identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
D1C7A30D2C8058618E68F9605FFC5BBB.text	D1C7A30D2C8058618E68F9605FFC5BBB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Piogaster albina Perkins 1958	<div><p>Piogaster albina Perkins, 1958</p><p>Figs 4, 5, 6</p><p>Piogaster albina Perkins, 1958: 264 .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Piogaster albina can be distinguished from its congeners by possession of the combination of the following: 1) mesoscutum polished, impunctate in most specimens (Fig. 4 E) or punctate anteriorly with at most a few sparse setae laterally and anteriorly; 2) metasomal T 2 – T 5 coarsely, densely punctate (Fig. 5 H) to moderately punctate (Fig. 6 B). P. albina closely resembles P. lucida, however P. albina T 2 – T 5 are coarsely densely to moderately punctate, whereas P. lucida T 2 – T 5 are sparsely punctate anteriorly and laterally and otherwise smooth.</p><p>Redescription.</p><p>Adult. Female. Body length 4.4–6.8 [5.4] mm. FW length 3.5–4.9 [3.9] mm. Head. Antennae with 20–23 [21] flagellomeres (Fig. 4 A). Clypeus 1.5–2.2 [1.65] × as wide as high, polished, weakly rugulose, with sparse long light brown setae (Fig. 4 C). Face polished, sculpture variable from completely smooth, to smooth laterally and ventrally and weakly rugulose punctate mediodorsally [as in holotype, (Fig. 4 C)], to entirely weakly rugulose punctate, with sparse medium length yellow-white setae. Frons and vertex polished, smooth [as in holotype, (Fig. 4 B)] to coriaceous (Fig. 4 D) but finely densely punctate in some specimens, with sparse to moderately dense short to medium length yellow-white to medium brown setae (Fig. 4 D). Occipital carina complete (Fig. 4 B). MSL 0.7–1.0 [1.0] × as long as BWM. OOD 1.3–1.7 [1.3] × as long as LOD. Mesosoma. Pronotum with epomia absent; polished, smooth (Fig. 6), weakly coriaceous (Fig. 5 A), or weakly rugulose punctate [as in holotype, (Fig. 4 A)], lacking setae or with sparse, medium length yellow setae. Mesoscutum polished, smooth to weakly coriaceous, anterolaterally smooth (Fig. 5 A) to densely punctate, sometimes posteriorly sparsely setose, medially with at most 10 sparse medium to long brown setae (Fig. 4 E). Scutellum polished, smooth, with only a few very sparse, short yellow-white to medium brown setae (Fig. 4 E). Mesopleuron polished, smooth [as in holotype] (Fig. 6 A) or weakly coriaceous (Fig. 5 B), lacking setae centrally, with sparse, medium length, yellow-white setae dorsally, posteriorly and especially ventrally (Fig. 5 B). Metapleuron polished, weakly rugulose, moderately densely punctate with medium length white setae (Fig. 5 C). Propodeum polished, variable sculpture from almost completely smooth (Fig. 6 B) to mostly rugulose [as in holotype] (Fig. 5 D), with sparse long yellow-white setae, setae absent medially. Propodeum with pleural carina complete in most specimens, present and strongly indicated anteriorly (Fig. 5 C), but indistinct and / or sinuous medially to posteriorly in some specimens [including holotype] (Fig. 4 A); lateral longitudinal carina present in posterior 0.2–0.5 [0.5], all other propodeal carina absent (Figs 5 D, 6 B). Wings. Fore wing. Vein Rs + M without ramellus extending conspicuously anteriorly into cell 1 M + 1 R 1 (Fig. 5 F) (at most indicated by a small stub where these two veins meet). Vein 2 rs-m 0.5–1.0 [1.0] × as long as M between 2 rs-m and 2 m-cu (Fig. 5 F). Vein 2 m-cu not thickened or angulate between bullae (Fig. 5 F). Hind wing. Vein 1 / Cu &amp; cu-a inclivous, strongly angled where 2 / Cu intercepts in lower 0.3–0.4 [0.3] (Fig. 5 E), with 2 / Cu ranging from completely tubular to tubular at extreme base and nebulous more apically [as in holotype] to completely nebulous. Metasoma. T 1 polished, anteriorly smooth [as in holotype] to sparsely punctate, medially to posteriorly punctate (Figs 5 G, 6 B), sometimes posterolaterally punctate reticulate, punctures with dense medium length yellow-white setae. T 1 median dorsal carina absent (Fig. 6 B), or present anteriorly but short and weak (rounded) [as in holotype] (Fig. 5 G), 0.1–0.2 [0.2] × length of T 1; dorsolateral carinae variable, completely absent in some specimens, present anteriorly for 0.2–0.4 × length of T 1 [as in holotype], present in posterior 0.3 × length of T 1 in some specimens, absent medially in all specimens (Fig. 5 C). T 2 – T 5 polished, densely to moderately densely punctate, with sparse to dense medium length white setae, T 2 and T 3 laterally punctate reticulate in some specimens (Figs 4 B, 5 H, 6 A, 6 B). T 6 polished, with punctures varying from sparse (Fig. 6 A) to moderately dense (Figs 5 H, 6 C) to dense [dense] (Fig. 4 A), with medium length white setae (Figs 5 H, 6 A, 6 C). T 7 and T 8 polished, smooth (impunctate), with a few short to medium length white to medium brown setae anteriorly and laterally (Figs 4 A, 5 H, 6 A, 6 C). Tergites without grooves or tubercles (Figs 4 A, 5 H, 6 A, 6 C). Ovipositor sheath 0.8–1.0 [0.9] × as long as hind tibia (Fig. 6 C). Colour. Face, frons, and gena medium brown [as in holotype (Figs 4 A – C)] to black (Fig. 4 D). Clypeus medium brown [as in holotype, (Fig. 4 C)] to black, some specimens yellow-brown medially. Malar space medium brown to black, some specimens with yellow-brown spot [as in holotype]. Vertex and occiput medium brown to black [medium brown, (Fig. 4 B)], vertex with long thin irregular shaped yellow [as in holotype (Fig. 4 B)] to red-brown mark (Fig. 4 D). Mandible black with thin transverse basal red-brown stripe or brown basally, red-brown apically with medial transverse black stripe [as in holotype]. Maxillary and labial palps medium to dark brown [medium brown, Fig. 4 C]. Antenna colour uniformly brown-black or with scape and pedicel light to dark brown with pale to medium brown flagellomeres [as in holotype, Figs 4 A, 4 B] (Fig. 4 B). Pronotum uniform medium brown [as in holotype, (Fig. 4 A)] to black (Fig. 6 A), sometimes lighter dorsally (Figs 6 C, 5 A). Tegula light [as in holotype, Fig. 4 B] to medium brown (Fig. 4 E). Mesoscutum medium brown [as in holotype, (Fig. 4 B)] to black (Fig. 4 E), sometimes with yellow to red-brown lateral margins (Fig. 5 A) and yellow to red-brown posteriorly. Scutellum, post-scutellum and axillary troughs uniform medium brown [as in holotype, (Fig. 4 B)] to black (Fig. 4 E). Mesopleuron medium brown [as in holotype, (Fig. 4 A)] to black, sometimes with yellow-brown or red-brown area anteriorly (Fig. 6 C). Metapleuron uniform medium brown [as in holotype] to black. Propodeum uniformly medium brown [as in holotype, (Fig. 4 B)] to black (Fig. 6 B). Wings hyaline, veins light brown transparent, SC + R medium brown, stigma variable from light brown transparent [as in holotype, (Fig. 5 E)] to medium brown. Fore, middle and hind coxae medium brown [as in holotype] to black, white apically in some specimens, trochanters medium brown [as in holotype, (Fig. 4 A)] to black (Fig. 5 C), white apically in most specimens, femur and tibia yellow-white with medium brown to black longitudinal stripe on dorsal and ventral surfaces, fore tibia without ventral stripe in most specimens, tarsi yellow-white, light brown to black on dorsal surface (Fig. 4 A). Metasomal tergites variable, uniform yellow-brown (Fig. 5 H), medium brown [as in holotype, (Figs 4 A, 4 B)] (Fig. 4 B) or brown-black (Fig. 6 A). Ovipositor sheath variable, medium brown with a yellow-white band from 0.2–0.4 [as in holotype, (Fig. 4 A)], uniform medium to dark brown (Fig. 6 A), or medium brown fading to white at apical 0.2 (Fig. 6 C).</p><p>Male. A male was described by Aubert (1963) as P. albina because it was collected in the same locality on the same day as four female P. albina . We have examined this male and whereas we could not refute Aubert’s identification, we also could not find any characters that would associate it unequivocally with females of P. albina .</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Fig. 26. Western Palaearctic: England (Shaw 2006), France (Aubert 1963), Germany (Perkins 1958), Hungary (current study, new record), Poland (Sawoniewicz 1978), Romania (Pisica 2002), Spain (del Castillo 1994), Sweden (personal communication, Harald Havnås, new record). A male Piogaster specimen from Austria was listed as P. albina in Kazmierczak (1990), but this specimen was not examined. With so little known about males of Piogaster and no justification for identification of this male as P. albina, this record cannot be confirmed.</p><p>Biology.</p><p>Host unknown. Reared from an oak marble gall, A. kollari ( Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) in southern England (Shaw 2006), with the assumption that the host of P. albina had entered the gall after being parasitized.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Holotype. Germany • 1 ♀; B. M. Type Hym. 3 b. 2023; Ruthe Coll. 59.101; NHMUK 010880786; [NHMUK].</p><p>Condition of type: Metasoma detached and glued to a separate point, otherwise intact.</p><p>Paratype. England • 1 ♀; Norfolk, King’s Lynn; viii. 1911; Atmore; [NHMUK] .</p><p>Other material.</p><p>England • 1 ♀; Leicester; vi. 1973; Jennifer Owen; [EMUS] • 1 ♀; Goblin Combe, vc 6, Somerset ST 47 65; 5. iii. 2000; D. Gibbs; Em. 6. v. 2000; Emerged from oak marble gall; CNC 310408; [NMS] • 1 ♀; Kent, VC 16, Halling, St. Andrews Lakes centroid; v-vii. 2022, M. C. Townsend; CNC 1754425; [NMS] • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; [NMS] • 1 ♀; Norfolk, Holme Dunes, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=0.54713&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=52.97528" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 0.54713/lat 52.97528)">site ENDURE_MARRAM_INVERT_12_UK</a>; 13. vii. 2019; 52.97528°N, 0.54713°E; Ruben Van De Walle; Sweep on Ammophila arenaria; coastal dune, marram dominated; [RBINS] (photo only) . France • 1 ♀; Vendée, Longeville; 19–26. ix. 1965; J. A. J. Clark; B. M. 1965-489; NHMUK 012850730; [NHMUK] • 1 ♀; FR 44, Notre-Dame-des-Landes, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-1.7709&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.3487" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -1.7709/lat 47.3487)">La Freusière</a> (WGS 84); 47.3487°N, 1.7709°W; 16. vii. 2013; Naturalistes en lutte - PM 1; Genbank: SRX 14790939; ICH_PIMP_00026; [USNM] (photo only) • 2 ♀; Bouches-du-Rhône, Fos-sur-Mer; 13. ix. 1962; J. A. Aubert; [MZLS] (photo only) • 1 ♀; Pont du Gard; 4. vi. 1967; Matile; [MZLS] (photo only) . Hungary • 1 ♀; Vas Co., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.21667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.88333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.21667/lat 46.88333)">Kétvölgy</a>; 46.88333°N, 16.21667°E; 18. v. 2001; G. Gibson; CNC 842511; [CNC] . Spain • 1 ♀; Cantabria, Trillayo; 20. viii. 1991; Carmen Rey del Castillo; Yellow pan trap; MNCN_Ent 203194; [MNCN] . Sweden • 1 ♀; Gotlands kommun, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.33788&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=57.53678" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.33788/lat 57.53678)">Roleks</a>; 57.53678°N, 18.33788°E; 10. iv – 6. vi. 2005; The Swedish Malaise Trap Project; Malaise trap ID 28; Border between mixed pine forest and open grazed calcareous pasture; [NHRS] .</p><p>Comments.</p><p>There is a great variation in the degree of rugosity of parts of the head, mesosoma and metasoma, especially the face, pronotum and propodeum, from highly rugose as in the specimen from England, Goblin Combe (Fig. 5 D showing propodeum) to highly smooth and polished in the specimen from Hungary (Fig. 6 B). The holotype tends towards more rugosity in these areas (Figs 4 A, 4 B).</p><p>Aubert named two new forms, form alboclypeata (Aubert 1963) and form rufa (Aubert 1969 a). We examined the specimen Aubert (1969 a) references for form rufa and the morphological variation found in this specimen is included in the above description. We examined two of the four females collected at Fos-sur-Mer on September 13, 1962 (the locality where form alboclypeata was collected), but neither of these had a white clypeus, so they were not likely the specimen assigned to form alboclypeata by Aubert (1963). As we did not see this specimen, and Aubert (1963) does not provide a detailed description of the morphology of the form, the morphological variation of this form is not captured in our description. As both were published after 1960, they are considered infrasubspecific categories rather than subspecies (see ICZN 1999: Art. 45.6).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D1C7A30D2C8058618E68F9605FFC5BBB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Bass, Amber;Bennett, Andrew M. R.;Spasojevic, Tamara;Schwarzfeld, Marla	Bass, Amber, Bennett, Andrew M. R., Spasojevic, Tamara, Schwarzfeld, Marla (2026): Revision of the world species of Piogaster Perkins (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae), ectoparasitoids of jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae) with a description of one new species. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 99: 621-701, DOI: 10.3897/jhr.99.184465
