identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
AD6A861A689E5FB98D5761C8C6BA7E92.text	AD6A861A689E5FB98D5761C8C6BA7E92.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parazygiella hiramatsui (Tanikawa 2017) Mi & Wang & Chen 2026	<div><p>Parazygiella hiramatsui (Tanikawa, 2017) comb. nov.</p><p>Zygiella hiramatsui Tanikawa, 2017 (Basionim).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD6A861A689E5FB98D5761C8C6BA7E92	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Mi, Xiaoqi;Wang, Cheng;Chen, Haochun	Mi, Xiaoqi, Wang, Cheng, Chen, Haochun (2026): First records of the genus Parazygiella Wunderlich, 2004 (Araneae, Araneidae) from China, with the description of two new species. ZooKeys 1269: 41-54, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1269.163661
5298CA2D284F5B6B8A12C0ACED933869.text	5298CA2D284F5B6B8A12C0ACED933869.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parazygiella jianxini Mi & Wang 2026	<div><p>Parazygiella jianxini Mi &amp; Wang sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5</p><p>Chinese name.</p><p>建新副楚蛛.</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype: China • ♂; Xizang Auton. Region, Shigatse City, Gyirong Co., Gyirong Township, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=85.34717&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.407167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 85.34717/lat 28.407167)">Nai Vill.</a>; 28°24.43'N, 85°20.83'E, ca 3,310 m a. s. l.; 18 Aug. 2024; X. Q. Mi et al. leg.; TRU - Araneidae -411 . Paratypes: • 5 ♀♀ 8 ♂♂; same data as for holotype; TRU - Araneidae -412 –424 ; 11 ♀ 17 ♂, Gyirong Township, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=85.2175&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.5185" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 85.2175/lat 28.5185)">Zhuo Vill.</a>; 28°31.11'N, 85°13.05'E, ca 3,330 m a. s. l.; 4 Aug. 2019; X. Q. Mi &amp; C. Wang leg.; TRU - Araneidae -425 –452 ; • 1 ♀, Gyirong Township, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=85.32667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.381166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 85.32667/lat 28.381166)">Zhuo Vill.</a>; 28°22.87'N, 85°19.60'E, ca 2,790 m a. s. l.; 17 Aug. 2024; X. Q. Mi et al. leg.; TRU - Araneidae -453 ; • 6 ♀♀ 8 ♂♂, Zongga Township, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=85.26217&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.581833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 85.26217/lat 28.581833)">Xia Vill.</a>; 28°34.91'N, 85°15.73'E, ca 3,800 m a. s. l.; 20 Aug. 2024; X. Q. Mi et al. leg.; TRU - Araneidae -454 –467 .</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The species is named after Professor Jianxin Li, a forestry expert (Tongren University, China).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Parazygiella jianxini Mi &amp; Wang, sp. nov. resembles P. yanghongae Mi &amp; Wang, sp. nov. in both somatic and morphology of copulatory organs, but it can be distinguished by having the tegular projection (TP) about 4 / 5 of the cymbial length (Fig. 4 C) vs half of cymbial length (Fig. 7 C); epigyne widest at middle part (Fig. 5 A) vs widest at basal part (Fig. 8 A); and posterior plate (PP) ~ 2.50 × wider at anterior than posterior (Fig. 5 B) vs ~ 1.36 × wider at anterior than posterior (Fig. 8 B).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Male (holotype, Figs 3 D – F, 4 A – E). Total length 5.50. Carapace 2.80 long, 2.10 wide. Abdomen 3.30 long, 2.10 wide. Clypeus 0.13 high. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.20, ALE 0.13, PME 0.15, PLE 0.13, AME – AME 0.13, AME – ALE 0.10, PME – PME 0.10, PME – PLE 0.20, MOA length 0.48, anterior width 0.48, posterior width 0.40. Leg measurements: I 14.80 (3.70, 4.90, 4.40, 1.80), II 10.70 (2.90, 3.60, 2.90, 1.30), III 6.80 (2.10, 2.20, 1.60, 0.90), IV 8.40 (2.50, 2.90, 2.00, 1.00). Carapace greyish brown in cephalic region and greyish yellow in thoracic region (Fig. 3 D, F). Cervical groove conspicuous (Fig. 3 D). Chelicerae dark brown, with three teeth on both promargin and retromargin (Fig. 3 E, F). Endites with tooth anterolaterally, brown at base, with paler tip; labium dark brown at base, with paler tip (Fig. 3 E). Sternum dark brown (Fig. 3 E). Legs yellow with grey annuli and spots (Fig. 3 D). Abdomen ~ 1.57 × longer than wide, dorsal patches extended from anterior to posterior, dark brown with white median longitudinal band (Fig. 3 D, F). Ventral abdomen yellow to dark brown with paired white bracket-shaped marks laterally (Fig. 3 E). Spinnerets yellowish (Fig. 3 E, F).</p><p>Palp (Fig. 4 A – E): femur ~ 4.0 × longer than wide (Fig. 3 D – F); patella equal in length and width (Fig. 4 A – C, E); tibia ~ 1.3 × longer than wide in ventral view (Fig. 4 A – C, E); cymbium ~ 1.26 × longer than wide, retrolateral edge swollen (Fig. 4 A – E); paracymbium heavily sclerotized, divided into two lobes with sharp distal edges (Fig. 4 B, C, E); bulb ~ 1.56 × longer than wide in ventral view; tegulum with long, horn-shaped projection (TP), about as long as 4 / 5 of cymbium length (Fig. 4 A – E); radix (R) long and curved, heavily sclerotized, running parallel to edge of cymbium; median apophysis (MA) situated near base of bulb, short, rod-shaped, heavily sclerotized, with approximately 10 ridges distally (Fig. 4 A, B, E); embolus long, flattened, with wide, translucent base, curved over tip of bulb and extending basally nearly half of bulb length (Fig. 4 A – E); conductor (C) translucent, roughly square (Fig. 4 A, B, D, E); terminal apophysis (TA) slightly wider than long in ventral view, arched angularly over tip of tegulum (Fig. 4 A – E).</p><p>Female (paratype TRU - Araneidae -412, Figs 3 A – C, 5 A – D). Total length 6.80. Carapace 2.80 long, 2.00 wide. Abdomen 4.80 long, 3.30 wide. Clypeus 0.08 high. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.18, ALE 0.13, PME 0.17, PLE 0.13, AME – AME 0.13, AME – ALE 0.10, PME – PME 0.10, PME – PLE 0.18, MOA length 0.50, anterior width 0.48, posterior width 0.43. Leg measurements: I 10.40 (2.90, 3.70, 2.60, 1.20), II 8.10 (2.40, 2.80, 1.90, 1.00), III 5.50 (1.80, 1.80, 1.10, 0.80), IV 6.90 (2.10, 2.50, 1.50, 0.80). Habitus similar to that of male (Fig. 3 A – C).</p><p>Epigyne (Fig. 5 A – D): ~ 1.49 × longer than wide in ventral view, slightly convex, widest at middle part, with transverse ridges and grooves; scape about 1 / 2 epigynal base width, round distally (Fig. 5 A, C); posterior plate (PP) smooth, ~ 2.50 × wider at anterior than posterior (Fig. 5 B); copulatory openings slit-like, situated on dorsal surface of scape (Fig. 5 B); copulatory ducts (CD) slightly curved, connected to spermathecae at anterodorsal surface (Fig. 5 D); spermathecae rounded, about 1 / 3 diameters apart (Fig. 5 D); fertilization ducts (FD) longer than diameter of spermatheca.</p><p>Variation.</p><p>Total length: ♂♂ 5.30–6.10 (N = 34), ♀♀ 6.80–8.00 (N = 23).</p><p>Natural history.</p><p>The specimens were mainly found on webs between trunks of large trees during the night; they hide in retreats under bark in the daytime or when disturbed. The webs have about 25 radii (Figs 1, 2).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>China (Xizang) (Fig. 9).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5298CA2D284F5B6B8A12C0ACED933869	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Mi, Xiaoqi;Wang, Cheng;Chen, Haochun	Mi, Xiaoqi, Wang, Cheng, Chen, Haochun (2026): First records of the genus Parazygiella Wunderlich, 2004 (Araneae, Araneidae) from China, with the description of two new species. ZooKeys 1269: 41-54, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1269.163661
