identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
15ADABA856A05E638D46272A82237186.text	15ADABA856A05E638D46272A82237186.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phylloderma septentrionalis Goodwin 1940	<div><p>Phylloderma septentrionalis Goodwin, 1940</p><p>Phylloderma stenops septentrionalis – Handley (1966: 762)</p><p>Examined material.</p><p>6 specimens including 6 skins, 6 skulls, 2 complete mitochondrial genomes.</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>AMNH 126868 (14°18.00’N; 87°50.00’W), an adult female, collected by Cecil F. Underwood (collector number 2033), skin with skull removed (Goodwin 1940), the specimen is housed in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA .</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>“ Las Pilas, six miles north of Marcala, about 4000 feet elevation; Department of La Paz, Honduras, March 26, 1937 ”.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Phylloderma septentrionalis is distinguished by its larger size (FA 65.4–82.5 mm; GLS 32.7–35.3 mm), pointed ears with subtle striations, and a high, rounded braincase. It differs from P. stenops by the presence of bilobed upper inner incisors, a non-pointed main cusp on the third lower premolar (p 4), and shallower upper molar cusps with reduced metastylar and parastylar shelves. The skull is robust, with a short rostrum and complete, rounded zygomatic arches. Externally, the underparts are distinctly paler and extend over the shoulders and neck sides, contrasting with the darker dorsal fur and wing membranes.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Phylloderma septentrionalis is a large and robust species. Reported measurements for this species, including the ranges from this study, are: Total length 109.6–137 mm, forearm length 65.4–82.5 mm; and greatest skull length 32.7–35.3 mm (Goodwin 1940, Bárquez and Ojeda 1979; Hall 1981). Externally, it is similar to P. stenops, but larger and differing in cranial characters (Goodwin 1940). The chin has a V-shaped naked cushion, margined by round papillae. The nose leaf is slender. The hair is short. The upperparts are brown with lighter bases; the underparts with the light coloration extending to the shoulders and the sides of the neck; the wing membranes are blackish brown (Goodwin 1940; Hall and Kelson 1959). The ears are large and pointed, with slight undulations on their posterior half; the tragus is long and narrow. The tail is visible from the upper side of the uropatagium.</p><p>The upper inner incisors are bilobed; the upper external incisors are small, without evident lobulation, although the cutting edges are not uniform. The lower external incisors have irregular cutting edges but are not evidently bilobed and somewhat smaller than the internal ones. Goodwin (1940) noted that the inner lower incisors are twice as wide as the outer; however, they are not wider, but longer. The anterior face of the upper canine lacks longitudinal grooves. The lower canine has a cingulum on its inner side rising less above the level of the incisors when viewed from the front. The anterior upper premolar (P 1) is in contact with canine anteriorly and with the posterior upper premolar (P 3) posteriorly but not mounted on it. The second lower premolar (p 3) is tiny and is located between the other two premolars. The main cusp of the third lower premolar (p 4) lacks a point. The upper molars have shallow metacones and paracones and the metastylar and parastylar shelves are relatively shorter, with a distinct W-shaped pattern. The lower molars have trigonids with sharp and serrated cuspids (Goodwin 1940). The braincase is relatively high and rounded.</p><p>The rostrum is shorter than the braincase, with no depression between the orbits. It is also rather wide, giving a robust appearance to the skull. The zygomatic arches are rounded and complete (Goodwin 1940) (Fig. 4).</p><p>Comparisons.</p><p>The averages of the craniodental and external measurements analyzed in this study were greater for P. septentrionalis than for P. stenops . In the cases of GLS, MET III, MET IV, and METV, the measurements do not overlap and are always greater in the northern Central American species. The skull differs in size, but not in shape, although there are some differences in the teeth worth noting: the upper inner incisors are bilobed in P. septentrionalis, but with smooth or weakly bifid cutting edges in P. stenops (Bárquez and Ojeda 1979); the main cusp of the lower third premolar (p 4) is not pointed in P. septentrionalis, but the contrary in P. stenops; the metacones and paracones are rather shallow, and the metastylar and parastylar shelves are shorter in P. septentrionalis compared to P. stenops . The ears of P. septentrionalis are pointed, with less visible striations, while in P. stenops they are rounded with more marked inner striations (Bárquez and Ojeda 1979) (Fig. 4).