6ADA849502F051BAB7C42D53BB8F9611.text	6ADA849502F051BAB7C42D53BB8F9611.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Piogaster daisetsuzana Kusigemati. Associating 1985	<div><p>Piogaster daisetsuzana Kusigemati, 1985</p><p>Figs 7, 8, 9, 10</p><p>Piogaster daisetsuzana Kusigemati, 1985: 583 .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Piogaster daisetsuzana females can be distinguished from congeners by any of the following: 1) propodeum with medial transverse striations (Fig. 8 D) (absent in all other species), 2) FW vein Rs + M with ramellus extending anteriorly into cell 1 M + 1 R 1, tubular for 0.1–0.6 × as long as vein 2 rs-m, and extending farther as nebulous or spectral vein (Figs 7 A, 8 F) (absent or present as only a very short stub in other species), and 3) FW vein 2 m-cu slightly thickened and angulate between bullae (Fig. 8 F) (of uniform thickness and lacking angulation in all other species). Males can be distinguished from other male congeners by a combination of the following: 1) propodeum with medial transverse striations (Fig. 10 D), and 2) presence of a polished, smooth medial part of metapleuron without microsculpture or setae (Fig. 10 C) (some sculpture and / or setae in this region in other males, e. g., Fig. 25 D).</p><p>In addition to these morphological characters, there is a binary diagnostic molecular character in the COI barcode sequence of P. daisetsuzana at site 290 (T in P. daisetsuzana, A in other Piogaster), corresponding to amino acid 97 (Leucine in P. daisetsuzana, Methionine in other Piogaster).</p><p>Redescription.</p><p>Adult. Female. Body length 4.7–6.0 [5.0] mm. FW length 4.1–4.8 [4.1] mm. Head. Antennae with 23–24 [23] flagellomeres. Clypeus 1.6–2.0 [1.7] × as wide as high, subpolished (Fig. 7 C), weakly rugulose in most specimens [smoother in holotype] and sparse, setiferous punctures with long white setae. Face, frons and vertex matte and granulate, with dense, short, yellow-white setae (Figs 7 C, 7 D). Occipital carina weak but complete in some specimens (Fig. 7 D), apparently obsolete dorsally in some specimens [based on original description of holotype] (Fig. 7 B). MSL 0.8–1.1 [1.1] × as long as BWM. OOD 1.7–2.3 [2.3] × as long as LOD. Mesosoma. Pronotum with epomia as a short, low, vertical carina in dorsolateral pronotal groove (Fig. 8 A). Pronotum (Fig. 8 A) and scutellum (Fig. 7 B) matte and rugose, with dense short yellow-white setae. Mesoscutum matte, densely rugulose-punctate to rugose-punctate, with dense short yellow-white setae (Fig. 7 B). Mesopleuron and metapleuron matte, rugose with dense medium length yellow-white setae (Fig. 7 A). Propodeum matte, rugose with medial transverse striations, with dense long yellow-white setae (Fig. 8 D). Propodeum with pleural carina complete, but weak; lateral longitudinal carinae present in posterior 0.3–0.4, all other propodeal carinae absent. Fore wing. Vein Rs + M with ramellus extending into 1 M + 1 R 1 (discocubital) cell as a tubular vein for 0.1–0.6 × as long as 2 rs-m, and then continuing further as nebulous or spectral vein. Vein 2 rs-m 0.5–0.6 [0.6] × as long as M between 2 rs-m and 2 m-cu. Vein 2 m-cu thickened and angulate between bullae (Fig. 8 E). Hind wing. Vein 1 / Cu &amp; cu-a inclivous, angled apically where 2 / Cu intercepts (Fig. 8 E), 2 / Cu intercepting in lower 0.3–0.5 [0.5], 2 / Cu tubular or nebulous at least 0.7 length to posterior edge of wing, reaching posterior edge of wing in some specimens. Metasoma. T 1 matte, with dense, setiferous punctures, punctate reticulate laterally and in some specimens medially, with dense, short, yellow setae (Figs 7 B, 8 G). T 1 median dorsal carina present anteriorly, but weak and short, 0.1–0.3 [0.2] × length of T 1; dorsolateral carinae complete (Fig. 8 C). T 2 – T 5 subpolished, with dense, setiferous punctures, space between punctures less than 0.5 × puncture diameter, laterally punctate reticulate with dense short to medium length yellow-white setae (Figs 7 B, 8 H). T 6 subpolished, finely punctate, with dense short white setae. T 7 and T 8 subpolished, sparsely, finely punctate with dense medium length white setae. Tergites without grooves or tubercles. Ovipositor sheath 0.9–1.2 [1.2] × as long as hind tibia. Colour. Head (Figs 7 A – D) yellow to yellow-white, lighter ventrally (clypeus and face and gena), frons tinged with light brown in some specimens. Vertex uniformly yellow, lacking sublateral lighter-coloured mark present in other Piogaster species (Figs 7 B, 7 D). Occiput yellow near occipital carina, light brown medially. Mandible basally yellow, apically dark brown-black. Maxillary and labial palps uniformly pale yellow. Antenna uniform yellow-brown or yellow basally and dark brown apically [as in holotype] (Fig. 7 A). Pronotum yellow-white to yellow dorsally, tinged with pale brown medially and ventrally in most specimens [including holotype] (Fig. 7 A). Tegula yellow to light brown [light brown] (Fig. 7 A). Mesoscutum medium brown, with yellow submedial and sublateral longitudinal stripes (Fig. 7 E). Scutellum light to medium brown, pale yellow to light brown anteriorly, axillary troughs medium brown (Fig. 7 E). Post-scutellum light to medium brown, axillary troughs yellow. Mesopleuron yellow-white / yellow to brown-yellow, paler in ventral third in most specimens, especially anteriorly [“ pale yellow spot on anterior lower corner ”] (Fig. 7 A). Metapleuron and propodeum uniformly yellow to brown-yellow. Wings hyaline to subhyaline, veins light to medium brown, SC + R medium to dark brown. Legs yellow to yellow brown, with medium brown longitudinal stripe on dorsal and / or ventral of fore, middle, and / or hind femora and tibiae, these longitudinal stripes ranging from poorly to well-defined [holotype with femoral stripes poorly defined, tibial stripes well defined (Figs 7 A, 7 B)]; all leg segments paler on anterior and posterior surfaces; tarsi a bit darker than other segments. Metasomal tergites yellow to medium brown, T 2 – T 6 pale yellow posteriorly in most specimens [including holotype (Fig. 7 A)]. Ovipositor sheaths uniform yellow-white.</p><p>Male. Body length 5.4–6.1 mm. FW length 4.5–5.2 mm. Head. Antennae with 24 flagellomeres. Clypeus 1.6–2.0 × as wide as high, smooth, polished with sparse setiferous punctures, with medium brown long setae. Face polished, smooth with sparse setiferous punctures, with sparse short yellow setae (Fig. 9 C). Frons and vertex polished, with moderately dense setiferous punctures, short yellow-white setae (Figs 9 C, 9 D). Occipital carina complete (Fig. 9 D). MSL 0.7 × as long as BWM. OOD 1.2–1.7 × as long as LOD. Mesosoma. Pronotum with epomia present in dorsolateral pronotal groove, short (Fig. 10 A); polished, punctate dorsally with dense medium length white setae, smooth ventrally and lacking setae (Fig. 10 A). Mesoscutum subpolished, densely punctate, with dense medium length white setae (Fig. 9 E). Scutellum polished, punctate, with dense long white setae (Fig. 9 E). Mesopleuron polished, punctate with moderately dense medium length white setae, posterodorsally smooth without setae (Fig. 10 B). Metapleuron polished, margins with sparse, setiferous punctures and moderately dense long white setae, medially smooth and lacking setae (Fig. 10 C). Propodeum rugose punctate with medial transverse striations, with dense long white setae (Fig. 10 D). Propodeum with pleural carina complete (Fig. 10 C); lateral longitudinal carina present posteriorly, extending anteriorly to 0.8 × length of propodeum; median longitudinal carinae present anteriorly (Fig. 10 D), extending posteriorly to 0.5–0.6 × length of propodeum. Wings. Fore wing. Vein Rs + M with ramellus extending into 1 M + 1 R 1 (discocubital) cell as a tubular vein for 0.8–1.1 × length of 2 rs-m, continuing across 1 M + 1 R 1 cell as a nebulous and / or spectral vein (Fig. 10 E). Vein 2 rs-m 0.5 × as long as M between 2 rs-m and 2 m-cu (Fig. 10 E). Vein 2 m-cu not thickened or angulate between bullae (Fig. 10 G). Hind wing. Vein 1 / Cu &amp; cu-a slightly inclivous, in most specimens angled apically where 2 / Cu intercepts in lower 0.3–0.4, tubular basally and nebulous apically, extending 0.7–0.8 to edge of wing (Fig. 10 F). One wing of one specimen with vein 1 / Cu &amp; cu-a inclivous, not angled, vein 2 / Cu present, but not intercepting vein 1 / Cu &amp; cu-a. Metasoma. T 1 polished, strongly, densely punctate reticulate, with dense, medium length, white setae (Fig. 10 H). T 1 median dorsal carinae present, 0.4 × length of T 1, bordering the medial basal sulcus; dorsolateral carina complete. T 2 – T 4 each with a weak medial to posterior transverse groove; coarsely, densely punctate reticulate with dense, medium length, yellow setae anterior to groove, sparsely punctate and polished with sparse, medium length, yellow setae posterior to groove. T 5 more polished than anterior tergites, densely punctate to punctate reticulate anteriorly, densely, finely punctate with dense medium length yellow setae posteriorly (Fig. 10 H). T 6 – T 8 polished with sparse punctation with dense, medium length, yellow setae (Fig. 10 H). Colour. Frons and gena dark brown to black, with clypeus and medial face medium brown (Figs 9 C, 9 D). Vertex and occiput uniformly black (Fig. 9 D) or vertex black with white-yellow small ovoid mark (Fig. 9 B). Mandible brown-yellow with longitudinal dark brown stripe or dark brown and apically brown-yellow. Maxillary and labial palps yellow basally, light to medium brown apically (Fig. 9 A). Antenna dark brown, first 13–14 antennomeres pale yellow ventrally (Figs 9 A, 9 B). Mesosoma (Figs 9 E, 10 A – D) dark brown to black except for the following: pronotum with brown-yellow dorsoposterior corner (Fig. 10 A), tegula yellow-white (Fig. 10 A). Wings hyaline, veins medium brown (Figs 10 E, 10 F). Fore and middle leg including coxa pale yellow, except tibiae with dorsal, longitudinal, pale brown stripe. Apical three tarsomeres of fore leg yellow brown, middle tarsus dark yellow brown, except basal tarsomere yellow laterally. Hind leg yellow brown, except coxa light brown, trochanter and trochantellus light brown dorsally, femur laterally between 0.1–0.8 light brown, tibia with brown, dorsal stripe in basal 0.2 and apical 0.3, tarsus brown dorsally, yellow brown ventrally (Fig. 9 A). Metasomal tergites uniformly dark brown to black (Figs 9 A, 10 H).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Fig. 27. Japan: Hokkaido (Kusigemati 1985), Kyushu (Matsumoto 2016), and Honshu (Watanabe and Yamauchi 2018).</p><p>Biology.</p><p>Host unknown.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Holotype. Japan • ♀; Hokkaido, Mt. Daisetsn [Mt. Daisetsu]; 29. vii. 1967; K. Kusigemati; [EIHU].</p><p>Condition of holotype: Missing left fore wing and hind wing, otherwise intact (Digital images analyzed, Figs 7 A – C).</p><p>Other material.</p><p>Japan • 1 ♀; Hokkaido, Chitose, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=141.291&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.7048" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 141.291/lat 42.7048)">stream near Shikotsu-tunnel</a>; 42.7048°N, 141.2910°E; 17. viii – 1. ix. 2012; N. Kuhara; Malaise trap; CNC 1754518; [EUMJ] • 1 ♀; Kyushu, Fukuoka, Sefuriyama c.; 6. vi. 1995; R. Matsumoto; NHMUK 015215320; [NHMUK] • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; NHMUK 012850731; [NHMUK] • 1 ♀; same data for preceding; 16. vi. 1995; R. Matsumoto; CNC 310409; [NMS] • 1 ♀; Kameya, Toyama City; 1–8. ix. 2009; [Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Planet Earth and Life] (photo only) • 1 ♂; Honshu, Kansai, Osaka, Kishiwada, near Izumi-Katsuragisan; 30. vi – 13. vii. 2002, R. Matsumoto; Malaise Trap 3 (A); CNC 310410; [NMS] • 1 ♂; same data for preceding; 2–13. v. 2002; R. Matsumoto; Malaise Trap 2 (C); NHMUK 015215321; [NHMUK] .</p><p>Comments.</p><p>In the original description of P. daisetsuzana, Kusigemati (1985) states that the diagnostic features of this species are the presence of an epomia, a wide malar space, and antennae with 25 segments. In this study, four additional female specimens and two additional male specimens were examined that have made these features no longer diagnostic. Malar space and antennal segments now overlap with other species. While we have not examined the holotype specimen in person and thus have not seen the epomia on that specimen, we have seen what appears to be a short, weak to indistinct epomia in two specimens (as in Fig. 8 A). Verification of its presence in other species is complicated by the presence of rugose sculpture in this area (Fig. 14 A) and the angle of the head which obscures the area in several specimens. As such, we have not included it as a diagnostic character for P. daisetsuzana . The male P. daisetsuzana we examined have a short epomia (Fig. 10 A), but other males from Europe (example: BOLD ProcessID BIOUG 17116 - B 03) have been examined with a similar epomia, so this is not diagnostic for male P. daisetsuzana .</p><p>This is the first time the male of P. daisetsuzana has been described. Two P. daisetsuzana males were examined morphologically, and one was barcoded and included in the COI phylogeny. This male clustered in a monophyletic clade with two female P. daisetsuzana (Figs 1, 2) and its COI sequence was only 0.11–0.14 % divergent from these two females. In addition, males and females share diagnostic morphological features (see Diagnosis). Finally, P. daisetsuzana is geographically isolated from all other Piogaster species (only recorded from Japan: Fig. 27).</p><p>Sexes differ in some diagnostic characters. First, males do not have a FW 2 m-cu slightly thickened and angulate between bullae (Fig. 10 E) as in females (Fig. 8 E). Second, while male P. daisetsuzana have a longer extension of the FW ramellus than females (tubular and 0.75–1.1 × length of 2 rs-m) (Fig. 10 E) we have examined two males from Italy (presumably not P. daisetsuzana because of the locality) that have an extension of the FW ramellus up to 0.9 × as long as 2 rs-m, so this character is also not diagnostic for male P. daisetsuzana .</p><p>In the original description, Kusigemati (1985) reported T 3 of the female as 2.2 × as long as wide. However, this is an error, as T 3 is much wider than long in all female specimens examined including the holotype based on the photos of this specimen (Fig. 7 A, B). Additionally, Kusigemati (1985) described the head as pale yellow and the mesosoma as yellowish-brown to light infuscate. The photos of the holotype (Fig. 7 A, B) appear to have a brighter yellow head and the mesosoma has areas of orange, but this is likely an artifact of the photographic settings (e. g., lighting, white balance) which produced a more saturated image. In Fig. 7 C, however, the head of the holotype appears closer to the pale yellow from the original description.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6ADA849502F051BAB7C42D53BB8F9611	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Bass, Amber;Bennett, Andrew M. R.;Spasojevic, Tamara;Schwarzfeld, Marla	Bass, Amber, Bennett, Andrew M. R., Spasojevic, Tamara, Schwarzfeld, Marla (2026): Revision of the world species of Piogaster Perkins (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae), ectoparasitoids of jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae) with a description of one new species. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 99: 621-701, DOI: 10.3897/jhr.99.184465