049C9D5DB115546D86B6FDF7BB9CC4DE.text	049C9D5DB115546D86B6FDF7BB9CC4DE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parazygiella nearctica (Gertsch 1964) Mi & Wang & Chen 2026	<div><p>Parazygiella nearctica (Gertsch, 1964) comb. nov.</p><p>Zygiella nearctica Gertsch, 1964 (Basionim).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/049C9D5DB115546D86B6FDF7BB9CC4DE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Mi, Xiaoqi;Wang, Cheng;Chen, Haochun	Mi, Xiaoqi, Wang, Cheng, Chen, Haochun (2026): First records of the genus Parazygiella Wunderlich, 2004 (Araneae, Araneidae) from China, with the description of two new species. ZooKeys 1269: 41-54, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1269.163661
683E3AC59FFC5DD0B9E0FB1CDA62E13C.text	683E3AC59FFC5DD0B9E0FB1CDA62E13C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parazygiella Wunderlich 2004	<div><p>Genus Parazygiella Wunderlich, 2004</p><p>Parazygiella Wunderlich, 2004: 936 .</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Zilla montana C. L. Koch, 1834 .</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Gregorič et al. (2015) synonymized this genus with Zygiella . Based on the study of trichobothria and shape of copulatory organs, Eskov and Marusik (2024) revalidated Parazygiella .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Parazygiella resembles Zygiella and Leviellus in having an elliptical abdomen with longitudinal dorsal patches extending from anterior to posterior. It can be distinguished from Zygiella by the following set of features: paracymbium divided into two lobes with sharp distal edges (Levi 1974: figs 55, 56, 59, 60) vs not divided distally in Zygiella (Levi 1974: figs 28–30); palp with a tegular projection (Levi 1974: figs 55, 56, 60) and a terminal apophysis (Levi 1974: figs 55, 56, 60, 61) vs lacking tegular projection and terminal apophysis in Zygiella (Levi 1974: figs 28–30); and length of the palp tibia less than half the cymbial length vs at least 2 / 3 the cymbial length in Zygiella . It differs from Leviellus by: lacking scape (Levi 1974: figs 51–54) or scape with indistinct border to the epigynal base (Figs 5 A – C, 8 A – C) vs scape with distinct border to the epigynal base (Levi 1974: fig. 89); and paracymbium divided into two lobes with sharp distal edges (Levi 1974: figs 55, 56, 59, 60) vs not divided distally (Levi 1974: figs 85, 86).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Total length of females 6.2–8.0 and males 4.8–6.8. Carapace pear-shaped, yellow to brown, cephalic region and cervical groove darker than thoracic region, fovea longitudinal (Figs 3 A, 3 D, 6 A, 6 D). Endites almost square (Figs 3 B, 3 E, 6 B, 6 E). Labium triangular, swollen (Figs 3 B, 3 E, 6 B, 6 E). Sternum cordiform, dark brown (Figs 3 B, 3 E, 6 B, 6 E). Legs yellow, with dark annuli (Figs 3 A, 3 D, 6 A, 6 D). Abdomen elliptical, dorsum with longitudinal patches from anterior to posterior (Figs 3 A, 3 C, 3 D, 3 F, 6 A, 6 C, 6 D, 6 F). Ventral abdomen yellow to greyish yellow with pale line on each side (Figs 3 B, 3 E, 6 B, 6 E).</p><p>Male palp with 1 patellar seta (Figs 4 A – C, 4 E, 7 A – C, 7 E); tibia at most 1.3 × longer than wide (Figs 4 A – C, 4 E, 7 A – C, 7 E); paracymbium (Pc) divided into two lobes distally (Figs 4 B, 4 C, 4 E, 7 B, 7 C, 7 E); tegulum with one or two projections (Figs 4 A – E, 7 A – E); median apophysis (MA) heavily sclerotized, flattened, long axis approximately parallel to cymbium (Figs 4 A, 4 B, 4 E, 7 A, 7 B, 7 E); conductor (C) thick, translucent (Figs 4 A, 4 B, 4 D, 4 E, 7 A, 7 B, 7 D, 7 E); terminal apophysis (TA) prominent, close to base of embolus (Figs 4 A – E, 7 A – E); embolus long, flattened, with wide, translucent base, curved over tip of bulb and extending basally nearly half of bulb length (Figs 4 A – C, 4 E, 7 A – C, 7 E).