Pseudoeurycea sp. specimens have a uniform dark purple coloration in dorsal view of body, head, limbs, and tail with few scattered whitish splotches.</p><p>In addition to the higher number of vomerine teeth compared to all other known species in the P. juarezi group, Pseudoeurycea natsii sp. nov. can be distinguished easily from all the species described by the color pattern, having a dorsum with yellowish-green coloration with dark and yellow scattered blotches (Fig. 6), while the ventral surface is cream with yellow specks. Pseudoeurycea juarezi has a light dorsum with darker markings and dark sides; P. saltator has a dark gray dorsal ground color with a paler mid-dorsal stripe; P. aurantia has a distinctive orange coloration with an orange mid-dorsal stripe from the scapular region to the tip of the tail with more concentrated yellow spots, and its venter is pale yellow; P. ruficauda has an orange-tan ground color with an irregular dorsal stripe and the tail is orange with black spots with a red-orange to yellow-orange tip and the venter is grayish with occasional light spots; P. jaguar has irregular yellow specks on a dark brown or almost black ground color (green-yellowish ground color in Pseudoeurycea natsii sp. nov.); and Pseudoeurycea parraoleae sp. nov., described herein, has a uniform black to dark brown dorsum.</p><p>Pseudoeurycea natsii sp. nov. may resemble coloration of P. granitum, P. lynchi, and P. nigromaculata, and the distribution of these latter species is relatively close to this new species. Therefore, we present the comparison with these species. For morphology we compare with data from García-Bañuelos et al. (2020) and for coloration based on photographs available on AmphibiaWeb (2026). In addition to a greater number of vomerine teeth, both sexes of Pseudoeurycea natsii sp. nov. have a greater number of premaxillary and maxillary teeth (sum of the PMT and MT from Table 5 for Pseudoeurycea natsii sp. nov. for comparison; PMT + MT males: Pseudoeurycea granitum 57–73, P. lynchi 43–92, Pseudoeurycea natsii sp. nov. 101, P. nigromaculata 62–91; females: Pseudoeurycea granitum 57–73, P. lynchi 58–96, Pseudoeurycea natsii sp. nov. 101, P. nigromaculata 58–96), longer fore and hind limbs in males (FLL P. granitum 8.3–11.9 mm, P. lynchi 9.1–13.1 mm, Pseudoeurycea natsii sp. nov. 18.2 mm, P. nigromaculata 9.9–12.7 mm; HLL P. granitum 9.3–12.0 mm, P. lynchi 11.9–14.9 mm, Pseudoeurycea natsii sp. nov. 18.6 mm, P. nigromaculata 11.8–13.9 mm) and in females only P. nigromaculata with longer fore limbs (FLL P. granitum 7.8–12.8 mm, P. lynchi 8.1–12.9, Pseudoeurycea natsii sp. nov. 13.4 mm). In coloration, P. granitum only exhibits the greenish-yellow color with black dots on dorsum at the level of the front limbs towards the tail, the neck and face area being dark gray; P. lynchi has black coloration in the ventral region while in the new species the ventral color is cream with yellow spots; P. nigromaculata has a dorsal coloration ranging from brown-orange to dark brown, becoming lighter towards the tail, and has black dots on the body and tail, as well as lighter (yellow-orange) dots on the tail.</p><p>Description of holotype.</p><p>A relatively medium sized adult male (SVL 54.5 mm) with relatively slender body. The head is relatively long and broad (HW / SVL = 0.16), wider than body with clearly defined neck. Mouth bluntly in lateral view and slightly truncate in dorsal view. Eyes only slightly protuberant reaching the margin of jaw when viewed from above. External nares small and slightly oval-shaped. Nearly round mental gland (2.2 mm wide, 2.0 mm length). Slightly marked supranasal ridge (canthus rostralis). Nasolabial protuberances present but relatively weakly developed. Costal folds 13, counting one each in axilla and groin. Tail longer than body (TL / SVL = 1.11), slender, roughly rectangular at