189107B9868152F69B4277FF52C7DDFB.text	189107B9868152F69B4277FF52C7DDFB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Piogaster lucida Constantineanu & Constantineanu 1969	<div><p>Piogaster lucida Constantineanu &amp; Constantineanu, 1969</p><p>Piogaster lucida Constantineanu &amp; Constantineanu, 1969 a: 157 [Romanian].</p><p>Piogaster lucida Constantineanu &amp; Constantineanu, 1969 b: 173 [French].</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Piogaster lucida can be distinguished from its congeners by possession of the combination of the following: 1) mesoscutum impunctate and polished and 2) metasomal T 2 – T 5 smooth with very sparse punctation anteriorly and laterally. This species is most similar to P. albina which shares the highly polished, impunctate mesoscutum (Fig. 4 E), but can be distinguished by the densely punctate metasomal T 2 – T 5 of P. albina (Fig. 5 H).</p><p>Redescription.</p><p>Adult. Female. Body length 5.0 mm. FW length 4.0 mm. Head. Number of flagellomeres unknown [antenna about half length of body]. Clypeus width to height ratio and microsculpture unknown. Face and vertex microsculpture and setation unknown. Frons polished and smooth, setation unknown. Occipital carina complete. Ratio of MSL to BWM unknown. Ratio of OOD to LOD unknown. Mesosoma. Pronotum with epomia absent; sculpture and setation unknown. Mesoscutum polished, smooth with sparse white setae. Scutellum sculpture unknown. Mesopleuron sculpture unknown. Metapleuron medially to posteriorly smooth. Propodeum rugulose or rugose [wrinkled] (original description zbîrcit) and sparsely punctate. Propodeum with pleural carina complete but weak, other propodeal carina unknown. Wings. Fore wing. Vein Rs + M not specifically mentioned or drawn as having ramellus extending greatly into cell 1 M + 1 R 1 (only a rudimentary stub of ramellus indicated in habitus drawing). Vein 2 rs-m slightly shorter than M between 2 rs-m and 2 m-cu, but not measured. Vein 2 m-cu not thickened or angulate between bullae (based on habitus drawing). Hind wing. Vein 1 / Cu &amp; cu-a angled where 2 / Cu intercepts, 2 / Cu intercepting in lower 0.5, 2 / Cu extending almost to wing margin. Metasoma. T 1 polished and smooth, without setae. T 1 with median dorsal carina only present in anterior half of anteromedial furrow; T 1 dorsolateral carinae present anteriorly for 0.5 × length of T 1. T 2 – T 5 polished, smooth, sparsely punctate anteriorly and laterally with whitish setae. T 6 – T 8 polished, smooth, sparsely punctate anteriorly, setae unknown. Tergites without grooves or tubercles. Ovipositor sheath 1.5 mm, hind tibia not measured. Colour. Head black. Vertex with oblong yellowish spot. Mandible colour unknown. Maxillary and labial palps colour unknown. Antenna brown with black scape. Mesosoma black except for the following: tegula red-brown, mesopleuron with some areas dark red to brown (see Constantineanu and Constantineanu 1969 a, 1969 b). Wing colour and transparency unknown, veins including stigma pale yellow, C + Sc + R brown. Femora white with black-brown longitudinal stripes on dorsal and ventral surface, fore and middle femur stripes larger than hind femur. Tibiae white with black-brown longitudinal stripe on dorsal surface. Tarsi with dorsal surface brown, anteroventral and posteroventral surfaces red-white. Fifth tarsomere apically red. Metasomal tergites black. Ovipositor sheath brown.</p><p>Male. Unknown.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Fig. 28. Romania.</p><p>Biology.</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>None. Piogaster lucida is known only from the holotype in the</p><p>Constantineanu collection (Iași, Romania) and was unavailable for examination.</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Piogaster lucida was originally described both in Romanian (Constantineanu and Constantineanu 1969 a) and French (Constantineanu and Constantineanu 1969 b) in the same year. We were unable to determine a date of publication for either. The date of the Romanian publication is listed as 1969 on the cover of the issue, but 1968 on the first page inside. The French publication is listed as received on August 16, 1968 but it does not include a publication date; another paper in the same issue was received on January 28, 1969 so it had to be published after this date. As no precise publication dates are available, ICZN Article 21.3. 2 requires adoption of 31 December 1969 for both, making them simultaneous. Both descriptions together constitute the original description. As we were unable to see the holotype, the diagnosis and description provided here are based on these descriptions.</p><p>Constantineanu and Constantineanu (1969 b) describe P. albina and P. lucida as differing by: 1) ovipositor sheath colour, with P. albina having a white band on the sheath and P. lucida having a completely brown ovipositor sheath, and 2) trochanter colour, with P. albina having trochanters with white apically, versus P. lucida in which the trochanters lack the white apically. However, we have seen multiple specimens of P. albina with completely brown ovipositor sheaths, and with trochanters completely dark brown-black.</p><p>We examined one Piogaster specimen from Hungary (Fig. 6 A) that we identify and treat here as P. albina, although it shows morphology intermediate between P. albina and P. lucida . In this specimen, the metasomal tergites have reduced punctation compared to other P. albina specimens (Figs 4 B, 5 H). The specimen also differs in the sculpture of the propodeum, which is almost completely smooth (Fig. 6 A), rather than wrinkled as in other examined specimens of P. albina (Figs 4 B, 5 D) and in the original description of P. lucida . This variation raises the possibility that if the propodeal sculpture in P. albina can be completely smooth while the specimen otherwise conforms to P. albina, then similar variation might also occur in the sculpture of the metasomal tergites. If so, P. lucida, which is diagnosed from P. albina primarily by the smooth sculpture of tergites T 2 – T 5, may represent a morphological variant of P. albina rather than a distinct species. However, because we were unable to examine the holotype of P. lucida or locate additional material matching the P. albina holotype condition, we could not investigate this.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/189107B9868152F69B4277FF52C7DDFB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Bass, Amber;Bennett, Andrew M. R.;Spasojevic, Tamara;Schwarzfeld, Marla	Bass, Amber, Bennett, Andrew M. R., Spasojevic, Tamara, Schwarzfeld, Marla (2026): Revision of the world species of Piogaster Perkins (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae), ectoparasitoids of jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae) with a description of one new species. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 99: 621-701, DOI: 10.3897/jhr.99.184465
8898B0810DB250D99A90D402825EC245.text	8898B0810DB250D99A90D402825EC245.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Piogaster maculata Townes 1960	<div><p>Piogaster maculata Townes, 1960</p><p>Figs 11, 12</p><p>Piogaster maculata Townes, 1960: 241 .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Piogaster maculata can be distinguished from its congeners by possession of the combination of the following: 1) mesoscutum matte and granulate (Fig. 11 D); 2) T 1 – T 5 matte and granulate (Figs 12 C, 12 D); and 3) metasomal tergites primarily dark brown, with only posterior edges of some tergites light brown (Fig. 12 D).</p><p>Piogaster maculata is most similar to P. variegata in that these two species both have the metasoma with T 2 – T 5 granulate (Figs 12 D, 21 H) and HW vein 1 / Cu &amp; cu-a gently curved, without a strong angle distinguishing 1 / Cu from cu-a and with abscissa 2 / Cu absent (Fig. 21 F) They can be differentiated by colour, with P. variegata having variegated tergites (Figs 21 G, 21 H), mesopleuron (Fig. 21 B) and propodeum (Fig. 21 D). The sculpture of the mesocutum also differs with P. maculata granulate, whereas P. variegata is pustulate (Fig. 20 E).</p><p>Redescription.</p><p>Adult. Female. Body length about 5 mm. FW length 3.4 mm. Head. Antennae with 21 flagellomeres. Clypeus width to height ratio about 2 × as wide as high, matte and granulate with sparse white setae. Face (Fig. 11 B), frons and vertex (Fig. 11 C) matte, granulate, with dense, short, white setae (slightly less dense on face). Occipital carina complete. MSL 1.0 × as long as BWM. OOD 1.5 × as long as LOD. Mesosoma. Pronotum with epomia absent (Fig. 11 E). Mesosoma matte, granulate, with dense, white setae that are short on mesoscutum (Fig. 11 D) and scutellum, medium-length on pronotum and long on mesopleuron (Fig. 11 F), metapleuron (Fig. 11 G) and propodeum (Fig. 12 A) (slightly less dense on pronotum, mesopleuron and metapleuron). Propodeum with pleural carina indistinct anteriorly to medially, absent posterior to this; lateral longitudinal carina present in posterior 0.2, all other propodeal carinae absent (Fig. 12 A). Wings. Fore wing. Vein Rs + M without ramellus extending into cell 1 M + 1 R 1 (Fig. 12 B). Vein 2 rs-m 0.4 × as long as M between 2 rs-m and 2 m-cu. Vein 2 m-cu not thickened or angulate between bullae (Fig. 12 B). Hind wing. Vein 1 / Cu &amp; cu-a slightly inclivous but not strongly angulate (Fig. 11 A), vein 2 / Cu absent. Metasoma. T 1 matte, anteromedially smooth, remainder granulate, with dense short white setae (Fig. 12 C). T 1 median dorsal carina present anteriorly but short, 0.2 × length of T 1; dorsolateral carinae present anteriorly to 0.4 × length of T 1. T 2 – T 7 matte, granulate, with dense short white setae (Fig. 12 D). T 8 smooth to alutaceous and lacking setae anteriorly, posteriorly with sparse long white setae. Tergites without grooves or tubercles. Ovipositor sheath 0.7 × as long as length of hind tibia. Colour. Frons and clypeus dark brown (Figs 11 B, 11 C) with red-brown gena. Face dark brown and yellow laterally (Fig. 11 B). Vertex dark brown with yellow triangular elongate mark (Fig. 11 C). Occiput not visible, but likely same colour as posterior of vertex and gena (medium to dark brown). Mandible medium brown with black medial transverse stripe. Maxillary and labial palps uniformly medium brown. Antenna with scape dark brown, pedicel white-yellow, flagellomeres yellow-brown (Fig. 11 B). Pronotum red-brown (Fig. 11 E). Tegula yellow-white with brown margins (11 D). Mesoscutum dark brown, red-brown anteriorly and on lateral margins (Fig. 11 D). Scutellum dark brown with yellow-white spot on medioposterior margin, axillary troughs medium brown. Post-scutellum dark brown, yellow-white posteriorly, with axillary troughs dark brown (Fig. 12 A). Mesopleuron red-brown, dark brown ventrally (Fig. 11 F). Metapleuron dark brown, anterodorsally red-brown (Fig. 11 G). Propodeum uniformly dark brown (Fig. 12 A). Wings hyaline, veins pale brown transparent, costa and apical stigma white (Fig. 12 B). Fore coxa medium brown basally, white with brown spots apically; trochanter yellow with brown anterodorsal and posterodorsal stripes, femur yellow-white with scattered brown spots laterally and two brown subdorsal longitudinal stripes; tibia yellow-white with a brown stripe dorsally and scattered brown spots ventrally, tarsus brown, paler ventrally, apical tarsomeres lighter than basal ones. Middle and hind leg similar to fore leg with brown areas generally darker and more extensive (Fig. 11 A). Metasomal tergites medium brown, posterior margin of T 3 – T 6 light brown (Fig. 12 D). Ovipositor sheath white-yellow.</p><p>Male. Unknown.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Fig. 29. United States of America (California).</p><p>Biology.</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Holotype. USA • ♀; California, Yosemite National Park, Crane Flat; 25. vii. 1948; H. M. G. D. and J. Townes; edge of mountain meadow, swept from shoulder-high branches of conifer; USNM 63703; [EMUS].</p><p>Condition of type: head detached from body and glued to a card, left antenna missing beyond scape, left fore and middle legs detached after coxa. Two legs are glued to a card with the head, but these legs are not conspecific with the specimen, as one of the legs glued to the point still has the coxa attached, and neither legs have the characteristic spots of the legs remaining attached to the specimen.</p><p>Comments.</p><p>The original description lists the depository as the United States National Museum, Washington, but the specimen is in the Townes Collection, at Utah State University, Logan, Utah. Townes and Townes (1983) explain that listing the holotype depository as the United States National Museum, Washington was an error.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8898B0810DB250D99A90D402825EC245	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Bass, Amber;Bennett, Andrew M. R.;Spasojevic, Tamara;Schwarzfeld, Marla	Bass, Amber, Bennett, Andrew M. R., Spasojevic, Tamara, Schwarzfeld, Marla (2026): Revision of the world species of Piogaster Perkins (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae), ectoparasitoids of jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae) with a description of one new species. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 99: 621-701, DOI: 10.3897/jhr.99.184465
5A345413FA945DE1AF9710B3E1CBD11B.text	5A345413FA945DE1AF9710B3E1CBD11B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Piogaster Perkins 1958	<div><p>Piogaster Perkins, 1958</p><p>Figs 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25</p><p>Piogaster Perkins, 1958: 263 . Type species: Piogaster rugosa Perkins (= Polysphincta pilosator Aubert), by original designation.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Piogaster can be distinguished from all other genera of the Polysphincta group of genera by combination of the following: 1) notauli absent (Fig. 4 E); 2) female metasomal T 8 without paired, lateral, three-branched setose appendages (present in Inbioia; Barrantes et al. 2019; Bhat et al. 2025). Within the Polysphincta group of genera, the complete lack of notauli is only known in Piogaster and Inbioia . However, some species in other genera in the Holarctic region, especially Eriostethus Morley, 1914, Eruga, Flacopimpla, Polysphincta, and Zatypota have notauli that are incomplete, weak, and / or only indistinctly impressed anteriorly, therefore the following additional characters are included should the presence / absence of the notauli be uncertain: 3) palp formula 5: 4 (4: 3 in Eriostethus); 4) two mandibular teeth subequal in breadth (upper tooth broader than lower tooth in Eruga); 5) T 2 without anterolateral and posterolateral oblique grooves forming rhombic shape (present in Zatypota and Flacopimpla); and 6) clypeus convex (flat clypeus in Polysphincta).</p><p>In addition to these morphological characters, Piogaster has diagnostic molecular characters in the COI barcode region: a binary character at site 377 (G in Piogaster, T in all other Polysphincta group genera), corresponding to amino acid 126 (Alanine in Piogaster, Serine in others); and an asymmetric character at site 416 (T in Piogaster, A or G in other genera), corresponding to amino acid 139 (Serine or Tryptophan in Piogaster, Methionine, Alanine, or Threonine in other genera).