</p><p>Distribution and habitat.</p><p>Phylloderma septentrionalis occurs from southern Mexico (Oaxaca and Chiapas) to Nicaragua, presumably with the Hess Escarpment as the limit of its distribution (Fig. 5). This species is considered rare and inhabits primarily lowland and humid forest, although it has been recorded from a variety of forested and agricultural habitats (Carter et al. 1966; Timm et al. 1989; Santos-Moreno and Gallardo 2014).</p><p>Natural history.</p><p>This species consumes fruits, other plant materials, and insects (LaVal 1977; McCarthy 1982; York 2008). York (2008) suggested that it may be an effective seed disperser for some Annonaceae and Cucurbitaceae; however, details on the dietary breadth in the species remain unknown. Little is known about the reproductive cycle; LaVal (1977) reported capturing a pregnant female with a single embryo during the dry season (early February) in Costa Rica; this specimen also carried four males of the bat fly Strebla christinae .</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Goodwin (1940) designated AMNH 126868 as the holotype of Phylloderma septentrionalis and mentioned additional paratypes from La Flor Archaga, Honduras, but did not provide catalogue numbers for them. Because paratype status could not be corroborated from the AMNH labels or database records available to us, no additional specimens are treated here as confirmed paratypes. The holotype was not included among the measured specimens; the comparative material from Las Pilas includes AMNH 126867 and AMNH 126869.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) currently classifies Phylloderma stenops as ‘ Least Concern’, but P. septentrionalis has not been assessed separately. However, the Mesoamerican taxon (formerly Phylloderma s. septentrionalis) is listed as “ Threatened ” within the Conservation Initiatives for the Mammals of Oaxaca, Mexico (Briones-Salas et al. 2016), and is deemed “ Critically Endangered ” in Nicaragua (Medina-Fitoria 2014; Nassar et al. 2020). In Honduras, it has not been categorized under any risk or threat category (Turcios-Casco et al. 2020). Its conservation status remains unstudied in Guatemala, Belize, and El Salvador. Given its rarity in Central America and its restriction to well-preserved habitats, its vulnerability increases with threats to ecosystems. Recognition of P. septentrionalis at the species level may help prioritize conservation strategies for the species in Central America, particularly by encouraging studies of its distribution, abundance, and vulnerability.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/15ADABA856A05E638D46272A82237186	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Camacho, M. Alejandra;Burneo, Santiago F.;Cadar, Daniel;Horváth, Balázs;Tóth, Gábor E.;Murienne, Jerome	Camacho, M. Alejandra, Burneo, Santiago F., Cadar, Daniel, Horváth, Balázs, Tóth, Gábor E., Murienne, Jerome (2026): Geographic structuring and species limits in Phylloderma stenops (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae): Revalidation of P. septentrionalis in Central America. Vertebrate Zoology 76: 339-359, DOI: 10.3897/vz.76.e166549
FF4084B616DE57B4B28EDDA9CFD732DA.text	FF4084B616DE57B4B28EDDA9CFD732DA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phylloderma stenops Peters 1865	<div><p>Phylloderma stenops Peters, 1865</p><p>Ph [yllostoma] (Phylloderma) stenops Peters, 1865: 513 .</p><p>G [uandira] cayanensis Gray, 1866: 114</p><p>Phylloderma stenops – Dobson, (1878: 483): recognition of Phylloderma as a genus and invalidation of Guandira cayanensis</p><p>Phylloderma septentrionalis (partim) – Goodwin (1940: 1)</p><p>Phylloderma stenops – Handley (1966: 762): recognition of Phylloderma stenops septentrionalis</p><p>Phyllostomus stenops – Baker et al. (1988: 13)</p><p>Phylloderma stenops – Timm et al. (1989: 46): return to the use of Phylloderma</p><p>Content.</p><p>Two subspecies are recognized: Phylloderma stenops stenops and P. s. boliviensis .</p><p>Examined material.</p><p>52 specimens including 52 skins, 52 skulls, 13 complete mitochondrial genomes.</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>Adult, probably male, skin with skull removed (RNH 16843), collector and date of capture unknown. The specimen might be in the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, Netherlands (Carter and Dolan 1978) .</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Cayenne, French Guiana (Peters 1865). Geographic coordinates for the type locality are not available in the original description or other known sources.