taxonID	type	format	identifier	references	title	description	created	creator	contributor	publisher	audience	source	license	rightsHolder	datasetID
288C94FAEB555421BB5CE2D1F1F6E8BA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1548971	https://doi.org/10.3897/vz.76.e182505.figure3	Figure 3. Supraorbital processes (A - D) and quadrates (E - O) of early Eocene “ near-passerine ” and “ parrot-like ” zygodactyl birds and early Eocene Strigiformes and Falconiformes (Masillaraptoridae). A Parapsittacopes bergdahli (Psittacomimidae fam. nov.; holotype, SMF Av 653), right side (mirrored). B Cyrilavis cf. colburnorum (Halcyornithidae; NMS. Z. 2021.40. 67), left side. C Ypresiglaux michaeldanielsi (Strigiformes; NMS. Z. 2021.40. 26), right side (mirrored). D Danielsraptor phorusrhacoides (Masillaraptoridae; NMS. Z. 2021.40. 12), left side. E, F? Pulchrapollia sp. (Halcyornithidae; NMS. Z. 2021.40. 66), right quadrate in lateral (E) and caudal (F) view; the arrow denotes a detail of the condylus medialis. G, H Tynskya waltonensis (Messelasturidae; SMF Av 652), left quadrate (mirrored) in lateral (G) and caudal (H) view; the arrow denotes a detail of the condylus medialis. I Psittacopes lepidus (Psittacopedidae; holotype, SMF - ME 1279), left quadrate in caudal view; surrounding bones and matrix were digitally brightened. J Morsoravis sedilis (Morsoravidae; holotype, MGUH 28930), left quadrate in caudolateral view; surrounding bones and matrix were digitally brightened. K, L P. bergdahli (SMF Av 653), right quadrate in lateral (K) and caudal (L) view; the arrow denotes a detail of the processus oticus. M, N Psittacomimus eos (Psittacomimidae fam. nov.; holotype, NMS. Z. 2021.40. 38) left quadrate (mirrored) in lateral (M) and caudal (N) view; the arrow denotes a detail of the processus oticus. O, P Primozygodactylus cf. danielsi (NMS. 2021.40. 51), right quadrate in lateral (O) and caudal (P) view; the arrow denotes a detail of the processus oticus. Q Procnias nudicollis (Cotingidae, Passeriformes), tip of processus oticus of right quadrate in caudal view. Abbreviations: arf, articular facet; cpo, capitulum oticum, cps, capitulum squamosum; pnf, pneumatic foramina. The scale bars equal 5 mm.	Figure 3. Supraorbital processes (A - D) and quadrates (E - O) of early Eocene “ near-passerine ” and “ parrot-like ” zygodactyl birds and early Eocene Strigiformes and Falconiformes (Masillaraptoridae). A Parapsittacopes bergdahli (Psittacomimidae fam. nov.; holotype, SMF Av 653), right side (mirrored). B Cyrilavis cf. colburnorum (Halcyornithidae; NMS. Z. 2021.40. 67), left side. C Ypresiglaux michaeldanielsi (Strigiformes; NMS. Z. 2021.40. 26), right side (mirrored). D Danielsraptor phorusrhacoides (Masillaraptoridae; NMS. Z. 2021.40. 12), left side. E, F? Pulchrapollia sp. (Halcyornithidae; NMS. Z. 2021.40. 66), right quadrate in lateral (E) and caudal (F) view; the arrow denotes a detail of the condylus medialis. G, H Tynskya waltonensis (Messelasturidae; SMF Av 652), left quadrate (mirrored) in lateral (G) and caudal (H) view; the arrow denotes a detail of the condylus medialis. I Psittacopes lepidus (Psittacopedidae; holotype, SMF - ME 1279), left quadrate in caudal view; surrounding bones and matrix were digitally brightened. J Morsoravis sedilis (Morsoravidae; holotype, MGUH 28930), left quadrate in caudolateral view; surrounding bones and matrix were digitally brightened. K, L P. bergdahli (SMF Av 653), right quadrate in lateral (K) and caudal (L) view; the arrow denotes a detail of the processus oticus. M, N Psittacomimus eos (Psittacomimidae fam. nov.; holotype, NMS. Z. 2021.40. 