taxonID	type	description	language	source
684FFE31025DFFBEFF360B5911907794.taxon	description	Figs 1 – 13	en	Zhang, Chuan-Xi (2026): A new species of Diplolepis Geoffroy, 1762 (Hymenoptera: Diplolepididae) inducing galls on Rosa multiflora from Eastern China. Zootaxa 5849 (1): 131-140, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5849.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5849.1.7
684FFE31025DFFBEFF360B5911907794.taxon	materials_examined	Type materials. Holotype: ♀ deposited in the Chou Io Insect Museum, Ningbo, China with the following labels: ‘ Ningbo University (Zhejiang Province), ex Rosa multiflora, (24. III. 2026) col. Chuan-Xi Zhang (white label, and host plant in yellow label) ’; ‘ Diplolepis ningdaensis Zhang, desig. 1 - IV- 2026 ’ (red label). Paratypes: 9 ♀ with the same labels as the holotype.	en	Zhang, Chuan-Xi (2026): A new species of Diplolepis Geoffroy, 1762 (Hymenoptera: Diplolepididae) inducing galls on Rosa multiflora from Eastern China. Zootaxa 5849 (1): 131-140, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5849.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5849.1.7
684FFE31025DFFBEFF360B5911907794.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species is distinguished by the following combination of characters: head and mesosoma uniformly black; antennae black, with scape orange, and pedicel black basally, dark brown apically; metasoma yellowish-brown; hypopygium black ventrally; fore wings hyaline, with infuscation along veins R 1, 2 r and Rs covering more than half of radial cell; Rs vein curved, radial cell approximately 2.0 × longer than broad; head strongly transverse, width 1.6 × height in front view; an elevated ridge present between each antennal socket rim and anterior tentorial pit. Although closely related to D. japonica in molecular data, morphology, and host association, the new species is readily distinguished by the following combination of characters: antenna with scape and pedicel yellowish-brown in D. japonica, versus scape orange and pedicel black basally in the new species; infuscation covering less than half of the radial cell in D. japonica (versus covering more than half in the new species); hypopygium entirely reddish-brown or dark brown in D. japonica (versus lower portion black in the new species); mesoscutum with deep median and parapsidal lines in D. japonica (versus median line absent and parapsidal lines obscure in the new species); and host association with galls induced on both R. rugosa and R. multiflora by D. japonica (versus only known from R. multiflora in the new species). The new species is further distinguished from the three species described from Zhejiang and Hunan without known host associations (D. flaviabdomenis, D. hunanensis, and D. minoriabdomenis; Wang et al. 2013) by the following combination of characters. Compared to D. flaviabdomenis, it differs by the antennae black, with scape orange and pedicel bicolored (versus scape and pedicel brown but flagellomeres darker in D. flaviabdomenis); metasoma yellowish-brown, with hypopygium black on the ventral portion (versus metasoma light yellow, hypopygium yellowish-brown in D. flaviabdomenis); anterior parallel lines very shallow or obscure, extending to 1 / 9 of the scutum length, median mesoscutal line absent (versus anterior parallel lines very distinct, extending to 1 / 2 of the scutum length, median line well-impressed in D. flaviabdomenis); and radial cell 2.0 × longer than wide (versus 2.8 × longer than wide in D. flaviabdomenis). Compared to D. hunanensis, it differs by having 14 antennomeres, with scape orange and pedicel black basally, dark brown apically, and basal half of hypopygium black (versus 12 antennomeres, entirely dark, with scape and pedicel yellowish-brown, and hypopygium light brown in D. hunanensis); F 1 nearly 1.5 × longer than F 2, and terminal flagellomere (F 12) 1.5 × as long as the subterminal (F 11) (versus F 1 distinctly shorter than F 2, and terminal flagellomere (F 10) 3.0 × as long as the subterminal (F 9) in D. hunanensis); and anterior parallel lines obscure or very shallow, median mesoscutal line absent (versus anterior parallel lines very distinct, median line well-impressed in D. hunanensis). Compared to D. minoriabdomenis, it differs by the antennae black, with scape orange and pedicel black basally, dark brown apically (versus scape, pedicel, and flagellomeres all black in D. minoriabdomenis); hypopygium black on the lower portion (versus yellowish-brown in D. minoriabdomenis); anterior parallel lines obscure or very shallow, extending to 1 / 9 of the scutum length, parapsidal lines obscure (versus anterior parallel lines distinct, extending to 1 / 5 of the scutum length, parapsidal lines distinct in D. minoriabdomenis); fore wing radial cell closed (versus open in D. minoriabdomenis); and metasoma normal (versus distinctly small in D. minoriabdomenis).	en	Zhang, Chuan-Xi (2026): A new species of Diplolepis Geoffroy, 1762 (Hymenoptera: Diplolepididae) inducing galls on Rosa multiflora from Eastern China. Zootaxa 5849 (1): 131-140, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5849.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5849.1.7
