taxonID	type	format	identifier	references	title	description	created	creator	contributor	publisher	audience	source	license	rightsHolder	datasetID
62199F50FFECFFC3FF34FCC3FCFFF8BC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820473/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820473	FIGURE 3. Holotypes, lectotypes, and paratypes of the species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group (A–H) and L. finchi group (I & J): (A) Limnonectes palavanensis, lectotype (BMNH 1947.2.1.96, adult female); (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1061576, adult female); (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075310, adult female); (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1056394, adult male); (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1061519, adult female); (F) L. phylax sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1072362, adult female); (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1057455, adult female); (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1059945, adult female); (I) L. finchi, paratype (NMW 16961, adult male); (J) L. gyrinophorus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075255, adult female). Scale bar represents 10 mm.	FIGURE 3. Holotypes, lectotypes, and paratypes of the species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group (A–H) and L. finchi group (I & J): (A) Limnonectes palavanensis, lectotype (BMNH 1947.2.1.96, adult female); (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1061576, adult female); (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075310, adult female); (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1056394, adult male); (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1061519, adult female); (F) L. phylax sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1072362, adult female); (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1057455, adult female); (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1059945, adult female); (I) L. finchi, paratype (NMW 16961, adult male); (J) L. gyrinophorus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075255, adult female). Scale bar represents 10 mm.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFECFFC3FF34FCC3FCFFF8BC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820477/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820477	FIGURE 4. Relative size and position of teeth-bearing vomer ridges in (A) Limnonectes palavanensis—lectotype, BMNH 1947.2.1.96, adult female; (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov.—adult female, NMBE 1061576, holotype; (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov.—adult female, SP 1355; (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov.—adult male, NMBE 1073581, paratype; (E) L. oreibates sp. nov.— adult female, NMBE 1061519, holotype; (F) L. phylax sp. nov.—adult male, UBDM-GG012; (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov.— adult female, NMBE 1057455, holotype; (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov.—adult male, NMBE 1059943, paratype; (I) L. finchi—adult female, NMBE 1072469; (J) L. gyrinophorus sp. nov.—adult female, NMBE 1075255, holotype.	FIGURE 4. Relative size and position of teeth-bearing vomer ridges in (A) Limnonectes palavanensis—lectotype, BMNH 1947.2.1.96, adult female; (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov.—adult female, NMBE 1061576, holotype; (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov.—adult female, SP 1355; (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov.—adult male, NMBE 1073581, paratype; (E) L. oreibates sp. nov.— adult female, NMBE 1061519, holotype; (F) L. phylax sp. nov.—adult male, UBDM-GG012; (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov.— adult female, NMBE 1057455, holotype; (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov.—adult male, NMBE 1059943, paratype; (I) L. finchi—adult female, NMBE 1072469; (J) L. gyrinophorus sp. nov.—adult female, NMBE 1075255, holotype.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFECFFC3FF34FCC3FCFFF8BC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820479/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820479	FIGURE 5. Schematic drawings illustrating the shape of the supratympanic fold and the relative size and the position of the tympanum in the eight species of the L. palavanensis group: (A) Limnonectes palavanensis, (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., (F) L. phylax sp. nov., (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov. (Drawings by J. M. Dehling).	FIGURE 5. Schematic drawings illustrating the shape of the supratympanic fold and the relative size and the position of the tympanum in the eight species of the L. palavanensis group: (A) Limnonectes palavanensis, (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., (F) L. phylax sp. nov., (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov. (Drawings by J. M. Dehling).	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFECFFC3FF34FCC3FCFFF8BC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820485/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820485	FIGURE 6. Schematic drawings illustrating the extent of toe webbing in the eight species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group and the two species of the L. finchi group.Toes I to V are arranged from right to left in each drawing. Open circles represent terminal disks, filled circles represent subarticular tubercles. Solid lines represent the most common outline of webbing between toes, dotted lines represent the maximum or minimum extent due to variation between specimens.	FIGURE 6. Schematic drawings illustrating the extent of toe webbing in the eight species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group and the two species of the L. finchi group.Toes I to V are arranged from right to left in each drawing. Open circles represent terminal disks, filled circles represent subarticular tubercles. Solid lines represent the most common outline of webbing between toes, dotted lines represent the maximum or minimum extent due to variation between specimens.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFECFFC3FF34FCC3FCFFF8BC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820487/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820487	FIGURE 7. Photographs of the species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group in life.A) Limnonectes palavanensis, adult male, Mt. Mantalingahan, Barangay Samarinana, Municipality of Brooke’s Point, Palawan Province, Palawan Island, Philippines (photo: R. Brown). (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., paratype, adult male, Gunung Dulit, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: S. T. Hertwig). (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075310), adult female, Silau-Silau Trail, Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: S. Hertwig). (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1056394), adult male, Camp 3, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., paratype (UNIMAS P1186), adult male, Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: I. Das). (F) L. phylax sp. nov., adult male (not collected), Camp 5, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., adult female (not collected), Headquarters, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov., paratype (NMBE 1056615), adult male, Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling).	FIGURE 7. Photographs of the species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group in life.A) Limnonectes palavanensis, adult male, Mt. Mantalingahan, Barangay Samarinana, Municipality of Brooke’s Point, Palawan Province, Palawan Island, Philippines (photo: R. Brown). (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., paratype, adult male, Gunung Dulit, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: S. T. Hertwig). (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075310), adult female, Silau-Silau Trail, Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: S. Hertwig). (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1056394), adult male, Camp 3, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., paratype (UNIMAS P1186), adult male, Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: I. Das). (F) L. phylax sp. nov., adult male (not collected), Camp 5, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., adult female (not collected), Headquarters, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov., paratype (NMBE 1056615), adult male, Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling).	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFF5FFDEFF34FF50FCE1F8FC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820473/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820473	FIGURE 3. Holotypes, lectotypes, and paratypes of the species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group (A–H) and L. finchi group (I & J): (A) Limnonectes palavanensis, lectotype (BMNH 1947.2.1.96, adult female); (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1061576, adult female); (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075310, adult female); (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1056394, adult male); (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1061519, adult female); (F) L. phylax sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1072362, adult female); (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1057455, adult female); (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1059945, adult female); (I) L. finchi, paratype (NMW 16961, adult male); (J) L. gyrinophorus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075255, adult female). Scale bar represents 10 mm.	FIGURE 3. Holotypes, lectotypes, and paratypes of the species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group (A–H) and L. finchi group (I & J): (A) Limnonectes palavanensis, lectotype (BMNH 1947.2.1.96, adult female); (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1061576, adult female); (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075310, adult female); (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1056394, adult male); (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1061519, adult female); (F) L. phylax sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1072362, adult female); (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1057455, adult female); (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1059945, adult female); (I) L. finchi, paratype (NMW 16961, adult male); (J) L. gyrinophorus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075255, adult female). Scale bar represents 10 mm.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFF5FFDEFF34FF50FCE1F8FC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820477/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820477	FIGURE 4. Relative size and position of teeth-bearing vomer ridges in (A) Limnonectes palavanensis—lectotype, BMNH 1947.2.1.96, adult female; (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov.—adult female, NMBE 1061576, holotype; (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov.—adult female, SP 1355; (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov.—adult male, NMBE 1073581, paratype; (E) L. oreibates sp. nov.— adult female, NMBE 1061519, holotype; (F) L. phylax sp. nov.—adult male, UBDM-GG012; (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov.— adult female, NMBE 1057455, holotype; (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov.—adult male, NMBE 1059943, paratype; (I) L. finchi—adult female, NMBE 1072469; (J) L. gyrinophorus sp. nov.—adult female, NMBE 1075255, holotype.	FIGURE 4. Relative size and position of teeth-bearing vomer ridges in (A) Limnonectes palavanensis—lectotype, BMNH 1947.2.1.96, adult female; (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov.—adult female, NMBE 1061576, holotype; (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov.—adult female, SP 1355; (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov.—adult male, NMBE 1073581, paratype; (E) L. oreibates sp. nov.— adult female, NMBE 1061519, holotype; (F) L. phylax sp. nov.—adult male, UBDM-GG012; (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov.— adult female, NMBE 1057455, holotype; (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov.—adult male, NMBE 1059943, paratype; (I) L. finchi—adult female, NMBE 1072469; (J) L. gyrinophorus sp. nov.—adult female, NMBE 1075255, holotype.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFF5FFDEFF34FF50FCE1F8FC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820479/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820479	FIGURE 5. Schematic drawings illustrating the shape of the supratympanic fold and the relative size and the position of the tympanum in the eight species of the L. palavanensis group: (A) Limnonectes palavanensis, (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., (F) L. phylax sp. nov., (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov. (Drawings by J. M. Dehling).	FIGURE 5. Schematic drawings illustrating the shape of the supratympanic fold and the relative size and the position of the tympanum in the eight species of the L. palavanensis group: (A) Limnonectes palavanensis, (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., (F) L. phylax sp. nov., (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov. (Drawings by J. M. Dehling).	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFF5FFDEFF34FF50FCE1F8FC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820485/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820485	FIGURE 6. Schematic drawings illustrating the extent of toe webbing in the eight species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group and the two species of the L. finchi group.Toes I to V are arranged from right to left in each drawing. Open circles represent terminal disks, filled circles represent subarticular tubercles. Solid lines represent the most common outline of webbing between toes, dotted lines represent the maximum or minimum extent due to variation between specimens.	FIGURE 6. Schematic drawings illustrating the extent of toe webbing in the eight species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group and the two species of the L. finchi group.Toes I to V are arranged from right to left in each drawing. Open circles represent terminal disks, filled circles represent subarticular tubercles. Solid lines represent the most common outline of webbing between toes, dotted lines represent the maximum or minimum extent due to variation between specimens.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFF5FFDEFF34FF50FCE1F8FC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820487/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820487	FIGURE 7. Photographs of the species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group in life.A) Limnonectes palavanensis, adult male, Mt. Mantalingahan, Barangay Samarinana, Municipality of Brooke’s Point, Palawan Province, Palawan Island, Philippines (photo: R. Brown). (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., paratype, adult male, Gunung Dulit, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: S. T. Hertwig). (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075310), adult female, Silau-Silau Trail, Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: S. Hertwig). (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1056394), adult male, Camp 3, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., paratype (UNIMAS P1186), adult male, Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: I. Das). (F) L. phylax sp. nov., adult male (not collected), Camp 5, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., adult female (not collected), Headquarters, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov., paratype (NMBE 1056615), adult male, Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling).	FIGURE 7. Photographs of the species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group in life.A) Limnonectes palavanensis, adult male, Mt. Mantalingahan, Barangay Samarinana, Municipality of Brooke’s Point, Palawan Province, Palawan Island, Philippines (photo: R. Brown). (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., paratype, adult male, Gunung Dulit, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: S. T. Hertwig). (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075310), adult female, Silau-Silau Trail, Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: S. Hertwig). (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1056394), adult male, Camp 3, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., paratype (UNIMAS P1186), adult male, Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: I. Das). (F) L. phylax sp. nov., adult male (not collected), Camp 5, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., adult female (not collected), Headquarters, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov., paratype (NMBE 1056615), adult male, Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling).	