identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
6BADD5E7A95E596E98E9655537235F5F.text	6BADD5E7A95E596E98E9655537235F5F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ropalidia acuminata Polasek 2025	<div><p>Ropalidia acuminata Polašek, 2025</p><p>Observations.</p><p>Angola • 3 ♀♀, nest; Bie, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.15319&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.15194" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.15319/lat -12.15194)">Kuemba</a>; 12.15194°S, 18.15319°E; 27 Oct. 2024; obs. Robert Taylor; (Taylor 2024) .</p><p>New record for Angola.</p><p>This species was initially reported from Zambia, Democratic Republic of the Congo and SW Tanzania, with a new record from Angola. Two nests were observed, which is an example of the same-species nest clustering that is common in some Malagasy species (Polasek et al. in press). The larger nest showed a disrupted nesting pattern, in which the first few cells were built but only the distal ones were used to rear larvae, and these first few were never completed (or were maybe later on reused for nesting material). Both observed nests were located on the same green twig, in an apparently moderately dense woodland region (Taylor 2024).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6BADD5E7A95E596E98E9655537235F5F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Polašek, Ozren	Polašek, Ozren (2026): Description of the male of Ropalidia chromis Polašek, 2024 with further biological notes on the African species of the genus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Polistinae). African Invertebrates 67 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.3897/afrinvertebr.67.162082
9CF6412B253E5AE8BBD08B655522AB2A.text	9CF6412B253E5AE8BBD08B655522AB2A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ropalidia africana (Cameron 1910)	<div><p>Ropalidia africana (Cameron, 1910)</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Democratic Republic of the Congo • 1 ♀; Tshopo, Yangambi, “ MUS. ROY. AFR. CENTR. / Yangambi (Stan.) ”; Dec. 1958; leg. P. Dessert; RMCA .</p><p>Observations.</p><p>Republic of South Africa • multiple ♀♀, ♂♂ and nests; Western Cape, Eden; ~ 33.96778°S, 22.08982°E; Dec 2015 – Nov 2021; obs Sally Adam; (Adam 2015, 2016, 2019, 2020, 2021) • 2 ♀♀, nest; Blyde River Near Hoedspruit: Blyde riverine forest; 24.405°S, 30.814°E; obs Wynand Uys; (Uys 2013) • 9 ♀♀, nest; Western Cape, George, Fernridge; 33.94130°S, 22.46691°E; obs Christiaan Viljoen; (Viljoen 2024)</p><p>New record for South Africa.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>This species is characterized by an impunctate inner orbit, developed inferior propodeal carina and elongated posterior part of T 1. A previously reported wide distribution from Gabon to Mozambique (Polasek et al. 2025) is expanded by a number of observations from South Africa. The colour pattern of the South African population is somewhat different from other regions, with more reddish areas and more yellow markings on mesosoma underside, including a longitudinal yellow line on femur I.</p><p>Nest.</p><p>This species has a small nest and colony size; the largest observed nest had about 30 cells, with nine adults (Viljoen 2024). The nests initially have an apical stalk (Uys 2013), but at later colony stages the nest becomes less regular in shape. Most observed nests were located on leaves (Adam 2019, 2020, 2021; Viljoen 2024) or branches (Uys 2013; Adam 2015), and one nest was observed located on a horizontal barbed wire, with partial destruction of cells and six remaining males still present in the nest (Adam 2016). The cell wall is compact and brownish, and cocoon caps are brown, not substantially different from the cell wall colour.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9CF6412B253E5AE8BBD08B655522AB2A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Polašek, Ozren	Polašek, Ozren (2026): Description of the male of Ropalidia chromis Polašek, 2024 with further biological notes on the African species of the genus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Polistinae). African Invertebrates 67 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.3897/afrinvertebr.67.162082
B37ECA44BA5F5EA9AC688CC461DEE49E.text	B37ECA44BA5F5EA9AC688CC461DEE49E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ropalidia amabala Polasek, Bellingan & van Noort 2022	<div><p>Ropalidia amabala Polašek, Bellingan &amp; van Noort, 2022</p><p>Observations.</p><p>Republic of South Africa – Eastern Cape • 1 ♀; Gqeberha, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=25.5365&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.00695" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 25.5365/lat -34.00695)">Lovemore Park</a>; 34.00695°S, 25.53650°E; 5 Aug. 2023; obs Ken Pinchuck; (Pinchuck 2023) • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.85941&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.55328" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.85941/lat -33.55328)">Sarah Baartman District Municipality</a>; 33.55328°S, 26.85941°E; 12 Apr. 2024; obs Corné Rautenbach; (Rautenbach 2024) • 1 ♀; Cacadu, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.65607&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.6427" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.65607/lat -33.6427)">Ndlambe Local Municipality</a>; 33.64270°S, 26.65607°E; 23 Oct. 2024; obs Galpinmd; (Galpinmd 2024) .