base, and tapering gradually along length ending in a point. Limbs large (FLL + HLL / SVL = 0.67) adpressed limbs overlap by 1 costal interspace. Hands and feet are broad, digits long and relatively slender, blunt with distinct subterminal pads. Hands and feet are highly webbed compared to most other members of Pseudoeurycea (moderately webbed compared with other genera), with webbing extending to the base of the penultimate phalanx on the third toe of foot. First toe short. Order of digits by increasing length: manus I – IV – III – II, pes I – V – II – IV – III. Phalangeal formulae: manus 1–2 – 3 – 2, pes 1–2 – 3 – 3 – 2. Premaxillary teeth monocuspid, larger than the other teeth; maxillary teeth smaller and hook shaped and inward oriented; vomerine teeth arranged in one line in each side, curved near the edge of the choanae; parasphenoid teeth arranged in two series as inverted “ V ” shape forming a patch.</p><p>Measurements of the holotype.</p><p>(in mm) Snout to posterior angle of vent 54.5; head width 8.7; head length 11.7; head depth at angle of jaw 3.9; eyelid length 3.5; eyelid width 1.8; anterior rim of orbit to snout 3.7; eye diameter 1.6; interorbital distance 3.8; snout to forelimb 17.3; internarial distance 2.5; intercanthal distance 4.4; nostril diameter 0.4; snout projection beyond mandible 0.5; snout to anterior angle of vent 45.8; axilla to groin 29.7; shoulder width 5.6; tail length 60.7; tail width at base 3.0; tail depth at base 3.4; forelimb length 18.2; hind limb length 18.6; hand width 4.2; foot width 5.9; length of the longest (third) toe 2.9; length of fifth toe 1.8; mental gland width 2.2; mental gland length 2.0. Tooth counts: premaxillary 5; maxillary 45 / 51; vomerine 33 / 30.</p><p>Coloration of the holotype.</p><p>In life, dorsum and dorsal surface of the tail yellow, becoming more intense towards the end of body and tail. Black and dark gray stipples on the dorsal area of the body, with lighter and more intense yellow dots and their proportion increase towards the tail; limb coloration is similar as body (Fig. 6). Ventral surface of throat relatively opaque yellow-orange with lighter yellows splotches; body up to the end of the cloaca with little pigmentation, more intense at the beginning of the tail and chest, also with yellow splotches although in lesser proportion than in the throat; tail with background color like the throat, with small dark gray blotches; limbs of similar coloration as dark areas of the body. Eyelids with a nearly black or dark brown background, with numerous yellow splotches; black eyes with a very noticeable yellow iris with greenish tints. In preservative, pale yellowish ground coloration of entire body with evident dark blotches and smaller cream splotches in tail and diffused in dorsum, a cream ventral coloration with lighter yellow or cream splotches, with a higher percentage in the throat, chest, and mid-ventral area (Fig. 7).</p><p>Variation and sexual dimorphism.</p><p>The type series includes two specimens, an adult male (holotype) and an adult female. The male is larger than the female (SVL 54.5 mm in male and 41.2 mm in female) with a longer, wider, and deeper head. The tail is relatively longer in the female (TL / SVL female: 1.18 vs 1.11 in male). Male with evident mental gland (width 2.2 mm). The male has more maxillary teeth (MT male: 45 + 51; female: 40 + 38) and vomerine teeth (VT male: 63; female: 43), the female has more premaxillary teeth (PMT male: 5; female: 12). Hands and feet are broader in the male (hand width 4.2 mm in male; 3.1 in female; RFW male: 5.9 mm; female: 4.0 mm). Nasolabial protuberance slightly more developed in the male. However, we consider caution in the measurements between sexes considering the general trend of a larger body size in females within the family Plethodontidae (Kupfer 2007) . The single female may be a younger female adult and may not have reached the maximum size. Premaxillary teeth are larger in the male and the same size as maxillary teeth in the female. Maxillary teeth smaller, hook-shaped and inward oriented; vomerine teeth arranged in two lines, one line on each side, curved near the edge of the choanae; parasphenoid teeth arranged in two series as inverted “ V ” shape forming a patch.