38) left quadrate (mirrored) in lateral (M) and caudal (N) view; the arrow denotes a detail of the processus oticus. O, P Primozygodactylus cf. danielsi (NMS. 2021.40. 51), right quadrate in lateral (O) and caudal (P) view; the arrow denotes a detail of the processus oticus. Q Procnias nudicollis (Cotingidae, Passeriformes), tip of processus oticus of right quadrate in caudal view. Abbreviations: arf, articular facet; cpo, capitulum oticum, cps, capitulum squamosum; pnf, pneumatic foramina. The scale bars equal 5 mm.	2026-02-26	Mayr, Gerald		Zenodo	biologists	Mayr, Gerald			
288C94FAEB555421BB5CE2D1F1F6E8BA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1548972	https://doi.org/10.3897/vz.76.e182505.figure4	Figure 4. Humeri (A - J) and coracoids (K - T) of early Eocene “ near-passerine ” and “ parrot-like ” zygodactyl birds and extant Psittacopasseres. A the extant Nestor notabilis (Psittaciformes, Strigopidae), left side. B Vastanavis sp. (Vastanavidae; GU / RSR / VAS 1803), left side; coated with ammonium chloride. C Tynskya brevitarsus (Messelasturidae; holotype, NMS. Z. 2021.40. 78), left side. D Tynskya eocaena (Messelasturidae; holotype, SNSB-BSPG 1997 I 6), right side (mirrored); surrounding bones and matrix were digitally removed. E? Pulchrapollia sp. (Halcyornithidae; NMS. Z. 2021.40. 66). F Halcyornithidae, gen. et sp. indet (NMS. Z. 2021.40. 71), right side (mirrored). G Sororavis solitaria (Morsoravidae; holotype, NMS. Z. 2021.40. 75), digitally combined proximal portion of right humerus (mirrored) and distal end of left humerus (separated by dashed line); the dotted line denotes the reconstructed shape of the proximal end. H Parapsittacopes bergdahli (Psittacomimidae fam. nov.; NMS. Z. 2021.40. 43), left side. I Primozygodactylus cf. danielsi (Zygodactylidae; NMS. 2021.40. 49), right side (mirrored); the dotted line denotes the reconstructed shape of the proximal end. J Primoscens carolinae (Zygodactylidae; holotype, NMS. 2021.40. 54), right humerus (mirrored); the dotted line denotes the reconstructed shape of the proximal end. K Corvus frugilegus (Corvidae, Passeriformes), left side. L Vastanavis sp. (GU / RSR / VAS 1254), left side; coated with ammonium chloride. M N. notabilis, left side. N Quercypsitta ivani (Quercypsittidae; UCBL FSL 367080), left side; coated with ammonium chloride. O? Pulchrapollia eximia (Halcyornithidae; holotype, NMS. Z. 2021.40. 64), left side. P Tynskya cf. waltonensis (NMS. Z. 2021.40. 72), right side (mirrored). Q S. solitaria (NMS. Z. 2021.40. 75), right side (mirrored). R Psittacomimus eos (Psittacomimidae fam. nov.; holotype, NMS. Z. 2021.40. 38), left side. S? Psittacopes occidentalis (Psittacopedidae; holotype, NMS. Z. 2021.40. 44), left side. T P. carolinae (holotype, NMS. 2021.40. 54), left side. U the extant Myiarchus tyrannulus (Tyrannidae, Passeriformes), right side (mirrored). The dotted lines in B, C, E, and G - J demark the fossa musculi brachialis. Abbreviations: csc, cotyla scapularis; fmb, fossa musculi brachialis; fns, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; pca, processus acrocoracoideus; pcl, processus lateralis; psd, processus supracondylaris dorsalis; tsd, tuberculum supracondylare dorsale. The scale bars equal 5 mm	Figure 4. Humeri (A - J) and coracoids (K - T) of early Eocene “ near-passerine ” and “ parrot-like ” zygodactyl birds and extant Psittacopasseres. A the extant Nestor notabilis (Psittaciformes, Strigopidae), left side. B Vastanavis sp. (Vastanavidae; GU / RSR / VAS 1803), left side; coated with ammonium chloride. C Tynskya brevitarsus (Messelasturidae; holotype, NMS. Z. 2021.40. 