</p><p>This species was initially reported from south-eastern parts of the Republic of South Africa, with three additional localities documented in the current study. The nests of this species are built directly on tree trunks, where coloration and texture closely match the surrounding plant material, providing excellent visual concealment (Polasek et al. 2022).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B37ECA44BA5F5EA9AC688CC461DEE49E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Polašek, Ozren	Polašek, Ozren (2026): Description of the male of Ropalidia chromis Polašek, 2024 with further biological notes on the African species of the genus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Polistinae). African Invertebrates 67 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.3897/afrinvertebr.67.162082
30B531D32518562E9D5CBF1A2A34E900.text	30B531D32518562E9D5CBF1A2A34E900.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ropalidia capensis (de Saussure 1862)	<div><p>Ropalidia capensis (de Saussure, 1862)</p><p>Observations.</p><p>Republic of South Africa • 5 ♀♀, nest; Garden Route Botanical Garden, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.46388&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.94541" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.46388/lat -33.94541)">Eden</a>; 33.94541°S, 22.46388°E; 8 Mar 2018; (Ralston 2018) • 2 ♀♀, nest; Garden Route Botanical Garden, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.46377&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.94729" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.46377/lat -33.94729)">Eden</a>, Western Cape; 33.94729°S, 22.46377°E; 18 Oct 2020 (Ralston 2020) .</p><p>Several nests of this species were observed, exhibiting a unified nesting pattern. The nest has a droplet or slightly elongated form, and to a degree, it is moulded by the environment. The commonest observed nest formula was apically two cells that are progressively widening to a width of up to ten cells and lengths of up to 40 cells (Ralston 2018). The cell wall comprises various shades of grey colour, with brown cocoon caps; the cells are disproportionally deep, commonly 2.4–2.8 × as wide as long (Ralston 2020). All of the observed nests were located low in heavy bushes, sometimes in hardly accessible micro-locations.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/30B531D32518562E9D5CBF1A2A34E900	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Polašek, Ozren	Polašek, Ozren (2026): Description of the male of Ropalidia chromis Polašek, 2024 with further biological notes on the African species of the genus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Polistinae). African Invertebrates 67 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.3897/afrinvertebr.67.162082
EB07470BAF275BFC82AFB4D65C9F99B6.text	EB07470BAF275BFC82AFB4D65C9F99B6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ropalidia chromis Polasek 2024	<div><p>Ropalidia chromis Polašek, 2024</p><p>male Figs 1, 2, 3, 4 A; female Fig. 4 B</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Democratic Republic of the Congo • 4 ♀♀, 1 ♂; Mbandaka; “ MUSEE DU CONGO / Eala, I 1936 / J. Ghesquiere / 2041 ”, (“ R. DET. E 4938 ”); RMCA • 1 ♀, 1 ♂; Mbandaka; “ MUSEE DU CONGO / Eala, – 1936 / J. Ghesquiere / 23781 ”; RMCA</p><p>Observation.</p><p>Republic of the Congo • 2 ♀♀, nest; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=15.25975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.75775" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 15.25975/lat 0.75775)">Mbandaka Odzala-Kokoua</a>, Ouesso; 0.75775°N, 15.25975°E; 24 Nov 2023; obs Emily Rampling; (Rampling 2023)</p><p>New record for Republic of the Congo.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Males. Wing length 8.7–9.1 mm.</p><p>Head. Head frontally 1.35 × as wide as long (Fig. 1 A), in dorsal view 2.6 × as wide as long, not narrowing behind eyes, barely emarginate posteriorly (Fig. 1 C). Clypeus 1.4 × as wide as long (measured as transversal distance between oculo-clypeal angle against distance from the basal emargination to apex), with very elongated base with streamlined upes that continues directly into lateral margin of clypeus and very elongated interantennal area that reaches apical half of clypeus; juxtamandibular excavation very shallow, apex barely pointy (Fig. 1 B). Clypeus surface with cuticular texture, impunctate (Fig. 1 B). Frons sparsely and coarsely punctate, punctures 2 × diameter apart, with matt interspaces; inner orbit and interantennal area impunctate, eye sinus similarly punctate to frons; area in front of forward ocellus more densely punctate (Fig. 1 A). Distance between antennal sockets 1.2 × as long as socket-eye distance (Fig. 1 A). Occiput anteriorly with similar punctures to those on frons, posteriorly impunctate and shiny (Fig. 1 C). Gena with similarly sized and shallower punctures, more or less retained even close to occipital carina; occipital carina complete, mostly streamlined or barely sinuate in lowest third (Fig. 2 A). Mandible