</p><p>Distribution and natural history.</p><p>Pseudoeurycea natsii sp. nov. is only known from San Martín Caballero, specifically in the cloud forest of Cerro Rabon, located in the eastern portion of the Sierra Mazateca in Oaxaca. The species inhabits conserved cloud forest at 1611 m elevation. The two individuals were encountered during different survey events, and none were found during April, June, November, and December, suggesting that the species is rare at the locality. The holotype was found active in October at 23: 00 hrs after rain above a clean dry tree branch about 60 mm diameter, 60 cm above the substrate. The paratype was also found on a dry branch about 20 mm diameter, 76 cm above the floor on July 16 at 21: 50 hrs on a trail in the forest near a shade-grown coffee plantation. Because both individuals were found on branches and were relatively uncommon in our ecological study, we suggest that Pseudoeurycea natsii sp. nov. may be an arboreal species, which may explain the lower detection rate as compared to the other species described here. This is consistent with the species’ morphology (elongated body and limbs). We observed predation from the female (paratype) on two flies (Diptera) about 2 mm in size that flew about 15 mm near its head. Also, the paratype showed escape behavior after being touched by a stick, consisting of sudden movement of the body, followed by immobility, and as we continued the stimulus the organism jumped from the branch to the ground and then moved away. The body temperature (cloacal) of the two individuals was 16.1 ° C and 19.2 ° C for the holotype and paratype respectively, air temperatures were 16.2 ° C and 18.9 ° C, and the substrate temperatures were 16 ° C and 19.1 ° C respectively. Bolitoglossa rufescens, Parvimolge townsendi, Pseudoeurycea cf. werleri, and Thorius sp., as well as anuran species including C. polymniae and C. loki were found active around the area of the holotype collecting site.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific epithet is taken from the Mazateco language word “N a tsií” which can be translated as “Queen of the rain”. This is in recognition to the San Martín Caballero and Rancho Guadalupe communities for the protection of communal areas, designed for the conservation of natural resources.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C4C5872F6B8C5E67865AEB994D48AE88	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Aguilar-Herrera, Eduardo A.;Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón;Flores-Martínez, Dulce L.;Gómez-Tapia, José David;Seba-Chacha, Misael;Vázquez-Reyes, Leopoldo D.;Rivera-Ortíz, Francisco A.;Ramírez-Bastida, Patricia;Cortés-Ortiz, Bruno;Calzada-Arciniega, R. Alejandro;Avila-Ortega, Etienne U.;Víquez-Vega, Dónovan I.;Hernández-Ordoñez, Omar;Blair, Christopher;Jiménez-Arcos, Víctor H.	Aguilar-Herrera, Eduardo A., Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón, Flores-Martínez, Dulce L., Gómez-Tapia, José David, Seba-Chacha, Misael, Vázquez-Reyes, Leopoldo D., Rivera-Ortíz, Francisco A., Ramírez-Bastida, Patricia, Cortés-Ortiz, Bruno, Calzada-Arciniega, R. Alejandro, Avila-Ortega, Etienne U., Víquez-Vega, Dónovan I., Hernández-Ordoñez, Omar, Blair, Christopher, Jiménez-Arcos, Víctor H. (2026): Hidden in the mist: Three new species of salamanders of the genus Pseudoeurycea (Amphibia: Plethodontidae) from Oaxaca, Mexico. Vertebrate Zoology 76: 275-299, DOI: 10.3897/vz.76.e167783