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Adult. Female. Body length 4.2–6.8 mm. Fore wing 2.5–5.1 mm long. Head. Antenna with 22–25 flagellomeres. Flagellomere 2 0.6–0.9 × length of flagellomere 1 and subequal to flagellomere 3. Eye without long, dense setae between ommatidia (Fig. 13 C). Clypeus convex, separated from face by groove (Fig. 7 C). Mandible with upper tooth longer than lower; upper and lower tooth with similar breadth. Palp formula 5: 4. Genal index 0.7–1.6. Mesosoma. Epomia usually absent, sometimes present across pronotal groove, but absent dorsal to groove (Fig. 10 A). Mesoscutum lacking notauli (Fig. 4 E). Epicnemial carina complete ventrally, extending dorsally to 0.3–0.5 × height of posterior pronotum (Figs 5 A, 14 A), curving anteriorly towards anterior edge of mesopleuron in most specimens (Fig. 14 B), but sometimes mostly straight (Fig. 5 B). Submetapleural carina strong anteriorly to 0.6–0.8, weakening posteriorly. Juxtacoxal carina usually completely absent, rarely present posteriorly, or very rarely complete (if present, weak and sinuous (Fig. 5 C)). Propodeum with pleural carina ranging from absent to strong and complete (Fig. 14 C); other carinae absent except lateral longitudinal carinae present posteriorly (Figs 5 D, 8 D, 12 A, 22 G). Wings. Fore wing. Vein 2 m-cu weakly inclivous with two bullae. Vein 3 rs-m absent. Vein Rs &amp; M basal to 1 cu-a by 0.2–0.7 length of 1 cu-a. Hind wing. Vein M + Cu moderately curved medially (Figs 5 E, 14 E). Legs. Hind femur 3.2–4.2 × as long as wide. Hind tarsal dimensions 1: 0: 0.5–0.7: 0.3–0.5: 0.2–0.3: 0.5–0.7. Metasoma. T 1 0.6–1.3 × as long as wide; 1.0–1.5 × as long as T 2. T 1 spiracle at 0.3–0.5 × length of T 1. T 2 0.5–0.8 × as long as wide. T 3 0.4–0.7 × as long as wide. Tergites variable, without oblique, anterolateral and posterolateral grooves or tubercles in most species, T 2 – T 5 with weak submedial to sublateral ovoid tubercles and transverse grooves in one species (Figs 19 E, 19 F). Ovipositor straight (Fig. 7 A) to slightly upcurved (Fig. 20 A).</p><p>Male. As described above for females, but with more variation in the propodeal carina. Males may have the same propodeal carina as described for females, or have longer lateral longitudinal carinae (to 0.8 × length of propodeum), and may have the median longitudinal carinae present, albeit weak (Fig. 25 E). Tergites variable, T 2–4 without grooves or tubercles or with transverse grooves medially to posteriorly in some specimens.</p><p>Species included.</p><p>Eight in total, seven previously described and one described in the current study (see introduction and key below).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Holarctic. Four species are recorded from the western Palaearctic, two from the eastern Palaearctic and two from the Nearctic region (see distributional maps in Figs 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32).</p><p>Piogaster albina is widespread throughout Europe, P. daisetsuzana is from Japan, P. lucida is from Romania, P. maculata Townes, 1960 is from western USA (California), P. pilosator is widespread through Europe, P. punctulata is from the United Kingdom, P. ussuriensis is from the Russian Far East (Primorsky Kray) and Korea, and P. variegata sp. nov. is from Canada (Alberta).</p><p>Biology.</p><p>Ectoparasitoids of jumping spiders ( Araneae: Salticidae). Three genera within the family Salticidae (from subfamily Salticinae, tribes Salticini and Dendryphantini) have been recorded as hosts. An unidentified Piogaster male from British Columbia, Canada was reared from Habronattus (specimen described below). An unidentified Piogaster female from Finland was recorded parasitizing Salticus Latreille, 1804 in a laboratory setting (Takasuka et al. 2018). Finally, iNaturalist records made by Christine Evers (profile name: cae 1) show both a salticid host with a larval exoparasite (Evers 2019 a) collected near Brisbane, California on May 11, 2019 and an adult Piogaster reared from that salticid host (Evers 2019 b). This Piogaster specimen shares the spotted legs and lack of hind wing 2 / Cu of other North American females, but could not be identified to species from the images. This Piogaster specimen was not retained, so it could not be examined further. The spider was identified as a subadult male of the subtribe Dendryphantina, and based on the location, it was most likely Metaphidippus manni (G. &amp; E. Peckham, 1901) (Wayne Maddison, pers. comm.).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Gauld and Dubois (2006) list uniformly convex tergites without tubercles and grooves as diagnostic of Piogaster . However, there are paired convex tubercles on tergites 2–4 of P. ussuriensis (Fig. 19 E, F) as well as weaker tubercles on some P. pilosator specimens, and some male Piogaster have transverse grooves on some of the metasomal tergites (Fig. 25 H). Except for the presence of the paired, branching appendages on T 8 in female Inbioia (absent in female Piogaster), these two genera are difficult to differentiate. One of the previously listed diagnostic features differentiating Piogaster from Inbioia is the lack of an epomia in Piogaster (Gauld and Dubois 2006) . However, Kusigemati (1985) reported that P. daisetsuzana has a “ very short and weak ” epomia. We have examined P. daisetsuzana female specimens that appear to have a short, weak epomia (Fig. 8 A), but in others we cannot see an epomia or it may be obscured by the head position. Piogaster daisetsuzana males have a more distinct epomia (Fig. 10 A). In other species, interpretation is further complicated because the anterodorsal pronotum has longitudinal rugae, which may obscure or mimic a weak epomia (as in Figs 14 A, 19 A, 25 B). In contrast, females of some species, such as P. albina, clearly lack an epomia entirely (Fig. 5 A). Characters listed as diagnostic for Inbioia by Gauld et al. (2002 a) include a straight 1 / Cu + cu-a vein and lack of a 2 / Cu vein, a straight epicnemial carina, and the presence of an epomia, however each of these characters appears in a Piogaster specimen examined as part of this study (Figs 21 E, 5 B, and 10 A, respectively). Furthermore, the recently described Inbioia himalayensis has a bend in the 1 / Cu + cu-a vein with an intercepting 2 / Cu vein (Bhat et al. 2025) so this character is no longer diagnostic for Inbioia . While I. pivai has a long T 8 (Gauld et al. 2002 a), this is not shared by I. himalayensis (Bhat et al. 2025) meaning this character is also not diagnostic. Thus, the only diagnostic character is the branched process on metasomal T 8. The male of Inbioia is not known, but it is assumed that the branching structure near the apex of the metasoma is only present in the female. If and when the male is discovered, the diagnosis of Piogaster will need to be updated accordingly.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5A345413FA945DE1AF9710B3E1CBD11B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Bass, Amber;Bennett, Andrew M. R.;Spasojevic, Tamara;Schwarzfeld, Marla	Bass, Amber, Bennett, Andrew M. R., Spasojevic, Tamara, Schwarzfeld, Marla (2026): Revision of the world species of Piogaster Perkins (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae), ectoparasitoids of jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae) with a description of one new species. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 99: 621-701, DOI: 10.3897/jhr.99.184465
C74477052D2B5D96A80FDCD028DD2FF3.text	C74477052D2B5D96A80FDCD028DD2FF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Piogaster pilosator (Aubert 1958)	<div><p>Piogaster pilosator (Aubert, 1958)</p><p>Figs 13, 14, 15</p><p>Polysphincta pilosator Aubert, 1958: 79 . Transferred to Piogaster by Aubert (1960 b).</p><p>Piogaster rugosa Perkins, 1958: 266 . Synonymized by Aubert (1965). Type lost.</p><p>Piogaster punctulata Perkins, 1958, (syn. by Aubert, 1967 with doubt, indicated by “? ”; not adopted by subsequent authors).</p><p>Piogaster pilosator caucasica Kasparyan, 1981: 70 . syn. nov.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Piogaster pilosator can be distinguished from its congeners by possession of the combination of the following: 1) mesopleuron rugose (Fig. 14 B); 2) propodeum rugose to rugose punctate (Figs 13 B, 14 D); 3) in specimens with head primarily dark brown to black (Figs 15 C), metasoma is not pale yellow to white.</p><p>This species is most similar to P. daisetsuzana, P. punctulata, and P. ussuriensis . Piogaster pilosator can be distinguished from P. daisetsuzana by the absence of medial transverse striations on the propodeum (present in P. daisetsuzana, Fig. 8 D) and the absence of the elongated fore wing vein ramellus (Fig. 14 F) or ramellus present only as a short stub (Fig. 13 A) (ramellus present and long in P. daisetsuzana, Fig. 8 F). Piogaster pilosator can be differentiated from P. ussuriensis by the colour of the head and metasoma and the lengths of the ovipositor sheaths (see couplet 7 of key). Piogaster ussuriensis has a primarily dark brown to black head and a contrasting pale yellow-white metasoma (Fig. 18 A) whereas P. pilosator specimens have the head and metasoma colour variable, from pale yellow to black (Figs 15 A – C), but never with contrasting dark brown to black head and pale metasoma as found in P. ussuriensis . Piogaster ussuriensis has ovipositor sheaths that range from 0.4–0.5 × as long as hind tibia (Fig. 18 A), while P. pilosator has ovipositor sheaths that range from 0.7–0.9 × as long as hind tibia (Figs 13 A, 15 A, 15 C). Piogaster pilosator can be differentiated from P. punctulata by the sculpture of the mesopleuron: rugose in P. pilosator (Fig. 14 B), and punctate in P. punctulata (Fig. 17 A).</p><p>Redescription.</p><p>Adult. Female [values in square brackets are from lectotype]. Body length 4.0–6.4 [6.4] mm. FW length 3.2–4.8 [4.6] mm. Head. Antenna with 20–24 [22] flagellomeres. Clypeus 1.9–2.4 [2.3] × as wide as high, matte to subpolished, weakly rugulose with fine, dense, setiferous punctation located mainly ventrally and dorsally, medially sparse to absent, with long white setae. Face, frons and vertex (Figs 13 C, 13 D) matte with short to long white to yellow setae, sculpture highly variable: all regions can be partly or completely rugulose, rugose, rugose punctate, granulate or punctate [rugose punctate]. Gena matte to subpolished, strigose ventrally, strigose to irregularly rugose medially and dorsally, with short to medium length white to yellow setae. Occipital carina complete (Figs 13 A, 14 A). MSL 0.8–1.0 [1.0] × as long as BWM. OOD 1.2–2.0 [1.6] × as long as LOD. Mesosoma. Pronotum with epomia absent; matte, rugulose to rugose to rugose punctate [rugose punctate], with sparse to dense short to medium length white setae. Mesoscutum matte, densely punctate to densely rugose punctate [densely rugose punctate], with dense short to medium length white to yellow setae. Scutellum matte, rugulose to rugose, with dense short to long white setae. Mesopleuron matte to subpolished, rugulose to rugose [rugose] with sparse to dense medium to long white setae (Figs 14 B, 15). Metapleuron matte to subpolished, rugose, with dense long white to yellow setae, sometimes setae absent medially (Fig. 14 C). Propodeum matte to subpolished, rugose to rugose punctate [rugose punctate], with dense long white setae (Fig. 14 D). Propodeum with pleural carina variable, absent to complete (Fig. 14 C), sometimes partially complete anteriorly or posteriorly [complete but weak]; lateral longitudinal carina present in posterior 0.2–0.5 [0.2], all other carinae absent. Wings. Fore wing. Vein Rs + M without ramellus extending significantly into cell 1 M + 1 R 1 (Fig. 14 F), at most, a stub of ramellus present (Fig. 13 B). Vein 2 rs-m 0.5–0.9 [0.8] × as long as M between 2 rs-m and 2 m-cu (Figs 14 E, 14 F). Vein 2 m-cu not thickened or angulate between bullae (Fig. 14 F). Hind wing. Vein 1 / Cu &amp; cu-a inclivous and strongly angled apically where 2 / Cu intercepts, 2 / Cu intercepting in lower 0.3–0.4 [0.3], 2 / Cu long, tubular to spectral (Fig. 14 E). Metasoma. T 1 matte to subpolished, densely punctate to punctate reticulate [punctate reticulate] with dense long white setae anteriorly, dense medium to long white setae posteriorly (Figs 13 B, 14 G). T 1 median dorsal carina absent (lateral margin of dorsomedial sulcus rounded), or bordering sulcus at extreme base or entire length of sulcus, 0.1–0.4 × length of T 1; dorsolateral carinae present anterior to spiracle, or complete to almost complete but medially and / or posteriorly weak [complete to 0.9 length of T 1] (Fig. 14 C). T 2 – T 5 matte to subpolished, densely punctate to punctate reticulate, with dense medium length white setae (Fig. 14 H). T 6 subpolished, densely shallowly punctate, with dense medium length white setae (Fig. 14 H). T 7 and T 8 subpolished, densely finely punctate, with dense medium length white setae (Fig. 14 H). Tergites either without grooves and tubercles or with weak paired anterior tubercles and a weak medial transverse groove on T 2 – T 3 (Fig. 14 H). Ovipositor sheath 0.7–0.9 [0.8] × as long as hind tibia (Figs 13 A, 15 A, 15 C). Colour. Head, mesosoma and metasoma highly variable, yellow-white (Fig. 15 A) to yellow / orange-brown (Fig. 13 A) to red-brown (Fig. 15 B) to dark brown-black (Fig. 15 C), paler specimens generally darker dorsally and ventrally than laterally. Clypeus yellow-white (Fig. 15 A), orange-yellow, orange-brown or dark brown-black (Fig. 15 C), [yellow white (Fig. 13 C)]. Face pale yellow (Fig. 15 A), pale to dark orange, completely brown-orange, dark brown medially and brown-orange laterally, or dark brown-black (Fig. 15 C); ventrolaterally paler (light brown, yellow or white) in some of the predominantly orange specimens [orange, paler ventrolaterally (Fig. 13 C)]. Frons pale yellow, pale to dark brown-orange (Fig. 13 D), medium brown or dark brown-black; ventral orbit may be same colour as medially or paler, dorsal orbit is paler in all specimens (pale region contiguous with pale marking laterally on vertex) [pale brown-orange (Figs 13 B, 13 C)]. Vertex medially pale yellow, pale to dark brown-orange, medium to dark brown (Fig. 13 D) or brown-black; anterolaterally with white-yellow to yellow longitudinal ovoid, crescentic or subrectangular markings (Figs 13 B, 13 D), darker markings may also be present, especially posteriorly and in ocellar triangle [pale brown orange medially with crescentic yellow-white markings laterally (Fig. 13 B)]. Gena except ventral to eye yellow white (Fig. 15 A), light to dark orange brown (Fig. 15 B) to brown-black (Fig. 15 C), posteriorly and ventrally darker in some specimens; area ventral to eye (posterior of malar space) with white to yellow marking in form of vertical stripe (Fig. 15 B) or complete area paler (Fig. 13 A), this marking apparently absent in holotype of Piogaster pilosator caucasica Kasparyan, 1981 (Fig. 15 A) and Dagestan specimen (Fig. 15 C) [light orange-brown except yellow-white ventral to eye (Fig. 13 A)]. Occiput generally concolourous with posterior of vertex and gena or a bit darker. Mandibles except teeth yellow, light brown, orange-brown, medium to dark brown or black, teeth brown / black [dark brown (Fig. 13 C)]. Maxillary and labial palps yellow (Fig. 15 A), medium brown (Fig. 15 B) to brown / black (Fig. 15 C), darker basally than apically [medium brown (Fig. 13 A)]. Antenna light yellow to light brown basally, light to medium brown apically (Fig. 13 B). Mesosoma including pronotum, mesoscutum, scutellum, mesopleuron, mesosternum, post-scutellum, metapleuron and propodeum highly variable (see start of colour description and Figs 13, 14, 15). Palest (Fig. 15 A) and darkest (Fig. 15 C) specimens uniformly coloured; specimens with intermediate darkness (yellow-brown including holotype, orange