</p><p>Epigyne heavily sclerotized, without scape except for two new species (Figs 5 A – C, 8 A – C); copulatory openings situated on dorsal or posterior surface of epigyne (Figs 5 B, 8 B); copulatory ducts longer than spermathecal diameter (Figs 5 D, 8 D); spermathecae rounded, about their radius or less apart (Figs 5 D, 8 D).</p><p>Note.</p><p>The two new species described here differ from the generotype in that the males have a tooth on the endite, and females have a long epigynal scape — characters absent in P. montana . They are provisionally assigned to Parazygiella because we prioritize palpal morphology over epigynal morphology. Future analysis may justify their transfer to a separate new genus.</p><p>Composition.</p><p>Parazygiella montana (C. L. Koch, 1834) (Western Palaearctic), P. carpenteri (Archer, 1951) (Western Nearctic), P. dispar (Kulczyński, 1885) (eastern Palaearctic and western Nearctic), P. jianxini Mi &amp; Wang, sp. nov. (Xizang, China), P. yanghongae Mi &amp; Wang, sp. nov. (Xizang, China), P. hiramatsui (Tanikawa, 2017), comb. nov. (Amami-oshima Island, Japan) and P. nearctica (Gertsch, 1964), comb. nov. (Trans-Nearctic).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Holarctic.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/683E3AC59FFC5DD0B9E0FB1CDA62E13C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Mi, Xiaoqi;Wang, Cheng;Chen, Haochun	Mi, Xiaoqi, Wang, Cheng, Chen, Haochun (2026): First records of the genus Parazygiella Wunderlich, 2004 (Araneae, Araneidae) from China, with the description of two new species. ZooKeys 1269: 41-54, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1269.163661
3579287C107355E7B59996B8D0841A69.text	3579287C107355E7B59996B8D0841A69.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parazygiella yanghongae Mi & Wang 2026	<div><p>Parazygiella yanghongae Mi &amp; Wang sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 6, 7, 8</p><p>Chinese name.</p><p>杨红副楚蛛.</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype: China • ♂; Xizang Auton. Region, Shigatse City, Yadong Co., Xiasima Township, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=88.90884&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.471666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 88.90884/lat 27.471666)">Chunpi Vill.</a>; 27°28.30'N, 88°54.53'E, ca 2,920 m a. s. l.; 9 Aug. 2019; X. Q. Mi &amp; C. Wang leg.; TRU - Araneidae -468 . Paratypes: • 3 ♀♀ 2 ♂♂; same data as for holotype; TRU - Araneidae -469 –473 .</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific name is the full name of Professor Hong Yang, a forestry expert (Tongren University, China).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Parazygiella yanghongae Mi &amp; Wang, sp. nov. resembles P. jianxini Mi &amp; Wang, sp. nov. in both somatic and morphology of copulatory organs, but it can be distinguished by having the tegular projection (TP) about 1 / 2 of the cymbial length (Fig. 7 C) vs 4 / 5 of cymbial length (Fig. 4 C); and epigyne widest at basal part (Fig. 8 A) vs widest at middle part (Fig. 5 A).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Male (holotype, Figs 6 D – F, 7 A – E). Total length 6.80. Carapace 3.40 long, 2.60 wide. Abdomen 4.00 long, 2.40 wide. Clypeus 0.10 high. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.23, ALE 0.15, PME 0.18, PLE 0.15, AME – AME 0.13, AME – ALE 0.08, PME – PME 0.15, PME – PLE 0.20, MOA length 0.53, anterior width 0.53, posterior width 0.50. Leg measurements: I 16.20 (4.20, 5.70, 4.70, 1.60), II 12.20 (3.30, 4.20, 3.40, 1.30), III 7.60 (2.40, 2.50, 1.70, 1.00), IV 9.40 (2.90, 3.30, 2.20, 1.00). Carapace yellowish brown, with darker cephalic region (Fig. 6 D, F). Cervical groove conspicuous (Fig. 6 D). Chelicerae dark brown, with three promarginal and two retromarginal teeth (Fig. 6 E, F). Endites with tooth anterolaterally, brown at base, with paler tip; labium dark brown at base, with paler tip too (Fig. 6 E, F). Sternum dark brown (Fig. 6 E). Legs yellow with brown annuli and spots (Fig. 6 D). Abdomen ~ 1.32 × longer than wide, dorsal patches extended from anterior to posterior, dark brown with white median longitudinal band (Fig. 6 D, F). Venter of abdomen yellow to dark brown with paired white bracket-shaped marks laterally (Fig. 6 E). Spinnerets yellowish (Fig. 6 E, F).