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Phylloderma stenops is characterized by its moderate size within the genus (FA 63.7–81 mm; GLS 29–35.4 mm), rounded ears with marked inner striations, and a flatter facial profile. It differs from P. septentrionalis by the presence of smooth or weakly bilobed upper inner incisors, a pointed main cusp on the third lower premolar (p 4), and taller upper molar cusps with more developed metastylar and parastylar shelves. The skull is less massive, with a slightly longer and flatter rostrum. Externally, the underparts are uniformly colored.</p><p>Amended description.</p><p>Phylloderma stenops can be characterized as a large and robust bat. Reported measurements for this species, including the ranges from this study, are total length 80–128 mm; forearm length 63.7–81 mm; and greatest skull length 29–35.42 mm (Ramírez-Fráncel et al. 2015; Bomfim et al. 2017; Solari et al. 2019). Apart from the general characteristics of its genus, this species is distinguished by a robust skull, and a low (relatively flat) facial profile. The chin is bare, V-shaped, and encircled by a cushion bordered by a row of rounded or elongated papillae (Trujillo and Albuja 2005). The nose leaf is wide at the base and has a pointed tip. The fur is short, with dorsal hair exhibiting a reddish-brown color. The wing membranes attach high on the back, creating a partially nude appearance; the wingtips are whitish. The ears are well separated, moderately large, and rounded; the tragus is long and slender. The calcar is approximately equal to or shorter than the length of the foot, and the tail extends only halfway inside the uropatagium, protruding slightly from the dorsal surface (Husson 1962; Bárquez and Ojeda 1979; Emmons and Feer 1999; Díaz et al. 2011; Martínez-Cerón et al. 2019).</p><p>The upper inner incisors are relatively long compared to the external ones, with smooth or weakly bifid cutting edges, and usually converging distally. The upper external incisors are bilobed and slightly less than half the size of the internal ones. Bárquez and Ojeda (1979), referring to Phylloderma stenops boliviensis, pointed out that its upper internal incisors are not bilobed; although it may be a characteristic of the subspecies, or of the two individuals used for the description; this cannot be considered a diagnostic character because there is variability in the sample studied. The lower inner incisors are bilobed, or at least a medial notch is visible which denotes that they are weakly bilobed (Fig. 4). The lower external incisors have cutting edges that are irregular, but are not evidently bilobed, are smaller than the internal ones, and are covered by the cingula of the canines. Bárquez and Ojeda (1979) also pointed out that the four lower incisors are even, probably referring to the fact that they are not bilobed; but again, although it may be a characteristic of the subspecies, or of the two individuals used for the description of P. s. boliviensis, this is not a diagnostic character of the species. The upper canines are subtriangular, the anterior face of the upper canine lacks longitudinal grooves. There is a prominent cingulum on the anterolingual side, in contact with or covering the back of the upper external incisors. The lower canines rise prominently above the level of the incisors when viewed from the front. The anterior upper premolar (P 1) is in contact with the canine and with the posterior upper premolar (P 3), and the posterior cingulum is mounted on the labial side. P 3 is caniform, with its posterior cusp in contact with M 1. The anterior lower premolar (p 2) rests on the canine. The second premolar (p 3) is minuscule and enclosed between the other premolars and is not displaced lingually from the toothrow. The main cusp of the third premolar (p 4) is pointed. The upper molars are large, with a tall anterior paracone and a posterior metacone, and with radiating crests with a distinct W-shaped pattern. The metastylar and parastylar shelves are relatively large and give the impression of tall crowns. M 3 has a postparacrista only and is V-shaped. The trigonids of the lower molars have a large buccal protoconid flanked anterolingually by the paraconid, and posterolingually by the metaconid. When viewed laterally, the dental arcade of the lower molars is sharp and serrated.</p><p>The braincase is relatively high and rounded. The rostrum is shorter than the braincase and has a dorsal profile that is not convex and does not have a depression between the orbits. The zygomatic arches are rounded and complete.