identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
6132D10FFFE9FFC374E98BAAB58EFDCE.text	6132D10FFFE9FFC374E98BAAB58EFDCE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aphaniotis fusca (Peters 1864)	<div><p>Aphaniotis fusca .</p><p>– This species is an arboreal, diurnal lizard commonly found in undisturbed closed canopy forests where it perches on the sides of trees and vines. Its inability to glide notwithstanding, it occupies microhabitats very similar to those of the smaller species of  Draco such as  D. melanopogon . On the islands of Babi Besar, Babi Tengah, Babi Hujong, and Aceh,  A. fusca occurs in unusually high densities. Although the forest is dense and closed canopy,  D. melanopogan is absent from the interiors of these islands ( D. sumatranus occurs in the coastal, coconut groves on P. Babi Besar). On islands where  Draco and  Aphaniotis both exist (i.e. Tioman, Tinggi, Sibu),  A. fusca occurs in much lower densities. Given the similar ecologies of  A. fusca with some of the smaller species of  Draco, it is likely that  A. fusca competitively excludes  Draco from the Besar group and  P. Aceh .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6132D10FFFE9FFC374E98BAAB58EFDCE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Grismer, L. Lee;Youmans, Timothy M.;Wood, Perry L.;Jr;Grismer, Jesse L.	Grismer, L. Lee, Youmans, Timothy M., Wood, Perry L., Jr, Grismer, Jesse L. (2006): Checklist Of The Herpetofauna Of The Seribuat Archipelago, West Malaysia With Comments On Biogeography, Natural History, And Adaptive Types. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 54 (1): 157-180, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13244793
6132D10FFFE9FFC377228EEAB221FB6E.text	6132D10FFFE9FFC377228EEAB221FB6E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gekko monarchus (Schlegel 1836)	<div><p>Gekko monarchus .</p><p>–  Gekko monarchus expresses a modest degree of morphological and colour pattern variation on some of the small islands. On Mertang Barat, Mertang Tengah, and Mertang Timur,  G. monarchus is nearly melanistic with large, white tubercles. On P. Cebeh,  G. monarchus is the only species of gekko occurring in  the interior of the island. Its density is extremely high and it occupies every conceivable niche (both terrestrial and arboreal). Specimens from this population generally lack the paired, paravertebral blotches which diagnose this species and their tubercles are unusually numerous and large. Investigations of this population’s morphology, colour pattern, and genetics are currently underway to determine its species status and relationship to other  G. monarchus . Like  Hemidatlylus frenatus on P. Sepoi (see below),  G. monarchus appears to restrict the distribution of  Lepidodactylus lugubris to large boulders in the splash zone of the intertidal.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6132D10FFFE9FFC377228EEAB221FB6E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Grismer, L. Lee;Youmans, Timothy M.;Wood, Perry L.;Jr;Grismer, Jesse L.	Grismer, L. Lee, Youmans, Timothy M., Wood, Perry L., Jr, Grismer, Jesse L. (2006): Checklist Of The Herpetofauna Of The Seribuat Archipelago, West Malaysia With Comments On Biogeography, Natural History, And Adaptive Types. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 54 (1): 157-180, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13244793
6132D10FFFE9FFC2772288AAB6B8FE4E.text	6132D10FFFE9FFC2772288AAB6B8FE4E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemidactylus frenatus	<div><p>Hemidactylus frenatus .</p><p>–  Hemidactylus frenatus is an extremely adept over-water disperser, human facilitated (Bauer, 1994) or otherwise. Many authors have documented this species’ relatively recent arrival all over the world. Its colonizing abilities are illustrated well within the Seribuat Archipelago, being that it occurs on at least 41 of the 62 islands. Some of these islands are little more than barren rocks (i.e., P. Tokong Bahara) whereas others are large and environmentally diverse (i.e., P. Tioman). Two other adept colonizing geckos,  Gehyra mutilata and  Lepidodactylus lugubris, also occur within the Seribuat Archipelago. The latter shows some interesting distribution patterns with respect to  H. frenatus which suggests that on some small islands, competition between these two species may be intense. In the Lima group, eight small islands are inhabited by one or the other of these two species (Table 2) and they basically alternate in occurrence in a north to south directional trend (P. Sanggol –  L. lugubris;  P. Lima Kecil and P. Lima Besar –  H. frenatus; P. Tokong Raket –  L. lugubris; P. Tokong Condong and P. Tokong Belalai –  H. frenatus; and P. Tokong Chupak –  L. lugubris) suggesting that whichever species colonizes the island first will eventually exclude the other species. On P. Sepoi, this apparent phenomenon is even more striking. Here,  H. frenatus occupies every conceivable niche (terrestrial and arboreal) within the island’s interior and occurs in an extremely high density.  Lepidodactylus lugubris, however, occurs only on the periphery of the island amongst the larger boulders in the splash zone within the intertidal areas. On P. Layak,  H. frenatus is also found in the intertidal areas and  L. lugubris has not been found on that island. Similar observations have been made on islands in the South Pacific (Petren &amp; Case, 1996). Yet on P. Mawar, a relatively large island (Table 1) with a high degree of environmental diversity,  H. frenatus and  L. lugubris can be found syntopically beneath the bark of dead trees in the mangrove forest.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6132D10FFFE9FFC2772288AAB6B8FE4E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Grismer, L. Lee;Youmans, Timothy M.;Wood, Perry L.;Jr;Grismer, Jesse L.	Grismer, L. Lee, Youmans, Timothy M., Wood, Perry L., Jr, Grismer, Jesse L. (2006): Checklist Of The Herpetofauna Of The Seribuat Archipelago, West Malaysia With Comments On Biogeography, Natural History, And Adaptive Types. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 54 (1): 157-180, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13244793