or red-brown) with lateral areas (pronotum, mesopleuron, metapleuron, lateral propodeum) generally paler than dorsal and ventral areas (mesoscutum, scutellum, post-scutellum, anterior, dorsal propodeum and mesosternum) (Figs 13 A, 13 B, 15 B); yellow-brown and orange-brown specimens may have mesoscutum with paler, longitudinal markings where notauli would be and / or anteriorly and medioposteriorly in some specimens. Tegula white to pale brown [pale brown (Fig. 13 A)] in specimens with mesosoma predominantly yellow, yellow-brown or orange-brown; tegula brown to black in specimens with mesosoma predominantly red-brown to brown-black (Fig. 13 E). Wings hyaline, veins including stigma pale brown to transparent, Sc + R medium to dark brown. Legs highly variable, coxae yellow-white (Fig. 15 A), yellow-brown, orange, light brown to dark brown-black (Fig. 15 C) [orange (Fig. 13 A)], trochanters similar to coxae (yellow-white to dark brown), trochanters can be unicolorous with coxae in palest (Fig. 15 A) or darkest (Fig. 15 C) specimens, or have some dark and light colour in specimens of intermediate darkness [as in holotype, Fig. 13 B]; femora of holotype of P. p. caucasica completely yellow (Fig. 15 A), all other specimens have femora predominantly white to yellow with light to dark brown longitudinal stripe on dorsal and / or ventral surfaces and laterally at base in most specimens (especially darker ones) (Figs 13 A, 13 B, 15 B, 15 C), tibiae with dorsal and in most specimens, ventral surface dark with light to dark brown longitudinal stripe (holotype of P. p. caucasica with light brown dorsally near apex only); tarsi from pale brown to dark brown, generally paler ventrally than dorsally and apically compared to basally [pale brown (Fig. 13 A)]. Metasomal tergites yellow-white, pale yellow (Fig. 15 A), orange-yellow (Fig. 13 B) or dark brown-black (Figs 15 B, 15 C); specimens with dark mesosoma (red-brown to brown-black) have dark metasoma (brown to brown-black) (Figs 15 B, 15 C); whereas specimens with pale mesosoma (yellow to orange-brown) can have metasomas ranging from yellow-white to orange-brown. Most specimens have the metasoma uniformly coloured, although it may be somewhat paler laterally on some segments and paler in posterior segments; however, some specimens have the posterior of T 2–5 with pale transverse bands [orange-brown, slightly paler medioposteriorly on T 5, posteriorly and laterally on T 6–7 (Fig. 13 A, B)]. Ovipositor sheath white or yellow (Figs 13 B, 15 A) to medium / dark brown (Fig. 15 C), uniformly coloured, darker apically or paler apically [yellow, light brown apically (Fig. 13 A)].</p><p>Male. Unknown. Male specimens have been collected at the same localities as females of P. albina and P. pilosator; however, European males are morphologically cryptic and therefore species identifications of male specimens of both these species cannot be confirmed.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Fig. 30. Western Palaearctic: Austria (Kazmierczak 1990), Belgium (Verheyde et al. 2021), Bulgaria (Kolarov 1989, 1997), Finland (Koponen et al. 1995), France (Aubert 1960 b; Aubert 1960 a), Germany (new record), Norway (new record), Poland (Kazmierczak 2004), Russia (Kasparyan 1981), Sweden (Perkins 1958), Switzerland (Klopfstein et al. 2019 b), Ukraine (Varga 2021). Aubert (1969 b) listed a record of P. pilosator from England. However, this record references Perkins (1958) and therefore it is most likely referring to the holotype of P. punctulata which was from England as Aubert (1969 b) synonymized P. punctulata under P. pilosator (see more about this synonymy in the Comments of the P. punctulata description).</p><p>Biology.</p><p>Piogaster sp. (cf. pilosator (Aubert)) oviposited on the cephalothorax of S. cingulatus ( Salticidae) in a laboratory setting (Takasuka et al. 2018). We were unable to locate these two specimens for identification; however, given that this was a European species, it seems very likely it was P. pilosator considering the clear morphological distinction from females of P. albina and P. lucida and the fact that the author who observed these interactions (N. Fritzén) had previously examined the type of P. punctulata (G. Broad, pers. comm.).</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Primary types.</p><p>Polysphincta pilosator pilosator Aubert, 1958 lectotype (hereby designated):</p><p>France • ♀; Alpes-Maritimes, Ile Ste. Marguerite; 9. viii. 1958; J. A. Aubert; [MZLS] (Figs 13 A – C) .</p><p>Condition of type: Intact, pinned through mesoscutum.</p><p>Piogaster pilosator caucasicus Kasparyan, 1981 holotype:</p><p>Russia • 1 ♀; Caucasus, Krasnodar Krai Lazarevskoye, Sochi; 1. vi. 1976; Kasparyan; [ZIN] (Fig. 15 A) .</p><p>Condition of type: Metasoma detached from body and glued to point. Left hind leg missing. Distal three right maxillary palpomeres missing.</p><p>Other material.</p><p>Austria • 1 ♀; Tirol, Zillertal Alps, Schlegeisgrund; 5. vii. 1967; NHMW -HYM 0022253; [NHMW] . Belgium • 1 ♀; West Flanders; Ruiselede, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=3.34472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=51.07528" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 3.34472/lat 51.07528)">Gulke Putten</a>; 51.07528°N, 3.34472°E; 22. v. 2020; A. De Ketelaere; Light trap; [Personal collection of Augustijn De Ketelaere] (photo only) . France • 1 ♀; Orléans, Ardon, Institute National de la Recherche agronomique, 2163 Avenue de la pomme de pin, 45075 Ardon; 12. iii. 1991; D. Rougon; Emerged 6. v. 1991; host unknown; MNHN -EY-EY 51; [MNHN] • 1 ♀; St. Tropez; vi. 1980; Z. Boucek; [NHMUK] • 1 ♀; same data for proceeding; NHMUK 012850732 [NHMUK] • 1 ♀; Lot-et-Garonne, Bernac; 26. vi – 3. vii. 1991; R. R. Askew; Malaise trap; [NMS] • 1 ♀; St. Tropez; 13. viii. 1980; Boucek; [NHMUK] . Germany • 1 ♀; Bayern, Berchtesgaden-Schönau, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=13.01144&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.5693" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 13.01144/lat 47.5693)">Königsbachalm</a>; 47.5693°N, 13.01144°E; 1222 m; 30. vii – 9. viii. 2018; D. Doczkal &amp; V. Voith; [private collection of H. Haraldseide] (photo only) . Norway • 1 ♀; Sør-Trøndelag, Malvik, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.67403&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=63.37499" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.67403/lat 63.37499)">Skjeltjønnbekken</a>; 63.37499°N, 10.67403°E; 8. vii – 5. viii. 2019; Arnstein Staverløkk; Malaise trap; NOCER-678; [NINA] • 1 ♀; Innlandet, Vågå, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.05867&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=61.86734" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.05867/lat 61.86734)">Lye-Fellese</a>, EIS 71, ON; 61.86734°N, 9.05867°E; 30. vi – 4. viii. 2018; Frode Ødegaard; Malaise trap; NOCER-587; [NINA] • 1 ♀; Telemark, Vinje, Vådalen, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=7.8429&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=59.74674" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 7.8429/lat 59.74674)">Lauvheim</a>; 59.74674°N, 7.84290°E; 28. iii – 11. v. 2022 [date interpreted, date listed verbatim as 28. iv – 11. iiv. 2022]; NINA / Arnstein Staverløkk; seminatural habitat; Malaise trap sample 2; CNC 1754423; [NINA] • 1 ♀; Sør-Trøndelag, Trondheim, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.38222&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=63.40531" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.38222/lat 63.40531)">Sommerlystvegen 22</a>; 63.40531°N, 10.38222°E; 29. vi – 6. vii. 2014; E. Stur and T. Ekrem; 75 moh, Malaise trap; NTNU -VM-181569 [NTNU] . Russia • 1 ♀; Dagestan, Rutul; 29. vi – 1. vii. 2018; 1400–1500 m; Astafurova; CNC 310411; [ZIN] . Sweden • 1 ♀; Västergötland, Hisingen, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.90667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=57.84333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.90667/lat 57.84333)">Säve s: n, Sävholmen</a>; 57.84333°N, 11.90667°E; 11–20. vii. 1996, Michael Sporrong; Malaise trap; damp to marshy meadows with Salix; [EUMJ] • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.92913&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=57.67907" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.92913/lat 57.67907)">Gothenburg</a>; 57.67907°N, 11.92913°E; 12. vi. 2020; Sweep net; garden; [Private collection of Johan Ennerfelt] (photo only) • 1 ♀; Västergötland, Västra Götaland, Härryda, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.09508&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=57.66816" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.09508/lat 57.66816)">Råda portar 60, Råda portar, Råda, Vg</a>; 57.66816°N, 12.09508°E; 25. v. 2023; Oscar Josefsson; [SLU Artdatabanken] (photo only) . Switzerland • 1 ♀; Jura, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=7.32472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.37306" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 7.32472/lat 47.37306)">Delémont, CABI</a>; 47.37306°N, 7.32472°E; 26. v – 19. vi. 2014; J. Squire; Malaise trap; forest edge; CNC 842257; [CNC] • 1 ♀; Engiadina Bassa / Val Müstair; iv. 2015; Marc Neuman; Ichn-2144; [NMBE] • 1 ♀; Grisons / Graubünden, Tschierv; 18. vii. 1951; J. de Beaumont; [MZLS] . Ukraine • 1 ♀; Odesa Region; Prymorske; 5. vi. 1996; Anatoly Kotenko; [SIZK] (photo only) . Unknown • 1 ♀; 1915; J. Perez; [MNHN].</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Aubert (1958) did not assign a holotype in the original description of P. pilosator, but listed two type specimens (syntypes) which were acquired by the Musée de Zoologie in Lausanne, Switzerland. These specimens were assumed loaned and lost (Klopfstein and Baur 2011), but one of the two syntypes was located and examined for this study. This specimen has been designated as the lectotype. The type specimen of P. rugosa (now synonymized with P. pilosator) was also lost. It should have been at the Lund University Museum. The archives at the Lund University Museum list one ichneumonid of a new genus, according to Dr. Henry Townes, loaned to J. F. Perkins in 1958. The material was not returned after the specimen was described as Piogaster rugosa in Perkins (1958). The Natural History Museum in London, where J. F. Perkins was employed, has been searched and this specimen was not located.</p><p>Piogaster pilosator caucasica was briefly described only in a key and the only characters of note are colour related, based on a single pale specimen collected in southcentral Russia (Kasparyan 1981) (Fig. 15 A). Upon examination of 18 P. pilosator specimens (including the P. p. caucasica specimen) and seeing photos of an additional 10 specimens, it is clear P. pilosator has a wide range of colour variation (Figs 15 A – C). We have seen another similarly pale yellow specimen from Bernac, France, which is geographically isolated from the type of P. p. caucasica. As we could find no further morphological characters distinguishing the holotype of P. p. caucasica from other P. pilosator, the subspecies caucasica is here placed in synonymy with P. pilosator .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C74477052D2B5D96A80FDCD028DD2FF3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Bass, Amber;Bennett, Andrew M. R.;Spasojevic, Tamara;Schwarzfeld, Marla	Bass, Amber, Bennett, Andrew M. R., Spasojevic, Tamara, Schwarzfeld, Marla (2026): Revision of the world species of Piogaster Perkins (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae), ectoparasitoids of jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae) with a description of one new species. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 99: 621-701, DOI: 10.3897/jhr.99.184465
7CC29FDDFB5F5E1998FBAA537386811C.text	7CC29FDDFB5F5E1998FBAA537386811C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Piogaster punctulata Perkins 1958	<div><p>Piogaster punctulata Perkins, 1958</p><p>Figs 16, 17</p><p>Piogaster punctulata Perkins, 1958: 264 .</p><p>Polysphincta pilosator Aubert, 1958: 79; Synonymized with P. pilosator by Aubert (1967); synonymy not adopted by Fitton (1976), Fitton et al. (1988), Yu and Horstmann (1997), Shaw (2006), Broad (2016) and the current study.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>The female of Piogaster punctulata can be distinguished from all female congeners by possession of the combination of the following: 1) mesopleuron polished with shallow punctures (Fig. 17 A) (polished and impunctate to weakly coriaceous, matte and rugulose to rugose, or matte and granulate to pustulate in all other species); 2) mesoscutum subpolished and punctate (Fig. 16 E) (polished and impunctate, mat and granulate, matte and rugose, or matte and punctate in all other species); and 3) frons matte, granulate laterally, granulations become transversely strigose laterally (Fig. 16 D) (polished and smooth, coriaceous, punctate, matte and granulate (not transversely strigose laterally), rugulose to rugose, rugose punctate or punctate in other species).</p><p>Redescription.