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFF5FFDEFF34FF50FCE1F8FC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820491/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820491	FIGURE 8. Collection localities of vouchers examined in the study of the different species of the L. palavanensis group and the L. finchi group in northern Borneo (Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah; main frame) and Palawan (inset). Respective localities are marked with a star (the exact type locality of L. palavanensis s. str. on Palawan is unknown). BK: Bukit Kana National Park, Sarawak; BP: Mt. Mantalingaha, Brooke’s Point, Palawan; DK: Deramakot, Sabah; DU: Gunung Dulit National Park, Sarawak; DV: Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah; GG: Gunung Gading National Park, Sarawak; GM: Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak; GT: Gunung Trusmadi, Sabah; KA: Kalabakan, Tawau District, Sabah; KB: Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre, Ulu Temburong National Park, Brunei; KI: Kinabalu National Park, Headquarters, Sabah; KS: Kampung Sebako, Sarawak; KU: Kubah National Park, Matang Range, Sarawak; LH: Lambir Hills National Park, Sarawak; LP: Long Pasia, Sipitang, Sabah; LU: Long Unai, Sarawak; ME: Merarap Hot Spring Lodge, Sarawak; ML: Mendolong, Sipitang, Sabah; MR: Gunung Murud, Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak; NT: Nanga Tekalit, Sarawak; PE: Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak; PM: Payeh Maga, Sarawak; PO: Kinabalu National Park, Poring, Sabah; PP: Barangay Irawan, Puerto Princesa, Palawan; PT: Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak; PU: Purolon Camp, Crocker Range, Sabah; SP: Sepilok Forest Reserve, Sabah; SY: Kinabalu National Park, Sayap, Sabah; TW: Tawau Hills National Park. Map data © OpenStreetMap contributors.	FIGURE 8. Collection localities of vouchers examined in the study of the different species of the L. palavanensis group and the L. finchi group in northern Borneo (Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah; main frame) and Palawan (inset). Respective localities are marked with a star (the exact type locality of L. palavanensis s. str. on Palawan is unknown). BK: Bukit Kana National Park, Sarawak; BP: Mt. Mantalingaha, Brooke’s Point, Palawan; DK: Deramakot, Sabah; DU: Gunung Dulit National Park, Sarawak; DV: Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah; GG: Gunung Gading National Park, Sarawak; GM: Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak; GT: Gunung Trusmadi, Sabah; KA: Kalabakan, Tawau District, Sabah; KB: Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre, Ulu Temburong National Park, Brunei; KI: Kinabalu National Park, Headquarters, Sabah; KS: Kampung Sebako, Sarawak; KU: Kubah National Park, Matang Range, Sarawak; LH: Lambir Hills National Park, Sarawak; LP: Long Pasia, Sipitang, Sabah; LU: Long Unai, Sarawak; ME: Merarap Hot Spring Lodge, Sarawak; ML: Mendolong, Sipitang, Sabah; MR: Gunung Murud, Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak; NT: Nanga Tekalit, Sarawak; PE: Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak; PM: Payeh Maga, Sarawak; PO: Kinabalu National Park, Poring, Sabah; PP: Barangay Irawan, Puerto Princesa, Palawan; PT: Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak; PU: Purolon Camp, Crocker Range, Sabah; SP: Sepilok Forest Reserve, Sabah; SY: Kinabalu National Park, Sayap, Sabah; TW: Tawau Hills National Park. Map data © OpenStreetMap contributors.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFF5FFDEFF34FF50FCE1F8FC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820493/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820493	FIGURE 9. Elevational distribution of the different species of Guardian Frogs, i.e. the L. finchi group, the L. palavanensis group and L. parvus.	FIGURE 9. Elevational distribution of the different species of Guardian Frogs, i.e. the L. finchi group, the L. palavanensis group and L. parvus.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFF5FFDEFF34FF50FCE1F8FC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820497/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820497	FIGURE 10. (A) Adult male Limnonectes phylax sp. nov. (not collected) calling under a dead leaf on the forest floor; Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (B) Adult male L. phylax sp. nov. (not collected) carrying tadpoles near Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre, Brunei (photo: T.U. Grafe). (C) Tadpoles forming a dense aggregation on the back of an adult male of L. suboliferus sp. nov. (not collected); Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (D) Adult male L. suboliferus sp. nov. (not collected) attending a clutch of eggs deposited on dead leaves; Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malayisa (photo: I. Das). (E) Adult male paratype (NMBE 1101226) of L. gunungensis sp. nov. carrying tadpoles (NMBE 1101227–29); Gunung Dulit, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: S. T. Hertwig). (F) Male L. kinabaluensis sp. nov. (not collected) releasing tadpoles from its back into a shallow puddle; Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: P. Janzen). (G) Tadpole-carrying male of L. finchi (not collected); Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: T. U. Grafe). (H) Tadpole-carrying male of L. gyrinophorus sp. nov. (not collected); north of Poring Hot Springs, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: H. P. Guek/Kurt Orionmystery).	FIGURE 10. (A) Adult male Limnonectes phylax sp. nov. (not collected) calling under a dead leaf on the forest floor; Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (B) Adult male L. phylax sp. nov. (not collected) carrying tadpoles near Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre, Brunei (photo: T.U. Grafe). (C) Tadpoles forming a dense aggregation on the back of an adult male of L. suboliferus sp. nov. (not collected); Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (D) Adult male L. suboliferus sp. nov. (not collected) attending a clutch of eggs deposited on dead leaves; Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malayisa (photo: I. Das). (E) Adult male paratype (NMBE 1101226) of L. gunungensis sp. nov. carrying tadpoles (NMBE 1101227–29); Gunung Dulit, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: S. T. Hertwig). (F) Male L. kinabaluensis sp. nov. (not collected) releasing tadpoles from its back into a shallow puddle; Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: P. Janzen). (G) Tadpole-carrying male of L. finchi (not collected); Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: T. U. Grafe). (H) Tadpole-carrying male of L. gyrinophorus sp. nov. (not collected); north of Poring Hot Springs, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: H. P. Guek/Kurt Orionmystery).	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFF3FFDBFF34FA9FFCE7F818.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820473/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820473	FIGURE 3. Holotypes, lectotypes, and paratypes of the species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group (A–H) and L. finchi group (I & J): (A) Limnonectes palavanensis, lectotype (BMNH 1947.2.1.96, adult female); (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1061576, adult female); (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075310, adult female); (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1056394, adult male); (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1061519, adult female); (F) L. phylax sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1072362, adult female); (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1057455, adult female); (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1059945, adult female); (I) L. finchi, paratype (NMW 16961, adult male); (J) L. gyrinophorus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075255, adult female). Scale bar represents 10 mm.	FIGURE 3. Holotypes, lectotypes, and paratypes of the species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group (A–H) and L. finchi group (I & J): (A) Limnonectes palavanensis, lectotype (BMNH 1947.2.1.96, adult female); (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1061576, adult female); (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075310, adult female); (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1056394, adult male); (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1061519, adult female); (F) L. phylax sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1072362, adult female); (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1057455, adult female); (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1059945, adult female); (I) L. finchi, paratype (NMW 16961, adult male); (J) L. gyrinophorus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075255, adult female). Scale bar represents 10 mm.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFF3FFDBFF34FA9FFCE7F818.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820477/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820477	FIGURE 4. Relative size and position of teeth-bearing vomer ridges in (A) Limnonectes palavanensis—lectotype, BMNH 1947.2.1.96, adult female; (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov.—adult female, NMBE 1061576, holotype; (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov.—adult female, SP 1355; (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov.—adult male, NMBE 1073581, paratype; (E) L. oreibates sp. nov.— adult female, NMBE 1061519, holotype; (F) L. phylax sp. nov.—adult male, UBDM-GG012; (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov.— adult female, NMBE 1057455, holotype; (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov.—adult male, NMBE 1059943, paratype; (I) L. finchi—adult female, NMBE 1072469; (J) L. gyrinophorus sp. nov.—adult female, NMBE 1075255, holotype.	FIGURE 4. Relative size and position of teeth-bearing vomer ridges in (A) Limnonectes palavanensis—lectotype, BMNH 1947.2.1.96, adult female; (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov.—adult female, NMBE 1061576, holotype; (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov.—adult female, SP 1355; (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov.—adult male, NMBE 1073581, paratype; (E) L. oreibates sp. nov.— adult female, NMBE 1061519, holotype; (F) L. phylax sp. nov.—adult male, UBDM-GG012; (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov.— adult female, NMBE 1057455, holotype; (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov.—adult male, NMBE 1059943, paratype; (I) L. finchi—adult female, NMBE 1072469; (J) L. gyrinophorus sp. nov.—adult female, NMBE 1075255, holotype.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFF3FFDBFF34FA9FFCE7F818.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820479/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820479	FIGURE 5. Schematic drawings illustrating the shape of the supratympanic fold and the relative size and the position of the tympanum in the eight species of the L. palavanensis group: (A) Limnonectes palavanensis, (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., (F) L. phylax sp. nov., (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov. (Drawings by J. M. Dehling).	FIGURE 5. Schematic drawings illustrating the shape of the supratympanic fold and the relative size and the position of the tympanum in the eight species of the L. palavanensis group: (A) Limnonectes palavanensis, (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., (F) L. phylax sp. nov., (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov. (Drawings by J. M. Dehling).	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFF3FFDBFF34FA9FFCE7F818.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820485/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820485	FIGURE 6. Schematic drawings illustrating the extent of toe webbing in the eight species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group and the two species of the L. finchi group.Toes I to V are arranged from right to left in each drawing. Open circles represent terminal disks, filled circles represent subarticular tubercles. Solid lines represent the most common outline of webbing between toes, dotted lines represent the maximum or minimum extent due to variation between specimens.	FIGURE 6. Schematic drawings illustrating the extent of toe webbing in the eight species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group and the two species of the L. finchi group.Toes I to V are arranged from right to left in each drawing. Open circles represent terminal disks, filled circles represent subarticular tubercles. Solid lines represent the most common outline of webbing between toes, dotted lines represent the maximum or minimum extent due to variation between specimens.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFF3FFDBFF34FA9FFCE7F818.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820487/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820487	FIGURE 7. Photographs of the species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group in life.A) Limnonectes palavanensis, adult male, Mt. Mantalingahan, Barangay Samarinana, Municipality of Brooke’s Point, Palawan Province, Palawan Island, Philippines (photo: R. Brown). (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., paratype, adult male, Gunung Dulit, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: S. T. Hertwig). (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075310), adult female, Silau-Silau Trail, Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: S. Hertwig). (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1056394), adult male, Camp 3, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., paratype (UNIMAS P1186), adult male, Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: I. Das). (F) L. phylax sp. nov., adult male (not collected), Camp 5, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., adult female (not collected), Headquarters, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov., paratype (NMBE 1056615), adult male, Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling).	FIGURE 7. Photographs of the species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group in life.A) Limnonectes palavanensis, adult male, Mt. Mantalingahan, Barangay Samarinana, Municipality of Brooke’s Point, Palawan Province, Palawan Island, Philippines (photo: R. Brown). (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., paratype, adult male, Gunung Dulit, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: S. T. Hertwig). (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075310), adult female, Silau-Silau Trail, Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: S. Hertwig). (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1056394), adult male, Camp 3, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., paratype (UNIMAS P1186), adult male, Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: I. Das). (F) L. phylax sp. nov., adult male (not collected), Camp 5, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., adult female (not collected), Headquarters, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov., paratype (NMBE 1056615), adult male, Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling).	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFF3FFDBFF34FA9FFCE7F818.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820491/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820491	FIGURE 8. Collection localities of vouchers examined in the study of the different species of the L. palavanensis group and the L. finchi group in northern Borneo (Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah; main frame) and Palawan (inset). Respective localities are marked with a star (the exact type locality of L. palavanensis s. str. on Palawan is unknown). BK: Bukit Kana National Park, Sarawak; BP: Mt. Mantalingaha, Brooke’s Point, Palawan; DK: Deramakot, Sabah; DU: Gunung Dulit National Park, Sarawak; DV: Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah; GG: Gunung Gading National Park, Sarawak; GM: Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak; GT: Gunung Trusmadi, Sabah; KA: Kalabakan, Tawau District, Sabah; KB: Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre, Ulu Temburong National Park, Brunei; KI: Kinabalu National Park, Headquarters, Sabah; KS: Kampung Sebako, Sarawak; KU: Kubah National Park, Matang Range, Sarawak; LH: Lambir Hills National Park, Sarawak; LP: Long Pasia, Sipitang, Sabah; LU: Long Unai, Sarawak; ME: Merarap Hot Spring Lodge, Sarawak; ML: Mendolong, Sipitang, Sabah; MR: Gunung Murud, Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak; NT: Nanga Tekalit, Sarawak; PE: Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak; PM: Payeh Maga, Sarawak; PO: Kinabalu National Park, Poring, Sabah; PP: Barangay Irawan, Puerto Princesa, Palawan; PT: Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak; PU: Purolon Camp, Crocker Range, Sabah; SP: Sepilok Forest Reserve, Sabah; SY: Kinabalu National Park, Sayap, Sabah; TW: Tawau Hills National Park. Map data © OpenStreetMap contributors.	