moderately tortuous, shiny, with only a few poorly-defined craters. Posterior ocelli 1.8 × diameter apart, 3.25 × diameters apart from eye and 2.2 × diameters apart from occipital carina (Fig. 1 C). Scape barely widened, 3.4 × as wide as long, 1.8 × as long as AF 1; AF 2 1.1 × as long as wide (measured as mid-length over mid-width), remaining flagellomeres gradually wider (Fig. 1 A), AF 6 – AF 8 widest, with AF 8 1.4 × as wide as long; AF 11 1.7 × as long as wide (measured as linear distance from base to tip divided by base width), with curved shape and subacute tip (Fig. 2 B). Tyloids originate as a small blackish spot on AF 2, gradually increasing in size, initially visible as trichome clearing on AF 5, more developed on distal flagellomeres (Fig. 2 B); tyloids hardly discernible from flagellomere surface, with depressed area until AF 10, where it is larger, dorsally elevated above flagellomere surface and shiny (Fig. 2 C); AF 11 tyloid shiny, linearly narrowing towards tip (Fig. 2 B).</p><p>Mesosoma. Mesosoma slender, dorsally 1.15 × as long as wide in dorsal view, 1.1 × as wide as widest part of head (Fig. 1 C). Pronotum slender, with barely excavated area in dorsal view, lobes weakly developed, humeri rounded or just barely angled, pronotal carina laterally well developed, dorsally gradually lowering, medio-dorsally flattened into triangular evanescent area (Fig. 1 C, D); pronotum punctures coarse and large, diameter apart, somewhat smaller dorsally and larger inferiorly, with swollen and matt interspaces that create network inferiorly; punctures near mesoscutal margin small, mediodorsally very shallow or just in traces (Fig. 3). Disc of mesoscutum 1.05 × as long as wide, linearly narrowing anteriorly; mesoscutum sparsely punctate, punctures 1.5–2 × diameter apart, with cuticular / matt interspaces; puncture density retained throughout entire mesoscutum (Fig. 1 C). Mesepisternum with huge and confluent punctures creating network (Fig. 2 D) and rendering strongly carinated margin from anterior impunctate surface (anterior mesepisternum surface can have a few isolated punctures); posterior part of mesepisternum with small and spaced punctures; mesepimeron without vertical carina towards mesepisternum (Fig. 2 D). Metepimeron coarsely and horizontally striate, metepisternum with cuticular surface and some poorly-defined punctures anteriorly (Fig. 2 D). Disc of scutellum quadrate, 2.1 × as wide as long, with sparse punctures and cuticular interspaces, discernible median depression and short median carina, that extends on anterior surface and reaches about one-quarter of scutellum width; disc of metanotum quadrate, 2.7 × as wide as long, with two paramedian sinuate arches (Fig. 2 E). Propodeum linearly narrowing towards valvula, with shallow median depression, inferiorly striate, superiorly punctate, puncture size large but poorly defined (Fig. 2 E); lateral face of propodeum coarsely punctate (Fig. 2 D). Tarsal spur I developed, with broad base, about 2 × as long as wide, weakly tortuous.</p><p>Metasoma. T 1 wide and angular, dorsal and posterior face at right angle in lateral view (Fig. 3 A); posterior face coarsely punctate, with punctures 1.0–1.5 × diameter apart and swollen cuticular interspaces; T 2 with somewhat smaller and substantially shallower punctures, with caudally directed shallowing (Fig. 3 A). T 2 and S 2 curvature similar, suture between them visible for over half of segment length; T 2 lamella translucent and yellow; transition between T 2 surface and lamella gradual, lamella very weakly punctate proximally, distal two thirds impunctate; remaining metasomal segments shallowly punctate.</p><p>Pilosity. Body with short yellowish-silvery pubescence; clypeus (notably denser apically), interantennal area, inner orbit, low gena, mandible and lateral parts of mesosoma with silvery (Fig. 3 A), frons, occiput, mesosoma dorsally and metasoma with yellowish. Clypeus without protruding setae, only with underlying silvery pubescence, frons setae 0.6–0.8 × as long as forward ocellus diameter; pubescence on pronotum shorter than that on frons, mesoscutum with microscopic pubescence and no protruding setae (Fig. 2 A); remaining parts of metasoma with very short pubescence, expect lower half of propodeum with somewhat longer protruding setae (Fig. 2 E). T 1 and T 2 with minute pubescence and no protruding setae (Fig. 3 A), S 3 – S 6 with gradually lengthening protruding setae, terga with shorter setae.</p><p>Colour. Basally black, except yellow face, mandible (Fig. 4), coxa I – III and posterior band on T 2; suffused brownish-reddish-yellow lower and medio-dorsal part of pronotum, scutellum and metanotum, posterior band on T 1, femur and tibia, tarsi dark-brown (Fig. 4). Wings smoky transparent, venation brown, stigma brown and opaque, apical spot and anterior margin more infuscate (Fig. 4).</p><p>Nest.</p><p>One nest was observed, from Odzala-Kokua region (Rampling 2023). The nest was in the early colony stage, with 13–18 cells (impossible to define due to the obscured side), with a compact cell wall, two elongated cells with dark-grey cocoon caps and additional pulp on them. The nest was located on a broad leaf, but the orientation is difficult to ascertain. Two adult females were observed on the nest, and there were no additional details available.