</p><p>Adult. Female. Body length 4.8 mm. FW length 4.1 mm. Head. Antennae with 22 flagellomeres. Clypeus 1.5 × as wide as high, polished with sparse punctures, with yellow-white setae (Fig. 16 C). Face matte, rugose-punctate, with moderately dense medium length yellow setae (Fig. 16 C). Frons matte, granulate laterally, granulations become transversely strigose laterally, with dense short light brown setae (Fig. 16 D). Vertex matte and densely punctate, punctures small and touching, with dense medium length yellow setae (Fig. 16 D). Occipital carina complete. MSL 0.7 × as long as BWM. OOD 1.5 × as long as LOD. Mesosoma. Pronotum with epomia absent; subpolished, coarsely, densely punctate dorsally, rugose-punctate anteromedially, with dense medium length yellow setae. Mesoscutum subpolished, densely punctate, dense medium length light brown setae (Fig. 16 E). Scutellum punctate, punctures nearly touching, with dense medium length white-brown setae (Fig. 16 E). Mesopleuron polished, shallowly punctate with less than width of a puncture between punctures, rugose-punctate dorsal to mesopleural fovea, with moderately dense long white-brown setae (Fig. 17 A). Metapleuron subpolished, densely, deeply punctate, with dense long light brown setae (Fig. 17 B). Propodeum subpolished, coarsely deeply punctate, medially longitudinally rugose-punctate, with dense long white setae (Fig. 17 C). Propodeum with pleural carina weak but complete (Fig. 17 B); lateral longitudinal carina present in posterior 0.3, all other propodeal carina absent. Wings. Fore wing. Vein Rs + M without ramellus extending into cell 1 M + 1 R 1. Vein 2 rs-m 0.6 × as long as M between 2 rs-m and 2 m-cu. Vein 2 m-cu not thickened or angulate between bullae. Hind wing. Vein 1 / Cu &amp; cu-a inclivous and strongly angled apically (Fig. 17 D), 2 / Cu intercepting in lower 0.3, 2 / Cu basally tubular then nebulous. Metasoma. T 1 subpolished, densely punctate, punctures nearly touching, lateroposteriorly punctate reticulate with dense medium length white setae. T 1 median dorsal carina indistinct to absent; dorsolateral carinae present to spiracle, absent (rounded) just posterior to spiracle, present posteriorly (Fig. 17 B). T 2 – T 6 subpolished, coarsely, densely punctate with anterior and medial areas punctate reticulate, with dense short white setae (Fig. 17 E). T 7 polished, shallowly punctate, with moderately dense short white setae. T 8 polished, smooth with sparse short white setae (Fig. 17 E). Tergites without grooves or tubercles. Ovipositor sheaths 0.8 × as long as hind tibia (Fig. 15 A). Colour. Clypeus, face, frons, gena and occiput predominantly medium brown (Figs 16 A, 16 C, 16 D). Vertex medium brown with faint, thin linear brown-orange mark extending from posterior 0.3 of eye, roughly longitudinally to level of middle of lateral ocellus. Mandible red-brown with medial black transverse stripe. Maxillary and labial palps dark brown. Antenna brown, basal 12 flagellomeres yellow ventrally. Pronotum brown-orange on dorsal 0.7, brown on ventral 0.3. Tegula dark brown (Fig. 16 A). Mesoscutum brown-black, brown-orange anteriorly (Fig. 16 E). Scutellum, post-scutellum and axillary troughs dark brown-black. Mesopleuron dark brown-black, brown-orange anteriorly (Fig. 17 A). Metapleuron black (Fig. 17 B). Propodeum uniformly black (Fig. 17 C). Wings hyaline, veins light brown to translucent (Fig. 17 D). Legs with coxae dark brown, remainder of legs white with the following dark brown: dorsal surface of trochanters, longitudinal stripe on dorsal and / or ventral surface of femora and / or tibiae, dorsal of tarsi (Fig. 16 A). Metasomal tergites brown, T 5–7 darker than T 1 – T 4 (Figs 16 A, 17 E), T 8 brown-orange medially. Ovipositor sheath brown.</p><p>Male. Unknown. Perkins (1958) described a specimen from Germany he said was possibly a male P. punctulata, but we were unable to locate this specimen (see Comments). The description of this specimen is consistent with all other European male Piogaster specimens we examined.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Fig. 28. England.</p><p>Biology.</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Holotype. England • ♀; Surrey, Horsley; 11. vi. 1952; D. M. S. Perkins; Hym. 3 b. 2024; [NHMUK].</p><p>Comments.</p><p>The holotype specimen is the only female of P. punctulata known to us. Considering that the type locality is in a very well-collected part of the world in close proximity to NHMUK, this is surprising, suggesting that the species may be very rare. Alternatively, the holotype of P. punctulata could be a variant of P. pilosator with an exceptionally polished mesopleuron with reduced punctation and lacking the extensive rugulose / rugose sculpture of P. pilosator . This idea was considered by Perkins (1958) who said that P. punctulata “ may prove to be only a form of P. rugosa ” which is now a junior synonym of P. pilosator . Piogaster punctulata was synonymized under P. pilosator by Aubert (1967), but there was uncertainty in this synonymy and it was not adopted by subsequent authors (Fitton 1976; Fitton et al. 1988; Yu and Horstmann 1997; Shaw 2006; Broad 2016). The hypothesis that sculpture could have intraspecific variation is supported by observed variation in the sculpture of other species of Piogaster, for example, the propodeum of P. albina can be moderately rugose to almost completely smooth (compare Figs 5 D, 6 A). However, we have examined or seen photos of more than 30 females of P. pilosator from all over continental Europe (Fig. 30) and none of them have highly polished mesopleura (Figs 14 B, 15) and all of them have extensive rugosity that differs greatly from the mostly smooth sculpture of the holotype of P. punctulata (Fig. 17 A). For now, we maintain P. punctulata as a distinct species and hope additional material will be collected to clarify its status.</p><p>As noted above, we were unable to locate the male Piogaster specimen that Perkins (1958) tentatively associated with the female of P. punctulata . The only information provided about this specimen was that it was collected in Germany and is part of the Ruthe collection. Johann Friedrich Ruthe’s (1778–1860) collection was acquired by the NHMUK upon his death, as indicated in his eulogy (Kraatz 1860). A female Piogaster specimen from the Ruthe collection is present in NHMUK, designated by Perkins (1958) as the holotype of P. albina, but the male Piogaster punctulata could not be located. Other males of P. punctulata have been mentioned in the literature (Fitton et al. 1988; Shaw 2006). We examined the male from Fitton et al. (1988) and the Santon Downham specimen from Shaw (2006). Both of these males most closely resemble the holotype of P. punctulata in that they have a punctate mesoscutum and a relatively polished, impunctate mesopleuron. However, all European males share these sculptural characters (Figs 24, 25), and we were unable to find characters that can be used to associate male specimens to their female counterparts in Europe.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7CC29FDDFB5F5E1998FBAA537386811C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Bass, Amber;Bennett, Andrew M. R.;Spasojevic, Tamara;Schwarzfeld, Marla	Bass, Amber, Bennett, Andrew M. R., Spasojevic, Tamara, Schwarzfeld, Marla (2026): Revision of the world species of Piogaster Perkins (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae), ectoparasitoids of jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae) with a description of one new species. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 99: 621-701, DOI: 10.3897/jhr.99.184465
3DD4137E3EEE749861D58DC0C7326D1A.text	3DD4137E3EEE749861D58DC0C7326D1A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Piogaster undetermined-E	<div><p>Unidentified European Piogaster males</p><p>Figs 24, 25</p><p>While there have been at least 37 male specimens collected in Europe (Fig. 32), we were unable to associate any of them with the females of any of the four described European species ( P. albina, P. pilosator, P. lucida, and P. punctulata). This difficulty appears to result from two factors: strong sexual dimorphism between males and females and the morphological similarity among male specimens.</p><p>Sexual dimorphism complicates these associations. Piogaster males and females of the same species vary in colour and sculpture (see P. daisetsuzana female and male specimens in Figs 7, 8, 9, 10), with males tending have darker bodies and legs lacking the stripes that are typical of females, as one example. A similar pattern appears to occur in European species. Although at least 31 female P. pilosator are known from collections, and additional photos of female specimens exist online, to our knowledge there are no male specimens that have similar morphology to these females.</p><p>In addition to sexual dimorphism, European males appear to be morphologically cryptic. Male Piogaster have been collected from a wide geographic distribution in Europe (Fig. 32), yet we found very little morphological variation between these specimens. The few characters that do vary (e. g., colour of the face and coxae, strength of metasomal grooves, and presence of a short epomia) may represent intraspecific variation rather than species-level differences. In addition, much of the variation that exists between male specimens is likely not species level variation, as highlighted in the comments detailing variation between six males collected at the same locality in Italy on 25–28 May 1990. Consequently, we were unable to identify diagnostic characters that would allow reliable differentiation of European males or their association with known females.</p><p>Molecular data have so far not resolved these associations. Two European male specimens have been DNA barcoded (Figs 1, 2, Suppl. material 2), but neither could be confidently linked to females. One specimen collected in Norway showed unstable (rogue-like) placement in both COI phylogenies (Figs 1, 2) with low bootstrap support and did not cluster within a species clade in either case. A portion of this specimens COI sequence was removed prior to phylogenetic analysis due to frame shift mutations in the alignment. Chromatograms were not available, but the unstable placement of this specimen may reflect lower-quality sequencing or base-calling errors. Another specimen collected in Germany clustered within the P. albina + P. pilosator mixed clade, but morphological examination could not link it definitively to either species.</p><p>We examined 16 European male specimens, and the description of those specimens is included below. This description is provided to detail the similarity of these male specimens, highlight the differences between males and females, and provide characters to distinguish these males from the Nearctic male specimen and the two P. daisetsuzana males.</p><p>Description. Adult. Male. Clypeus subpolished to polished, smooth with sparse setaceous punctation (Fig. 24 C, D). Face subpolished to polished, weakly rugulose and densely, weakly punctate (Fig. 24 C, D). Frons (Fig. 24 D) and vertex (Fig. 24 E) subpolished to polished, punctulate. Occipital carina complete (Fig. 24 E). Mesosoma. Pronotum with epomia usually absent, sometimes present in the dorsal pronotal groove but weak and short; polished, ventrally smooth without setae, dorsally punctate with dense setae (Fig. 25 B). Mesoscutum subpolished to polished, densely punctate, with dense setae (Fig. 25 A). Scutellum subpolished, densely shallowly punctate, with dense setae (Fig. 25 A). Mesopleuron polished, with fine sparse setiferous punctation, dorsoposterior area smooth, without setae (Fig. 25 C). Metapleuron polished, weakly punctate, with sparse setae (Fig. 25 D). Propodeum subpolished, rugose, rugose punctate, or rugulose punctate, with dense setae (lacking transverse striations as in male of P. daisetsuzana), with a longitudinal groove medially, especially anteriorly in most specimens (Fig. 25 E). Propodeum with pleural carina complete, sometimes weak and / or sinuous posterior to spiracle; lateral and medial longitudinal carinae (Fig. 25 E) variable, present in posterior, anterior, or complete. Wings. Fore wing. Vein Rs + M usually with ramellus absent, sometimes ramellus present for 0.1 × length of 2 rs-m (Fig. 25 F). Vein 2 rs-m 0.5–0.7 × as long as M between 2 rs-m and 2 m-cu (Fig. 25 F). Vein 2 m-cu not thickened or angulate between bullae (Fig. 25 F). Hind wing. Vein 1 / Cu &amp; cu-a inclivous, angled apically where 2 / Cu intercepts, 2 / Cu intercepting in lower 0.2–0.4, 2 / Cu long and nebulous or spectral, sometimes with short tubular section basally (Fig. 25 F). Metasoma. T 1 subpolished, punctate reticulate with dense setae (Fig. 25 G). T 1 median dorsal carina 0.8–1.0 × length of T 1 (Fig. 25 G); dorsolateral carina complete (Fig. 25 G). T 2 – T 5 subpolished, T 2 – T 4 punctate reticulate, T 5 – T 6 punctate, with dense setae (Fig. 25 H). T 7 – T 8 subpolished to polished, finely punctate, with dense long yellow setae (Fig. 25 H). Tergites often with weak medial to posterior grooves (Fig. 25 H) on T 2, T 3, and / or T 4, sometimes grooves deep, sometimes without grooves, sometimes with weak anterior submedial tubercles on T 2 and T 3. Colour. Head dark brown to black, except for the following areas: face variable from fully dark brown to black (Fig. 24 C) to primarily dark brown to black with yellow to white markings (Fig. 24 D), malar space yellow to white, clypeus white to yellow to dark brown to black. Vertex dark brown to black, usually with yellow to white mark in varying shapes and sizes (Fig. 24 E). Mandible dark brown to black, apically red-brown on ventral and / or dorsal tooth, with or without basoventral yellow to brown-red spot. Maxillary and labial palps yellow to brown yellow (Fig. 24 A). Antenna medium brown, pedicel and basal 10–14 flagellomeres white to yellow ventrally (Fig. 24 A). Mesosoma dark brown to black except for the following: tegula white to pale yellow (Fig. 25 C), mesopleuron sometimes with white to yellow subtegular ridge (Fig. 25 C). Wings hyaline, veins light brown (Fig. 25 F). Fore leg coxa yellow-white (Fig. 25 C) to medium brown (Fig. 24 A), remaining leg yellow (Fig. 24 A). Middle coxa primarily yellow-white and medium brown basally to completely dark brown, remaining leg yellow (Fig. 25 A). Hind leg coxa primarily medium to dark brown, femur yellow to medium brown, tibia white to yellow with medium brown longitudinal stripe dorsally, tarsi yellow with medium brown longitudinal stripe dorsally (Fig. 25 A). Metasomal tergites uniformly medium brown to black (Fig. 25 H).</p><p>Material examined. England • 1 ♂; South East England, Theydon Bois; 30. viii. 1954; J. A &amp; D. J. Clark; B. M. 1954-539; NHMUK 015215322; [NHMUK] • 1 ♂; Norfolk, Santon Downham; 2–11. vi. 1983; J. P. Field; Malaise trap; heath with birch and pine; RMSNH 1986.021; CNC 310414; [NMS]. France • 1 ♂; Bouches-du-Rhone / Provence, Fos-sur-Mer; 13. ix. 1962; Aubert; [MZLS] • 1 ♂; Corse Pirio, Valée du Fango; 25. v – 3. vi. 1997; Claire Villemant; Malaise trap; holm oak grove; MNHN -EY-EY 36003; [MNHN] • 2 ♂♂; Lot-et-Garonne, Bernac; 27–31. v. 1991; R. R. Askew; Malaise trap; CNC 1754569, CNC 1754570 [NMS] • 3 ♂♂; same data for preceding; 26–30. v. 1986; Quercus / Juniperus / Cornus; CNC 1754546, CNC 1754547, CNC 1754548 [NMS]. Germany • 1 ♂; Rhineland-Palatinate, Kreis Ahrweiler, Landskrone; 50.552°N, 7.17°E; 194 m; 16. v. 2014; B. Rulik; Malaise trap; BOLD: GMGMI 875-14; BIOUG 17116 - B 03; [ZFMK]. Italy • 4 ♂♂; Trento, Riva del Garda; 250 m; 25. v. 1990; C. J. Zwakhals; RMNH. INS. 1561208, RMNH. INS. 1561209, RMNH. INS. 1561212, RMNH. INS. 1561213; [RMNH] • 2 ♂♂; same data for preceding; 28. v. 1990; RMNH. INS. 1561210, RMNH. INS. 1561211; [RMNH]. Norway • 1 ♂; Telemark, Drangedal, Gjeskefjell Mountain; 59.00275°N, 8.91627°E; 26. v – 11. vi. 2020; Arnstein Staverløkk; window trap; [NINA] (photo only) • 1 ♂; Hordaland, Sveio, Moelstre; 59.5161°N, 5.27878°E; 15–30. vi. 2019; Håkon Haraldseide; Malaise trap; BOLD: COLHH 2702-19; [private collection of H. Haraldseide] (photo only).</p><p>Comments. The male Piogaster from Italy represent the first record of the genus for Italy. Fourteen male specimens were collected at the same locality between May 25 and 31, 1990, and therefore likely represent the same species. However, the six specimens of these fourteen examined as part of this study vary in the colour of the clypeus, malar space, and face (compare Fig. 24 C with uniform colour to Fig. 24 D with the maximal yellow markings found in these specimens), colour of the fore and middle coxae (primarily yellow-white versus entirely medium brown), strength of metasomal grooves (weak versus strong on T 2 and T 3), and presence or absence of a short epomia. If these specimens are conspecific, this indicates that the variable characters listed above are not reliable for diagnosing species based on males. We attempted to sequence the COI barcoding region of three of these specimens but were unsuccessful.