0612F77F16AC5F249F0191D1B19772AB.text	0612F77F16AC5F249F0191D1B19772AB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudoeurycea parraoleae Jimenez-Arcos, Aguilar-Herrera, Flores-Martinez & Calzada-Arciniega 2026	<div><p>Pseudoeurycea parraoleae Jimenez-Arcos, Aguilar-Herrera, Flores-Martínez &amp; Calzada-Arciniega sp. nov.</p><p>Figure 4, 5; Table 5 Suggested English name: Gaby’s salamander Suggested Spanish name: Salamandra de Gaby</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>IBH 37013. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-96.641335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.104834" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -96.641335/lat 18.104834)">An</a> adult female from 1.1 km W of San Martín Caballero, San José Tenango municipality, Oaxaca, Mexico (18°06.29’N, 96°38.48’W, 1590 m elevation, WGS 84 datum), collected by Víctor H. Jiménez Arcos on 4 October 2022 .</p><p>Paratypes.</p><p>Five males: IBH 37014 –37018 (8 October 2022); five females: IBH 37019 (8 October 2022); IBH 37020 –37023 (10 October 2022). Same locality as the holotype .</p><p>Referred specimens.</p><p>Two juveniles IBH 37024 –37025 (10 October 2022). Same locality as the holotype .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Pseudoeurycea parraoleae sp. nov. is assigned to the genus Pseudoeurycea based on the presence of a sublingual fold, substantially shorter fifth toe compared to the fourth, and mtDNA. Pseudoeurycea parraoleae sp. nov. is member of the P. juarezi group as sister species of a clade containing ( P. aurantia ( P. juarezi + P. saltator)). It is a medium-sized species in the genus Pseudoeurycea and in the P. juarezi group, with maximum SVL = 49.8 mm in females and 44.6 mm in males (range 33.7–49.8 mm; Table 5). Pseudoeurycea parraoleae sp. nov. shows a homogeneous black to dark brown dorsal coloration (Fig. 5) which allows it to be distinguished from all other species in the P. juarezi group (except some specimens of P. jaguar with which it shares the most morphological similarity, see below). From its closest relatives, P. aurantia has a brown to orange dorsal coloration with lighter orange or whitish splotches, and in some specimens a few black spots on the tail. Also, Pseudoeurycea parraoleae sp. nov. has a greater number of maxillary teeth (MT males: Pseudoeurycea aurantia 52–66, Pseudoeurycea parraoleae sp. nov. 82–89; females: Pseudoeurycea aurantia 49–66, Pseudoeurycea parraoleae sp. nov. 68–98). Pseudoeurycea juarezi shows a uniform brown to yellow dorsal coloration; in some specimens with dorsal black blotches or splotches of different sizes and abundance, the dorsolateral coloration is gray to brown, and Pseudoeurycea parraoleae sp. nov. has a greater number of maxillary teeth (MT males: Pseudoeurycea juarezi 39–58, Pseudoeurycea parraoleae sp. nov. 82–89; females: Pseudoeurycea juarezi 54–58, Pseudoeurycea parraoleae sp. nov. 68–98). Pseudoeurycea saltator has an orange to yellow coloration on the back, delimited by a black coloration and the dorsolateral area of light to dark brown. In addition, Pseudoeurycea parraoleae sp. nov. tends to have a greater number of maxillary teeth (MT males: Pseudoeurycea parraoleae sp. nov. 82–89, P. saltator 58–67; females: Pseudoeurycea parraoleae sp. nov. 68–98, P. saltator 47–56). From P. jaguar where some individuals may exhibit a uniform dark coloration (Cázares-Hernández et al. 2022; Peralta-Hernández 2023), the main morphological difference is that adult specimens of Pseudoeurycea parraoleae sp. nov. tend to have smaller body size (SVL males: Pseudoeurycea jaguar 58.0– 58.7 mm, Pseudoeurycea parraoleae sp. nov. 33.7–44.6 mm; females: Pseudoeurycea jaguar 42.4–71.0 mm, Pseudoeurycea parraoleae sp. nov. 38.5–49.8 mm), and therefore smaller head, shorter interocular distance and distance between nostrils (Table 5).