</p><p>Palp (Fig. 7 A – E): femur ~ 4.0 × longer than wide (Fig. 6 D – F); patella as long as wide (Fig. 7 A – C, E); tibia as wide as long in ventral view (Fig. 7 A – C, E); cymbium ~ 1.1 × longer than wide, retrolateral edge swollen (Fig. 7 A – E); paracymbium heavily sclerotized, divided into two lobes with sharp distal edges (Fig. 7 B – E); bulb ~ 1.3 × longer than wide in ventral view; tegulum with long, horn shaped projection (TP), about as long as 1 / 2 cymbium length (Fig. 7 A – E); radix (R) long and curved, heavily sclerotized, running parallel to edge of cymbium; median apophysis (MA) situated near base of bulb, short, rod-shaped, heavily sclerotized, with dozen of ridges distally (Fig. 7 A, B, E); embolus long, flattened, with wide, translucent base, curved over tip of tegulum and extending basally nearly half of bulb length (Fig. 7 A, B, D, E); conductor (C) translucent, roughly square (Fig. 7 A, B, D, E); terminal apophysis (TA) about 3 / 5 of bulb width in ventral view, arched angularly over tip of bulb (Fig. 7 A – E).</p><p>Female (paratype TRU - Araneidae -469, Figs 6 A – C, 8 A – D). Total length 6.90. Carapace 3.00 long, 2.30 wide. Abdomen 4.50 long, 3.40 wide. Clypeus 0.10 high. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.23, ALE 0.15, PME 0.18, PLE 0.15, AME – AME 0.08, AME – ALE 0.08, PME – PME 0.13, PME – PLE 0.18, MOA length 0.50, anterior width 0.48, posterior width 0.48. Leg measurements: I 10.80 (3.00, 3.90, 2.70, 1.20), II 8.70 (2.50, 3.00, 2.20, 1.00), III 5.80 (1.90, 1.90, 1.20, 0.80), IV 7.70 (2.50, 2.70, 1.70, 0.80). Habitus similar to that of male (Fig. 6 A – C).</p><p>Epigyne (Fig. 8 A – D): ~ 1.15 × longer than wide in ventral view, slightly convex, widest at basal part, with few transverse ridges and grooves, scape about 7 / 10 epigynal base width, round distally (Fig. 8 A, C); posterior plate smooth, ~ 1.36 × wider at anterior than posterior (Fig. 8 B); copulatory openings slit-like, situated on dorsal surface of scape (Fig. 8 D); copulatory ducts slightly curved, connected to spermathecae at anterodorsal surface (Fig. 8 D); spermathecae rounded, about 1 radius apart (Fig. 8 D); fertilization ducts (FD) about equal length to diameter of spermatheca.</p><p>Variation.</p><p>Total length: ♂♂ 6.50–6.80 (N = 3), ♀♀ 6.20–6.90 (N = 3).</p><p>Natural history.</p><p>The spiders weave webs on tall roadside trees during the night.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>China (Xizang) (Fig. 9).</p><p>Note.</p><p>Based on the close similarities in both somatic and morphology of copulatory organs of Zygiella hiramatsui Tanikawa, 2017 and Z. nearctica Gertsch, 1964 to the type species of Parazygiella, P. montana, such as longitudinal dorsal patches on elliptical abdomen, paracymbium divided into two lobes distally, presence of terminal apophysis (Tanikawa 2017), together with the molecular phylogenetic evidence (Kallal and Hormiga 2018; Kallal et al. 2020), we propose the following new combinations: P. hiramatsui (Tanikawa, 2017), comb. nov. and P. nearctica (Gertsch, 1964), comb. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3579287C107355E7B59996B8D0841A69	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Mi, Xiaoqi;Wang, Cheng;Chen, Haochun	Mi, Xiaoqi, Wang, Cheng, Chen, Haochun (2026): First records of the genus Parazygiella Wunderlich, 2004 (Araneae, Araneidae) from China, with the description of two new species. ZooKeys 1269: 41-54, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1269.163661