FIGURE 8. Collection localities of vouchers examined in the study of the different species of the L. palavanensis group and the L. finchi group in northern Borneo (Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah; main frame) and Palawan (inset). Respective localities are marked with a star (the exact type locality of L. palavanensis s. str. on Palawan is unknown). BK: Bukit Kana National Park, Sarawak; BP: Mt. Mantalingaha, Brooke’s Point, Palawan; DK: Deramakot, Sabah; DU: Gunung Dulit National Park, Sarawak; DV: Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah; GG: Gunung Gading National Park, Sarawak; GM: Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak; GT: Gunung Trusmadi, Sabah; KA: Kalabakan, Tawau District, Sabah; KB: Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre, Ulu Temburong National Park, Brunei; KI: Kinabalu National Park, Headquarters, Sabah; KS: Kampung Sebako, Sarawak; KU: Kubah National Park, Matang Range, Sarawak; LH: Lambir Hills National Park, Sarawak; LP: Long Pasia, Sipitang, Sabah; LU: Long Unai, Sarawak; ME: Merarap Hot Spring Lodge, Sarawak; ML: Mendolong, Sipitang, Sabah; MR: Gunung Murud, Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak; NT: Nanga Tekalit, Sarawak; PE: Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak; PM: Payeh Maga, Sarawak; PO: Kinabalu National Park, Poring, Sabah; PP: Barangay Irawan, Puerto Princesa, Palawan; PT: Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak; PU: Purolon Camp, Crocker Range, Sabah; SP: Sepilok Forest Reserve, Sabah; SY: Kinabalu National Park, Sayap, Sabah; TW: Tawau Hills National Park. Map data © OpenStreetMap contributors.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFF3FFDBFF34FA9FFCE7F818.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820493/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820493	FIGURE 9. Elevational distribution of the different species of Guardian Frogs, i.e. the L. finchi group, the L. palavanensis group and L. parvus.	FIGURE 9. Elevational distribution of the different species of Guardian Frogs, i.e. the L. finchi group, the L. palavanensis group and L. parvus.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFF3FFDBFF34FA9FFCE7F818.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820497/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820497	FIGURE 10. (A) Adult male Limnonectes phylax sp. nov. (not collected) calling under a dead leaf on the forest floor; Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (B) Adult male L. phylax sp. nov. (not collected) carrying tadpoles near Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre, Brunei (photo: T.U. Grafe). (C) Tadpoles forming a dense aggregation on the back of an adult male of L. suboliferus sp. nov. (not collected); Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (D) Adult male L. suboliferus sp. nov. (not collected) attending a clutch of eggs deposited on dead leaves; Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malayisa (photo: I. Das). (E) Adult male paratype (NMBE 1101226) of L. gunungensis sp. nov. carrying tadpoles (NMBE 1101227–29); Gunung Dulit, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: S. T. Hertwig). (F) Male L. kinabaluensis sp. nov. (not collected) releasing tadpoles from its back into a shallow puddle; Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: P. Janzen). (G) Tadpole-carrying male of L. finchi (not collected); Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: T. U. Grafe). (H) Tadpole-carrying male of L. gyrinophorus sp. nov. (not collected); north of Poring Hot Springs, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: H. P. Guek/Kurt Orionmystery).	FIGURE 10. (A) Adult male Limnonectes phylax sp. nov. (not collected) calling under a dead leaf on the forest floor; Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (B) Adult male L. phylax sp. nov. (not collected) carrying tadpoles near Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre, Brunei (photo: T.U. Grafe). (C) Tadpoles forming a dense aggregation on the back of an adult male of L. suboliferus sp. nov. (not collected); Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (D) Adult male L. suboliferus sp. nov. (not collected) attending a clutch of eggs deposited on dead leaves; Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malayisa (photo: I. Das). (E) Adult male paratype (NMBE 1101226) of L. gunungensis sp. nov. carrying tadpoles (NMBE 1101227–29); Gunung Dulit, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: S. T. Hertwig). (F) Male L. kinabaluensis sp. nov. (not collected) releasing tadpoles from its back into a shallow puddle; Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: P. Janzen). (G) Tadpole-carrying male of L. finchi (not collected); Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: T. U. Grafe). (H) Tadpole-carrying male of L. gyrinophorus sp. nov. (not collected); north of Poring Hot Springs, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: H. P. Guek/Kurt Orionmystery).	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFF0FFD4FF34FC09FCCAF87A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820473/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820473	FIGURE 3. Holotypes, lectotypes, and paratypes of the species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group (A–H) and L. finchi group (I & J): (A) Limnonectes palavanensis, lectotype (BMNH 1947.2.1.96, adult female); (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1061576, adult female); (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075310, adult female); (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1056394, adult male); (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1061519, adult female); (F) L. phylax sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1072362, adult female); (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1057455, adult female); (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1059945, adult female); (I) L. finchi, paratype (NMW 16961, adult male); (J) L. gyrinophorus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075255, adult female). Scale bar represents 10 mm.	FIGURE 3. Holotypes, lectotypes, and paratypes of the species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group (A–H) and L. finchi group (I & J): (A) Limnonectes palavanensis, lectotype (BMNH 1947.2.1.96, adult female); (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1061576, adult female); (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075310, adult female); (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1056394, adult male); (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1061519, adult female); (F) L. phylax sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1072362, adult female); (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1057455, adult female); (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1059945, adult female); (I) L. finchi, paratype (NMW 16961, adult male); (J) L. gyrinophorus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075255, adult female). Scale bar represents 10 mm.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFF0FFD4FF34FC09FCCAF87A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820477/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820477	FIGURE 4. Relative size and position of teeth-bearing vomer ridges in (A) Limnonectes palavanensis—lectotype, BMNH 1947.2.1.96, adult female; (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov.—adult female, NMBE 1061576, holotype; (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov.—adult female, SP 1355; (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov.—adult male, NMBE 1073581, paratype; (E) L. oreibates sp. nov.— adult female, NMBE 1061519, holotype; (F) L. phylax sp. nov.—adult male, UBDM-GG012; (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov.— adult female, NMBE 1057455, holotype; (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov.—adult male, NMBE 1059943, paratype; (I) L. finchi—adult female, NMBE 1072469; (J) L. gyrinophorus sp. nov.—adult female, NMBE 1075255, holotype.	FIGURE 4. Relative size and position of teeth-bearing vomer ridges in (A) Limnonectes palavanensis—lectotype, BMNH 1947.2.1.96, adult female; (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov.—adult female, NMBE 1061576, holotype; (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov.—adult female, SP 1355; (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov.—adult male, NMBE 1073581, paratype; (E) L. oreibates sp. nov.— adult female, NMBE 1061519, holotype; (F) L. phylax sp. nov.—adult male, UBDM-GG012; (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov.— adult female, NMBE 1057455, holotype; (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov.—adult male, NMBE 1059943, paratype; (I) L. finchi—adult female, NMBE 1072469; (J) L. gyrinophorus sp. nov.—adult female, NMBE 1075255, holotype.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFF0FFD4FF34FC09FCCAF87A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820479/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820479	FIGURE 5. Schematic drawings illustrating the shape of the supratympanic fold and the relative size and the position of the tympanum in the eight species of the L. palavanensis group: (A) Limnonectes palavanensis, (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., (F) L. phylax sp. nov., (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov. (Drawings by J. M. Dehling).	FIGURE 5. Schematic drawings illustrating the shape of the supratympanic fold and the relative size and the position of the tympanum in the eight species of the L. palavanensis group: (A) Limnonectes palavanensis, (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., (F) L. phylax sp. nov., (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov. (Drawings by J. M. Dehling).	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFF0FFD4FF34FC09FCCAF87A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820485/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820485	FIGURE 6. Schematic drawings illustrating the extent of toe webbing in the eight species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group and the two species of the L. finchi group.Toes I to V are arranged from right to left in each drawing. Open circles represent terminal disks, filled circles represent subarticular tubercles. Solid lines represent the most common outline of webbing between toes, dotted lines represent the maximum or minimum extent due to variation between specimens.	FIGURE 6. Schematic drawings illustrating the extent of toe webbing in the eight species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group and the two species of the L. finchi group.Toes I to V are arranged from right to left in each drawing. Open circles represent terminal disks, filled circles represent subarticular tubercles. Solid lines represent the most common outline of webbing between toes, dotted lines represent the maximum or minimum extent due to variation between specimens.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFF0FFD4FF34FC09FCCAF87A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820487/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820487	FIGURE 7. Photographs of the species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group in life.A) Limnonectes palavanensis, adult male, Mt. Mantalingahan, Barangay Samarinana, Municipality of Brooke’s Point, Palawan Province, Palawan Island, Philippines (photo: R. Brown). (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., paratype, adult male, Gunung Dulit, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: S. T. Hertwig). (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075310), adult female, Silau-Silau Trail, Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: S. Hertwig). (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1056394), adult male, Camp 3, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., paratype (UNIMAS P1186), adult male, Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: I. Das). (F) L. phylax sp. nov., adult male (not collected), Camp 5, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., adult female (not collected), Headquarters, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov., paratype (NMBE 1056615), adult male, Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling).	FIGURE 7. Photographs of the species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group in life.A) Limnonectes palavanensis, adult male, Mt. Mantalingahan, Barangay Samarinana, Municipality of Brooke’s Point, Palawan Province, Palawan Island, Philippines (photo: R. Brown). (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., paratype, adult male, Gunung Dulit, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: S. T. Hertwig). (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075310), adult female, Silau-Silau Trail, Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: S. Hertwig). (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1056394), adult male, Camp 3, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., paratype (UNIMAS P1186), adult male, Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: I. Das). (F) L. phylax sp. nov., adult male (not collected), Camp 5, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., adult female (not collected), Headquarters, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov., paratype (NMBE 1056615), adult male, Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling).	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFF0FFD4FF34FC09FCCAF87A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820499/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820499	FIGURE 11. Sound spectrograms (left) and corresponding waveforms (right) of typical advertisement calls or call series of (A) Limnonectes finchi, Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, 400 m; (B) Limnonectes phylax sp. nov., Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, 150 m; (C) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, 50 m; (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, 1,300 m, (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak, 1,000 m; (F) L. suboliferus sp. nov., Kubah National Park, Sarawak, 300 m; See Table 3 and respective species accounts for details.	FIGURE 11. Sound spectrograms (left) and corresponding waveforms (right) of typical advertisement calls or call series of (A) Limnonectes finchi, Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, 400 m; (B) Limnonectes phylax sp. nov., Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, 150 m; (C) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, 50 m; (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, 1,300 m, (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak, 1,000 m; (F) L. suboliferus sp. nov., Kubah National Park, Sarawak, 300 m; See Table 3 and respective species accounts for details.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFF0FFD4FF34FC09FCCAF87A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820491/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820491	FIGURE 8. Collection localities of vouchers examined in the study of the different species of the L. palavanensis group and the L. finchi group in northern Borneo (Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah; main frame) and Palawan (inset). Respective localities are marked with a star (the exact type locality of L. palavanensis s. str. on Palawan is unknown). BK: Bukit Kana National Park, Sarawak; BP: Mt. Mantalingaha, Brooke’s Point, Palawan; DK: Deramakot, Sabah; DU: Gunung Dulit National Park, Sarawak; DV: Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah; GG: Gunung Gading National Park, Sarawak; GM: Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak; GT: Gunung Trusmadi, Sabah; KA: Kalabakan, Tawau District, Sabah; KB: Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre, Ulu Temburong National Park, Brunei; KI: Kinabalu National Park, Headquarters, Sabah; KS: Kampung Sebako, Sarawak; KU: Kubah National Park, Matang Range, Sarawak; LH: Lambir Hills National Park, Sarawak; LP: Long Pasia, Sipitang, Sabah; LU: Long Unai, Sarawak; ME: Merarap Hot Spring Lodge, Sarawak; ML: Mendolong, Sipitang, Sabah; MR: Gunung Murud, Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak; NT: Nanga Tekalit, Sarawak; PE: Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak; PM: Payeh Maga, Sarawak; PO: Kinabalu National Park, Poring, Sabah; PP: Barangay Irawan, Puerto Princesa, Palawan; PT: Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak; PU: Purolon Camp, Crocker Range, Sabah; SP: Sepilok Forest Reserve, Sabah; SY: Kinabalu National Park, Sayap, Sabah; TW: Tawau Hills National Park. Map data © OpenStreetMap contributors.	FIGURE 8. Collection localities of vouchers examined in the study of the different species of the L. palavanensis group and the L. finchi group in northern Borneo (Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah; main frame) and Palawan (inset). Respective localities are marked with a star (the exact type locality of L. palavanensis s. str. on Palawan is unknown). BK: Bukit Kana National Park, Sarawak; BP: Mt. Mantalingaha, Brooke’s Point, Palawan; DK: Deramakot, Sabah; DU: Gunung Dulit National Park, Sarawak; DV: Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah; GG: Gunung Gading National Park, Sarawak; GM: Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak; GT: Gunung Trusmadi, Sabah; KA: Kalabakan, Tawau District, Sabah; KB: Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre, Ulu Temburong National Park, Brunei; KI: Kinabalu National Park, Headquarters, Sabah; KS: Kampung Sebako, Sarawak; KU: Kubah National Park, Matang Range, Sarawak; LH: Lambir Hills National Park, Sarawak; LP: Long Pasia, Sipitang, Sabah; LU: Long Unai, Sarawak; ME: Merarap Hot Spring Lodge, Sarawak; ML: Mendolong, Sipitang, Sabah; MR: Gunung Murud, Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak; NT: Nanga Tekalit, Sarawak; PE: Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak; PM: Payeh Maga, Sarawak; PO: Kinabalu National Park, Poring, Sabah; PP: Barangay Irawan, Puerto Princesa, Palawan; PT: Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak; PU: Purolon Camp, Crocker Range, Sabah; SP: Sepilok Forest Reserve, Sabah; SY: Kinabalu National Park, Sayap, Sabah; TW: Tawau Hills National Park. Map data © OpenStreetMap contributors.