684FFE31025DFFBEFF360B5911907794.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet ningdaensis is derived from the Latinized name of " Ningda, " which is the phonetic abbreviation of the Chinese name for Ningbo University. This epithet is dedicated to Ningbo University in recognition of its well-preserved campus ecology, where the type specimens were collected.	en	Zhang, Chuan-Xi (2026): A new species of Diplolepis Geoffroy, 1762 (Hymenoptera: Diplolepididae) inducing galls on Rosa multiflora from Eastern China. Zootaxa 5849 (1): 131-140, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5849.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5849.1.7
684FFE31025DFFBEFF360B5911907794.taxon	description	Description. Female. Length. body length 2.7 – 3.0 mm (N = 5). Color (Fig. 1). Head and mesosoma uniformly black. Antennae black, with scape orange and pedicel black basally, dark brown apically (Figs 2, 4 – 5). Mandible black with dark brown apex, maxillary and labial palpi gray-brown (Fig. 4). Legs brown with coxae bases black; last tarsal tips darker. Metasoma yellowish-brown; hypopygium black in lower portion, ovipositor yellowish-brown. Fore wings hyaline, with infuscation along R 1, 2 r, and Rs, covering more than half of the radial cell; remaining wing veins dark brown, each narrowly bordered with infuscation. Head (Figs 2 – 4). Head trapezoidal and transverse in dorsal view, slightly wider than mesosoma; head width 2.0 × length in dorsal view and width 1.6 × height in frontal view (Figs. 2 – 3). Head surface shiny, with sparse white to yellowish setae. An elevated ridge present above each anterior tentorial pit on lower face. Clypeus subhexagonal in outline, lower margin projected, lateral angles acute; broader than high, surface smooth to alutaceous; anterior tentorial pits, epistomal sulcus, and clypeo-pleurostomal line all distinct (Fig. 3). Gena not broadened behind compound eye (not visible in frontal view), width behind eye 1.0 × width of compound eye in lateral view (Fig. 4). Malar space smooth to coriaceous, approximately 0.6 × height of compound eye and 1.6 × width of mandible base. Transfacial distance 1.8 × height of compound eye; diameter of antennal toruli 1.4 × the inter-torular distance, and distance between torulus and eye margin 1.2 × torulus diameter. Inner margins of compound eyes subparallel. POL 0.77 × OOL; OOL 2.2 × diameter of lateral ocellus and 6.4 × LOL. Antenna (Fig. 5). Antenna densely pubescent, 14 - segmented, approximately 1.7 × longer than head plus mesosoma; scape compressed and swollen; pedicel globular, slightly longer than broad (length: width = 1.3: 1.1); F 1 slightly thicker at apex than base, very long, 3.3 × longer than pedicel and nearly 1.5 × longer than F 2; F 2 – F 11 cylindrical; F 12 apically tapering, 1.6 × longer than F 11. Relative lengths of antennal segments: scape: pedicel: F 1: F 2: F 3: F 4: F 5: F 6: F 7: F 8: F 9: F 10: F 11: F 12 = 2.0: 1.3: 4.4: 2.9: 2.4: 2.4: 2.4: 2.2: 2.0: 2.0: 1.7: 1.7: 1.7: 2.7. Mesosoma (Figs 2, 6 – 7). Mesosoma dorsally convex, slightly longer than high in lateral view, with white to yellowish setae. Pronotum very narrow, coarsely punctured, sparsely haired, coriaceous, with some carinae in basal part. Scutum wider than long and approximately 1.2 × longer than scutellum, shining, coriaceous, sparsely haired. Notauli complete, deeply impressed, convergent posteriorly; parapsidal lines obscure, anterior parallel lines obscure or very shallow and extending to 1 / 9 entire scutum length; median mesoscutal line absent. Scutellum 1.5 × longer than wide, with parallel lateral margins, rounded posteriorly, rugose, with more delicate sculpture in central disk. Scutellar foveae indistinct. Mesopleuron smooth and shiny, with a strong transverse dull rugose furrow; mesopleural triangle with numerous delicate wrinkles. Metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron above half its height; axillula ovate, smooth, with fine setae; subaxillular bar smooth. Dorsellum rugose. Metanotal trough smooth, shining, without setae; ventral impressed rim with delicate longitudinal wrinkles, shining. Median and lateral propodeal areas rugose, medially smooth, haired; lateral propodeal carinae with a straight anterior portion and strongly curved outwards in posterior half, delimiting a closed area. Legs (Figs 8 – 9). Tarsal claws with a widened basal lobe in hind leg; arolium present between two claws in fore leg. Forewing (Fig. 10). Radial cell closed, 2.0 × longer than wide; Rs curved; 2 r curved, but not extending into radial cell. Areolet distinct, large. Rs + M well marked, meeting M at approximately the lower two-fifths. Metasoma (Figs 11 – 12). Smooth, shiny, glabrous; 6 th and following tergites and hypopygial underside sparsely haired; shorter than head plus mesosoma (0.8 ×) and 1.2 × longer than high in lateral view. Second metasomal tergite short, reaching 2 / 5 length of metasoma. Hypopygium plough-shaped, its spine sharply projected. Ovipositor elongate, curved, approximately 1.2 mm long; apex acute (Fig. 14). Male: unknown.	