</p><p>Two historical male-female associations have been suggested based on collection data but lack morphological support. First, Perkins (1958) described a male as possibly being P. punctulata based on superficial resemblance to the female. Male Piogaster specimens are commonly identified as P. punctulata as they are most similar morphologically to the female holotype of P. punctulata (Figs 16, 17), particularly the polished, sparsely punctate mesopleuron. We were unable to locate this male to examine it as part of this study. Second, Aubert (1963) described a male Piogaster from southern France (Fos-sur-Mer) as P. albina based on its collection alongside multiple females of that species (Aubert 1965). Our examination found no morphological evidence supporting (or refuting) this identification and P. pilosator has also been collected in close proximity (Fig. 30), including a syntype collected at Èze (Aubert 1958) and three specimens collected in St. Tropez (Suppl. material 1: Specimen data). This specimen is old and would be unlikely to result in an extraction with a high enough concentration to successfully amplify the COI barcoding gene using a standard PCR protocol, so we did not attempt this.</p><p>In addition to these historical published associations, we examined two male specimens collected in Lot-et-Garrone, France (May 27–31, 1991) that were likely associated with a female P. pilosator collected at the same site a month later. While these males are likely P. pilosator, we could not find anything morphological in our examination of these males that connects them to the P. pilosator female.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3DD4137E3EEE749861D58DC0C7326D1A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Bass, Amber;Bennett, Andrew M. R.;Spasojevic, Tamara;Schwarzfeld, Marla	Bass, Amber, Bennett, Andrew M. R., Spasojevic, Tamara, Schwarzfeld, Marla (2026): Revision of the world species of Piogaster Perkins (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae), ectoparasitoids of jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae) with a description of one new species. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 99: 621-701, DOI: 10.3897/jhr.99.184465
3159D046214EA9F8BA1EA59D90CC45B2.text	3159D046214EA9F8BA1EA59D90CC45B2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Piogaster undetermined-NA	<div><p>Unidentified North American Piogaster male</p><p>Figs 22, 23</p><p>There is one male specimen collected in 1938 in British Columbia. This male could not be associated with a female or unequivocally determined to be a new species. Geographically, this male is more supported as P. variegata as it was collected ~ 380 km from the type locality of this species in contrast to ~ 1700 km from P. maculata . However, given how little we know about the distribution of North American species, this alone is not evidence enough to associate it. Identification utilizing molecular data was not possible due to the age of the specimen and the lack of DNA of the two other North American Piogaster species which are known only from the holotype. To confidently associate this male with either P. variegata or P. maculata, multiple shared morphological characters are required and were not observed in this study and thus it remains identified only to genus. Nevertheless, we provide a diagnosis and description of this specimen to aid future researchers should additional material be found that will allow clarification with respect to its status. This is the specimen mentioned in Gauld and Dubois (2006) as Piogaster sp. 1 . It was reared from Habronattus, providing a new generic host record for Piogaster and, to our knowledge, is the only specimen with associated host remains (Figs 23 E, 23 F).</p><p>Diagnosis. This specimen can be distinguished from congeners by possession of the combination of the following: 1) Metasoma with T 1 – T 5 weakly granulate (Fig. 23 C), 2) HW 2 / Cu absent with no apparent bend in 1 / Cu &amp; cu-a (Fig. 23 A); 3) T 6 – T 8 smooth, subpolished (Fig. 23 C); 4) FW vein 2 rs-m short, ratio of 2 rs-m to M between 2 rs-m and 2 m-cu 0.3 (Fig. 23 A). This specimen is most similar to P. variegata and P. maculata with respect to the granulate metasoma and the unbent HW vein 1 / Cu &amp; cu-a, but differs in T 6 – T 8 being smooth and subpolished rather than granulate and matte, and the 2 rs-m vein being short.</p><p>Description. Adult. Male. Body length estimated at about 3 mm (specimen in multiple pieces). FW length 2.5 mm. Head. Antenna with 20 flagellomeres. Clypeus 1.9 × as wide as high, matte and granulate, with long white setae. Face and vertex matte and granulate, with sparse (vertex) to moderately dense (face) short white setae (Fig. 22 A). Frons matte and granulate with sparse short yellow-white setae (Fig. 22 C). Occipital carina complete (Fig. 22 D). MSL 1.0 × as long as BWM. OOD 1.3 × as long as LOD. Mesosoma. Pronotum with epomia absent; granulate, with weak longitudinal striations dorsoposterior to the pronotal groove, with sparse medium length yellow setae (Fig. 22 H). Mesoscutum matte, granulate medially, pustulate laterally, with sparse short white setae (Fig. 22 F). Scutellum matte, granulate, with sparse short white setae. Metapleuron subpolished, granulate, with a few sparse short white setae (Fig. 22 H). Propodeum matte, pustulate with sparse long white setae; with pleural carina complete; lateral longitudinal carina present in posterior 0.3, all other propodeal carina absent (Fig. 22 G). Wings. Fore wing. Vein Rs + M with ramellus absent (Fig. 23 A). Vein 2 rs-m 0.3 × as long as M between 2 rs-m and 2 m-cu (Fig. 23 A). Vein 2 m-cu not thickened or angulate between bullae (Fig. 23 A). Hind wing. Vein 1 / Cu &amp; cu-a slightly inclivous, not angulate, with 2 / Cu absent (Fig. 23 A). Metasoma. T 1 matte, granulate, with sparse short yellow-white setae. T 1 dorsal medial carina present anteriorly but weak and short, 0.3 × length of T 1 (Fig. 23 B); dorsolateral carina present anteriorly, 0.3 × length of T 1 (Fig. 23 D). T 2 – T 5 matte to subpolished, weakly granulate, with sparse medium length white setae (Fig. 23 C). T 6 – T 8 subpolished, smooth. T 6 – T 7 with sparse medium length yellow setae, T 8 with sparse medium length medium brown setae. Tergites without grooves or tubercles (Fig. 23 D). Colour. Head primarily medium brown, except the following: clypeus yellow-white; face white with medium brown vertical stripe extending from area between antenna to dorsal edge of clypeus (Fig. 22 A); vertex with triangular pale yellow-white mark (Fig. 22 C). Malar space and ventral gena not paler than rest of gena (dark brown), except just dorsal to base of mandible (Fig. 22 C). Mandible light brown-yellow basally, dark brown apically (Fig. 22 A). Maxillary and labial palps yellow-white. Antenna with scape medium brown dorsally, yellow-white ventrally (Fig. 22 A), pedicel yellow-white, flagellum light brown (Fig. 22 E), slightly darker dorsally than ventrally. Pronotum medium brown anteriorly, pale yellow posteriorly (Fig. 22 H). Tegula white. Mesoscutum medium brown with thin submedial yellow longitudinal stripes (Fig. 22 F) and two anterior sublateral yellow spots (Fig. 22 H). Scutellum medium brown, yellow posteriorly (Fig. 22 F), with axillary troughs yellow-brown. Post-scutellum medium brown and white posteriorly, axillary troughs brown-yellow. Mesopleuron orange-yellow, medium brown ventrally and posterodorsally (Fig. 22 H). Mesosternum medium brown. Metapleuron medium brown dorsoanteriorly, paler ventroposteriorly (Fig. 22 H). Propodeum medium brown (Fig. 22 G). Wings hyaline, veins light brown to transparent (Fig. 23 A). Legs uniformly yellow white, with hind tibia brown-white basally and apically, tarsomeres brown-white, (hind tarsomere not viewed, broken off specimen) (Fig. 22 H). Metasomal tergites medium brown, posterior margins of T 1 – T 6 yellow (Figs 23 C, 23 D). Hypopygium medium brown. Gonoforceps medium brown (Fig. 23 D).</p><p>Female. Unknown.</p><p>Distribution. Fig. 29. Canada (British Columbia). This is the first record of Piogaster in British Columbia.</p><p>Biology. Reared from Habronattus sp. ( Araneae: Salticidae).</p><p>Material examined. Canada • 1 ♂; BC, Goat River; 24. v. 1938; H. Webb; Rec. B. C. I. A. F. I. Survey 1938; Em. 6. vi. 1938; host: Habronattus ( Salticidae) det. J. Pitts 1999; larval exuviae removed slide no. 15. vii. 1999 D. B. Wahl.; CNC 1754420; [CNC].</p><p>Condition of specimen: Body on three points. First point has head glued to point on right side (Fig. 22 A). Right antennae is intact, left antennae is glued to same point. Second point has mesosoma glued to point on right side (Fig. 22 H). Third point has metasoma glued to the point on right side (Fig. 23 D). Host on fourth point, glued to point ventrally (Figs 23 E, 23 F).</p><p>Comments. This specimen was collected as part of the Forest Insect Survey, a project that ran from 1936–1961 (and continued until 1995 as the Forest Insect and Disease Survey) with the goal of documenting Canadian forest insect fauna (van Sickle et al. 2001). The specimen locality is listed as Goat River, BC. According to the Canadian Geographical Names Database there are three Goat Rivers in British Columbia (Natural Resources Canada 2021). In 1938, 345 of the 442 insect samples collected in British Columbia as part of the Forest Insect Survey were collected by the BC Forest Service (Dominion Forest Service 1939). By accessing archival records of BC Forest Service staff, we determined that the collector of the specimen, H. Webb, was an assistant ranger stationed at Goat River in the Prince George Forest District from April 30 until September 30 in 1938 (British Columbia Forest Service 1920–1964). Therefore, the specimen was almost certainly collected at the Goat River that drains into the Fraser River near McBride, British Columbia, as it is the only Goat River in the Prince George Forest District (Fig. 29). An attempt was made to slide mount the exuvia; however, the resulting preparation appears to be from a sub-mature instar (D. Wahl, pers. comm.). Therefore, the last larval cephalic sclerites of Piogaster remain unknown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3159D046214EA9F8BA1EA59D90CC45B2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Bass, Amber;Bennett, Andrew M. R.;Spasojevic, Tamara;Schwarzfeld, Marla	Bass, Amber, Bennett, Andrew M. R., Spasojevic, Tamara, Schwarzfeld, Marla (2026): Revision of the world species of Piogaster Perkins (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae), ectoparasitoids of jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae) with a description of one new species. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 99: 621-701, DOI: 10.3897/jhr.99.184465
84858662CE1554588A3FCCADC7EAD656.text	84858662CE1554588A3FCCADC7EAD656.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Piogaster ussuriensis Kasparyan & Khalaim 2007	<div><p>Piogaster ussuriensis Kasparyan &amp; Khalaim, 2007</p><p>Figs 18, 19</p><p>Piogaster ussuriensis Kasparyan &amp; Khalaim, 2007: 306 .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Piogaster ussuriensis can be distinguished from its congeners by possession of a combination of the following: 1) mesoscutum matte and rugose (Fig. 18 E); 2) head primarily dark brown to black with pale yellow to white metasoma (Fig. 18 A). In addition, the following character is diagnostic for distinguishing P. ussuriensis from other Palaearctic species: ovipositor sheath short, no more than 0.5 × as long as hind tibia (Fig. 18 A).</p><p>The metasoma of P. ussuriensis may have the most prominent tubercles of any female Piogaster species (Figs 19 E, 19 F). Other species lack tubercles or have weak tubercles, although this distinction is hard to quantify between species and individuals, so we do not include this character in the diagnosis above.</p><p>In addition to these morphological characters, P. ussuriensis has two binary molecular characters in the COI barcoding region at nucleotides 226 and 229, such that 226–229 are CATG in P. ussuriensis, and TATA in other Piogaster .</p><p>Piogaster ussuriensis is most likely to be confused with P. pilosator . Piogaster pilosator can be differentiated by having longer ovipositor sheaths, which are at least 0.7 × as long as hind tibia. Ovipositor sheaths are often twisted and difficult to measure, so colour works best for differentiating these species. While P. pilosator is colour variable ranging from completely dark (Fig. 15 C) to completely pale (Fig. 15 A), we have not seen a specimen of P. pilosator or any other species with a dark brown to black head and a contrasting pale metasoma as is seen in P. ussuriensis . To be precise, Piogaster ussuriensis is the only species with the metasoma white (Fig. 19 A) or pale yellow (Fig. 19 E) (all other specimens with pale metasomas have theirs yellow (Fig. 15 A) or orange (Fig. 7 A)). Piogaster ussuriensis also tends to have stronger (higher) rugosity than P. pilosator which is weaker (lower). This is most easily seen in the mesosoma. It is a subjective comparison and therefore difficult to judge when examining only one specimen; however, differences in the relative strength of the rugosity can be judged by comparing photos of the propodeum and metapleuron of these two species (Fig. 19 A, B to Figs 14 C, 14 D) as well as the pronotum and mesopleuron (compare Fig. 19 A to Figs 14 A, B).</p><p>Redescription.