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFF0FFD4FF34FC09FCCAF87A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820493/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820493	FIGURE 9. Elevational distribution of the different species of Guardian Frogs, i.e. the L. finchi group, the L. palavanensis group and L. parvus.	FIGURE 9. Elevational distribution of the different species of Guardian Frogs, i.e. the L. finchi group, the L. palavanensis group and L. parvus.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFFAFFD3FF34FF50FCE2F87C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820473/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820473	FIGURE 3. Holotypes, lectotypes, and paratypes of the species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group (A–H) and L. finchi group (I & J): (A) Limnonectes palavanensis, lectotype (BMNH 1947.2.1.96, adult female); (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1061576, adult female); (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075310, adult female); (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1056394, adult male); (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1061519, adult female); (F) L. phylax sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1072362, adult female); (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1057455, adult female); (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1059945, adult female); (I) L. finchi, paratype (NMW 16961, adult male); (J) L. gyrinophorus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075255, adult female). Scale bar represents 10 mm.	FIGURE 3. Holotypes, lectotypes, and paratypes of the species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group (A–H) and L. finchi group (I & J): (A) Limnonectes palavanensis, lectotype (BMNH 1947.2.1.96, adult female); (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1061576, adult female); (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075310, adult female); (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1056394, adult male); (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1061519, adult female); (F) L. phylax sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1072362, adult female); (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1057455, adult female); (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1059945, adult female); (I) L. finchi, paratype (NMW 16961, adult male); (J) L. gyrinophorus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075255, adult female). Scale bar represents 10 mm.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFFAFFD3FF34FF50FCE2F87C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820487/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820487	FIGURE 7. Photographs of the species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group in life.A) Limnonectes palavanensis, adult male, Mt. Mantalingahan, Barangay Samarinana, Municipality of Brooke’s Point, Palawan Province, Palawan Island, Philippines (photo: R. Brown). (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., paratype, adult male, Gunung Dulit, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: S. T. Hertwig). (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075310), adult female, Silau-Silau Trail, Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: S. Hertwig). (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1056394), adult male, Camp 3, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., paratype (UNIMAS P1186), adult male, Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: I. Das). (F) L. phylax sp. nov., adult male (not collected), Camp 5, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., adult female (not collected), Headquarters, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov., paratype (NMBE 1056615), adult male, Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling).	FIGURE 7. Photographs of the species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group in life.A) Limnonectes palavanensis, adult male, Mt. Mantalingahan, Barangay Samarinana, Municipality of Brooke’s Point, Palawan Province, Palawan Island, Philippines (photo: R. Brown). (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., paratype, adult male, Gunung Dulit, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: S. T. Hertwig). (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075310), adult female, Silau-Silau Trail, Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: S. Hertwig). (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1056394), adult male, Camp 3, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., paratype (UNIMAS P1186), adult male, Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: I. Das). (F) L. phylax sp. nov., adult male (not collected), Camp 5, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., adult female (not collected), Headquarters, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov., paratype (NMBE 1056615), adult male, Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling).	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFFAFFD3FF34FF50FCE2F87C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820477/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820477	FIGURE 4. Relative size and position of teeth-bearing vomer ridges in (A) Limnonectes palavanensis—lectotype, BMNH 1947.2.1.96, adult female; (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov.—adult female, NMBE 1061576, holotype; (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov.—adult female, SP 1355; (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov.—adult male, NMBE 1073581, paratype; (E) L. oreibates sp. nov.— adult female, NMBE 1061519, holotype; (F) L. phylax sp. nov.—adult male, UBDM-GG012; (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov.— adult female, NMBE 1057455, holotype; (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov.—adult male, NMBE 1059943, paratype; (I) L. finchi—adult female, NMBE 1072469; (J) L. gyrinophorus sp. nov.—adult female, NMBE 1075255, holotype.	FIGURE 4. Relative size and position of teeth-bearing vomer ridges in (A) Limnonectes palavanensis—lectotype, BMNH 1947.2.1.96, adult female; (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov.—adult female, NMBE 1061576, holotype; (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov.—adult female, SP 1355; (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov.—adult male, NMBE 1073581, paratype; (E) L. oreibates sp. nov.— adult female, NMBE 1061519, holotype; (F) L. phylax sp. nov.—adult male, UBDM-GG012; (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov.— adult female, NMBE 1057455, holotype; (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov.—adult male, NMBE 1059943, paratype; (I) L. finchi—adult female, NMBE 1072469; (J) L. gyrinophorus sp. nov.—adult female, NMBE 1075255, holotype.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFFAFFD3FF34FF50FCE2F87C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820479/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820479	FIGURE 5. Schematic drawings illustrating the shape of the supratympanic fold and the relative size and the position of the tympanum in the eight species of the L. palavanensis group: (A) Limnonectes palavanensis, (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., (F) L. phylax sp. nov., (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov. (Drawings by J. M. Dehling).	FIGURE 5. Schematic drawings illustrating the shape of the supratympanic fold and the relative size and the position of the tympanum in the eight species of the L. palavanensis group: (A) Limnonectes palavanensis, (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., (F) L. phylax sp. nov., (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov. (Drawings by J. M. Dehling).	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFFAFFD3FF34FF50FCE2F87C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820485/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820485	FIGURE 6. Schematic drawings illustrating the extent of toe webbing in the eight species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group and the two species of the L. finchi group.Toes I to V are arranged from right to left in each drawing. Open circles represent terminal disks, filled circles represent subarticular tubercles. Solid lines represent the most common outline of webbing between toes, dotted lines represent the maximum or minimum extent due to variation between specimens.	FIGURE 6. Schematic drawings illustrating the extent of toe webbing in the eight species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group and the two species of the L. finchi group.Toes I to V are arranged from right to left in each drawing. Open circles represent terminal disks, filled circles represent subarticular tubercles. Solid lines represent the most common outline of webbing between toes, dotted lines represent the maximum or minimum extent due to variation between specimens.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFFAFFD3FF34FF50FCE2F87C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820499/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820499	FIGURE 11. Sound spectrograms (left) and corresponding waveforms (right) of typical advertisement calls or call series of (A) Limnonectes finchi, Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, 400 m; (B) Limnonectes phylax sp. nov., Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, 150 m; (C) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, 50 m; (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, 1,300 m, (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak, 1,000 m; (F) L. suboliferus sp. nov., Kubah National Park, Sarawak, 300 m; See Table 3 and respective species accounts for details.	FIGURE 11. Sound spectrograms (left) and corresponding waveforms (right) of typical advertisement calls or call series of (A) Limnonectes finchi, Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, 400 m; (B) Limnonectes phylax sp. nov., Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, 150 m; (C) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, 50 m; (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, 1,300 m, (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak, 1,000 m; (F) L. suboliferus sp. nov., Kubah National Park, Sarawak, 300 m; See Table 3 and respective species accounts for details.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFFAFFD3FF34FF50FCE2F87C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820491/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820491	FIGURE 8. Collection localities of vouchers examined in the study of the different species of the L. palavanensis group and the L. finchi group in northern Borneo (Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah; main frame) and Palawan (inset). Respective localities are marked with a star (the exact type locality of L. palavanensis s. str. on Palawan is unknown). BK: Bukit Kana National Park, Sarawak; BP: Mt. Mantalingaha, Brooke’s Point, Palawan; DK: Deramakot, Sabah; DU: Gunung Dulit National Park, Sarawak; DV: Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah; GG: Gunung Gading National Park, Sarawak; GM: Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak; GT: Gunung Trusmadi, Sabah; KA: Kalabakan, Tawau District, Sabah; KB: Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre, Ulu Temburong National Park, Brunei; KI: Kinabalu National Park, Headquarters, Sabah; KS: Kampung Sebako, Sarawak; KU: Kubah National Park, Matang Range, Sarawak; LH: Lambir Hills National Park, Sarawak; LP: Long Pasia, Sipitang, Sabah; LU: Long Unai, Sarawak; ME: Merarap Hot Spring Lodge, Sarawak; ML: Mendolong, Sipitang, Sabah; MR: Gunung Murud, Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak; NT: Nanga Tekalit, Sarawak; PE: Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak; PM: Payeh Maga, Sarawak; PO: Kinabalu National Park, Poring, Sabah; PP: Barangay Irawan, Puerto Princesa, Palawan; PT: Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak; PU: Purolon Camp, Crocker Range, Sabah; SP: Sepilok Forest Reserve, Sabah; SY: Kinabalu National Park, Sayap, Sabah; TW: Tawau Hills National Park. Map data © OpenStreetMap contributors.	FIGURE 8. Collection localities of vouchers examined in the study of the different species of the L. palavanensis group and the L. finchi group in northern Borneo (Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah; main frame) and Palawan (inset). Respective localities are marked with a star (the exact type locality of L. palavanensis s. str. on Palawan is unknown). BK: Bukit Kana National Park, Sarawak; BP: Mt. Mantalingaha, Brooke’s Point, Palawan; DK: Deramakot, Sabah; DU: Gunung Dulit National Park, Sarawak; DV: Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah; GG: Gunung Gading National Park, Sarawak; GM: Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak; GT: Gunung Trusmadi, Sabah; KA: Kalabakan, Tawau District, Sabah; KB: Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre, Ulu Temburong National Park, Brunei; KI: Kinabalu National Park, Headquarters, Sabah; KS: Kampung Sebako, Sarawak; KU: Kubah National Park, Matang Range, Sarawak; LH: Lambir Hills National Park, Sarawak; LP: Long Pasia, Sipitang, Sabah; LU: Long Unai, Sarawak; ME: Merarap Hot Spring Lodge, Sarawak; ML: Mendolong, Sipitang, Sabah; MR: Gunung Murud, Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak; NT: Nanga Tekalit, Sarawak; PE: Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak; PM: Payeh Maga, Sarawak; PO: Kinabalu National Park, Poring, Sabah; PP: Barangay Irawan, Puerto Princesa, Palawan; PT: Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak; PU: Purolon Camp, Crocker Range, Sabah; SP: Sepilok Forest Reserve, Sabah; SY: Kinabalu National Park, Sayap, Sabah; TW: Tawau Hills National Park. Map data © OpenStreetMap contributors.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFFAFFD3FF34FF50FCE2F87C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820493/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820493	FIGURE 9. Elevational distribution of the different species of Guardian Frogs, i.e. the L. finchi group, the L. palavanensis group and L. parvus.	FIGURE 9. Elevational distribution of the different species of Guardian Frogs, i.e. the L. finchi group, the L. palavanensis group and L. parvus.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFF8FFECFF34FF50FCF7F9A0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820473/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820473	FIGURE 3. Holotypes, lectotypes, and paratypes of the species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group (A–H) and L. finchi group (I & J): (A) Limnonectes palavanensis, lectotype (BMNH 1947.2.1.96, adult female); (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1061576, adult female); (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075310, adult female); (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1056394, adult male); (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1061519, adult female); (F) L. phylax sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1072362, adult female); (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1057455, adult female); (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1059945, adult female); (I) L. finchi, paratype (NMW 16961, adult male); (J) L. gyrinophorus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075255, adult female). Scale bar represents 10 mm.	FIGURE 3. Holotypes, lectotypes, and paratypes of the species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group (A–H) and L. finchi group (I & J): (A) Limnonectes palavanensis, lectotype (BMNH 1947.2.1.96, adult female); (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1061576, adult female); (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075310, adult female); (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1056394, adult male); (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1061519, adult female); (F) L. phylax sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1072362, adult female); (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1057455, adult female); (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1059945, adult female); (I) L. finchi, paratype (NMW 16961, adult male); (J) L. gyrinophorus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075255, adult female). Scale bar represents 10 mm.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFF8FFECFF34FF50FCF7F9A0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820477/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820477	FIGURE 4. Relative size and position of teeth-bearing vomer ridges in (A) Limnonectes palavanensis—lectotype, BMNH 1947.2.1.96, adult female; (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov.—adult female, NMBE 1061576, holotype; (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov.—adult female, SP 1355; (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov.—adult male, NMBE 1073581, paratype; (E) L. oreibates sp. nov.— adult female, NMBE 1061519, holotype; (F) L. phylax sp. nov.—adult male, UBDM-GG012; (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov.— adult female, NMBE 1057455, holotype; (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov.—adult male, NMBE 1059943, paratype; (I) L. finchi—adult female, NMBE 1072469; (J) L. gyrinophorus sp. nov.—adult female, NMBE 1075255, holotype.	FIGURE 4. Relative size and position of teeth-bearing vomer ridges in (A) Limnonectes palavanensis—lectotype, BMNH 1947.2.1.96, adult female; (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov.—adult female, NMBE 1061576, holotype; (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov.—adult female, SP 1355; (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov.—adult male, NMBE 1073581, paratype; (E) L. oreibates sp. nov.— adult female, NMBE 1061519, holotype; (F) L. phylax sp. nov.—adult male, UBDM-GG012; (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov.— adult female, NMBE 1057455, holotype; (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov.—adult male, NMBE 1059943, paratype; (I) L. finchi—adult female, NMBE 1072469; (J) L. gyrinophorus sp. nov.—adult female, NMBE 1075255, holotype.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFF8FFECFF34FF50FCF7F9A0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820479/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820479	FIGURE 5. Schematic drawings illustrating the shape of the supratympanic fold and the relative size and the position of the tympanum in the eight species of the L. palavanensis group: (A) Limnonectes palavanensis, (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., (F) L. phylax sp. nov., (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov. (Drawings by J. M. Dehling).	FIGURE 5. Schematic drawings illustrating the shape of the supratympanic fold and the relative size and the position of the tympanum in the eight species of the L. palavanensis group: (A) Limnonectes palavanensis, (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., (F) L. phylax sp. nov., (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov. (Drawings by J. M. Dehling).	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFF8FFECFF34FF50FCF7F9A0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820485/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820485	FIGURE 6. Schematic drawings illustrating the extent of toe webbing in the eight species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group and the two species of the L. finchi group.Toes I to V are arranged from right to left in each drawing. Open circles represent terminal disks, filled circles represent subarticular tubercles. Solid lines represent the most common outline of webbing between toes, dotted lines represent the maximum or minimum extent due to variation between specimens.	FIGURE 6. Schematic drawings illustrating the extent of toe webbing in the eight species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group and the two species of the L. finchi group.Toes I to V are arranged from right to left in each drawing. Open circles represent terminal disks, filled circles represent subarticular tubercles. Solid lines represent the most common outline of webbing between toes, dotted lines represent the maximum or minimum extent due to variation between specimens.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFF8FFECFF34FF50FCF7F9A0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820487/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820487	FIGURE 7. Photographs of the species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group in life.A) Limnonectes palavanensis, adult male, Mt. Mantalingahan, Barangay Samarinana, Municipality of Brooke’s Point, Palawan Province, Palawan Island, Philippines (photo: R. Brown). (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., paratype, adult male, Gunung Dulit, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: S. T. Hertwig). (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075310), adult female, Silau-Silau Trail, Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: S. Hertwig). (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1056394), adult male, Camp 3, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., paratype (UNIMAS P1186), adult male, Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: I. Das). (F) L. phylax sp. nov., adult male (not collected), Camp 5, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., adult female (not collected), Headquarters, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov., paratype (NMBE 1056615), adult male, Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling).	FIGURE 7. Photographs of the species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group in life.A) Limnonectes palavanensis, adult male, Mt. Mantalingahan, Barangay Samarinana, Municipality of Brooke’s Point, Palawan Province, Palawan Island, Philippines (photo: R. Brown). (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., paratype, adult male, Gunung Dulit, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: S. T. Hertwig). (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075310), adult female, Silau-Silau Trail, Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: S. Hertwig). (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1056394), adult male, Camp 3, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., paratype (UNIMAS P1186), adult male, Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: I. Das). (F) L. phylax sp. nov., adult male (not collected), Camp 5, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., adult female (not collected), Headquarters, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov., paratype (NMBE 1056615), adult male, Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling).	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFF8FFECFF34FF50FCF7F9A0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820499/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820499	FIGURE 11. Sound spectrograms (left) and corresponding waveforms (right) of typical advertisement calls or call series of (A) Limnonectes finchi, Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, 400 m; (B) Limnonectes phylax sp. nov., Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, 150 m; (C) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, 50 m; (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, 1,300 m, (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak, 1,000 m; (F) L. suboliferus sp. nov., Kubah National Park, Sarawak, 300 m; See Table 3 and respective species accounts for details.	FIGURE 11. Sound spectrograms (left) and corresponding waveforms (right) of typical advertisement calls or call series of (A) Limnonectes finchi, Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, 400 m; (B) Limnonectes phylax sp. nov., Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, 150 m; (C) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, 50 m; (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, 1,300 m, (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak, 1,000 m; (F) L. suboliferus sp. nov., Kubah National Park, Sarawak, 300 m; See Table 3 and respective species accounts for details.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFF8FFECFF34FF50FCF7F9A0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820491/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820491	FIGURE 8. Collection localities of vouchers examined in the study of the different species of the L. palavanensis group and the L. finchi group in northern Borneo (Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah; main frame) and Palawan (inset). Respective localities are marked with a star (the exact type locality of L. palavanensis s. str. on Palawan is unknown). BK: Bukit Kana National Park, Sarawak; BP: Mt. Mantalingaha, Brooke’s Point, Palawan; DK: Deramakot, Sabah; DU: Gunung Dulit National Park, Sarawak; DV: Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah; GG: Gunung Gading National Park, Sarawak; GM: Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak; GT: Gunung Trusmadi, Sabah; KA: Kalabakan, Tawau District, Sabah; KB: Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre, Ulu Temburong National Park, Brunei; KI: Kinabalu National Park, Headquarters, Sabah; KS: Kampung Sebako, Sarawak; KU: Kubah National Park, Matang Range, Sarawak; LH: Lambir Hills National Park, Sarawak; LP: Long Pasia, Sipitang, Sabah; LU: Long Unai, Sarawak; ME: Merarap Hot Spring Lodge, Sarawak; ML: Mendolong, Sipitang, Sabah; MR: Gunung Murud, Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak; NT: Nanga Tekalit, Sarawak; PE: Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak; PM: Payeh Maga, Sarawak; PO: Kinabalu National Park, Poring, Sabah; PP: Barangay Irawan, Puerto Princesa, Palawan; PT: Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak; PU: Purolon Camp, Crocker Range, Sabah; SP: Sepilok Forest Reserve, Sabah; SY: Kinabalu National Park, Sayap, Sabah; TW: Tawau Hills National Park. Map data © OpenStreetMap contributors.	FIGURE 8. Collection localities of vouchers examined in the study of the different species of the L. palavanensis group and the L. finchi group in northern Borneo (Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah; main frame) and Palawan (inset). Respective localities are marked with a star (the exact type locality of L. palavanensis s. str. on Palawan is unknown). BK: Bukit Kana National Park, Sarawak; BP: Mt. Mantalingaha, Brooke’s Point, Palawan; DK: Deramakot, Sabah; DU: Gunung Dulit National Park, Sarawak; DV: Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah; GG: Gunung Gading National Park, Sarawak; GM: Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak; GT: Gunung Trusmadi, Sabah; KA: Kalabakan, Tawau District, Sabah; KB: Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre, Ulu Temburong National Park, Brunei; KI: Kinabalu National Park, Headquarters, Sabah; KS: Kampung Sebako, Sarawak; KU: Kubah National Park, Matang Range, Sarawak; LH: Lambir Hills National Park, Sarawak; LP: Long Pasia, Sipitang, Sabah; LU: Long Unai, Sarawak; ME: Merarap Hot Spring Lodge, Sarawak; ML: Mendolong, Sipitang, Sabah; MR: Gunung Murud, Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak; NT: Nanga Tekalit, Sarawak; PE: Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak; PM: Payeh Maga, Sarawak; PO: Kinabalu National Park, Poring, Sabah; PP: Barangay Irawan, Puerto Princesa, Palawan; PT: Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak; PU: Purolon Camp, Crocker Range, Sabah; SP: Sepilok Forest Reserve, Sabah; SY: Kinabalu National Park, Sayap, Sabah; TW: Tawau Hills National Park. Map data © OpenStreetMap contributors.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFF8FFECFF34FF50FCF7F9A0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820493/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820493	FIGURE 9. Elevational distribution of the different species of Guardian Frogs, i.e. the L. finchi group, the L. palavanensis group and L. parvus.	FIGURE 9. Elevational distribution of the different species of Guardian Frogs, i.e. the L. finchi group, the L. palavanensis group and L. parvus.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFC6FFE9FF34F9B8FCFDFE5C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820473/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820473	FIGURE 3. Holotypes, lectotypes, and paratypes of the species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group (A–H) and L. finchi group (I & J): (A) Limnonectes palavanensis, lectotype (BMNH 1947.2.1.96, adult female); (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1061576, adult female); (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075310, adult female); (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1056394, adult male); (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1061519, adult female); (F) L. phylax sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1072362, adult female); (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1057455, adult female); (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1059945, adult female); (I) L. finchi, paratype (NMW 16961, adult male); (J) L. gyrinophorus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075255, adult female). Scale bar represents 10 mm.	FIGURE 3. Holotypes, lectotypes, and paratypes of the species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group (A–H) and L. finchi group (I & J): (A) Limnonectes palavanensis, lectotype (BMNH 1947.2.1.96, adult female); (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1061576, adult female); (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075310, adult female); (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1056394, adult male); (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1061519, adult female); (F) L. phylax sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1072362, adult female); (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1057455, adult female); (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1059945, adult female); (I) L. finchi, paratype (NMW 16961, adult male); (J) L. gyrinophorus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075255, adult female). Scale bar represents 10 mm.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFC6FFE9FF34F9B8FCFDFE5C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820477/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820477	FIGURE 4. Relative size and position of teeth-bearing vomer ridges in (A) Limnonectes palavanensis—lectotype, BMNH 1947.2.1.96, adult female; (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov.—adult female, NMBE 1061576, holotype; (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov.—adult female, SP 1355; (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov.—adult male, NMBE 1073581, paratype; (E) L. oreibates sp. nov.— adult female, NMBE 1061519, holotype; (F) L. phylax sp. nov.—adult male, UBDM-GG012; (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov.— adult female, NMBE 1057455, holotype; (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov.—adult male, NMBE 1059943, paratype; (I) L. finchi—adult female, NMBE 1072469; (J) L. gyrinophorus sp. nov.—adult female, NMBE 1075255, holotype.	FIGURE 4. Relative size and position of teeth-bearing vomer ridges in (A) Limnonectes palavanensis—lectotype, BMNH 1947.2.1.96, adult female; (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov.—adult female, NMBE 1061576, holotype; (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov.—adult female, SP 1355; (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov.—adult male, NMBE 1073581, paratype; (E) L. oreibates sp. nov.— adult female, NMBE 1061519, holotype; (F) L. phylax sp. nov.—adult male, UBDM-GG012; (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov.— adult female, NMBE 1057455, holotype; (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov.—adult male, NMBE 1059943, paratype; (I) L. finchi—adult female, NMBE 1072469; (J) L. gyrinophorus sp. nov.—adult female, NMBE 1075255, holotype.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFC6FFE9FF34F9B8FCFDFE5C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820479/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820479	FIGURE 5. Schematic drawings illustrating the shape of the supratympanic fold and the relative size and the position of the tympanum in the eight species of the L. palavanensis group: (A) Limnonectes palavanensis, (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., (F) L. phylax sp. nov., (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov. (Drawings by J. M. Dehling).	FIGURE 5. Schematic drawings illustrating the shape of the supratympanic fold and the relative size and the position of the tympanum in the eight species of the L. palavanensis group: (A) Limnonectes palavanensis, (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., (F) L. phylax sp. nov., (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov. (Drawings by J. M. Dehling).	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFC6FFE9FF34F9B8FCFDFE5C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820485/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820485	FIGURE 6. Schematic drawings illustrating the extent of toe webbing in the eight species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group and the two species of the L. finchi group.Toes I to V are arranged from right to left in each drawing. Open circles represent terminal disks, filled circles represent subarticular tubercles. Solid lines represent the most common outline of webbing between toes, dotted lines represent the maximum or minimum extent due to variation between specimens.	FIGURE 6. Schematic drawings illustrating the extent of toe webbing in the eight species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group and the two species of the L. finchi group.Toes I to V are arranged from right to left in each drawing. Open circles represent terminal disks, filled circles represent subarticular tubercles. Solid lines represent the most common outline of webbing between toes, dotted lines represent the maximum or minimum extent due to variation between specimens.