</p><p>Comparative notes.</p><p>The examination of concomitant males and females confirmed unique characteristics of this species within the entire genus, which include rounded humeri with medio-dorsally evanescing pronotal carina, huge punctures high on mesepimeron with strong horizontal striae on metepimeron, with angular and coarsely punctured T 1. The male characteristics did not provide much support towards group membership, since males have tarsal spur I (characteristics of capensis group), but it has a broader base than in all examined species from that group. Next, males have low tyloids, which are even depressed in AF 5–9, while most of capensis group species have elevated tyloids above flagellomere surface. The distance between antennal sockets was shown to be a higher-order feature that splits the capensis and non- capensis groups (Polasek et al. in press). The antennal socket distance is 1.2 × as long as their diameter in R. chromis, which is similar to average (“ ancestral ”) of the non- capensis group, and contrasting with the average of the capensis groups with 1.0 × socket diameter. Lastly, the shape of frons in both males and females (Fig. 3 B) is unique, with depressed peri-antennal and median area, contrasting with all other African Ropalidia that have flattened frons. All this contributes to the proposal that this is the third lineage in African Ropalidia (Polasek 2024), one that might be close to the ancestral form for these two groups, as it exhibits characteristics of both of them.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/EB07470BAF275BFC82AFB4D65C9F99B6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Polašek, Ozren	Polašek, Ozren (2026): Description of the male of Ropalidia chromis Polašek, 2024 with further biological notes on the African species of the genus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Polistinae). African Invertebrates 67 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.3897/afrinvertebr.67.162082
C4D7792A480C5CA18FFFF50AAEA0AB06.text	C4D7792A480C5CA18FFFF50AAEA0AB06.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ropalidia crassipunctata Giordani Soika 1981	<div><p>Ropalidia crassipunctata Giordani Soika, 1981</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Democratic Republic of the Congo • 2 ♀♀; Shabunda, “ B. CONGO / 46 mi NE of / Kamitunga, 930 m / VIII- 18-1957 ”, “ E. S. Ross &amp; / R. E. Leech / collectors ”; 18 Aug 1957 (CAS) .</p><p>Observation.</p><p>Cameroon • 1 ♀, nest; Shabunda Dja Faunal Reserve, Somalomo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.81214&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.19073" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.81214/lat 3.19073)">De l’Est</a>; 3.19073°N, 12.81214°E; obs Stefan Eakame; (Eakame 2025)</p><p>Nest.</p><p>The observed nest of this species was black, with heavily masticated blended and scattered green and reddish-brown chips (without horizontal colour streaks). The nest had up to ten cells, with vertical cell direction and downward cell openings. The cell colours seemed to mimic the adult wasp colour, with black, reddish and yellow markings (Eakame 2025).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C4D7792A480C5CA18FFFF50AAEA0AB06	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Polašek, Ozren	Polašek, Ozren (2026): Description of the male of Ropalidia chromis Polašek, 2024 with further biological notes on the African species of the genus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Polistinae). African Invertebrates 67 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.3897/afrinvertebr.67.162082
53D5727C87445FFAB4FB98076D4F00AF.text	53D5727C87445FFAB4FB98076D4F00AF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ropalidia excavata Giordani Soika 1977	<div><p>Ropalidia excavata Giordani Soika, 1977</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Democratic Republic of the Congo • 1 ♀; Lulua, “ MUSEE DU CONGO / Eala: 19 - x- 1931 / H. J. Bredo ”; RMCA .</p><p>Observation.</p><p>Republic of the Congo • 1 ♀, nest; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=15.26128&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.76259" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 15.26128/lat 0.76259)">Ouesso</a>; 0.76259°N, 15.26128°E; obs Gwili Gibbon; (Gibbon 2023) .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>One of the examined specimens has a very convex clypeus, with specific yellow markings on clypeus and head, all three coxae with yellow markings and all three femora with distal yellow spot. Despite obvious difference in colouration, there were no additional morphological differences between this specimen and two examined paratypes of R. excavata Giordani Soika.</p><p>Nest.</p><p>This is the only African mainland species that builds larger nest aggregations (Gibbon 2023). Interestingly, the nests in the observed aggregations exhibited several shapes, from discoid to elongated, or even slightly irregular. The cell wall of the observed nests was compact and brownish, with some lightly brown horizontal streaks, with whitish cocoon caps.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/53D5727C87445FFAB4FB98076D4F00AF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Polašek, Ozren	Polašek, Ozren (2026): Description of the male of Ropalidia chromis Polašek, 2024 with further biological notes on the African species of the genus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Polistinae). African Invertebrates 67 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.3897/afrinvertebr.67.162082