</p><p>Adult. Female. Body length 4.2–5.0 [5.0] mm. FW length 3.3–3.9 [3.9] mm. Head. Antennae with 21–22 [21] flagellomeres. Clypeus 1.6–1.8 [1.8] × as wide as high, clypeus matte, with fine sparse setiferous punctations, with sparse to dense, medium to long white setae (Fig. 18 C). Face and frons matte, coarsely rugose, with dense short white setae (Fig. 18 C). Vertex matte, coarsely punctate, punctures small and touching, with dense short white setae (Fig. 18 D). Occipital carina complete. MSL 0.8–1.0 [1.0] × as long as BWM. OOD 1.3–1.6 [1.4] × as long as LOD. Mesosoma. Pronotum with epomia absent; matte, coarsely rugose, with sparse short white setae (Fig. 19 A). Mesoscutum matte with dense, short, white setae, coarsely, densely punctate, punctures small and touching, with rugose sculpture anterolaterally where notauli would be and medioposteriorly to scuto-scutellar groove (Fig. 18 E) [holotype a bit less strongly rugose in these areas (Fig. 18 B)]. Scutellum matte, rugose-punctate with dense short white setae (Figs 18 B, 18 E). Mesopleuron, metapleuron, and propodeum matte, coarsely densely rugose, with sparse to dense short white setae (Figs 19 A, 19 B). Propodeum with pleural carina variable, absent in some specimens (Fig. 19 A), present anteriorly but absent posteriorly, or present anteriorly and posteriorly, but not complete and not present medially [indistinct anteriorly and posteriorly, absent medially (Fig. 19 B)], difficult to see in the high rugose sculpture. Propodeum with lateral longitudinal carina present in posterior 0.3–0.5 but difficult to see among the high rugae (Fig. 19 B), all other propodeal carina absent. Wings. Fore wing. Vein Rs + M without ramellus extending into cell 1 M + 1 R 1 (Fig. 19 C). Vein 2 rs-m 0.6–0.9 [0.9] × as long as M between 2 rs-m and 2 m-cu (Figs 18 A, 19 C). Vein 2 m-cu not thickened or angulate between bullae (Fig. 19 C). Hind wing. Vein 1 / Cu &amp; cu-a inclivous and angled apically, 2 / Cu intercepting in lower 0.3, 2 / Cu present but spectral to nebulous (Fig. 19 C). Metasoma. T 1 subpolished and densely punctate, with dense short white setae (Fig. 19 D). T 1 dorsal medial carina absent, or present anteriorly but weak and short [present], 0.1–0.3 [0.3] × length of T 1; dorsolateral carinae complete, weak posteriorly and sinuous throughout length in most specimens (Fig. 19 F). T 2 – T 5 subpolished in most specimens or polished [subpolished], densely punctate with dense short white setae (Fig. 19 E). T 6 subpolished in most specimens or polished [subpolished], densely shallowly punctate, with moderately dense short white setae. T 7 – T 8 subpolished in most specimens or polished [subpolished], smooth, sparsely weakly punctate with sparse short white setae. T 2 – T 5 anteriorly with weak ovoid tubercles, located submedially to sublaterally, remaining tergites without grooves or tubercles (Fig. 19 E, F). Ovipositor sheath 0.4–0.5 [0.4] × length of hind tibia (Fig. 18 A). Colour. Head predominantly dark brown to black except the following areas white: face ventrolaterally (lateral and a little dorsal to clypeal foveae) (Fig. 18 C), clypeus except dorsolaterally near foveae in most specimens, malar space except stained with brown in malar sulcus in some specimens, ventral 0.2 of gena (Fig. 18 A), a crescent-shaped region laterally on vertex extending from eye to level of posterior of lateral ocellus (Fig. 18 D) or to occipital carina. Face may be light brown in some specimens. Mandible medium to dark brown with dark black transverse medial band. Maxillary and labial palps white. Antenna light to dark brown (Fig. 18 B), with basal 2–4 flagellomeres ventrally white to pale brown (Fig. 18 A). Pronotum brown-yellow, medium brown or dark brown [medium brown] with posterodorsal corner white (Fig. 19 A). Tegula white. Mesoscutum brown-yellow to dark brown [medium brown] with yellow-white submedial longitudinal stripes (Fig. 18 B) and lateral spots (Fig. 18 A). Scutellum anteriorly brown orange to dark brown [medium brown], medially to posteriorly white, with axillary troughs medium to dark brown [medium brown] (Fig. 18 B). Post-scutellum white with axillary troughs medium to dark brown [medium brown] (Figs 18 B, 18 E). Mesopleuron variable, predominantly brown-yellow (Fig. 19 A) to dark brown [medium brown (Fig. 18 A)]. White subtegular ridge, and white spot dorsal to mesopleural fovea present in some specimens (Fig. 19 A). Metapleuron variable, yellow-brown (Fig. 19 A) to dark brown [medium brown (Fig. 18 A)]. Propodeum variable, yellow-brown to dark brown [medium brown], with paler white to medium brown area anterior to lateral longitudinal carina and dorsal to spiracle (Fig. 19 B). Wings hyaline, veins including stigma pale brown to transparent, Sc + R medium brown. Legs predominantly white to yellow-white [yellow-white (Fig. 18 A)], coxae with medium brown spot or stripe dorsally, trochanters medium brown on dorsal surface, femora with medium brown longitudinal stripe on dorsal and / or ventral surface [holotype with both stripes on fore leg, middle and hind leg dorsal stripe complete, but only partial stripe ventrally at base], tibia with dark brown complete stripe on dorsal surface, light to dark brown complete or incomplete stripe on ventral surface [incomplete, light brown], tarsi with dorsal surface medium to light brown [light brown], basal tarsomeres darker on dorsal surface than apical ones. Metasomal tergites pale yellow to white [pale yellow], with small brown dot present on tubercles of T 2 – T 5 in some specimens [absent, (Fig. 18 A)]. Ovipositor sheaths white to pale yellow basally [pale yellow], light brown to medium brown apically [medium brown (Fig. 18 A)].</p><p>Male. Unknown.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Fig. 31. Eastern Russia: Primorsky Krai (Kasparyan and Khalaim 2007) and Amur Oblast (this study), and South Korea (Choi et al. 2015).</p><p>Biology.</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Holotype. Russia • ♀; Primorsky Krai, Novokachalinsk; 23. vii. 1995; C. Belokobylskiy; mixed forest on the shore of the lake Khanka; [ZIN] .</p><p>Condition of type: Missing one ovipositor sheath, and right antenna broken off after flagellomere 14, otherwise intact.</p><p>Other material.</p><p>Korea • 1 ♀; Gangwon-do, Goseong, Ganseong, Heulri (Shinseonbong); 2. viii – 19. ix. 2002; D-S. Ku; Malaise trap; NHMUK 012850733; [NHMUK] • 1 ♀; Gangwon-do, Wonju-si, Heungeop-myeon, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=127.89848&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.2818" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 127.89848/lat 37.2818)">Maeji-ri, Yonsei University</a>; 37.28180°N, 127.89848°E; 5–18. vii. 2015; H. Y. Han; 21 GYU 168; [DNUE] • 1 ♀; Gyeonggi-do, Namyangju-si, Choan-myeon, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=127.31042&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.57867" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 127.31042/lat 37.57867)">Songcheon-ri, Mt. Ungilsan</a>; 37.57867°N, 127.31042°E; 26. vi – 16. vii. 2009, J. O. Lim; 21 GYU 169; [DNUE] . Russia • 1 ♀; Amur Oblast, 30 km south of Arkhara, Barge on the Arkhara river; 22. vii. 2003; C. Belokobylskiy; mixed forest; CNC 310413; [ZIN] .</p><p>Comments.</p><p>One specimen (NHMUK 012850733) is more polished in the metasoma and has a paler face which shows morphological variation as noted in the description above.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/84858662CE1554588A3FCCADC7EAD656	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Bass, Amber;Bennett, Andrew M. R.;Spasojevic, Tamara;Schwarzfeld, Marla	Bass, Amber, Bennett, Andrew M. R., Spasojevic, Tamara, Schwarzfeld, Marla (2026): Revision of the world species of Piogaster Perkins (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae), ectoparasitoids of jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae) with a description of one new species. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 99: 621-701, DOI: 10.3897/jhr.99.184465
B52805B284435287B9E15C49C48DD0B0.text	B52805B284435287B9E15C49C48DD0B0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Piogaster variegata Bass, Bennett & Schwarzfeld 2026	<div><p>Piogaster variegata Bass, Bennett &amp; Schwarzfeld sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 20, 21</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Piogaster variegata can be distinguished from its congeners by possession of a combination of the following: 1) mesoscutum matte and pustulate (Fig. 20 E); 2) HW 2 / Cu absent with no angulation in 1 / Cu &amp; cu-a, only a very weak curve posterior to midheight present (Fig. 21 F); 3) T 1 – T 5 matte and granulate (Figs 21 G, 21 H); 4) metasomal T 2 – T 6 variegated: anterior 0.8 of each segment pale brown with dark brown spots, posterior 0.2 white (Fig. 21 H). Piogaster variegata is similar to other North American specimens ( P. maculata and undescribed male Piogaster from British Columbia) as T 1 – T 5 of the metasoma are granulate and the abscissa 2 / Cu of the hind wing is absent. It can be distinguished by the variegated white and brown colour of the metasoma (Figs 21 G, 21 H) (tergites unicolorous with only narrow, posterior lighter bands in the other Nearctic specimens) (Figs 12 D, 23 C).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Adult. Female. Body length 4.3 mm. FW length 3.8 mm. Head. Antennae with 21 flagellomeres. Clypeus 2.0 × as wide as high, matte, granulate with sparse long white setae (Fig. 20 C). Face, frons and vertex matte, granulate with dense short white setae (Figs 20 C, 20 D). Occipital carina complete (Fig. 20 D). MSL 1.3 × as long as BWM. OOD 1.6 × as long as LOD. Mesosoma. Pronotum with epomia absent; matte, granulate, with dense medium length white setae (Fig. 21 A). Mesoscutum (Fig. 20 E), mesopleuron (Fig. 21 B), metapleuron, and propodeum (Fig. 21 D) matte, pustulate, with sparse to dense short to medium length white setae. Scutellum matte, granulate, with dense short white setae (Fig. 20 E). Propodeum with pleural carina complete; lateral longitudinal carina present in posterior 0.6, all other propodeal carina absent (Fig. 21 D). Wings. Fore wing. Vein Rs + M without ramellus extending into cell 1 M + 1 R 1 (Fig. 21 E). Vein 2 rs-m 0.6 × as long as M between 2 rs-m and 2 m-cu (Fig. 21 E). Vein 2 m-cu not thickened or angulate between bullae (Fig. 21 E). Hind wing. Vein 1 / Cu &amp; cu-a slightly inclivous, slightly curved posteriorly, but not angulate, 2 / Cu absent (Fig. 21 F). Metasoma. T 1 matte, granulate with dense short white setae (Fig. 21 G). T 1 median dorsal carina present anteriorly but short, 0.1 × length of T 1; dorsolateral carina present anteriorly, 0.6 × length of T 1, absent posteriorly (Fig. 21 C). T 2 – T 5 matte, granulate with dense medium length white setae (Fig. 21 H). T 6 matte, granulate, with dense long white setae. T 7 matte, granulate and sparsely punctulate with dense long brown setae (Fig. 21 H). T 8 subpolished, punctulate with dense long brown setae. Tergites without grooves or tubercles (Fig. 21 H). Ovipositor sheath 0.6 × as long as hind tibia. Colour. Face white except stained with light brown near medial tubercle (Fig. 20 C). Clypeus dark brown basally, yellow apically (Fig. 20 C). Frons yellow-orange except white in orbits (Fig. 20 D). Vertex orange medially between lateral ocelli and posteriorly near occipital carina, these areas with a few small scattered light brown dots, sublaterally with white, subtriangular mark that is contiguous with white inner orbits of frons, laterally light brown with brown dots (Fig. 20 D). Gena white with dense, medium brown dots in dorsal half and posteriorly medium brown (Fig. 20 A). Occiput dark orange (Fig. 20 B). Mandible medium brown with transverse dark brown median band. Maxillary palps with segment 1 white, remaining segments light brown. Labial palps uniform white. Antenna light brown, scape, pedicel and flagellomeres 1–2 white anteriorly (Figs 20 A – C). Pronotum variegated white and medium brown. Tegula white. Mesoscutum predominantly orange, with a white H-shaped mark in the location where the notauli would be, the shape formed by sublateral, longitudinal white stripes joined by a transverse white mark just posterior to middle, lateral edges of mesoscutum narrowly white, posteromedially medium brown (Fig. 20 E). Scutellum white with anteromedial medium-brown spot (Fig. 20 E), axillary troughs orange-yellow in anterior half, white in posterior half (Fig. 20 E). Post-scutellum white, axillary troughs medium brown anteriorly, light brown posteriorly (Fig. 21 D). Mesopleuron variegated white and medium brown, ventrally light brown, area of sternaulus brown-orange. Metapleuron and propodeum (Fig. 21 D) variegated white and medium brown. Mesosternum light brown. Wings hyaline, veins including stigma white, Sc + R yellow-orange. Legs predominantly white. Fore and middle coxae with some small brown spots (two near base, one near apex), hind coxa with more extensive brown spots, laterally coalescing into a longitudinal band. Trochanters with small brown spots anteriorly and posteriorly that coalesce into longitudinal bands, trochantellus white with a small brown spot basally. Femora with small medium brown spots ventrally and laterally, dorsally coalescing into two longitudinal stripes anterodorsally and posterodorsally (Fig. 20 A). Fore tibia with a medium brown stripe on dorsal surface, and middle and hind tibiae with brown spots partly coalesced into longitudinal stripe dorsally. Tarsi medium brown dorsally, yellow-white ventrally. Metasomal tergites variegated white, yellow-white, and medium brown, most noticeably, round, slightly darker brown spots sublaterally near anterior margin of T 1–5 (Fig. 21 H). Ovipositor sheath white (Fig. 21 H).</p><p>Male. Unknown.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Fig. 29. Canada (Alberta). This is the first record of Piogaster in both Canada and Alberta.</p><p>Biology.</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Holotype. Canada • ♀; Alberta, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-118.3258&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=56.7499" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -118.3258/lat 56.7499)">EMEND site, 48 km NW of Dixonville</a>; 56.7499°N, 118.3258°W; 29. vii – 12. viii. 2008; M. Schwarzfeld; Malaise trap, 853-1; deciduous forest, 50 % retention; UASM 327171; [CNC].</p><p>Condition of type: Intact.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The epithet variegata is a descriptive name referring to the variegated colour patterns on the body, particularly the metasomal tergites, that are unique to this species in the genus Piogaster .</p><p>Comments.</p><p>The holotype of P. variegata is probably the most distinctive specimen of Piogaster known, with its predominantly variegated white and brown colouration and H-shaped white marking on the mesoscutum. These variegated spots are only known in some other specimens on the legs (as in P. maculata), not the body. With respect to distribution, this specimen and the unidentified male from British Columbia represent a huge range extension (2900 km distant between the type localities of P. maculata and P. variegata). This demonstrates the great range of the genus Piogaster within the Holarctic region and highlights the need for much more collecting of wasps and jumping spiders which will hopefully fill in gaps in the current species ranges and likely discover many more undescribed species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B52805B284435287B9E15C49C48DD0B0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Bass, Amber;Bennett, Andrew M. R.;Spasojevic, Tamara;Schwarzfeld, Marla	Bass, Amber, Bennett, Andrew M. R., Spasojevic, Tamara, Schwarzfeld, Marla (2026): Revision of the world species of Piogaster Perkins (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae), ectoparasitoids of jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae) with a description of one new species. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 99: 621-701, DOI: 10.3897/jhr.99.184465