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFC6FFE9FF34F9B8FCFDFE5C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820487/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820487	FIGURE 7. Photographs of the species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group in life.A) Limnonectes palavanensis, adult male, Mt. Mantalingahan, Barangay Samarinana, Municipality of Brooke’s Point, Palawan Province, Palawan Island, Philippines (photo: R. Brown). (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., paratype, adult male, Gunung Dulit, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: S. T. Hertwig). (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075310), adult female, Silau-Silau Trail, Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: S. Hertwig). (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1056394), adult male, Camp 3, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., paratype (UNIMAS P1186), adult male, Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: I. Das). (F) L. phylax sp. nov., adult male (not collected), Camp 5, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., adult female (not collected), Headquarters, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov., paratype (NMBE 1056615), adult male, Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling).	FIGURE 7. Photographs of the species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group in life.A) Limnonectes palavanensis, adult male, Mt. Mantalingahan, Barangay Samarinana, Municipality of Brooke’s Point, Palawan Province, Palawan Island, Philippines (photo: R. Brown). (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., paratype, adult male, Gunung Dulit, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: S. T. Hertwig). (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075310), adult female, Silau-Silau Trail, Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: S. Hertwig). (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1056394), adult male, Camp 3, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., paratype (UNIMAS P1186), adult male, Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: I. Das). (F) L. phylax sp. nov., adult male (not collected), Camp 5, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., adult female (not collected), Headquarters, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov., paratype (NMBE 1056615), adult male, Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling).	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFC6FFE9FF34F9B8FCFDFE5C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820499/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820499	FIGURE 11. Sound spectrograms (left) and corresponding waveforms (right) of typical advertisement calls or call series of (A) Limnonectes finchi, Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, 400 m; (B) Limnonectes phylax sp. nov., Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, 150 m; (C) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, 50 m; (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, 1,300 m, (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak, 1,000 m; (F) L. suboliferus sp. nov., Kubah National Park, Sarawak, 300 m; See Table 3 and respective species accounts for details.	FIGURE 11. Sound spectrograms (left) and corresponding waveforms (right) of typical advertisement calls or call series of (A) Limnonectes finchi, Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, 400 m; (B) Limnonectes phylax sp. nov., Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, 150 m; (C) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, 50 m; (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, 1,300 m, (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak, 1,000 m; (F) L. suboliferus sp. nov., Kubah National Park, Sarawak, 300 m; See Table 3 and respective species accounts for details.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFC6FFE9FF34F9B8FCFDFE5C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820491/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820491	FIGURE 8. Collection localities of vouchers examined in the study of the different species of the L. palavanensis group and the L. finchi group in northern Borneo (Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah; main frame) and Palawan (inset). Respective localities are marked with a star (the exact type locality of L. palavanensis s. str. on Palawan is unknown). BK: Bukit Kana National Park, Sarawak; BP: Mt. Mantalingaha, Brooke’s Point, Palawan; DK: Deramakot, Sabah; DU: Gunung Dulit National Park, Sarawak; DV: Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah; GG: Gunung Gading National Park, Sarawak; GM: Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak; GT: Gunung Trusmadi, Sabah; KA: Kalabakan, Tawau District, Sabah; KB: Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre, Ulu Temburong National Park, Brunei; KI: Kinabalu National Park, Headquarters, Sabah; KS: Kampung Sebako, Sarawak; KU: Kubah National Park, Matang Range, Sarawak; LH: Lambir Hills National Park, Sarawak; LP: Long Pasia, Sipitang, Sabah; LU: Long Unai, Sarawak; ME: Merarap Hot Spring Lodge, Sarawak; ML: Mendolong, Sipitang, Sabah; MR: Gunung Murud, Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak; NT: Nanga Tekalit, Sarawak; PE: Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak; PM: Payeh Maga, Sarawak; PO: Kinabalu National Park, Poring, Sabah; PP: Barangay Irawan, Puerto Princesa, Palawan; PT: Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak; PU: Purolon Camp, Crocker Range, Sabah; SP: Sepilok Forest Reserve, Sabah; SY: Kinabalu National Park, Sayap, Sabah; TW: Tawau Hills National Park. Map data © OpenStreetMap contributors.	FIGURE 8. Collection localities of vouchers examined in the study of the different species of the L. palavanensis group and the L. finchi group in northern Borneo (Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah; main frame) and Palawan (inset). Respective localities are marked with a star (the exact type locality of L. palavanensis s. str. on Palawan is unknown). BK: Bukit Kana National Park, Sarawak; BP: Mt. Mantalingaha, Brooke’s Point, Palawan; DK: Deramakot, Sabah; DU: Gunung Dulit National Park, Sarawak; DV: Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah; GG: Gunung Gading National Park, Sarawak; GM: Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak; GT: Gunung Trusmadi, Sabah; KA: Kalabakan, Tawau District, Sabah; KB: Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre, Ulu Temburong National Park, Brunei; KI: Kinabalu National Park, Headquarters, Sabah; KS: Kampung Sebako, Sarawak; KU: Kubah National Park, Matang Range, Sarawak; LH: Lambir Hills National Park, Sarawak; LP: Long Pasia, Sipitang, Sabah; LU: Long Unai, Sarawak; ME: Merarap Hot Spring Lodge, Sarawak; ML: Mendolong, Sipitang, Sabah; MR: Gunung Murud, Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak; NT: Nanga Tekalit, Sarawak; PE: Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak; PM: Payeh Maga, Sarawak; PO: Kinabalu National Park, Poring, Sabah; PP: Barangay Irawan, Puerto Princesa, Palawan; PT: Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak; PU: Purolon Camp, Crocker Range, Sabah; SP: Sepilok Forest Reserve, Sabah; SY: Kinabalu National Park, Sayap, Sabah; TW: Tawau Hills National Park. Map data © OpenStreetMap contributors.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFC6FFE9FF34F9B8FCFDFE5C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820493/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820493	FIGURE 9. Elevational distribution of the different species of Guardian Frogs, i.e. the L. finchi group, the L. palavanensis group and L. parvus.	FIGURE 9. Elevational distribution of the different species of Guardian Frogs, i.e. the L. finchi group, the L. palavanensis group and L. parvus.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFC3FFEBFF34FDE4FCF3FC60.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820473/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820473	FIGURE 3. Holotypes, lectotypes, and paratypes of the species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group (A–H) and L. finchi group (I & J): (A) Limnonectes palavanensis, lectotype (BMNH 1947.2.1.96, adult female); (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1061576, adult female); (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075310, adult female); (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1056394, adult male); (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1061519, adult female); (F) L. phylax sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1072362, adult female); (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1057455, adult female); (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1059945, adult female); (I) L. finchi, paratype (NMW 16961, adult male); (J) L. gyrinophorus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075255, adult female). Scale bar represents 10 mm.	FIGURE 3. Holotypes, lectotypes, and paratypes of the species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group (A–H) and L. finchi group (I & J): (A) Limnonectes palavanensis, lectotype (BMNH 1947.2.1.96, adult female); (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1061576, adult female); (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075310, adult female); (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1056394, adult male); (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1061519, adult female); (F) L. phylax sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1072362, adult female); (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1057455, adult female); (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1059945, adult female); (I) L. finchi, paratype (NMW 16961, adult male); (J) L. gyrinophorus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075255, adult female). Scale bar represents 10 mm.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFC3FFEBFF34FDE4FCF3FC60.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820477/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820477	FIGURE 4. Relative size and position of teeth-bearing vomer ridges in (A) Limnonectes palavanensis—lectotype, BMNH 1947.2.1.96, adult female; (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov.—adult female, NMBE 1061576, holotype; (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov.—adult female, SP 1355; (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov.—adult male, NMBE 1073581, paratype; (E) L. oreibates sp. nov.— adult female, NMBE 1061519, holotype; (F) L. phylax sp. nov.—adult male, UBDM-GG012; (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov.— adult female, NMBE 1057455, holotype; (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov.—adult male, NMBE 1059943, paratype; (I) L. finchi—adult female, NMBE 1072469; (J) L. gyrinophorus sp. nov.—adult female, NMBE 1075255, holotype.	FIGURE 4. Relative size and position of teeth-bearing vomer ridges in (A) Limnonectes palavanensis—lectotype, BMNH 1947.2.1.96, adult female; (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov.—adult female, NMBE 1061576, holotype; (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov.—adult female, SP 1355; (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov.—adult male, NMBE 1073581, paratype; (E) L. oreibates sp. nov.— adult female, NMBE 1061519, holotype; (F) L. phylax sp. nov.—adult male, UBDM-GG012; (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov.— adult female, NMBE 1057455, holotype; (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov.—adult male, NMBE 1059943, paratype; (I) L. finchi—adult female, NMBE 1072469; (J) L. gyrinophorus sp. nov.—adult female, NMBE 1075255, holotype.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFC3FFEBFF34FDE4FCF3FC60.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820479/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820479	FIGURE 5. Schematic drawings illustrating the shape of the supratympanic fold and the relative size and the position of the tympanum in the eight species of the L. palavanensis group: (A) Limnonectes palavanensis, (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., (F) L. phylax sp. nov., (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov. (Drawings by J. M. Dehling).	FIGURE 5. Schematic drawings illustrating the shape of the supratympanic fold and the relative size and the position of the tympanum in the eight species of the L. palavanensis group: (A) Limnonectes palavanensis, (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., (F) L. phylax sp. nov., (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov. (Drawings by J. M. Dehling).	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFC3FFEBFF34FDE4FCF3FC60.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820485/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820485	FIGURE 6. Schematic drawings illustrating the extent of toe webbing in the eight species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group and the two species of the L. finchi group.Toes I to V are arranged from right to left in each drawing. Open circles represent terminal disks, filled circles represent subarticular tubercles. Solid lines represent the most common outline of webbing between toes, dotted lines represent the maximum or minimum extent due to variation between specimens.	FIGURE 6. Schematic drawings illustrating the extent of toe webbing in the eight species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group and the two species of the L. finchi group.Toes I to V are arranged from right to left in each drawing. Open circles represent terminal disks, filled circles represent subarticular tubercles. Solid lines represent the most common outline of webbing between toes, dotted lines represent the maximum or minimum extent due to variation between specimens.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFC3FFEBFF34FDE4FCF3FC60.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820487/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820487	FIGURE 7. Photographs of the species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group in life.A) Limnonectes palavanensis, adult male, Mt. Mantalingahan, Barangay Samarinana, Municipality of Brooke’s Point, Palawan Province, Palawan Island, Philippines (photo: R. Brown). (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., paratype, adult male, Gunung Dulit, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: S. T. Hertwig). (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075310), adult female, Silau-Silau Trail, Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: S. Hertwig). (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1056394), adult male, Camp 3, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., paratype (UNIMAS P1186), adult male, Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: I. Das). (F) L. phylax sp. nov., adult male (not collected), Camp 5, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., adult female (not collected), Headquarters, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov., paratype (NMBE 1056615), adult male, Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling).	FIGURE 7. Photographs of the species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group in life.A) Limnonectes palavanensis, adult male, Mt. Mantalingahan, Barangay Samarinana, Municipality of Brooke’s Point, Palawan Province, Palawan Island, Philippines (photo: R. Brown). (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., paratype, adult male, Gunung Dulit, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: S. T. Hertwig). (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075310), adult female, Silau-Silau Trail, Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: S. Hertwig). (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1056394), adult male, Camp 3, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., paratype (UNIMAS P1186), adult male, Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: I. Das). (F) L. phylax sp. nov., adult male (not collected), Camp 5, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., adult female (not collected), Headquarters, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov., paratype (NMBE 1056615), adult male, Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling).	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFC3FFEBFF34FDE4FCF3FC60.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820499/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820499	FIGURE 11. Sound spectrograms (left) and corresponding waveforms (right) of typical advertisement calls or call series of (A) Limnonectes finchi, Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, 400 m; (B) Limnonectes phylax sp. nov., Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, 150 m; (C) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, 50 m; (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, 1,300 m, (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak, 1,000 m; (F) L. suboliferus sp. nov., Kubah National Park, Sarawak, 300 m; See Table 3 and respective species accounts for details.	