78), left side. D Tynskya eocaena (Messelasturidae; holotype, SNSB-BSPG 1997 I 6), right side (mirrored); surrounding bones and matrix were digitally removed. E? Pulchrapollia sp. (Halcyornithidae; NMS. Z. 2021.40. 66). F Halcyornithidae, gen. et sp. indet (NMS. Z. 2021.40. 71), right side (mirrored). G Sororavis solitaria (Morsoravidae; holotype, NMS. Z. 2021.40. 75), digitally combined proximal portion of right humerus (mirrored) and distal end of left humerus (separated by dashed line); the dotted line denotes the reconstructed shape of the proximal end. H Parapsittacopes bergdahli (Psittacomimidae fam. nov.; NMS. Z. 2021.40. 43), left side. I Primozygodactylus cf. danielsi (Zygodactylidae; NMS. 2021.40. 49), right side (mirrored); the dotted line denotes the reconstructed shape of the proximal end. J Primoscens carolinae (Zygodactylidae; holotype, NMS. 2021.40. 54), right humerus (mirrored); the dotted line denotes the reconstructed shape of the proximal end. K Corvus frugilegus (Corvidae, Passeriformes), left side. L Vastanavis sp. (GU / RSR / VAS 1254), left side; coated with ammonium chloride. M N. notabilis, left side. N Quercypsitta ivani (Quercypsittidae; UCBL FSL 367080), left side; coated with ammonium chloride. O? Pulchrapollia eximia (Halcyornithidae; holotype, NMS. Z. 2021.40. 64), left side. P Tynskya cf. waltonensis (NMS. Z. 2021.40. 72), right side (mirrored). Q S. solitaria (NMS. Z. 2021.40. 75), right side (mirrored). R Psittacomimus eos (Psittacomimidae fam. nov.; holotype, NMS. Z. 2021.40. 38), left side. S? Psittacopes occidentalis (Psittacopedidae; holotype, NMS. Z. 2021.40. 44), left side. T P. carolinae (holotype, NMS. 2021.40. 54), left side. U the extant Myiarchus tyrannulus (Tyrannidae, Passeriformes), right side (mirrored). The dotted lines in B, C, E, and G - J demark the fossa musculi brachialis. Abbreviations: csc, cotyla scapularis; fmb, fossa musculi brachialis; fns, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; pca, processus acrocoracoideus; pcl, processus lateralis; psd, processus supracondylaris dorsalis; tsd, tuberculum supracondylare dorsale. The scale bars equal 5 mm	2026-02-26	Mayr, Gerald		Zenodo	biologists	Mayr, Gerald			
288C94FAEB555421BB5CE2D1F1F6E8BA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1548973	https://doi.org/10.3897/vz.76.e182505.figure5	Figure 5. Tarsometatarsi of early Eocene “ near-passerine ” (A - H, Q - T) and “ parrot-like ” (I - P, V - Y) zygodactyl birds, as well as extant Psittaciformes (U) and Passeriformes (Z). A - P proximal (upper row) and distal (lower row) view of the tarsometatarsus of A, B Vastanavis sp. (Vastanavidae, GU / RSR / VAS 1809), right side, coated with ammonium chloride; the dotted line indicates the reconstructed shape of the broken trochlea accessoria; C, D Avolatavis europaea (Vastanavidae; holotype, NMS. Z. 2021.40. 76), right side; E, F Tynskya crassitarsus (Messelasturidae; NMS. Z. 2021.40. 74), right side; G, H an undetermined halcyornithid (NMS. Z. 2021.40. 69) right side; I, J Sororavis solitaria (Morsoravidae; holotype, NMS. Z. 2021.40. 75), right side; K Psittacomimus eos (Psittacomimidae fam. nov.; holotype, NMS. Z. 2021.40. 38), right side; L P. eos (NMS. Z. 2021.40. 39), left side (mirrored); M, N Primoscens carolinae (Zygodactylidae; holotype, NMS. 2021.40. 54), left side (mirrored). O, P Primozygodactylus cf. danielsi (Zygodactylidae; NMS. 2021.40. 47), right side; Q - Z dorsal (left) and plantar (right) view of the tarsometatarsus of Q Vastanavis sp. (GU / RSR / VAS 1809), right side; R A. europaea (holotype, NMS. Z. 2021.40. 