DC241EEDE44855C1B6738E744424D0E0.text	DC241EEDE44855C1B6738E744424D0E0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ropalidia fita Polasek 2025	<div><p>Ropalidia fita Polašek, 2025</p><p>Observations.</p><p>Mozambique • 3 ♀♀, nest; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=34.67708&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.01092" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 34.67708/lat -19.01092)">Muanza</a>, Sofala; 19.01092°S, 34.67708°E; 1 Oct 2024; obs Ismenia Sitoe; (Sitoe 2024)</p><p>Zambia • 4 ♀♀, 2 nests; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.45342&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.49645" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.45342/lat -15.49645)">J. Lazy J. Sanctuary</a>, Lusaka Central, Lusaka; 15.49645°S, 28.45342°E; 22 Nov 2020 and 31 Oct 2021; obs Nico Vromant; (Vromant 2020, 2021) .</p><p>Nest.</p><p>This species builds elongated nests, with a 2 * n formula (Sitoe 2024). The cell wall is ferruginous, with lightly greenish horizontal streaks, and whitish cocoon caps with cell wall pulp on their surface (Vromant 2020).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DC241EEDE44855C1B6738E744424D0E0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Polašek, Ozren	Polašek, Ozren (2026): Description of the male of Ropalidia chromis Polašek, 2024 with further biological notes on the African species of the genus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Polistinae). African Invertebrates 67 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.3897/afrinvertebr.67.162082
4DD0282C4591539F855538269868533A.text	4DD0282C4591539F855538269868533A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ropalidia flavoscutellata Polasek 2025	<div><p>Ropalidia flavoscutellata Polašek, 2025</p><p>Taxonomy.</p><p>Ropalidia flavoscutellata Polašek, 2025 is a name that was assigned to a newly described taxon, but it is a junior primary homonym of Ropalidia jacobsoni flavoscutellata Das &amp; Gupta, 1989 . Due to this, in line with the (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature 1999), articles 53.3, 60.3 and 72.7, a new replacement name is proposed for this taxon, Ropalidia mutuntula Polašek, nom. nov. The etymology of the name stems from Bemba, a major language spoken in the region of the holotype collection, translated as “ yellow ”, referring to large yellow areas on the body, noun in apposition.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4DD0282C4591539F855538269868533A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Polašek, Ozren	Polašek, Ozren (2026): Description of the male of Ropalidia chromis Polašek, 2024 with further biological notes on the African species of the genus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Polistinae). African Invertebrates 67 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.3897/afrinvertebr.67.162082
FEB9EDAB52B25F0C882C0AFB20CEF254.text	FEB9EDAB52B25F0C882C0AFB20CEF254.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ropalidia haladaorum Polasek 2025	<div><p>Ropalidia haladaorum Polašek, 2025</p><p>Observation.</p><p>Republic of the Congo • 2 ♀♀, nest; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=14.86947&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.53038" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 14.86947/lat 0.53038)">Parc national d’Odzala-Kokoua</a>, Cuvette-Ouest; 0.53038°N, 14.86947°E; 2 Nov 2021; obs Pedro Lopes; (Lopes 2023) .</p><p>Nest.</p><p>This is a central African species, characterized by mainly brown body colour and developed inferior pronotal carinae. One nest of this species was observed in Odzala-Kokoua region (Lopes 2023). The nest has 11 cells (from what can be inferred from two angles of the nest that are provided in the photos), hanging with an apical stalk from a leaf base. The cell wall is grey-greenish, compact and apparently, rather thick, with somewhat whitish cocoon caps and plenty of pulp attached to them. All three enclosed caps have a small central hole, suggesting a possible parasitization by Braconidae or another similar family of small parasitoid wasps. The stalk does not seem to be layered with an ant-repelling substance, since it does not show any shining. Two adult females were observed on the nest.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FEB9EDAB52B25F0C882C0AFB20CEF254	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Polašek, Ozren	Polašek, Ozren (2026): Description of the male of Ropalidia chromis Polašek, 2024 with further biological notes on the African species of the genus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Polistinae). African Invertebrates 67 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.3897/afrinvertebr.67.162082