6132D10FFFE9FFC374E989CAB411F8AE.text	6132D10FFFE9FFC374E989CAB411F8AE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kaloula baleata (Muller in Van Oort & Muller 1836)	<div><p>Kaloula baleata .</p><p>– This species is generally active following periods of precipitation when individuals are found congregating in the vicinity of temporary water. During intermittent dry periods, this species usually resides in burrows, treeholes, or beneath surface objects. No rain had fallen on  P. Aceh within weeks of our first collection period and in 2004, no rain had fallen for two months prior to our visit. On 29 August 2003, two specimens (LSUHC 5712– 13) were collected from the trunks of separate trees sitting 1.5 m above the forest floor facing head-up. During the evening, both were pale grey and both had turned dark brown by morning. On 9 September 2004, a single specimen (LSUHC 6954) was found in a small tree cavity filled with putrid water 2.5 m above the ground.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6132D10FFFE9FFC374E989CAB411F8AE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Grismer, L. Lee;Youmans, Timothy M.;Wood, Perry L.;Jr;Grismer, Jesse L.	Grismer, L. Lee, Youmans, Timothy M., Wood, Perry L., Jr, Grismer, Jesse L. (2006): Checklist Of The Herpetofauna Of The Seribuat Archipelago, West Malaysia With Comments On Biogeography, Natural History, And Adaptive Types. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 54 (1): 157-180, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13244793
6132D10FFFE8FFC274108E6AB41BFC2E.text	6132D10FFFE8FFC274108E6AB41BFC2E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Emoia atrocostata (Lesson 1830)	<div><p>Emoia atrocostata .</p><p>–  Emoia atrocostata is a specialized species found in intertidal areas, usually in the vicinity of mangroves. It occurs on at least nine islands in the Seribuat Archipelago and although its distribution appears random, it is predictable. For this species to be present, a rocky shore backed by vegetation is required. The rocks must be of moderate size (~ 1 m diamater) usually not giant boulders (with the exception of P. Tulai) and the vegetation does not necessarily have to be mangrove. Therefore, this species’ absence from the large island of Tioman and others, which at first seems perplexing, is explainable because these islands lack the two fundamental characteristics (with the exception of a few small isolated places on the east coast at Tk. Dalam on P. Tioman). Yet its presence on very small islands such as P. Sibu Kukus is easily explainable.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6132D10FFFE8FFC274108E6AB41BFC2E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Grismer, L. Lee;Youmans, Timothy M.;Wood, Perry L.;Jr;Grismer, Jesse L.	Grismer, L. Lee, Youmans, Timothy M., Wood, Perry L., Jr, Grismer, Jesse L. (2006): Checklist Of The Herpetofauna Of The Seribuat Archipelago, West Malaysia With Comments On Biogeography, Natural History, And Adaptive Types. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 54 (1): 157-180, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13244793
6132D10FFFE8FFC27410886AB59BFCAE.text	6132D10FFFE8FFC27410886AB59BFCAE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eutropis multifasciata (Kuhl 1820)	<div><p>Eutropis multifasciata .</p><p>–  Eutropis multifasciata is a common, diurnal, forest-floor skink that spends much of its time basking and foraging in relatively open areas with direct sunlight. In the Seribuat Archipelago, many populations manifest significant departures from this behavior and/or morphology. On P. Cebeh and P. Sepoi, this species occurs in high densities and is active at night. Specimens on both islands were observed crawling and running through the leaf litter during the evening hours. It was originally believed these lizards were frightened out of hiding by our lights. But with lights off, lizards could be heard moving through the leaf litter. The skinks from P. Cebeh are inordinately thick and robust and from a distance, do not even appear to be  E. multifasciata . On P. Sepoi and the Tokong Burung group,  E. multifasciata occur in the intertidal, living and foraging in and among the rocks and crevices. At first glance we mistook these skinks for  Emoia atrocostata .  