76), right side; S Tynskya crassitarsus (NMS. Z. 2021.40. 74), right side; T an undetermined halcyornithid (NMS. Z. 2021.40. 69), right side; U Nestor notabilis (Psittaciformes, Strigopidae), right side; V S. solitaria (NMS. Z. 2021.40. 75), right side; W P. eos (NMS. Z. 2021.40. 39), left side (mirrored); X P. carolinae (holotype, NMS. 2021.40. 54), left side (mirrored). Y P. cf. danielsi (NMS. 2021.40. 47), right side; Z Corvus frugilegus (Passeriformes, Corvidae), right side. The dashed lines in A, C, E, and G indicate the slanted dorsolateral margin of the proximal tarsometatarsus. The arrows in W - Y denote enlarge details of the distal end of the bone. Abbreviations: acc, trochlea accessoria; fdl, hypotarsal sulcus / canal for tendon of musculus flexor digitorum longus; fhl, hypotarsal sulcus for tendon of musculus flexor hallucis longus; fur, furrow separating trochlea accessoria from main body of trochlea metatarsi IV; fvp, foramina vascularia proximalia; prj, dorsal projection; sul, sulcus formed by dorsally open canalis interosseus distalis; ttc, tuberositas musculi tibialis cranialis. The scale bars equal 5 mm.	Figure 5. Tarsometatarsi of early Eocene “ near-passerine ” (A - H, Q - T) and “ parrot-like ” (I - P, V - Y) zygodactyl birds, as well as extant Psittaciformes (U) and Passeriformes (Z). A - P proximal (upper row) and distal (lower row) view of the tarsometatarsus of A, B Vastanavis sp. (Vastanavidae, GU / RSR / VAS 1809), right side, coated with ammonium chloride; the dotted line indicates the reconstructed shape of the broken trochlea accessoria; C, D Avolatavis europaea (Vastanavidae; holotype, NMS. Z. 2021.40. 76), right side; E, F Tynskya crassitarsus (Messelasturidae; NMS. Z. 2021.40. 74), right side; G, H an undetermined halcyornithid (NMS. Z. 2021.40. 69) right side; I, J Sororavis solitaria (Morsoravidae; holotype, NMS. Z. 2021.40. 75), right side; K Psittacomimus eos (Psittacomimidae fam. nov.; holotype, NMS. Z. 2021.40. 38), right side; L P. eos (NMS. Z. 2021.40. 39), left side (mirrored); M, N Primoscens carolinae (Zygodactylidae; holotype, NMS. 2021.40. 54), left side (mirrored). O, P Primozygodactylus cf. danielsi (Zygodactylidae; NMS. 2021.40. 47), right side; Q - Z dorsal (left) and plantar (right) view of the tarsometatarsus of Q Vastanavis sp. (GU / RSR / VAS 1809), right side; R A. europaea (holotype, NMS. Z. 2021.40. 76), right side; S Tynskya crassitarsus (NMS. Z. 2021.40. 74), right side; T an undetermined halcyornithid (NMS. Z. 2021.40. 69), right side; U Nestor notabilis (Psittaciformes, Strigopidae), right side; V S. solitaria (NMS. Z. 2021.40. 75), right side; W P. eos (NMS. Z. 2021.40. 39), left side (mirrored); X P. carolinae (holotype, NMS. 2021.40. 54), left side (mirrored). Y P. cf. danielsi (NMS. 2021.40. 47), right side; Z Corvus frugilegus (Passeriformes, Corvidae), right side. The dashed lines in A, C, E, and G indicate the slanted dorsolateral margin of the proximal tarsometatarsus. The arrows in W - Y denote enlarge details of the distal end of the bone. Abbreviations: acc, trochlea accessoria; fdl, hypotarsal sulcus / canal for tendon of musculus flexor digitorum longus; fhl, hypotarsal sulcus for tendon of musculus flexor hallucis longus; fur, furrow separating trochlea accessoria from main body of trochlea metatarsi IV; fvp, foramina vascularia proximalia; prj, dorsal projection; sul, sulcus formed by dorsally open canalis interosseus distalis; ttc, tuberositas musculi tibialis cranialis. The scale bars equal 5 mm.	2026-02-26	Mayr, Gerald		Zenodo	biologists	Mayr, Gerald			