E436520001A95DA6BBF303500EF92FC5.text	E436520001A95DA6BBF303500EF92FC5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ropalidia macloutsie Polasek 2025	<div><p>Ropalidia macloutsie Polašek, 2025</p><p>Observations.</p><p>Republic of South Africa • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.51871&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.50878" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.51871/lat -29.50878)">Indlovu</a>; 29.50878°S, 30.51871°E; 4 Aug 2019; obs Alan Manson; (Manson 2019) ; • 5 ♀♀, 1 ♂, nest / 1 ♀, nest; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.56154&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.97678" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.56154/lat -33.97678)">Nature’s Valley</a>, Western Cape; 33.98069°S, 23.55648°E / 33.97678°S, 23.56154°E; 7 Feb 2019 / 9 Dec 2019; obs Karen Pagel / obs Paul Venter (Pagel 2019; Venter 2019) ; • 4 ♀♀, 1 ♂, nest <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.06266&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.71684" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.06266/lat -28.71684)">Weenen</a>, KwaZulu-Natal; 28.71684°S, 30.06266°E; 18 Mar 2019; obs Andrew Anderson; (Anderson 2019) .</p><p>Nest.</p><p>This is the only African mainland species that builds type I nest, with a single string of cells suspended from the surface; the cells share only one wall, but in the early stages of each cell development not even that, but a single strand of paper (Venter 2019). The nests can have up to 20 cells (Pagel 2019), with cell bottom openings (Anderson 2019).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E436520001A95DA6BBF303500EF92FC5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Polašek, Ozren	Polašek, Ozren (2026): Description of the male of Ropalidia chromis Polašek, 2024 with further biological notes on the African species of the genus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Polistinae). African Invertebrates 67 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.3897/afrinvertebr.67.162082
C6A42493BD865FD5B4E831DDA73A96C6.text	C6A42493BD865FD5B4E831DDA73A96C6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ropalidia mosichi Polasek 2025	<div><p>Ropalidia mosichi Polašek, 2025</p><p>Observation.</p><p>Namibia • 4 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂, nest; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.12432&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.574" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.12432/lat -22.574)">Windhoek</a>; 22.57400°S, 17.12432°E; 21 Dec 2023; obs Christian Langner; (Langner 2024) .</p><p>Nest.</p><p>One nest of this species was observed in Namibia. The nest is elongated, one or two cells wide and about 50 cells long; the cell wall is greyish with numerous thin streaks of darker or lighter colour; the cell wall appears compact. Cocoon caps are scattered in the upper and mid part, projecting above the cell margin, with apparently very diverse colour pattern, including white, yellowish, lightly brown and dark-grey colour. Some larvae are visible in the lower part of the nest, growing in the incomplete cells and suggesting a quick colony turnover; several upper cells appear shorter, but it is unclear if these first few cells are built shorter or if the wasps are reusing the cell wall material.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C6A42493BD865FD5B4E831DDA73A96C6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Polašek, Ozren	Polašek, Ozren (2026): Description of the male of Ropalidia chromis Polašek, 2024 with further biological notes on the African species of the genus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Polistinae). African Invertebrates 67 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.3897/afrinvertebr.67.162082
2BC7DE8634D55104A2DDA34A79A345CD.text	2BC7DE8634D55104A2DDA34A79A345CD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ropalidia nigrocerasina Polasek 2025	<div><p>Ropalidia nigrocerasina Polašek, 2025</p><p>Observation.</p><p>Malawi • 6 ♀♀, 3 ♂♂, nest; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=34.17112&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.85013" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 34.17112/lat -12.85013)">Nkhotakota Wildlife Reserve</a>; 12.85013°S, 34.17112°E; 27 Nov 2020; obs Markus Meiner; (Meiner 2020) .</p><p>Nest.</p><p>One nest of this species was observed in Malawi. In contrast to a very similar species R. valentula Polašek, 2025 that builds regular discoid nests, this species seems to be building nests that are more irregular. The observed nest consisted of two nearly equally-sized lobes, with cocoon caps evenly distributed in both lobes. This might be a similar nesting pattern previously reported in R. ignobilis (Wenzel, 1992), where an accessory lobe is built to accommodate the production of males and queens, as opposed to the initial lobe that is used to rear workers. The nest was suspended from a roughly cut wooden plank.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2BC7DE8634D55104A2DDA34A79A345CD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Polašek, Ozren	Polašek, Ozren (2026): Description of the male of Ropalidia chromis Polašek, 2024 with further biological notes on the African species of the genus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Polistinae). African Invertebrates 67 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.3897/afrinvertebr.67.162082