</p><p>Morphologically, Pseudoeurycea parraoleae sp. nov. could also resemble I. niger by having protuberant eyes, long legs, hands, feet, and dark body coloration. However, Pseudoeurycea parraoleae sp. nov. has black pigmentation in the subocular groove while in I. niger it is unpigmented, a proportionally shorter tail in Pseudoeurycea parraoleae sp. nov. (TL / SVL males = 1.15; females = 1.00) versus I. niger (males = 1.45; females = 1.33; Rovito et al. 2017), and I. niger is slender and more gracile compared to the new species. In addition, Pseudoeurycea parraoleae sp. nov. has premaxillary teeth larger than the maxillary teeth, whereas premaxillary and maxillary teeth usually of the same size in I. niger (Wake and Johnson 1989). Moreover, I. niger is distributed east of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec where it is known from two localities in Chiapas, Mexico, more than 300 km from the type locality of Pseudoeurycea parraoleae sp. nov. (Rovito et al. 2017).</p><p>Description of holotype.</p><p>An adult female (49.8 SVL) which is the largest specimen of the type series. Body slender (shoulder width = 5.9 mm), head relatively broad (HW / SVL = 0.16) and wider than the body with a well-defined neck. Mouth truncates in dorsal view with a slightly marked canthus rostralis closer to the eye. Eyes protruding, exceeding margin of jaw when viewed from above. Nostrils circular. Costal folds 13, counting one each in axilla and groin. Tail as long as body (TL / SVL = 1.00), slender, roughly rectangular at base, and tapering gradually along length ending in a point. Large limbs (FLL + HLL / SVL = 0.70). Adpressed limbs overlap by 3 costal interspaces. Hands and feet are broad, digits long and relatively slender, blunt with distinct subterminal pads. Hands and feet are highly webbed compared to most other members of Pseudoeurycea (moderately webbed compared with other genera), with webbing extending to the end of the penultimate phalanx on third toe of foot. First toe short. Order of digits by increasing length: manus I – IV – III – II, pes I – V – II – IV – III. Phalangeal formulae: manus 1–2 – 3 – 2, pes 1–2 – 3 – 3 – 2. Vomerine teeth one on each side, hook-shaped; teeth closest to the parasphenoid teeth are larger than those closest to the premaxillary. Parasphenoid teeth arranged as an inverted “ V ” shape and with similar size as vomerine teeth.</p><p>Measurements of the holotype.</p><p>(in mm) Snout to posterior angle of vent 49.8; head width 7.9; head length 10.6; head depth at angle of jaw 3.6; eyelid length 3.0; eyelid width 2.4; anterior rim of orbit to snout 3.4; eye diameter 1.4; interorbital distance 1.9; snout to forelimb 15.5; internarial distance 2.3; intercanthal distance 4.1; nostril diameter 0.6; snout projection beyond mandible 0.7; snout to anterior angle of vent 44.7; axilla to groin 27.2; shoulder width 5.9; tail length 49.9; tail width at base 2.7; tail depth at base 3.3; forelimb length 17.4; hind limb length 17.6; hand width 3.9; foot width 5.3; length of the longest (third) toe 2.9; length of fifth toe 1.7. Tooth counts: premaxillary 13; maxillary 49 / 45; vomerine 14 / 11.</p><p>Coloration of the holotype.</p><p>In life, it is a black salamander, dorsal uniform black or dark brown almost black throughout the body. Ventral coloration dark brown, slightly lighter in the throat and from the middle of the body towards the cloaca, and black tail. The tips of the digits are reddish. Black eyelids, eyes almost black, iris more visible near the eyelids, with yellowish copper coloration. In preservative, dorsal coloration dark brown, in some parts almost black. Venter dark gray, and ventral surface of hands, feet, and gular region dark gray, but lighter than the rest of the ventral coloration.</p><p>Variation and sexual dimorphism.