FIGURE 11. Sound spectrograms (left) and corresponding waveforms (right) of typical advertisement calls or call series of (A) Limnonectes finchi, Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, 400 m; (B) Limnonectes phylax sp. nov., Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, 150 m; (C) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, 50 m; (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, 1,300 m, (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak, 1,000 m; (F) L. suboliferus sp. nov., Kubah National Park, Sarawak, 300 m; See Table 3 and respective species accounts for details.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFC3FFEBFF34FDE4FCF3FC60.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820491/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820491	FIGURE 8. Collection localities of vouchers examined in the study of the different species of the L. palavanensis group and the L. finchi group in northern Borneo (Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah; main frame) and Palawan (inset). Respective localities are marked with a star (the exact type locality of L. palavanensis s. str. on Palawan is unknown). BK: Bukit Kana National Park, Sarawak; BP: Mt. Mantalingaha, Brooke’s Point, Palawan; DK: Deramakot, Sabah; DU: Gunung Dulit National Park, Sarawak; DV: Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah; GG: Gunung Gading National Park, Sarawak; GM: Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak; GT: Gunung Trusmadi, Sabah; KA: Kalabakan, Tawau District, Sabah; KB: Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre, Ulu Temburong National Park, Brunei; KI: Kinabalu National Park, Headquarters, Sabah; KS: Kampung Sebako, Sarawak; KU: Kubah National Park, Matang Range, Sarawak; LH: Lambir Hills National Park, Sarawak; LP: Long Pasia, Sipitang, Sabah; LU: Long Unai, Sarawak; ME: Merarap Hot Spring Lodge, Sarawak; ML: Mendolong, Sipitang, Sabah; MR: Gunung Murud, Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak; NT: Nanga Tekalit, Sarawak; PE: Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak; PM: Payeh Maga, Sarawak; PO: Kinabalu National Park, Poring, Sabah; PP: Barangay Irawan, Puerto Princesa, Palawan; PT: Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak; PU: Purolon Camp, Crocker Range, Sabah; SP: Sepilok Forest Reserve, Sabah; SY: Kinabalu National Park, Sayap, Sabah; TW: Tawau Hills National Park. Map data © OpenStreetMap contributors.	FIGURE 8. Collection localities of vouchers examined in the study of the different species of the L. palavanensis group and the L. finchi group in northern Borneo (Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah; main frame) and Palawan (inset). Respective localities are marked with a star (the exact type locality of L. palavanensis s. str. on Palawan is unknown). BK: Bukit Kana National Park, Sarawak; BP: Mt. Mantalingaha, Brooke’s Point, Palawan; DK: Deramakot, Sabah; DU: Gunung Dulit National Park, Sarawak; DV: Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah; GG: Gunung Gading National Park, Sarawak; GM: Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak; GT: Gunung Trusmadi, Sabah; KA: Kalabakan, Tawau District, Sabah; KB: Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre, Ulu Temburong National Park, Brunei; KI: Kinabalu National Park, Headquarters, Sabah; KS: Kampung Sebako, Sarawak; KU: Kubah National Park, Matang Range, Sarawak; LH: Lambir Hills National Park, Sarawak; LP: Long Pasia, Sipitang, Sabah; LU: Long Unai, Sarawak; ME: Merarap Hot Spring Lodge, Sarawak; ML: Mendolong, Sipitang, Sabah; MR: Gunung Murud, Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak; NT: Nanga Tekalit, Sarawak; PE: Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak; PM: Payeh Maga, Sarawak; PO: Kinabalu National Park, Poring, Sabah; PP: Barangay Irawan, Puerto Princesa, Palawan; PT: Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak; PU: Purolon Camp, Crocker Range, Sabah; SP: Sepilok Forest Reserve, Sabah; SY: Kinabalu National Park, Sayap, Sabah; TW: Tawau Hills National Park. Map data © OpenStreetMap contributors.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFC3FFEBFF34FDE4FCF3FC60.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820493/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820493	FIGURE 9. Elevational distribution of the different species of Guardian Frogs, i.e. the L. finchi group, the L. palavanensis group and L. parvus.	FIGURE 9. Elevational distribution of the different species of Guardian Frogs, i.e. the L. finchi group, the L. palavanensis group and L. parvus.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFC3FFEBFF34FDE4FCF3FC60.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820497/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820497	FIGURE 10. (A) Adult male Limnonectes phylax sp. nov. (not collected) calling under a dead leaf on the forest floor; Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (B) Adult male L. phylax sp. nov. (not collected) carrying tadpoles near Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre, Brunei (photo: T.U. Grafe). (C) Tadpoles forming a dense aggregation on the back of an adult male of L. suboliferus sp. nov. (not collected); Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (D) Adult male L. suboliferus sp. nov. (not collected) attending a clutch of eggs deposited on dead leaves; Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malayisa (photo: I. Das). (E) Adult male paratype (NMBE 1101226) of L. gunungensis sp. nov. carrying tadpoles (NMBE 1101227–29); Gunung Dulit, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: S. T. Hertwig). (F) Male L. kinabaluensis sp. nov. (not collected) releasing tadpoles from its back into a shallow puddle; Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: P. Janzen). (G) Tadpole-carrying male of L. finchi (not collected); Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: T. U. Grafe). (H) Tadpole-carrying male of L. gyrinophorus sp. nov. (not collected); north of Poring Hot Springs, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: H. P. Guek/Kurt Orionmystery).	FIGURE 10. (A) Adult male Limnonectes phylax sp. nov. (not collected) calling under a dead leaf on the forest floor; Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (B) Adult male L. phylax sp. nov. (not collected) carrying tadpoles near Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre, Brunei (photo: T.U. Grafe). (C) Tadpoles forming a dense aggregation on the back of an adult male of L. suboliferus sp. nov. (not collected); Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (D) Adult male L. suboliferus sp. nov. (not collected) attending a clutch of eggs deposited on dead leaves; Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malayisa (photo: I. Das). (E) Adult male paratype (NMBE 1101226) of L. gunungensis sp. nov. carrying tadpoles (NMBE 1101227–29); Gunung Dulit, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: S. T. Hertwig). (F) Male L. kinabaluensis sp. nov. (not collected) releasing tadpoles from its back into a shallow puddle; Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: P. Janzen). (G) Tadpole-carrying male of L. finchi (not collected); Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: T. U. Grafe). (H) Tadpole-carrying male of L. gyrinophorus sp. nov. (not collected); north of Poring Hot Springs, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: H. P. Guek/Kurt Orionmystery).	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFC1FFE5FF34FB40FD03F834.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820473/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820473	FIGURE 3. Holotypes, lectotypes, and paratypes of the species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group (A–H) and L. finchi group (I & J): (A) Limnonectes palavanensis, lectotype (BMNH 1947.2.1.96, adult female); (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1061576, adult female); (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075310, adult female); (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1056394, adult male); (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1061519, adult female); (F) L. phylax sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1072362, adult female); (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1057455, adult female); (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1059945, adult female); (I) L. finchi, paratype (NMW 16961, adult male); (J) L. gyrinophorus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075255, adult female). Scale bar represents 10 mm.	FIGURE 3. Holotypes, lectotypes, and paratypes of the species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group (A–H) and L. finchi group (I & J): (A) Limnonectes palavanensis, lectotype (BMNH 1947.2.1.96, adult female); (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1061576, adult female); (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075310, adult female); (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1056394, adult male); (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1061519, adult female); (F) L. phylax sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1072362, adult female); (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1057455, adult female); (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1059945, adult female); (I) L. finchi, paratype (NMW 16961, adult male); (J) L. gyrinophorus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075255, adult female). Scale bar represents 10 mm.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFC1FFE5FF34FB40FD03F834.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820477/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820477	FIGURE 4. Relative size and position of teeth-bearing vomer ridges in (A) Limnonectes palavanensis—lectotype, BMNH 1947.2.1.96, adult female; (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov.—adult female, NMBE 1061576, holotype; (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov.—adult female, SP 1355; (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov.—adult male, NMBE 1073581, paratype; (E) L. oreibates sp. nov.— adult female, NMBE 1061519, holotype; (F) L. phylax sp. nov.—adult male, UBDM-GG012; (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov.— adult female, NMBE 1057455, holotype; (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov.—adult male, NMBE 1059943, paratype; (I) L. finchi—adult female, NMBE 1072469; (J) L. gyrinophorus sp. nov.—adult female, NMBE 1075255, holotype.	FIGURE 4. Relative size and position of teeth-bearing vomer ridges in (A) Limnonectes palavanensis—lectotype, BMNH 1947.2.1.96, adult female; (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov.—adult female, NMBE 1061576, holotype; (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov.—adult female, SP 1355; (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov.—adult male, NMBE 1073581, paratype; (E) L. oreibates sp. nov.— adult female, NMBE 1061519, holotype; (F) L. phylax sp. nov.—adult male, UBDM-GG012; (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov.— adult female, NMBE 1057455, holotype; (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov.—adult male, NMBE 1059943, paratype; (I) L. finchi—adult female, NMBE 1072469; (J) L. gyrinophorus sp. nov.—adult female, NMBE 1075255, holotype.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFC1FFE5FF34FB40FD03F834.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820485/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820485	FIGURE 6. Schematic drawings illustrating the extent of toe webbing in the eight species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group and the two species of the L. finchi group.Toes I to V are arranged from right to left in each drawing. Open circles represent terminal disks, filled circles represent subarticular tubercles. Solid lines represent the most common outline of webbing between toes, dotted lines represent the maximum or minimum extent due to variation between specimens.	FIGURE 6. Schematic drawings illustrating the extent of toe webbing in the eight species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group and the two species of the L. finchi group.Toes I to V are arranged from right to left in each drawing. Open circles represent terminal disks, filled circles represent subarticular tubercles. Solid lines represent the most common outline of webbing between toes, dotted lines represent the maximum or minimum extent due to variation between specimens.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFC1FFE5FF34FB40FD03F834.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820503/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820503	FIGURE 12. Species of the Limnonectes finchi group in life. (Left) L. finchi, adult female (NMBE 1072468), from Tawau Hills NP, Sabah, Malaysia; dorsolateral view (top), and ventral view (bottom); (right) L. gyrinophorus sp. nov., adult female holotype (NMBE 1075255), from Sungai Kipungit, Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia; dorsolateral view (top) and ventral view (bottom) (photos: S. T. Hertwig).	FIGURE 12. Species of the Limnonectes finchi group in life. (Left) L. finchi, adult female (NMBE 1072468), from Tawau Hills NP, Sabah, Malaysia; dorsolateral view (top), and ventral view (bottom); (right) L. gyrinophorus sp. nov., adult female holotype (NMBE 1075255), from Sungai Kipungit, Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia; dorsolateral view (top) and ventral view (bottom) (photos: S. T. Hertwig).	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFC1FFE5FF34FB40FD03F834.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820499/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820499	FIGURE 11. Sound spectrograms (left) and corresponding waveforms (right) of typical advertisement calls or call series of (A) Limnonectes finchi, Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, 400 m; (B) Limnonectes phylax sp. nov., Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, 150 m; (C) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, 50 m; (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, 1,300 m, (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak, 1,000 m; (F) L. suboliferus sp. nov., Kubah National Park, Sarawak, 300 m; See Table 3 and respective species accounts for details.	FIGURE 11. Sound spectrograms (left) and corresponding waveforms (right) of typical advertisement calls or call series of (A) Limnonectes finchi, Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, 400 m; (B) Limnonectes phylax sp. nov., Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, 150 m; (C) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, 50 m; (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, 1,300 m, (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak, 1,000 m; (F) L. suboliferus sp. nov., Kubah National Park, Sarawak, 300 m; See Table 3 and respective species accounts for details.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFC1FFE5FF34FB40FD03F834.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820491/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820491	FIGURE 8. Collection localities of vouchers examined in the study of the different species of the L. palavanensis group and the L. finchi group in northern Borneo (Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah; main frame) and Palawan (inset). Respective localities are marked with a star (the exact type locality of L. palavanensis s. str. on Palawan is unknown). BK: Bukit Kana National Park, Sarawak; BP: Mt. Mantalingaha, Brooke’s Point, Palawan; DK: Deramakot, Sabah; DU: Gunung Dulit National Park, Sarawak; DV: Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah; GG: Gunung Gading National Park, Sarawak; GM: Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak; GT: Gunung Trusmadi, Sabah; KA: Kalabakan, Tawau District, Sabah; KB: Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre, Ulu Temburong National Park, Brunei; KI: Kinabalu National Park, Headquarters, Sabah; KS: Kampung Sebako, Sarawak; KU: Kubah National Park, Matang Range, Sarawak; LH: Lambir Hills National Park, Sarawak; LP: Long Pasia, Sipitang, Sabah; LU: Long Unai, Sarawak; ME: Merarap Hot Spring Lodge, Sarawak; ML: Mendolong, Sipitang, Sabah; MR: Gunung Murud, Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak; NT: Nanga Tekalit, Sarawak; PE: Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak; PM: Payeh Maga, Sarawak; PO: Kinabalu National Park, Poring, Sabah; PP: Barangay Irawan, Puerto Princesa, Palawan; PT: Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak; PU: Purolon Camp, Crocker Range, Sabah; SP: Sepilok Forest Reserve, Sabah; SY: Kinabalu National Park, Sayap, Sabah; TW: Tawau Hills National Park. Map data © OpenStreetMap contributors.	