D29958C8120E527AB1CDD685BEAEA5B7.text	D29958C8120E527AB1CDD685BEAEA5B7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ropalidia nigrofemorata (Cameron 1910)	<div><p>Ropalidia nigrofemorata (Cameron, 1910)</p><p>Observation.</p><p>Kenya • multiple ♀♀, nest; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=40.03977&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.33706" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 40.03977/lat -3.33706)">Watamu</a>; 3.33706°S, 40.03977°E; 23 Jan 2024; obs Titi-uu; (Titi-uu 2024) .</p><p>Nest.</p><p>One nest was observed in Kenya. The nest was located in a canopy, with an elongated shape and an apparent 5 * 35 nest formula with an apical stalk; the cell wall was light grey with frequent darker grey streaks, and cocoon caps were white (Titi-uu 2024).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D29958C8120E527AB1CDD685BEAEA5B7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Polašek, Ozren	Polašek, Ozren (2026): Description of the male of Ropalidia chromis Polašek, 2024 with further biological notes on the African species of the genus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Polistinae). African Invertebrates 67 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.3897/afrinvertebr.67.162082
B2CABE81DA6D54B59EB5741D624FE554.text	B2CABE81DA6D54B59EB5741D624FE554.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ropalidia novissima Giordani Soika 1944	<div><p>Ropalidia novissima Giordani Soika, 1944</p><p>Observation.</p><p>Tanzania • 1 ♀, nest; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.31625&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.3263" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.31625/lat -3.3263)">Longuo Street</a>, Moshi; 3.32630°S, 37.31625°E; 13 Nov 2024; obs Paul Geisendörfer; (Geisendörfer 2024) .</p><p>New record for Tanzania.</p><p>Nest.</p><p>One nest of this species was observed, suggesting a unique nesting architecture in mainland African species. Firstly, it seems to have an inverted orientation, which is a feature that was only reported for R. jemmae Polašek &amp; de Beer, 2023 from Madagascar (Polasek and de Beer 2023). Next, it appears to have a greenish tint of the cell wall, with brownish areas in some of the cells. The stalk of the nest is disproportionately long for such nest size, when compared to other mainland Ropalidia . The cell wall appears to be made from numerous long fibres, with porous cell wall; cocoon caps are silvery and shiny. First record of this species for Tanzania.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B2CABE81DA6D54B59EB5741D624FE554	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Polašek, Ozren	Polašek, Ozren (2026): Description of the male of Ropalidia chromis Polašek, 2024 with further biological notes on the African species of the genus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Polistinae). African Invertebrates 67 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.3897/afrinvertebr.67.162082
FEA51624DC2D53E58D4811D524569BC4.text	FEA51624DC2D53E58D4811D524569BC4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ropalidia perovici Polasek 2025	<div><p>Ropalidia perovici Polašek, 2025</p><p>Observation.</p><p>Republic of South Africa • 1 ♀, nest; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.33956&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.49925" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.33956/lat -26.49925)">Jordaanpark</a>, Heidelberg; 26.49925°S, 28.33956°E; 16 Mar 2023; obs Johan Heyns; (Heyns 2023) .</p><p>Nest.</p><p>This species builds a simple discoid nest, with very porous cell wall and irregular cell openings (Heyns 2023); notably, the observed nest was at a very early cycle stage, so maybe cell openings become more regular later in the colony cycle. The cell wall is brown-reddish, with heavily masticated material used in the construction.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FEA51624DC2D53E58D4811D524569BC4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Polašek, Ozren	Polašek, Ozren (2026): Description of the male of Ropalidia chromis Polašek, 2024 with further biological notes on the African species of the genus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Polistinae). African Invertebrates 67 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.3897/afrinvertebr.67.162082