</p><p>The type series includes 11 specimens, of which six are adult females, five adult males, and two more juveniles of indeterminate sex. The sexual size dimorphism is evident, where females can reach 49.8 mm (43.0 ± 5.0) and males 44.6 mm (38.8 ± 4.5) in SVL. The younger specimens reach 22.1 mm and 20.5 mm in SVL. In addition, sexual dimorphism is observed in tail size (TL / SVL males: 1.20 ± 0.06; females: 1.00 ± 0.09), intercostal distance (AX / SVL males: 0.49 ± 0.02; females: 0.54 ± 0.02), and the nasolabial protuberances are more evident in males (Fig. 4 B, D). Round and prominent almost circular mental gland (2.1–2.5 mm n = 5; wide), almost the same color as the rest of the gular area — the smallest specimen with a visible gland reached 38.8 mm of SVL. The body coloration is similar between juveniles and adults, however, smaller specimens have golden splotches on dorsum and tail, whereas in larger individuals these are less frequent or absent.</p><p>Distribution and natural history.</p><p>Pseudoeurycea parraoleae sp. nov. is only known from San Martín Caballero, specifically in the cloud forest of Cerro Rabon, located in the eastern portion of Sierra Mazateca, Oaxaca. Therein the species inhabits conserved cloud forest from 1590 m elevation. On 7 October 2022, we recorded an average body temperature of 19.0 ° C for 10 individuals found active between 20: 00 to 00: 00 hrs, an average air temperature of 18.2 ° C, and average substrate temperature of 18.5 ° C, with a relative humidity of 99 %. During six trips documenting amphibian and reptile diversity in the area, Pseudoeurycea parraoleae sp. nov. was recorded only in October (2022 and 2023), absent in the months of January, April, June, July, November, and December. We located individuals after 20: 00 hrs during light rain, which suggests that its activity is restricted to the season with high environmental humidity (September and October). We consider this species as saxicolous, since most specimens were recorded on rocks, emerging from crevices, and between 15 cm to more than 200 cm from the substrate in walls of limestone rocks. The species occurs in sympatry with Parvimolge townsendi, Pseudoeurycea cf. werleri, and Thorius sp, as well as anuran species such as C. polymniae and T. spinosus .</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Pseudoeurycea parraoleae sp. nov. is named in honor of Gabriela Parra Olea, a prominent Mexican researcher, in recognition of her invaluable contributions to the systematics of amphibians, specifically salamanders of the family Plethodontidae . She has participated in the description of 32 species of plethodontids in seven genera and has also described seven species of frogs. Finally, we recognize her extensive work in the conservation of amphibians worldwide.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0612F77F16AC5F249F0191D1B19772AB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Aguilar-Herrera, Eduardo A.;Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón;Flores-Martínez, Dulce L.;Gómez-Tapia, José David;Seba-Chacha, Misael;Vázquez-Reyes, Leopoldo D.;Rivera-Ortíz, Francisco A.;Ramírez-Bastida, Patricia;Cortés-Ortiz, Bruno;Calzada-Arciniega, R. Alejandro;Avila-Ortega, Etienne U.;Víquez-Vega, Dónovan I.;Hernández-Ordoñez, Omar;Blair, Christopher;Jiménez-Arcos, Víctor H.	Aguilar-Herrera, Eduardo A., Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón, Flores-Martínez, Dulce L., Gómez-Tapia, José David, Seba-Chacha, Misael, Vázquez-Reyes, Leopoldo D., Rivera-Ortíz, Francisco A., Ramírez-Bastida, Patricia, Cortés-Ortiz, Bruno, Calzada-Arciniega, R. Alejandro, Avila-Ortega, Etienne U., Víquez-Vega, Dónovan I., Hernández-Ordoñez, Omar, Blair, Christopher, Jiménez-Arcos, Víctor H. (2026): Hidden in the mist: Three new species of salamanders of the genus Pseudoeurycea (Amphibia: Plethodontidae) from Oaxaca, Mexico. Vertebrate Zoology 76: 275-299, DOI: 10.3897/vz.76.e167783