</p><p>The diploid number is 32, and the fundamental number is 58 (de Souza et al. 2022).</p><p>Comparisons.</p><p>All craniodental and external measurements average smaller in P. stenops than in P. septentrionalis, with overlapping ranges except for GLS, MET III, MET IV, and MET V. The skull differs in size but not in shape. The upper inner incisors have smooth or weakly bifid cutting edges in P. stenops, as opposed to being clearly bifid in P. septentrionalis . The main cusp of the third lower premolar (p 4) is more pointed in P. stenops than in P. septentrionalis . The metacones and paracones are not as deep, and the metastylar and parastylar shelves are relatively shorter in P. septentrionalis than in P. stenops . The ears of P. stenops are rounded with distinct marginal striations on the inner surface, whereas in P. septentrionalis the ears are more pointed with less visible striations (Bárquez and Ojeda 1979) (Fig. 4).</p><p>A comparison of the two South American subspecies reveals that P. s. boliviensis is larger than P. s. stenops, although this conclusion is based on the only two specimens reported to date. The lower incisors of P. s. stenops are even and unlobed, whereas in P. s. boliviensis the middle incisors are longer than the outer ones and weakly bilobed (as in P. septentrionalis). The dorsal fur of P. s. stenops is distributed uniformly, whereas in P. s. boliviensis there is a clearer zone at the level of the neck (Bárquez and Ojeda 1979).</p><p>Distribution and habitat.</p><p>The species is distributed from the south of the Central Cordillera in Panama to South America, including the Guianas, Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil (Fig. 5). The species is considered rare, and primarily inhabits lowland and humid vegetation types, such as evergreen, mesic or riparian forests, inundated floodplain forests, deciduous forests, also extending into drier regions such as dry and xeric shrublands (Williams and Genoways 2008; Carrera et al. 2010; Salas et al. 2014; Ramírez-Fráncel et al. 2015; Bomfim et al. 2017). Salas et al. (2014) recorded the species in a place heavily disrupted by livestock, with small remnants of riparian vegetation.</p><p>Natural history.</p><p>There is limited knowledge regarding the natural history of the genus Phylloderma . Apparently, P. stenops is omnivorous. Its diet consists primarily of fruits of the families Annonaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Myrtaceae, and Cecropiaceae; and has been documented consuming adult insects, insect larvae, and pupae from an active nest of a social wasp (Jeanne 1970; Giannini and Kalko 2004), as well as lizards in captivity (Pye 1967). The species typically inhabits tropical forests below 1000 m (Carrera et al. 2010) and seems to prefer to forage in natural clearings beneath the dense canopy of pristine lowland forests (Koopman 1976). Phylloderma stenops commonly roosts in caves (Esbérard and Faria 2006). Based on observations in captivity in Brazil, Esbérard (2012) affirmed that P. stenops shows a polyestrous strategy, with seasonal reproduction and presents birth synchrony and postpartum oestrus; also, the gestational period does not exceed 167 days, and sexual maturity is reached around the age of 241–285 days. The bat fly, Strebla christinae, has been reported from this species (Handley 1966).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Peters (1865) originally described the species based on a mounted specimen, without taking measurements, providing only a description of dental numbers and shape, as well as of the form of the skull, noting its similarity to that of Phyllostomus . He mentioned size and shape to be comparable to those of P. hastatus, a species from which it is differentiated by a narrower shoulder girdle (Peters 1865). Handley (1966) observed specimens from Panama to exhibit mixed traits of both nominal species of Phylloderma ( P. stenops and P. septentrionalis), yet agreeing more with the former. Consequently, he referred to the Panamanian individuals as P. s. stenops, thus acknowledging subspecific differentiation, and synonymized septentrionalis with stenops.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FF4084B616DE57B4B28EDDA9CFD732DA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Camacho, M. Alejandra;Burneo, Santiago F.;Cadar, Daniel;Horváth, Balázs;Tóth, Gábor E.;Murienne, Jerome	Camacho, M. Alejandra, Burneo, Santiago F., Cadar, Daniel, Horváth, Balázs, Tóth, Gábor E., Murienne, Jerome (2026): Geographic structuring and species limits in Phylloderma stenops (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae): Revalidation of P. septentrionalis in Central America. Vertebrate Zoology 76: 339-359, DOI: 10.3897/vz.76.e166549