5B64A8084CE459A2A1BB43BAFA21E6DC.text	5B64A8084CE459A2A1BB43BAFA21E6DC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ropalidia soikae Polasek 2025	<div><p>Ropalidia soikae Polašek, 2025</p><p>Observations.</p><p>Bénin • multiple ♀♀, nest; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-1.37562&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.25237" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -1.37562/lat 10.25237)">Natitingou</a>; 10.25237°N, 1.37562°W; 19 Aug 2022; obs Florentin N’dah; (N’dah 2022) .</p><p>Ghana • 7 ♀♀, nest; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=2.78296&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.73986" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 2.78296/lat 9.73986)">Wechiau Community Hippo Sanctuary</a>, Talawona Lodge; 9.73986°N, 2.78296°E; 25 Mar 2005; obs Robert Longair; (Longair 2020) .</p><p>Nest.</p><p>This is a canopy-nesting species, which builds initially elongated nests with apical stalk. At later colony cycle stages, the nests are expanded by an accessory lobe (s), which lead to a branched or a triangular nest form (Longair 2020; N’dah 2022). The cell wall is grey with some brownish streaks, with whitish-grey cocoon caps that are elevated above the cell margin.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5B64A8084CE459A2A1BB43BAFA21E6DC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Polašek, Ozren	Polašek, Ozren (2026): Description of the male of Ropalidia chromis Polašek, 2024 with further biological notes on the African species of the genus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Polistinae). African Invertebrates 67 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.3897/afrinvertebr.67.162082
67492EA4E08C529FA7CD589CCE560C8A.text	67492EA4E08C529FA7CD589CCE560C8A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ropalidia tenuipilosa Polasek 2025	<div><p>Ropalidia tenuipilosa Polašek, 2025</p><p>Observations.</p><p>Republic of South Africa • multiple ♀♀, nest; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.76449&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.37191" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.76449/lat -25.37191)">Marloth park</a>; 25.37191°S, 31.76449°E; 22 Feb 2019 / 27 Jan 2024; obs Copper / obs Ilya Gomyranov (Copper 2019 a; Gomyranov 2024) • multiple ♀♀, nest; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.99837&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.68924" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.99837/lat -28.68924)">Richards bay</a>; 28.68924°S, 31.99837°E; 16 Apr 2023; obs Richard Johnstone; (Johnstone 2023)</p><p>Mozambique • multiple ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.79809&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.70212" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.79809/lat -16.70212)">Musseia camp</a>; 16.70212°S, 38.79809°E; 12 Mar 2023; obs Martin Mandak; (Mandák 2023) .</p><p>Nest.</p><p>This is one of the species from the nigrofemorata group, which build large and elongated canopy nests (Mandák 2023), commonly in thorny plants like Acacia, or in man-made objects that resemble thorny environments, like barb-wired fence (Gomyranov 2024). In contrast to R. nigrofemorata (Cameron), this species seems to frequently include greenish horizontal streak in the cell wall (Johnstone 2023), suggesting a more visually concealed nesting architecture. The initial shape of the nest is elongated, with accessory lobes that are sometimes characterized by completely closed cocoon caps, suggesting a pattern similar to R. ignobilis (Wenzel, 1992), of mass production of males and queen in the accessory lobes (Copper 2019 a, b). Towards a more developed colony stage, nectar drops can be observed in the apical cells (Copper 2019 a). The nests are sometimes raided by chafers, with no indication of the wasps raising alarm or exhibiting deferring or attacking tactics towards the chafer (Copper 2019 b; Villet and Brassine 2025). One observed female was stylopized.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/67492EA4E08C529FA7CD589CCE560C8A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Polašek, Ozren	Polašek, Ozren (2026): Description of the male of Ropalidia chromis Polašek, 2024 with further biological notes on the African species of the genus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Polistinae). African Invertebrates 67 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.3897/afrinvertebr.67.162082
4829201A63375A648B6E9711ED512E37.text	4829201A63375A648B6E9711ED512E37.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ropalidia unidentata Giordani Soika 1991	<div><p>Ropalidia unidentata Giordani Soika, 1991</p><p>Observation.</p><p>Malawi • multiple ♀♀ and multiple nests; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=33.14911&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.05012" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 33.14911/lat -13.05012)">Kasungu National Park</a>; 13.05012°S, 33.14911°E; 27 Jan 2025; obs Aubrey (Nkhata 2025) .</p><p>Nest.</p><p>One nest of this species was reported before, placed on a wooden plank (Polasek et al. 2025). Several more nests were observed after that report, suggesting an interesting pattern across the continent. The observed nests in Tanzania were placed on leaves and usually had up to 15 adults (Gabriel 2023), while the nests in South Africa were commonly placed on wooden and other man-made objects and the colony sizes were larger; a smaller nest colony was observed in one of the observations (Nkhata 2025).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4829201A63375A648B6E9711ED512E37	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Polašek, Ozren	Polašek, Ozren (2026): Description of the male of Ropalidia chromis Polašek, 2024 with further biological notes on the African species of the genus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Polistinae). African Invertebrates 67 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.3897/afrinvertebr.67.162082