en	Zhang, Chuan-Xi (2026): A new species of Diplolepis Geoffroy, 1762 (Hymenoptera: Diplolepididae) inducing galls on Rosa multiflora from Eastern China. Zootaxa 5849 (1): 131-140, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5849.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5849.1.7
684FFE31025DFFBEFF360B5911907794.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology (Figs 13 – 28). In Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China, most galls on R. multiflora mature and fall to the ground in June to early July, with larvae overwintering inside. After overwintering, the larvae mature (Fig. 19) and pupate within the gall. Adults emerge from the galls during late March to early April (Fig. 14). Each gall produces a single adult gall wasp. Among the 13 individuals observed emerging, all were female; no males were detected. Unmated females deposit eggs directly onto unexpanded young leaflets (Figs 15 – 17), suggesting the possibility of parthenogenesis. Galls occur primarily on the lower (abaxial) surface of the leaflets, with a few found on the upper (adaxial) surface or on the rachis, and occasionally on the pedicels (Figs 20 – 26). They are typically green, though some exhibit a rose-red or even red coloration (Figs 21 – 23, 24), especially on sun-exposed surfaces. Spherical in shape, they bear sparse short spines that are more prominent in young galls (Figs 20 – 22). Multiple galls may occur densely on a single leaflet. All galls are single-chambered unless invaded by other wasps. When parasitized by the inquiline wasp Periclistus Förster, 1869, galls may become larger due to the presence of multiple Periclistus individuals within a single gall. Mature galls typically measure 5 – 7 mm in diameter (Fig. 27), with a wall thickness of 2 – 2.5 mm. The inner cavity is about 3 – 4 mm in diameter. Although the host plant is a perennial shrub that exhibits vigorous growth during winter and spring, most compound leaves abscise by July. Occasionally, only a few old leaves or remnants consisting of partial leaflets and the rachis remain on the twigs, and some galls persist on these residual leaves and rachises (Figs. 26). Certain galls may even remain until October, but these are often parasitized by other wasps.	en	Zhang, Chuan-Xi (2026): A new species of Diplolepis Geoffroy, 1762 (Hymenoptera: Diplolepididae) inducing galls on Rosa multiflora from Eastern China. Zootaxa 5849 (1): 131-140, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5849.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5849.1.7
684FFE31025DFFBEFF360B5911907794.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Zhejiang Province).	en	Zhang, Chuan-Xi (2026): A new species of Diplolepis Geoffroy, 1762 (Hymenoptera: Diplolepididae) inducing galls on Rosa multiflora from Eastern China. Zootaxa 5849 (1): 131-140, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5849.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5849.1.7
684FFE31025DFFBEFF360B5911907794.taxon	discussion	Phylogenetic relationships A 658 - bp COI sequence of D. ningdaensis sp. nov. was generated (GenBank accession no. PX 506479). BLAST comparison revealed 87.7 % – 95.2 % sequence identity with other recognized Diplolepis species. To further assess its phylogenetic position, all publicly available COI sequences longer than 600 bp were retrieved from GenBank and BOLD. A maximum likelihood (ML) tree was subsequently constructed (Fig. 29). The resulting topology strongly supports the placement of the new species within the genus Diplolepis and indicates a close affinity with D. japonica. While D. japonica induces galls on both R. rugosa and R. multiflora (Yasumatsu & Taketani 1967), the new species, D. ningdaensis sp. nov., induces morphologically similar galls on R. multiflora. This indicates that the two species are not only closely related at the molecular level but also exhibit analogous biological traits.	en	Zhang, Chuan-Xi (2026): A new species of Diplolepis Geoffroy, 1762 (Hymenoptera: Diplolepididae) inducing galls on Rosa multiflora from Eastern China. Zootaxa 5849 (1): 131-140, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5849.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5849.1.7