FIGURE 8. Collection localities of vouchers examined in the study of the different species of the L. palavanensis group and the L. finchi group in northern Borneo (Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah; main frame) and Palawan (inset). Respective localities are marked with a star (the exact type locality of L. palavanensis s. str. on Palawan is unknown). BK: Bukit Kana National Park, Sarawak; BP: Mt. Mantalingaha, Brooke’s Point, Palawan; DK: Deramakot, Sabah; DU: Gunung Dulit National Park, Sarawak; DV: Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah; GG: Gunung Gading National Park, Sarawak; GM: Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak; GT: Gunung Trusmadi, Sabah; KA: Kalabakan, Tawau District, Sabah; KB: Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre, Ulu Temburong National Park, Brunei; KI: Kinabalu National Park, Headquarters, Sabah; KS: Kampung Sebako, Sarawak; KU: Kubah National Park, Matang Range, Sarawak; LH: Lambir Hills National Park, Sarawak; LP: Long Pasia, Sipitang, Sabah; LU: Long Unai, Sarawak; ME: Merarap Hot Spring Lodge, Sarawak; ML: Mendolong, Sipitang, Sabah; MR: Gunung Murud, Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak; NT: Nanga Tekalit, Sarawak; PE: Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak; PM: Payeh Maga, Sarawak; PO: Kinabalu National Park, Poring, Sabah; PP: Barangay Irawan, Puerto Princesa, Palawan; PT: Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak; PU: Purolon Camp, Crocker Range, Sabah; SP: Sepilok Forest Reserve, Sabah; SY: Kinabalu National Park, Sayap, Sabah; TW: Tawau Hills National Park. Map data © OpenStreetMap contributors.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFC1FFE5FF34FB40FD03F834.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820493/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820493	FIGURE 9. Elevational distribution of the different species of Guardian Frogs, i.e. the L. finchi group, the L. palavanensis group and L. parvus.	FIGURE 9. Elevational distribution of the different species of Guardian Frogs, i.e. the L. finchi group, the L. palavanensis group and L. parvus.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFC1FFE5FF34FB40FD03F834.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820497/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820497	FIGURE 10. (A) Adult male Limnonectes phylax sp. nov. (not collected) calling under a dead leaf on the forest floor; Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (B) Adult male L. phylax sp. nov. (not collected) carrying tadpoles near Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre, Brunei (photo: T.U. Grafe). (C) Tadpoles forming a dense aggregation on the back of an adult male of L. suboliferus sp. nov. (not collected); Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (D) Adult male L. suboliferus sp. nov. (not collected) attending a clutch of eggs deposited on dead leaves; Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malayisa (photo: I. Das). (E) Adult male paratype (NMBE 1101226) of L. gunungensis sp. nov. carrying tadpoles (NMBE 1101227–29); Gunung Dulit, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: S. T. Hertwig). (F) Male L. kinabaluensis sp. nov. (not collected) releasing tadpoles from its back into a shallow puddle; Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: P. Janzen). (G) Tadpole-carrying male of L. finchi (not collected); Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: T. U. Grafe). (H) Tadpole-carrying male of L. gyrinophorus sp. nov. (not collected); north of Poring Hot Springs, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: H. P. Guek/Kurt Orionmystery).	FIGURE 10. (A) Adult male Limnonectes phylax sp. nov. (not collected) calling under a dead leaf on the forest floor; Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (B) Adult male L. phylax sp. nov. (not collected) carrying tadpoles near Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre, Brunei (photo: T.U. Grafe). (C) Tadpoles forming a dense aggregation on the back of an adult male of L. suboliferus sp. nov. (not collected); Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (D) Adult male L. suboliferus sp. nov. (not collected) attending a clutch of eggs deposited on dead leaves; Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malayisa (photo: I. Das). (E) Adult male paratype (NMBE 1101226) of L. gunungensis sp. nov. carrying tadpoles (NMBE 1101227–29); Gunung Dulit, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: S. T. Hertwig). (F) Male L. kinabaluensis sp. nov. (not collected) releasing tadpoles from its back into a shallow puddle; Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: P. Janzen). (G) Tadpole-carrying male of L. finchi (not collected); Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: T. U. Grafe). (H) Tadpole-carrying male of L. gyrinophorus sp. nov. (not collected); north of Poring Hot Springs, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: H. P. Guek/Kurt Orionmystery).	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFCDFFE0FF34FA91FE6AFC99.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820473/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820473	FIGURE 3. Holotypes, lectotypes, and paratypes of the species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group (A–H) and L. finchi group (I & J): (A) Limnonectes palavanensis, lectotype (BMNH 1947.2.1.96, adult female); (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1061576, adult female); (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075310, adult female); (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1056394, adult male); (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1061519, adult female); (F) L. phylax sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1072362, adult female); (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1057455, adult female); (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1059945, adult female); (I) L. finchi, paratype (NMW 16961, adult male); (J) L. gyrinophorus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075255, adult female). Scale bar represents 10 mm.	FIGURE 3. Holotypes, lectotypes, and paratypes of the species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group (A–H) and L. finchi group (I & J): (A) Limnonectes palavanensis, lectotype (BMNH 1947.2.1.96, adult female); (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1061576, adult female); (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075310, adult female); (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1056394, adult male); (E) L. oreibates sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1061519, adult female); (F) L. phylax sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1072362, adult female); (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1057455, adult female); (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1059945, adult female); (I) L. finchi, paratype (NMW 16961, adult male); (J) L. gyrinophorus sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 1075255, adult female). Scale bar represents 10 mm.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFCDFFE0FF34FA91FE6AFC99.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820503/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820503	FIGURE 12. Species of the Limnonectes finchi group in life. (Left) L. finchi, adult female (NMBE 1072468), from Tawau Hills NP, Sabah, Malaysia; dorsolateral view (top), and ventral view (bottom); (right) L. gyrinophorus sp. nov., adult female holotype (NMBE 1075255), from Sungai Kipungit, Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia; dorsolateral view (top) and ventral view (bottom) (photos: S. T. Hertwig).	FIGURE 12. Species of the Limnonectes finchi group in life. (Left) L. finchi, adult female (NMBE 1072468), from Tawau Hills NP, Sabah, Malaysia; dorsolateral view (top), and ventral view (bottom); (right) L. gyrinophorus sp. nov., adult female holotype (NMBE 1075255), from Sungai Kipungit, Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia; dorsolateral view (top) and ventral view (bottom) (photos: S. T. Hertwig).	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFCDFFE0FF34FA91FE6AFC99.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820477/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820477	FIGURE 4. Relative size and position of teeth-bearing vomer ridges in (A) Limnonectes palavanensis—lectotype, BMNH 1947.2.1.96, adult female; (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov.—adult female, NMBE 1061576, holotype; (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov.—adult female, SP 1355; (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov.—adult male, NMBE 1073581, paratype; (E) L. oreibates sp. nov.— adult female, NMBE 1061519, holotype; (F) L. phylax sp. nov.—adult male, UBDM-GG012; (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov.— adult female, NMBE 1057455, holotype; (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov.—adult male, NMBE 1059943, paratype; (I) L. finchi—adult female, NMBE 1072469; (J) L. gyrinophorus sp. nov.—adult female, NMBE 1075255, holotype.	FIGURE 4. Relative size and position of teeth-bearing vomer ridges in (A) Limnonectes palavanensis—lectotype, BMNH 1947.2.1.96, adult female; (B) L. gunungensis sp. nov.—adult female, NMBE 1061576, holotype; (C) L. kinabaluensis sp. nov.—adult female, SP 1355; (D) L. nephophilus sp. nov.—adult male, NMBE 1073581, paratype; (E) L. oreibates sp. nov.— adult female, NMBE 1061519, holotype; (F) L. phylax sp. nov.—adult male, UBDM-GG012; (G) L. sarawakensis sp. nov.— adult female, NMBE 1057455, holotype; (H) L. suboliferus sp. nov.—adult male, NMBE 1059943, paratype; (I) L. finchi—adult female, NMBE 1072469; (J) L. gyrinophorus sp. nov.—adult female, NMBE 1075255, holotype.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFCDFFE0FF34FA91FE6AFC99.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820485/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820485	FIGURE 6. Schematic drawings illustrating the extent of toe webbing in the eight species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group and the two species of the L. finchi group.Toes I to V are arranged from right to left in each drawing. Open circles represent terminal disks, filled circles represent subarticular tubercles. Solid lines represent the most common outline of webbing between toes, dotted lines represent the maximum or minimum extent due to variation between specimens.	FIGURE 6. Schematic drawings illustrating the extent of toe webbing in the eight species of the Limnonectes palavanensis group and the two species of the L. finchi group.Toes I to V are arranged from right to left in each drawing. Open circles represent terminal disks, filled circles represent subarticular tubercles. Solid lines represent the most common outline of webbing between toes, dotted lines represent the maximum or minimum extent due to variation between specimens.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFCDFFE0FF34FA91FE6AFC99.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820491/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820491	FIGURE 8. Collection localities of vouchers examined in the study of the different species of the L. palavanensis group and the L. finchi group in northern Borneo (Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah; main frame) and Palawan (inset). Respective localities are marked with a star (the exact type locality of L. palavanensis s. str. on Palawan is unknown). BK: Bukit Kana National Park, Sarawak; BP: Mt. Mantalingaha, Brooke’s Point, Palawan; DK: Deramakot, Sabah; DU: Gunung Dulit National Park, Sarawak; DV: Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah; GG: Gunung Gading National Park, Sarawak; GM: Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak; GT: Gunung Trusmadi, Sabah; KA: Kalabakan, Tawau District, Sabah; KB: Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre, Ulu Temburong National Park, Brunei; KI: Kinabalu National Park, Headquarters, Sabah; KS: Kampung Sebako, Sarawak; KU: Kubah National Park, Matang Range, Sarawak; LH: Lambir Hills National Park, Sarawak; LP: Long Pasia, Sipitang, Sabah; LU: Long Unai, Sarawak; ME: Merarap Hot Spring Lodge, Sarawak; ML: Mendolong, Sipitang, Sabah; MR: Gunung Murud, Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak; NT: Nanga Tekalit, Sarawak; PE: Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak; PM: Payeh Maga, Sarawak; PO: Kinabalu National Park, Poring, Sabah; PP: Barangay Irawan, Puerto Princesa, Palawan; PT: Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak; PU: Purolon Camp, Crocker Range, Sabah; SP: Sepilok Forest Reserve, Sabah; SY: Kinabalu National Park, Sayap, Sabah; TW: Tawau Hills National Park. Map data © OpenStreetMap contributors.	FIGURE 8. Collection localities of vouchers examined in the study of the different species of the L. palavanensis group and the L. finchi group in northern Borneo (Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah; main frame) and Palawan (inset). Respective localities are marked with a star (the exact type locality of L. palavanensis s. str. on Palawan is unknown). BK: Bukit Kana National Park, Sarawak; BP: Mt. Mantalingaha, Brooke’s Point, Palawan; DK: Deramakot, Sabah; DU: Gunung Dulit National Park, Sarawak; DV: Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah; GG: Gunung Gading National Park, Sarawak; GM: Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak; GT: Gunung Trusmadi, Sabah; KA: Kalabakan, Tawau District, Sabah; KB: Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre, Ulu Temburong National Park, Brunei; KI: Kinabalu National Park, Headquarters, Sabah; KS: Kampung Sebako, Sarawak; KU: Kubah National Park, Matang Range, Sarawak; LH: Lambir Hills National Park, Sarawak; LP: Long Pasia, Sipitang, Sabah; LU: Long Unai, Sarawak; ME: Merarap Hot Spring Lodge, Sarawak; ML: Mendolong, Sipitang, Sabah; MR: Gunung Murud, Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak; NT: Nanga Tekalit, Sarawak; PE: Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak; PM: Payeh Maga, Sarawak; PO: Kinabalu National Park, Poring, Sabah; PP: Barangay Irawan, Puerto Princesa, Palawan; PT: Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak; PU: Purolon Camp, Crocker Range, Sabah; SP: Sepilok Forest Reserve, Sabah; SY: Kinabalu National Park, Sayap, Sabah; TW: Tawau Hills National Park. Map data © OpenStreetMap contributors.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFCDFFE0FF34FA91FE6AFC99.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820493/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820493	FIGURE 9. Elevational distribution of the different species of Guardian Frogs, i.e. the L. finchi group, the L. palavanensis group and L. parvus.	FIGURE 9. Elevational distribution of the different species of Guardian Frogs, i.e. the L. finchi group, the L. palavanensis group and L. parvus.	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
62199F50FFCDFFE0FF34FA91FE6AFC99.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15820497/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15820497	FIGURE 10. (A) Adult male Limnonectes phylax sp. nov. (not collected) calling under a dead leaf on the forest floor; Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (B) Adult male L. phylax sp. nov. (not collected) carrying tadpoles near Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre, Brunei (photo: T.U. Grafe). (C) Tadpoles forming a dense aggregation on the back of an adult male of L. suboliferus sp. nov. (not collected); Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (D) Adult male L. suboliferus sp. nov. (not collected) attending a clutch of eggs deposited on dead leaves; Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malayisa (photo: I. Das). (E) Adult male paratype (NMBE 1101226) of L. gunungensis sp. nov. carrying tadpoles (NMBE 1101227–29); Gunung Dulit, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: S. T. Hertwig). (F) Male L. kinabaluensis sp. nov. (not collected) releasing tadpoles from its back into a shallow puddle; Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: P. Janzen). (G) Tadpole-carrying male of L. finchi (not collected); Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: T. U. Grafe). (H) Tadpole-carrying male of L. gyrinophorus sp. nov. (not collected); north of Poring Hot Springs, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: H. P. Guek/Kurt Orionmystery).	FIGURE 10. (A) Adult male Limnonectes phylax sp. nov. (not collected) calling under a dead leaf on the forest floor; Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (B) Adult male L. phylax sp. nov. (not collected) carrying tadpoles near Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre, Brunei (photo: T.U. Grafe). (C) Tadpoles forming a dense aggregation on the back of an adult male of L. suboliferus sp. nov. (not collected); Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: J. M. Dehling). (D) Adult male L. suboliferus sp. nov. (not collected) attending a clutch of eggs deposited on dead leaves; Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malayisa (photo: I. Das). (E) Adult male paratype (NMBE 1101226) of L. gunungensis sp. nov. carrying tadpoles (NMBE 1101227–29); Gunung Dulit, Sarawak, Malaysia (photo: S. T. Hertwig). (F) Male L. kinabaluensis sp. nov. (not collected) releasing tadpoles from its back into a shallow puddle; Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: P. Janzen). (G) Tadpole-carrying male of L. finchi (not collected); Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: T. U. Grafe). (H) Tadpole-carrying male of L. gyrinophorus sp. nov. (not collected); north of Poring Hot Springs, Sabah, Malaysia (photo: H. P. Guek/Kurt Orionmystery).	2025-06-23	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.		Zenodo	biologists	Dehling, Maximilian;Neokleous, Dario N.;Das, Indraneil;Grafe, Ulmar;Min, Pui Yong;Hertwig, Stefan T.			