Eutropis multifasciata has a relatively modest degree of colour pattern variation in its continental forms (see Chan-Ard et al., 1999). On small islands in the Seribuat Archipelago, this variablilty is often fixed and taken to extremes. On the large islands of Tioman, Aur, Tinggi, Sibu, and Babi Besar,  E. multifasciata has the typical pattern of a bronze-coloured dorsum, dark flanks with black-edged white spots, and a cream-coloured venter. On P. Sepoi, adult males are uniformly grey in colour whereas females and juveniles are greyish with light green flanks bearing yellow spots. On P. Seribuat and P. Sembilang all skinks have a grey dorsum and bright orange flanks. On the Tokong Burung group, males and females are a uniform greenish gold. The juveniles, however, have metallic green flanks. Skinks from P. Tokong Bahara are the most distinctive of all. The head, forepart of the body, and forelimbs are coppery orange; the posterior of the body, hind limbs, and legs are olive green. The posterior of the jaws are bright orange, and the chin and throat are yellow. The body is relatively narrow (especially when compared to those of P. Cebeh) and original tails are nearly twice the length of the body. Morphological investigations indicate that each one of these populations differ significantly from one another and from mainland populations (A. Ponce, unpublished). Molecular analyses are currently underway to determine their species status and relationships.</p><p>All the skinks living on the three islands of the Tokong Burung group and P. Tokong Bahara reside within the tern rookeries, taking refuge in the rocks, cracks, and grass hummocks. Other insular lizard populations living within seabird rookeries derive a significant portion of their resources from the birds in the form of regurgitated food and the arthropods attracted to the nests (e.g., Barrett et al., 2005; L. Grismer, 2002; Hews, 1990; Rounsevell et al., 1985). We suspect the same is happening with Seribuat Archipelago populations. One of us (LLG) observed a skink eating a portion of regurgitated fish from a nest on Tokong Burung Condong.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6132D10FFFE8FFC27410886AB59BFCAE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Grismer, L. Lee;Youmans, Timothy M.;Wood, Perry L.;Jr;Grismer, Jesse L.	Grismer, L. Lee, Youmans, Timothy M., Wood, Perry L., Jr, Grismer, Jesse L. (2006): Checklist Of The Herpetofauna Of The Seribuat Archipelago, West Malaysia With Comments On Biogeography, Natural History, And Adaptive Types. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 54 (1): 157-180, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13244793
6132D10FFFE8FFC2774D8FEAB5B6F9EE.text	6132D10FFFE8FFC2774D8FEAB5B6F9EE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lygosoma bowringii	<div><p>Lygosoma bowringii .</p><p>–  Lygosoma bowringii is another very successful overwater colonizer of the Seribuat Archipelago. Unlike  Hemidactylus frenatus which is a renowned human commensal, the colonization of  Lygosoma bowringii is most likely the result of natural events. This species occurs on 23 of the 62 islands. Some of the islands are extremely small (i.e., P. Tunas Selatan) whereas others are large and diverse (i.e., P. Tinggi and P. Tioman). What all these islands have in common is sandy beaches. Islands with rocky shorelines lacking sandy beach habitats are not inhabited by  L. bowringii . Sandy beaches likely serve as an appropriate habitat for initial colonization. Although this species occurs in the leaf-litter of some of the islands’ interiors, it is extremely common beneath the surface debris and flotsam found along beaches. Its short limbs, elongate body, and smooth shiny scales facilitate this species ability to “sand-swim” to escape capture. On several occasions we have observed this species escaping by burrowing into and swimming through the sand. On P. Ibol,  L. bowringii were also found to be common above ground moving about in the leaf litter following periods of precipitation.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6132D10FFFE8FFC2774D8FEAB5B6F9EE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Grismer, L. Lee;Youmans, Timothy M.;Wood, Perry L.;Jr;Grismer, Jesse L.	Grismer, L. Lee, Youmans, Timothy M., Wood, Perry L., Jr, Grismer, Jesse L. (2006): Checklist Of The Herpetofauna Of The Seribuat Archipelago, West Malaysia With Comments On Biogeography, Natural History, And Adaptive Types. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 54 (1): 157-180, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13244793
6132D10FFFE8FFC2774D8A0AB396F7EE.text	6132D10FFFE8FFC2774D8A0AB396F7EE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Varanus salvator (Laurenti 1768)	<div><p>Varanus salvator .</p><p>–  Varanus salvator (or the tracks thereof) were observed on 31 islands ranging in size from 0.01–110 km 2. The presence of this large, top predator on small, isolated islands relatively far out at sea suggests monitors are periodically swimming to them because there are not enough resources on these small islands to support permanent populations of the large carnivores. We observed a 2 m specimen on P. Tokong Belalai (0.01 km 2) where the only conceivable food source were terns and their chicks and eggs. On another small island, P. Layak (0.24 km 2), we observed the tracks of  V. salvator near a large circular depression in the sand where it had been digging up sea turtle eggs. We suggest that  V. salvator have knowledge of the food resources on these islands and make periodic visits to exploit them.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6132D10FFFE8FFC2774D8A0AB396F7EE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Grismer, L. Lee;Youmans, Timothy M.;Wood, Perry L.;Jr;Grismer, Jesse L.	Grismer, L. Lee, Youmans, Timothy M., Wood, Perry L., Jr, Grismer, Jesse L. (2006): Checklist Of The Herpetofauna Of The Seribuat Archipelago, West Malaysia With Comments On Biogeography, Natural History, And Adaptive Types. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 54 (1): 157-180, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13244793
